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Neinhaus, Ursula. "WOMEN WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS." History Workshop Journal 19, no. 1 (1985): 192a—192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/19.1.192a.
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MARCHAK, PATRICIA. "Women Workers and White-Collar Unions*." Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 10, no. 2 (July 14, 2008): 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618x.1973.tb00520.x.
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Grasshoff, Julia, Batoul Safieddine, Stefanie Sperlich, and Johannes Beller. "Gender inequalities of psychosomatic complaints at work vary by occupational groups of white- and blue-collar and level of skill: A cross sectional study." PLOS ONE 19, no. 7 (July 11, 2024): e0303811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303811.
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Background Previous research has shown that women report more psychosomatic complaints at work than men. However, knowledge about gender inequalities in psychosomatic complaints within occupational groups and specific symptoms is lacking. This study aims to compare gender inequalities in psychosomatic complaints in the occupational groups of white-collar high-skilled, white-collar low-skilled, blue-collar high-skilled and blue-collar low-skilled workers. Methods The study implemented a cross sectional design using data from the nationwide German Employment Survey of the Working Population on Qualification and Working Conditions conducted in 2017/ 2018. Psychosomatic complaints were operationalised by the following symptoms: headache, insomnia, tiredness, irritability, dejection, physical fatigue, and emotional fatigue. N = 20012 working German-speaking respondents were sampled. After excluding persons with missing data on the study variables, the sample consisted of N = 16359 persons. Results Women reported significantly more psychosomatic complaints than men in the subgroups of white-collar high-skilled and white-collar low-skilled (ps < .05), inequalities in blue-collar high-skilled and blue-collar low-skilled only being numerical. Regarding specific symptoms, women reported more psychosomatic complaints then men in the subgroups of white-collar high-skilled workers, white-collar low-skilled workers, and blue-collar low-skilled workers. Headaches, physical fatigue, and emotional fatigue were the most common symptoms. The white-collar high-skilled subgroup had the highest number of symptoms with significant gender inequalities. These effects remained after controlling for age, working hours, parental status and marital status. Conclusions Gender inequalities in psychosomatic complaints are ubiquitous but vary in their frequency by occupational subgroup and specific psychosomatic complaint. Women in white-collar high-skilled jobs in particular report to be burdened more often by many specific psychosomatic symptoms. Future studies should investigate the reasons for these occupational inequalities and develop interventions to reduce health inequalities in the workplace.
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Aro, Seppo, Leena Räsänen, and Risto Telama. "Social Class and Changes in Health-Related Habits in Finland in 1973–1983." Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 14, no. 1 (March 1986): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/140349488601400107.
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The aim of this project was to study social class differences with respect to various health-related habits and especially to note the changes in these habits after a 10-year follow-up period. From this study conclusions can be drawn as to whether health education efforts and increased interest in personal health has been more widely adopted by the more educated groups than the less educated groups, whose morbidity and mortality rates are higher. The sample consisted of 902 white-collar and blue-collar workers. Smoking was found to be more common among blue-collar workers in both years. Smoking rates had declined in all groups except female blue-collar workers. Occasions of drinking were more frequent among white-collar than blue-collar workers. However, heavier forms of drinking were more common in male blue-collar than white-collar groups, while the opposite was true among women. Dietary habits in white-collar groups were closer to the “official” recommendations than in the respective blue-collar groups in both years. White-collar men were physically more active at the time of the first investigation, and even more so ten years later. Among women, social class differences were in the same direction, but less marked. In conclusion, in the early 1970s the health-related habits examined were, in most instances, less favourable among blue-collar than white-collar workers. No consistent pattern of change in these habits was observed in the 10-year follow-up. At the end of the follow-up, many of the “inequalities” still persisted.
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Harumi, Wise, Nasri Bachtiar, and Neng Kamarni. "Guaranteed Return to Work for White-Collar and Blue-Collar Workers: Impact of Covid-19 in Western and Eastern Indonesia." Jurnal Perencanaan Pembangunan: The Indonesian Journal of Development Planning 6, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 350–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36574/jpp.v6i3.367.
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This study investigates the guaranteed recall likelihood of temporarily unemployed white-collar and blue-collar workers in the labour markets affected by Covid-19 in Indonesia’s western and eastern regions. The August 2020 microdata from Sakernas were used using logistic regression analysis. Descriptive analysis shows a balance of male and female workforce composition. However, the unemployment rate affected by Covid-19 is higher in western Indonesia than in eastern Indonesia. In the western part of Indonesia, the temporarily unemployed are more distributed in urban areas, while in the eastern part of Indonesia, they are more dispersed in rural areas. By gender, more men than women are temporarily unemployed due to Covid-19 in western and eastern Indonesia. Regression statistics show that layoffs and temporary layoffs impact white-collar and blue-collar workers differently. It can be seen that white-collar workers in western Indonesia have the highest return-to-work protection factor, while blue-collar workers in eastern Indonesia have the lowest. Urban areas provide blue-collar workers in eastern Indonesia with higher guaranteed chances of returning to work. Male white-collar workers in the Western Indonesia region are the most likely to return to work compared to other categories. The age variable is not significant for white-collar workers but is significant for blue-collar workers. The only significant education variable is the assurance that blue-collar workers in eastern Indonesia will return to work. An additional skill variant in the form of a course will provide a higher assurance of being recalled to work in the eastern region of Indonesia.
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Nilsson, Kerstin, Roland Kadefors, Per-Olof Östergren, Lars Rylander, and Maria Albin. "O3D.5 National policies and social inequalities in exit paths from working life in sweden." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A28.3—A29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.76.
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We investigated the impact on work life exits from reduced access to disability pension (2006), and financial incentives to extend working life.Method and materialWe used labour statistics, social insurance, and income data, for all employees in Sweden, to compare occupational groups (SSYK, based on ISCO-88), and blue and white collar workers, with regard to i) lost years in working life due to death, disability pension and long-term sick-leave preceding disability pension 2007–2010, ii) granted disability pensions 2007–2011, and iii) premature age pension in 2004 and 2011.ResultsYears lost in working life were similar for men and women in the same 1-digit SSYK occupational group, somewhat higher for those born outside Sweden, but showed a clear gradient from white to blue collar occupations, e.g. on average 0.39 ys versus 2.40 ys lost for Legislators/senior officials/managers and in Elementary occupations, respectively (women born in Sweden).In 2006 the prevalence of disability pension in the age group 50–64 was 3.61% among women and 2.49% among men, with 10/10 of the highest prevalence occupations (4-digit SSYK code) in men, and 9/10 in women, being blue collar ones. Approved applications decreased 2006–2011 by 74.4% in women, and 64.3% in men; for mental disorders (ICD-10-SE; F00-F99) 64.9% in women and 48.8% in men, for musculoskeletal disorders (M00-M99) 91.1% and 90.0%, respectively.The prevalence of premature age pension increased between 2004 and 2011: men 2.5% to 6.4%, women 1.7% to 5.5%. Blue collar occupations were most affected.ConclusionsThe socioeconomic divide in lost years of working life between white and blue collars prevailed. There was an apparent flow from disability to premature age pension, in particular in female blue collars. The findings indicate the budgetary savings of disability pensions transferred the economic burden of disease to individuals, and mainly to female blue collar workers.
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Machałek, Małgorzata. "Professional Work of Women in State Agricultural Farms (1949–1989) — an Overview." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 37, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sho-2019-0009.
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Abstract Women employed in State Agricultural Farms (SAF) were blue- and white-collar workers, the former group being more numerous. However, the blue-collar workers mainly worked seasonally, during the period of intensive field work. When it comes to fulltime work, it was usually related to animal production. The demand for this type of work decreased with the progress of mechanization. Meanwhile, the demand for white-collar workers, especially those with agricultural education and experience, increased. Since the 1960s, the SAFs increasingly employed women qualified in agronomy, animal production, and veterinary medicine. However, they were not always accepted in positions traditionally considered “masculine”. For most women, work in SAFs was not attractive due to difficult working conditions and low prestige. If a woman decided to work there, it was usually for economic reasons. Most women did not take up professional activity and performed the traditional roles of wives and mothers.
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Stengård, Johanna, Marianna Virtanen, Constanze Leineweber, Hugo Westerlund, and Hui-Xin Wang. "The Implication of Physically Demanding and Hazardous Work on Retirement Timing." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 8123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138123.
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The need to retain individuals longer in the workforce is acknowledged in many high-income countries. The present study therefore aimed to examine the importance of physically demanding work tasks (PDWT) and physically hazardous work environment (PHWE) in relation to retirement timing among pensionable workers (≥61 years). A particular question was whether PDWT and PHWE increased in importance with age. Six waves (2008–2018) of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH) were used (n = 5201; 56% women and 44% men; mean age at first survey was 61.0 (SD 2.0) years). Discrete time-event history analysis, stratified by socioeconomic position and gender, showed that among blue-collar workers, PDWT and PHWE were associated with an increased likelihood of retiring within the next two years. With increasing age, high-level PHWE was associated with higher probability of retiring among blue-collar men, whereas heavy PDWT was associated with lower probability of retiring among blue-collar women. Among white-collar workers, having at least some PDWT compared to no PDWT was associated with a lower likelihood of retiring within the next two years. With increasing age, exposure to PHWE was associated with higher probability of retiring among white-collar women. These results suggest that to delay retirements, organizations could offer their older employees, especially blue-collar workers and the oldest white-collar women, alternatives to PDWT and PHWE.
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Kristinsson, Sigurdur Y., Asa R. Derolf, Paul W. Dickman, Gustaf Edgren, and Magnus Bjorkholm. "High Socioeconomic Status (SES) Is Associated with Superior Survival in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Multiple Myeloma (MM). A Population-Based Study." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 1485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.1485.1485.
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Abstract Introduction The association between SES and survival in MM and AML has not been studied in detail and the limited results are inconclusive. In the present study the impact of SES on survival was analyzed in a large population-based cohort of MM and AML patients. Patients and Methods From the Swedish Cancer Register we identified all individuals diagnosed with MM and AML between 1973 and 2003. We used type of occupation, combined into seven groups (blue-collar worker, farmer, lower white-collar worker, higher white-collar worker, self-employed, retired, and unknown), from the Swedish National Census Databases as a proxy for SES. The relative risk of death (any cause) in relation to type of occupation and calendar period was estimated using Cox’s proportional hazards regression adjusted for age, sex, calendar period and area of residence. We also conducted analyses stratified by calendar period (1973–1979, 1980–1989, 1990–1999, and 2000–2003). Results A total of 14,200 and 8,831 patients were diagnosed with MM and AML, respectively. The median age at diagnosis was 71.8 years in patients with MM and 69.1 years in AML. The SES distribution was similar between the two diseases. The majority of patients were blue-collar (38.0; 39.5%) and white-collar workers (36.4; 37%), with lower white-collar workers dominating the latter group. Women had a significantly lower mortality than men both among MM (p<0.001) and AML (p<0.05) patients. The mortality among patients diagnosed in more recent calendar periods was lower than among patients diagnosed earlier (p<0.001) Overall, higher white-collar workers had a significantly lower mortality compared to blue-collar workers for both MM (p<0.001) and AML (p<0.001). No significant differences were found between the other SES groups. In MM, analyses stratified by calendar period revealed that the mortality did not differ between the SES groups in the first two calendar periods, but in the third calendar period, 1990–1999, both higher and lower white-collar workers had a significantly lower mortality compared to blue collar workers, hazard ratios (HR) 0.85 (95% CI, 0.75–0.96) and 0.91 (95% CI 0.85–0.98), respectively. In the fourth period the mortality followed the same pattern as in the third period with lower mortality among both higher [HR 0.66 (95% CI, 0.50–0.88)] and lower [HR 0.82 (95% CI, 0.69–0.96)] white-collar workers. In AML patients no difference in mortality in relation to SES was found during the first calendar period. During the last three periods, however, a lower mortality was observed in higher white-collar workers compared to blue-collar workers, HR: 0.79 (0.66–0.95), 0.79 (0.67–0.93) and 0.74 (0.57–0.96) in the periods 1980–1989, 1990–1999 and 2000–2003, respectively. Conclusion SES, here defined as occupational profession, was significantly associated with prognosis in both MM and AML. Most conspicuously, a lower mortality was recorded in white-collar workers during more recent calendar periods. Differences in time to diagnosis (lead-time bias) and treatment strategies may be important factors contributing to this finding. Future studies may identify the relative impact of these and potentially other factors.
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Glover, Judith. "Women Teachers and White-Collar Workers: Domestic Circumstances and Paid Work." Work, Employment & Society 8, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017094008001006.
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Glover, Judith. "Women Teachers and White-Collar Workers: Domestic Circumstances and Paid Work." Work, Employment and Society 8, no. 1 (March 1994): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095001709481005.
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Nawrocka, Agnieszka, Arkadiusz Mynarski, Jarosław Cholewa, and Wiesław Garbaciak. "Leisure-time Physical Activity of Polish White-collar Workers: A Cross-sectional Study." Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy 29, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hkjot.2017.01.001.
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Objective/Background The aim of this study was to assess the leisure-time physical activity of Polish white-collar workers in relation to various health recommendations. Methods The study used a cross-sectional design with a convenience sample of 482 white-collar workers from Poland. Researchers recorded the leisure-time physical activity logs for 7 consecutive days of the week. Physical activity level was interpreted in relation to the World Health Organization and the American College of Sports Medicine recommendations. Results Among the workers, 42% of women and 53% of men declared moderate physical activity for at least 150 minutes per week, but only 23% of women and 18% men undertook activity in at least 5 days. Conclusion The results of the physical activity identified were significantly different from the American College of Sports Medicine and World Health Organization recommendations. The lower percentage of workers who met American College of Sports Medicine recommendations was caused by insufficient frequency of physical efforts.
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Huang, Chun-Che, Wen-Feng Lee, Ching-Hsueh Yeh, Chiang-Hsing Yang, and Yu-Tung Huang. "Comparison of Labor and Delivery Complications and Delivery Methods Between Physicians and White-Collar Workers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 19, 2020): 5212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145212.
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To evaluate labor and delivery complications and delivery modes between physicians and white-collar workers in Taiwan, this retrospective population-based study used data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. We compared 1530 physicians aged 25 to 50 years old who worked and had singleton births between 2007 and 2013 with 3060 white-collar workers matched by age groups, groups of monthly insured payroll-related premiums, previous cesarean delivery, perinatal history anemia, and gestational diabetes mellitus. The logistic regression models were used to assess the labor and delivery complications between the two groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that physicians had a significantly higher risk of placenta previa (odds ratio (OR) 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.69) and other malpresentation (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.45–2.39) than white-collar workers, whereas they had a significantly lower risk of placental abruption (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.40–0.71), preterm delivery (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.61–0.92), and premature rupture of membranes (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.59–0.88). Increased risks of some adverse labor and delivery complications were observed among physicians, when compared to white-collar workers. These findings suggest that working women should take preventative action to manage occupational risks during pregnancy.
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Lindfors, Petra. "Positive Health in a Group of Swedish White-Collar Workers." Psychological Reports 91, no. 3 (December 2002): 839–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3.839.
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Ryff's Psychological Well-being scales cover six dimensions of psychological well-being (Self-acceptance, Environmental mastery, Positive relations with others, Personal growth, Purpose in life, and Autonomy) and have been suggested as an adequate measure of positive psychological functioning. Apart from translating the scales to Swedish and examining the psychometric properties of the measure, the present study aimed to explore the relationships between the Ryff scales and the General Health Questionnaire, negative affectivity, and physical symptoms using self-ratings from 91 full-time employed women and men. Given low internal consistency for the different dimensions of the Ryff scales, correlational analyses were based on a composite index. Analysis indicated negative relations between the Ryff index and other measures and are in line with prior findings showing that the index taps positive psychological functioning while other indices focus on negative functioning.
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Paek, Soae L. "Employment Clothing Practices and Attitudes of White-Collar Female Workers." Psychological Reports 71, no. 3 (December 1992): 931–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.71.3.931.
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The business clothing practices and attitude toward clothing of 313 white-collar female workers in a large state organization were investigated. The purposes of the present study were to investigate whether (1) there were significant differences in types of clothing chosen for work by managerial and nonmanagerial women, (2) there were correlations among types of clothing chosen and the attitudes toward employment clothing, career commitment, and apparel evaluative criteria, and (3) the factors contributed to the prediction of type of clothing chosen and clothing expenditures. Analysis yielded significant differences in the types of clothing chosen for work by those two groups and significant correlations between those types of clothing and clothing attitudes, and the apparel evaluative criteria. The multiple regression results indicated that the attitudes about clothing, price, career commitment, perceived new clothing needs, and age contributed to the prediction of employment clothing practices and expenditures.
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Vickerstaff, Sarah A., and Mariska F. van der Horst. "GENDERED AGEISM: OLDER WORKERS’ NARRATIVES ABOUT AGE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2110.
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Abstract Existing research has highlighted that ageism in the workplace may take gendered forms with women ‘never being the right age’ (Duncan & Loretto, 2004). It is further known that individuals have internalised age stereotypes and self-stereotype when being older themselves, also referred to as stereotype embodiment. In this work place based study, through analysis of older workers talk, we examine the extent to which narratives of age differ by gender and work setting. The data base includes 185 participants in five different work settings and different kinds of jobs: blue collar, white collar, managerial, manufacturing and services sectors. Whilst many of the fears about ‘being old’ at work are common across women and men there are some distinct nuances related to the kind of work that people do and others that we argue are gender based.
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Trudel, Xavier, Edwige Tiwa Diffo, Mahée Gilbert-Ouimet, Miceline Mésidor, Denis Talbot, Alain Milot, and Chantal Brisson. "Low Social Support at Work and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in a Repeated Cross-sectional Study of White-Collar Workers." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 66, no. 3 (November 11, 2021): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxab096.
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Abstract Objectives Previous studies on the effect of low social support at work on blood pressure showed mixed results. Few previous studies have used ambulatory blood pressure and examined whether the effect of low social support at work vary among men and women. The aim of this study was to examine the association between low social support at work, ambulatory blood pressure means and hypertension prevalence, in a sample of white-collar workers men and women. Methods A repeated cross-sectional design was used. Data were collected three times during a 5-year period, among 3919 white-collar women and men. At each time, coworker and supervisor social support at work were measured using validated scales. Ambulatory blood pressure was measured every 15 min during a working day. General estimating equations were used. Results In adjusted models, women exposed to low coworker (+0.6 mmHg) and low supervisor social support at work (+0.7 mmHg) had slightly higher diastolic blood pressure means when compared to unexposed women. In men, those with low coworker social support at work had higher diastolic (+0.7 mmHg) blood pressure while those with low supervisor social support had a higher prevalence of hypertension (prevalence ratio = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04–1.24). Conclusions Men with low supervisor social support at work had a higher prevalence of hypertension. Low social support at work was associated with modest increases in diastolic blood pressure among men and women. Workplace prevention strategies aiming to increase social support at work could lead to beneficial effects on worker’s cardiovascular health.
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Sołtysik, Bartłomiej Konrad, Joanna Kostka, Kamil Karolczak, Cezary Watała, and Tomasz Kostka. "What is the most important determinant of cardiometabolic risk in 60–65-year-old subjects: physical activity-related behaviours, overall energy expenditure or occupational status? A cross-sectional study in three populations with different employment status in Poland." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e025905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025905.
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ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to determine whether cardiovascular risk factors may differ according to occupational status and whether physical activity related to total energy expenditure (PA-EE) and related to health-related behaviours (PA-HRB) is associated with common cardiovascular risk factors or metabolic syndrome in pre-elderly subjects.MethodsThree hundred subjects aged 60–65 were recruited and divided into three equal groups of white-collar, blue-collar workers and unemployed subjects; 50% were women. The subjects were tested for major cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, anthropometric indices, blood pressure, lipid levels, glucose, uric acid and homocysteine. PA-EE and PA-HRB were assessed with PA questionnaires.ResultsBlue-collar workers displayed higher anthropometric indices, blood pressure and higher PA-EE in comparison with other two groups. PA-HRB had a positive impact on body mass indices, lipids, glucose, uric acid and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, with no such relationship observed for PA-EE.ConclusionsThe greatest cardiovascular risk was observed in the blue-collar workers group. Only PA-HRB had a positive association with cardiometabolic risk profile. No relationship was observed for PA-EE. Thus, promoting everyday life and leisure time PA behaviours is crucial for preventing cardiometabolic risk in pre-elderly subjects, even in blue-collar workers with high work-related EE.
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Liu, Jing, and Shaojun Chen. "Embedded Coexistence: Social Adaptation of Chinese Female White-Collar Workers in Japan." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021294.
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In Japan, Chinese female white-collar workers have emerged as a rapidly growing social group. Unlike traditional female migrants, high-skilled women exhibit more autonomy and strategy in their interactions with mainstream society. Traditional immigrant theories do not apply to their patterns of social adaptation. The paper draws on qualitative research with 38 Chinese female white-collar workers working in Tokyo after graduating from Japanese colleges. It illustrates their performance and strategies in adapting to Japanese society and explores how their decision-making process is shaped. The findings show that they exhibit a selective adaptation: They self-identify as “permanent sojourners”—they are eclectic, but inclined to maintain a cultural cognition ordered around their homeland culture, and they have multiple contacts across ethnic groups and reserve cultural differences in social interactions. Furthermore, this mode of adaptation results from the interaction of three factors: individual rational choice, the mutual pressure of the in-group and the out-group, and the national policies and historical issues between China and Japan. This paper argues that the migration patterns of different migrant groups should be interpreted in light of the subjectivity of migrants, taking into account their initiative, human capital, gender, and ethnicity. This study enriches the study of international female migration and adds to the practical research on social adaptation patterns among immigrants.
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Juhn, Chinhui, Gergely Ujhelyi, and Carolina Villegas-Sanchez. "Trade Liberalization and Gender Inequality." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.269.
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We consider a model where firms differ in their productivity and workers are differentiated by skill and gender. A reduction in tariffs induces more productive firms to modernize their technology and enter the export market. New technologies involve computerized production processes and lower the need for physically demanding skills. As a result, the relative wage and employment of women improves in blue-collar tasks, but not in white-collar tasks. We empirically confirm these theoretical predictions using a panel of Mexican establishments and the tariff reductions associated with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
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Leroux, Isabelle, Chantal Brisson, and Sylvie Montreuil. "Job strain and neck–shoulder symptoms: a prevalence study of women and men white-collar workers." Occupational Medicine 56, no. 2 (December 21, 2005): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqj005.
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Amaro, Joana, Teresa Monjardino, Raquel Lucas, Mònica Ubalde-Lopez, and Henrique Barros. "O6A.1 Aggregation of work-related health problems throughout working-life in a population-based sample of women." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A50.2—A51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.136.
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IntroductionMultimorbidity potentiates a spectrum of adverse health outcomes that surpass those of individual diseases. However, little is known on disease aggregation related to occupational exposures.ObjectiveTo assess the impact of life course occupational experience on health problem aggregation.MethodsWe evaluated 4330 adult women at the 10-year-old follow-up wave of the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI, using a self-administered version of the Labour Force Survey item inquiring whether they had ever had a ‘physical or mental health problem that was caused or made worse by your current work or any previous work’ with 11 close-ended and one open-ended response options. Disease aggregation was assessed using principal components (PC) analysis and component scores were summarized by sociodemographic, anthropometric and work-related characteristics.ResultsWe identified five components to describe disease aggregation which accounted for 54.7% of observed variance. PC1 gathered all items on musculoskeletal disorders (back, upper and lower limb); participants with lower educational level, higher BMI, blue-collar jobs, working in the private sector, and with a history of occupational accidents scored higher in this component. PC2 gathered the item on mental disorders (including anxiety and depression) together with headache and/or eyestrain, and showed higher scores among women with higher educational level, white-collar jobs, and in the public sector. PC3 included the item on other disorders (comprising neurological, endocrine, autoimmune and voice-related) with some loading from digestive and hearing disorders, and showed higher scores in older and blue-collar workers. PC4 grouped respiratory with infectious diseases; it associated with working in the public sector and reporting work-related accident history. PC5 was composed by circulatory system conditions and associated with former smoking, higher BMI, and white-collar jobs.ConclusionWork-related diseases aggregated in five distinct components, supporting the need for a shift from a disease-by-disease approach towards a worker-centered approach.
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MI PARK, SANG, SUNG IL CHO, SOONG NANG JANG, YOUNG TAE CHO, and HAI WON CHUNG. "THE PREFERENCE FOR AN ADDITIONAL CHILD AMONG MARRIED WOMEN IN SEOUL, KOREA." Journal of Biosocial Science 40, no. 2 (March 2008): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200700212x.
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SummarySouth Korea reported a total fertility rate (TFR) of 1·08 in 2005. This is the lowest level of all nations in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Recently, the decline in the fertility rate has been a dominant phenomenon in Korea’s major cities. This study investigated the relationship between social environmental factors and fertility intentions for married women in Seoul, the capital of Korea, using a sample of 2211 married women who responded to the Seoul Citizens Health and Social Indicators Survey, 2005. Here, the effects of selected social environmental characteristics on fertility intentions are explored using multivariate logistic regression models. The relationships among a woman’s age, number of living children, job type, housing type, and social group participation were strong indicators of the intention to have additional children. Younger women living with fewer children generally have a higher intention to have additional children. Among women’s job types, blue-collar workers have a lower preference for additional children than white-collar workers and housewives. Married women participating in social groups have a lower preference for additional children than non-participants. Women’s participation in social activities appears to have various benefits, both individually and socially. However, whereas women’s participation in economic activities has been linked to questions of fertility in previous studies, the relationship between fertility and social activities has been downplayed. Women’s participation in social activities has increased over the past several decades, and the trend continues to grow. Therefore, women’s participation in social activities must be accepted as the status quo, and compatibility between women’s participation in social activities and childrearing needs to be increased. Consequently, a strong foundation for a fertility-friendly environment is needed, focusing on blue-collar workers and participation in social activities by married women.
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Lee, Hye-Eun, Eun-A. KIM, Masayoshi Zaitsu, and Ichiro Kawachi. "Occupational disparities in survival in Korean women with cancer: a nationwide registry linkage study." BMJ Open 10, no. 9 (September 2020): e039259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039259.
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ObjectivesWe sought to examine occupational disparities in survival among Korean women diagnosed with cancer.DesignPopulation-based, registry-linkage study.SettingSouth Korea.ParticipantsOur study population comprised female workers registered in the Korean national employment insurance programme during 1995–2000 and diagnosed with cancer between 1995 and 2008. A total of 61 110 women with cancer diagnoses was included in analysis. The occupation was categorised into four groups: (1) managers, professionals and technical workers, (2) clerks, (3) service/sales workers and (4) blue-collar workers.Primary and secondary outcome measureStudy population were linked to the national death registry until 2009. HRs for mortality adjusting for age and year of diagnosis were calculated in the study sample and subgroups with 10 specific cancer sites including thyroid, breast, stomach, cervix, colon or lung cancer using managers, professionals and technical workers as the reference.ResultsWomen in service/sales (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.35) and blue-collar occupations (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.44) had poorer survival for all cancer sites combined, while blue-collar workers showed poorer survival for lung (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.77), breast (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.54), cervical cancer (HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.06) and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.77) compared with women in professional and managerial positions.ConclusionWe found substantial and significant inequalities in overall survival by the occupational group among Korean women with cancer, even in the context of universal access to cancer screening and treatment.
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Mustosmäki, Armi, Tomi Oinas, and Timo Anttila. "Abating inequalities? Job quality at the intersection of class and gender in Finland 1977–2013." Acta Sociologica 60, no. 3 (July 19, 2016): 228–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699316657580.
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Globalization with its many side-effects on working life is seen to pose accentuated risks especially for women and low skilled workers – resulting in increasing polarization of job quality. In contrast to “universal theories”, institutional theories claim changes in work life might vary according to the institutional and cultural frameworks which mediate the global pressures of change. This study analyses job quality trends in Finland at the intersection of class and gender. The results, based on the Finnish Quality of Work Life survey (1977–2013), find no clear evidence of polarization. In line with the institutional theory’s prediction of a low risk of polarization in coordinated and inclusive Nordic countries, improvements have occurred for blue-collar workers in terms of autonomy and opportunities for development at work, reducing the gap between social classes. Furthermore, the negative sides of work life, such as insecurity and time pressures have become common experiences regardless of social class. The ‘welfare state paradox’ hypothesis on the comparative disadvantage of women in higher positions in the labour market does not gain support in 2013: the upper-white collar women have attained roughly similar levels of job quality to their male counterparts.
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Salonen, Laura, Kristina Alexanderson, and Kristin Farrants. "Sequence analysis of sickness absence and disability pension days in 2012–2018 among privately employed white-collar workers in Sweden: a prospective cohort study." BMJ Open 13, no. 12 (December 2023): e078066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078066.
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ObjectiveThe aim of the study is to explore sequences of sickness absence (SA) and disability pension (DP) days from 2012 to 2018 among privately employed white-collar workers.DesignA 7-year prospective cohort study using microdata from nationwide registers.SettingSweden.ParticipantsAll 1 283 516 privately employed white-collar workers in Sweden in 2012 aged 18–67.MethodsSequence analysis was used to describe clusters of individuals who followed similar development of SA and DP net days/year, and multinomial logistic regression to analyse associations between sociodemographic variables and belonging to each observed cluster of sequences. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were adjusted for baseline sociodemographics.ResultsWe identified five clusters of SA and DP sequences: (1) ‘low or no SA or DP’ (88.7% of the population), (2) ‘SA due to other than mental diagnosis’ (5.2%), (3) ‘SA due to mental diagnosis’ (3.4%), (4) ‘not eligible for SA or DP’ (1.4%) and (5) ‘DP’ (1.2%). Men, highly educated, born outside Sweden and high-income earners were more likely to belong to the first and the fourth cluster (ORs 1.13–4.49). The second, third and fifth clusters consisted mainly of women, low educated and low-income (ORs 1.22–8.90). There were only small differences between branches of industry in adjusted analyses, and many were not significant.ConclusionIn general, only a few privately employed white-collar workers had SA and even fewer had DP during the 7-year follow-up. The risk of belonging to a cluster characterised by SA or DP varied by sex, levels of education and income, and other sociodemographic factors.
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Hasib, Aafreen, Balgopal Singh, and Vimlesh Tanwar. "An Assessment Women Teachers' Work-Life Balance in Higher Education Institutions." International Journal for Global Academic & Scientific Research 1, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.55938/ijgasr.v1i4.30.
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Over time, technology will transform how we work. It also impacts workplace interpersonal interactions. Technology has also affected the structure and process of government, although intellectual power has increasingly substituted bodily dominance. Initially, white-collar employees replaced blue-collar workers, followed by knowledgeable personnel. Traditional roles of women in the home and in society have also shifted. Due to their education, they were able to enter almost every sector of life, including business, government, politics, etc. However, these traditional family responsibilities have not lessened. Ancient India has a system that granted women total freedom. These revivals have brought with them a variety of opportunities and challenges, such as the ability for women to rise to the top in one region while being held back by family obligations in another. Therefore, family duties must be fulfilled. Women take a more prominent and important role exclusive the family. They need time for themselves as well. Consequently, achieving a healthy work-life balance is a pressing concern in today's culture. The major emphasis of this thesis is on the lives of working women, specifically on analysing the issue of work-life balance and creating a model for optimal work-life balance.
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Kirkby, Diane, and Caroline Jordan. "“These Labourers in the Field of Public Work”: Librarians, Discrimination and the Meaning of Equal Pay." Labour History: Volume 117, Issue 1 117, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 79–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jlh.2019.19.
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Librarianship has long been recognised as a numerically female-dominated occupation. Despite demonstrating a standard pattern of a sex-segregated labour force, it has suffered neglect in historical studies of women’s work. This article positions Australia’s librarians in the history of white-collar public service workers, and librarianship as illustrative of important themes of twentieth-century women’s labour history. For smart, educated, ambitious women, librarianship offered professional standing, economic security and opportunity for advancement. Strategies of overt discrimination, however, deliberately kept women librarians out of senior administrative positions and confined them to the lower-paying jobs. Librarians in state and municipal libraries worked under public service regulations that established a dual labour market of wages and conditions for clerical and professional workers. Key decisions between 1918 and 1922 explicitly advantaged men in recruitment, wages and promotion, denying women similar opportunities. Studying the history of women librarians sheds new light on the meaning of professional workers’ struggle for equal pay.
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Jeong, Min-Ki. "Effects of Tabata Exercise on Stress Index and Self-Efficacy in White-Collar Women Workers with Obesity." Korean Journal of Sports Science 30, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 1111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2021.2.30.1.1111.
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Kahn, Zoe, and Jenna Burrell. "A Sociocultural Explanation of Internet-Enabled Work in Rural Regions." ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 28, no. 3 (July 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3443705.
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This article draws on ethnographic research in three rural places in the Western United States to understand how rural workers incorporate the Internet into their work practices. We find two key, divergent types of work in rural areas that leverage the Internet: (1) telework and (2) work to market and sell goods and services online. We consider why these two forms of Internet-enabled work are pursued by different segments of the rural population, attending to the socio-demographic variation within and between these two broad categories. Some key differences include whether workers are urban transplants or rural-originating, in “white-collar” or “blue-collar” occupations, and whether they are men or women. We argue that deficit framings that focus on inadequate infrastructure or absent skills are insufficient to understand such patterns of differentiated use. Instead a sociocultural explanation is needed: one that draws connections between work cultures, occupational values, skills, and practices.
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Żywień, Urszula, Katarzyna Barczyk-Pawelec, and Tomasz Sipko. "Associated Risk Factors with Low Back Pain in White-Collar Workers—A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051275.
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Objective: The purpose of the study was to compare the pressure pain threshold (PPT) of soft tissue and the curvatures of the spine in a sitting position and to estimate associated physical risk factors with low back pain (LBP) in young adults. Subjects: White-collar workers (n= 139), both women (n = 51) and men (n = 88) were separated into a control group (n = 82) and a low-intensity LBP (NRS < 3) (n = 57). Methods: The PPTs were tested utilizing the Wagner algometer. The curvatures of the spine were measured employing the photogrammetric method. In the logistic regression model, the odds ratio (OR) was estimated with ±95% confidence interval (CI) indicating the probability of the reported LBP. Results: The PPTs of soft tissue (OR = 1.1; CI = 1.02–1.19; p < 0.05) and the angle of the thoracolumbar spine in the everyday, habitual sitting position (OR = 1.19; CI = 1.05–1.34; p < 0.05) were associated with low-intensity LBP in female subjects. Additionally, the low intensity LBP were associated with the angles of the torso (OR = 1.14; CI = 1.01–1.29; p < 0.05) and the lumbosacral spine in the corrected sitting position (OR = 1.06; CI = 0.98–1.15; p > 0.05) and BMI (OR = 1.56; CI = 0.84–2.90; p > 0.05) in male subjects. Conclusion: Individual risk factors were associated with the low-intensity LBP only in females utilizing the PPT and the thoracolumbar angle in the habitual sitting position study factors. Men from the LBP group did not effectively correct the lumbosacral angle. Therefore, re-educated, self-corrected posture with specific postural training would be expected to improve proprioception in postural control capacity and result in decreasing pain.
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Rahkonen, Ossi, and Pentti Takala. "Social Class Differences in Health and Functional Disability among Older Men and Women." International Journal of Health Services 28, no. 3 (July 1998): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/q1fl-pny0-8a7t-3ary.
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The aims of the study were to describe the health of older men and women and to investigate the social patterning of health and functional disability among older men and women, with special reference to social class differences. The data were derived from the 1994 nationwide Finnish Survey on Living Conditions (N = 1,448). Functional disability, limiting long-standing illness, and self-assessed health were used as health measures. Sociodemographic measures were social class, marital status, and urbanization. The age-adjusted social class differences were clear. Farmers and workers reported more functional disability and poorer health than did the white-collar class. Differences were somewhat smaller among women than among men. Social class was a stronger determinant than urbanization and marital status of functional disability and health.
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Ma, Xinxin. "Impact of Long Working Hours on Mental Health: Evidence from China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021641.
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Although previous studies have examined the impact of long working hours on mental health in China, they have not addressed the initial value and reverse causality issues. To bridge this gap in the literature, I conducted a dynamic longitudinal analysis to investigate the association between long working hours and the risk of mental illness nationwide. Using three-wave longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies conducted in 2014, 2016, and 2018, I adopted dynamic regression models with lagged long working hours variables to examine their association with the risk of mental illness. The results indicate that long working hours have positive and significant (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) associations with the risk of mental illness (OR: 1.12~1.22). The effect is more significant for women, white-collar workers, and employees in micro-firms, compared with their counterparts (i.e., men, pink- and blue-collar workers, employees of large firms, and self-employed individuals). The results provide empirical evidence of the effects of long working hours on mental health in China, confirming the need to enforce the regulations regarding standard working hours and monitor regulatory compliance by companies, as these factors are expected to improve mental health.
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DONNER, HENRIKE. "Committed Mothers and Well-adjusted Children: Privatisation, Early-Years Education and Motherhood in Calcutta." Modern Asian Studies 40, no. 2 (April 18, 2006): 371–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0600196x.
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This article explores new definitions of good mothering among middle-class families in Calcutta and the way early years education, which has become popular over the last two decades has reshaped women's lives as daughters-in-law and mothers of successful future white-collar workers. Through a detailed ethnography of mothers attitudes to preschool education and the parenting practices associated with it the article explores their roles as consumers within a highly competitive local educational landscape, and argues that it is in through preschool education and the related practises that these women actively shape discourses of politics and modernity.
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Lippert, Adam M., and Sarah Damaske. "Finding Jobs, Forming Families, and Stressing Out? Work, Family, and Stress among Young Adult Women in the United States." Social Forces 98, no. 2 (December 19, 2018): 885–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy117.
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AbstractThe transition to adulthood is increasingly characterized by complex paths into the world of work and family, especially for young women. Yet how work and family combine to influence stress among young adult women is not well understood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we leverage new extensions to latent class analysis (LCA) to identify common combinations of work and family circumstances among young adult women, their earlier life and contemporaneous correlates, and associations with two stress measures: a multi-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Epstein–Barr Viral (EBV) antibody titers, a well-validated biomarker of stress-related immunity impairments. We identify seven different common combinations of latent work–family combinations among young adult women ranging from well-compensated professional workers with and without children, mothers without paid employment, and delayed transitions to work and family. Completing a college degree was associated with a higher likelihood of membership in classes marked by professional work irrespective of motherhood, while being raised in a community with greater female labor opportunities was generally associated with membership in child-free classes. Mothers and child-free women in “pink-collar” work with low wages and decision-marking freedom reported higher stress compared to women in “white-collar” work with higher wages and decision-making freedom. These differences are mostly attenuated following adjustments for poverty-related stressors and work–family conflict. While prior work has emphasized the health benefits for women of combining work and family, our research suggests these benefits may be limited to women of higher socioeconomic status with flexible, well-compensated jobs.
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Schur, Lisa A., and Douglas L. Kruse. "Der Differences in Attitudes toward Unions." ILR Review 46, no. 1 (October 1992): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204600107.
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In the U.S. private sector, women are less likely than men to be union members. This study analyzes a unique national survey (conducted in 1984) to determine if women are less interested than men in unionizing or if, instead, they are equally interested but face higher barriers to unionization. The results support the latter interpretation. In particular, nonunion women in private sector white-collar jobs (representing over half of the female nonunion work force) expressed more interest than comparable men in joining unions. This finding appears to reflect more optimism among the women in this group than among the men about what unions can accomplish; it is not explained by gender differences in attitudes toward jobs or employers. The authors discount theories that family responsibilities, or concerns of female workers that set them apart from men, present special barriers to unionization.
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Sorokin, Genady A., and V. V. Shilov. "HYGIENIC ASPECTS OF CHRONIC FATIGUE AND AGING." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 7 (March 27, 2019): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-7-627-631.
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The aim of the study was to establish relations between the acute and chronic fatigue of workers, and between chronic fatigue and age dynamics of indices of health. In 859 women, white-collar workers, with normal fatigue at work of various degree and different physiological labor intensity there was determined an annual gain of professional risks (GPR): syndromes of motor, visual, and non-specific chronic fatigue; indices of the physical performance; morbidity with temporary disability. During the year the health is deteriorating both in 59% of women who are very tired at work, and 63% of women with chronic fatigue syndrome. Under a high level of the physiological intensity of labor GPR increases by 2 times for diseases of the cardiovascular system and by 2.2-times for the disorders of the musculoskeletal system. For hygienic evaluation rate of aging working in harmful conditions, there are required values of age population trends in health indices observed in favorable habitat, without the harmful effects of professional and non-professional factors.
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Kiasuwa Mbengi, Régine Levo, Alina Mioara Nicolaie, Els Goetghebeur, Renee Otter, Katrien Mortelmans, Sarah Missinnne, Marc Arbyn, Catherine Bouland, and Christophe de Brouwer. "Assessing factors associated with long-term work disability after cancer in Belgium: a population-based cohort study using competing risks analysis with a 7-year follow-up." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e014094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014094.
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ObjectivesThe number of workers with cancer has dramatically increasing worldwide. One of the main priorities is to preserve their quality of life and the sustainability of social security systems. We have carried out this study to assess factors associated with the ability to work after cancer. Such insight should help with the planning of rehabilitation needs and tailored programmes.ParticipantsWe conducted this register-based cohort study using individual data from the Belgian Disability Insurance. Data on 15 543 socially insured Belgian people who entered into the long-term work disability between 2007 and 2011 due to cancer were used.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe estimated the duration of work disability using Kaplan-Meier and the cause-specific cumulative incidence of ability to work stratified by age, gender, occupational class and year of entering the work disability system for 11 cancer sites using the Fine and Gray model allowing for competing risks.ResultsThe overall median time of work disability was 1.59 years (95% CI 1.52 to 1.66), ranging from 0.75 to 4.98 years. By the end of follow-up, more than one-third of the disabled cancer survivors were able to work (35%). While a large proportion of the women were able to work at the end of follow-up, the men who were able to work could do so sooner. Being women, white collar, young and having haematological, male genital or breast cancers were factors with the bestlikelihood to be able to return to work.ConclusionGood prognostic factors for the ability to work were youth, woman, white collar and having breast, male genital or haematological cancers. Reviewing our results together with the cancer incidence predictions up to 2025 offers a high value for social security and rehabilitation planning and for ascertaining patients’ perspectives.
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Hua, Duan. "“Double-Burdened Mothers”." Review of Religion and Chinese Society 5, no. 1 (May 12, 2018): 101–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22143955-00501006.
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Since its reopening in the late 1970s, the Protestant Church (including both registered and unregistered churches) in mainland China has experienced rapid growth characterized by three conspicuous phenomena: extreme gender disproportion, increased numbers of young intellectual and white-collar converts, and growing numbers of women pastors. In this narrative study conducted between May 2016 and May 2017, the researcher interviewed eight women pastors in Protestant churches in W Province to understand their lives and experiences. This study found that the majority of the participating women pastors stated that they entered Christian ministry because of their mothers’ influence and prompting. On a deeper level, however, their decision can be attributed to the special political, economic, and social circumstances in mainland China during the 1950s–1970s. These women pastors see themselves as “double-burdened mothers” with respect to their families and the congregations. They face the challenges of dealing with complicated interpersonal relationships, a lack of male leaders and workers, and weak faith within their congregations.
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Bodin, Julie, Jessica Babin, Mélanie Bertin, and Yves Roquelaure. "P-100 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AND CO-EXPOSURE TO PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS AND NEUROTOXIC CHEMICALS IN FRENCH WORKERS: RESULTS FROM THE SUMER STUDY." Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0607.
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Abstract Introduction Given the high incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome in the working population and the co-exposure of workers, it is necessary to improve knowledge of the joint effects of physical and chemical exposures in order to improve prevention strategies. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of occupational exposure and co-exposure to physical constraints and neurotoxic chemicals. Methods The study sample was composed of 26,444 workers included in the French cross-sectional survey SUMER 2017s. Occupational exposure within the previous week of work were assessed using a questionnaire during face-to-face interviews with occupational physicians. Four physical constraints were studied: manual handling of loads, forceful joints exertion, repetitive movement and hand-arm transmitted vibrations. Nineteen neurotoxic chemicals were studied: perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, white-spirit, formaldehyde, etc. Analyses were conducted using weighted data. Results Approximately 24% of men and 11% of women were exposed to at least one physical constraint, and 14% of men and 12% of women were exposed to at least one neurotoxic chemical. About 6% of men and 3% of women were co-exposed to physical constraints and neurotoxic chemicals. Male and female workers under 30 years old and blue-collar workers were more co-exposed than other workers. Male workers in the construction were more co-exposed than other male workers. Discussion Despite the frequency of co-exposures, very few data are available in the literature on the combined effects of physical and neurotoxic chemical exposures on the risk of CTS. Conclusion Occupational co-exposure to physical constraints and neurotoxic chemicals was observed in a significant proportion of French workers.
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Liczbińska, Grażyna, Ewa Syska, Renata Koziarska-Kasperczyk, and Anna Kledzik. "Marital Fertility and the Family in Poland from the Late Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Century." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 49, no. 2 (August 2018): 279–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01269.
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Research in the obscure domicile files of Poznań’s Municipal Records reveals that in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Poznań, fertility was determined by the interaction of many socioeconomic factors. Mothers’ birth cohort and husbands’ socioeconomic status proved to be the strongest factors significantly influencing women’s age at matrimony, their age at first birth, and their number of children. Women born before 1890 married and started giving birth to the first child later than those born after 1890. The wives of workers and craftsmen started reproduction earlier and had more children than those of white-collar professionals. Religion did not influence women’s age at marriage and age at first birth, but it did influence their number of children.
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Perez-Perez, GI, T. Marrie, H. Inouye, T. Shimoyama, G. Marshall, G. Meiklejohn, and MJ Blaser. "The Effect of Age and Occupation on the Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 3, no. 3 (1992): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/831523.
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Serological studies in developed and developing countries using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays have validated this technique as a rapid, noninvasive method for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infections. The prevalence of serum antibodies to H pylori was studied in 473 Canadian blood donors from Manitoba, 212 healthy Japanese. and 226 healthy Americans. As expected, the seroprevalence rose progressively with age in the three populations and reached its peak (greater than 55%) in subjects 60 years of age and older. The seroprevalence did not decrease in elderly persons (60 to 99 years), indicating a persistent immune response. More detailed analysis was perfom1ed on the Canadian population. Age-adjusted prevalence rates in men and women were similar. Among young adults (15 to 29 years). farmers had a significantly higher seroprevalence rate than white-collar or blue-collar workers. but in older persons occupational rates were similar. A multiple linear regression analysis of the data confirmed that age and occupation in young adults were both significantly associated with seroprevalence of H pylori infections.
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Mende, Konrad, Saskia J. M. Kamphuis, Valentin Schmid, Dirk J. Schaefer, Alexandre Kaempfen, and Andreas Gohritz. "Early Postoperative Recovery after Modified Ultra-Minimally Invasive Sonography-Guided Thread Carpal Tunnel Release." Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 4 (March 31, 2023): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm13040610.
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Thread carpal tunnel release (TCTR) has been reported to be safe and effective for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. The aim of this study is to evaluate the modified TCTR for safety, efficacy, and postoperative recovery. Seventy-six extremities in 67 patients undergoing TCTR were analyzed pre- and postoperatively using clinical parameters and patient-reported outcome measures. Twenty-nine men and 38 women with a mean age of 59.9 ± 18.9 years underwent TCTR. The mean postoperative time to resume activities of daily living was 5.5 ± 5.5 days, analgesia was completed after 3.7 ± 4.6 days, and return to work was achieved after a mean of 32.6 ± 15.6 days for blue-collar workers and 4.6 ± 4.3 days for white-collar workers. The Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) and Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) scores were comparable with previous studies. Overall, two persistent compressions and one recurrence required open reoperation (3.9%). All three had been operated in the initial phase, and none required reoperation after an additional safety step was introduced. No other complications occurred. TCTR surgery appears to be a safe and reliable technique with almost no wound and scarring and a potentially faster recovery time than open techniques. Although our technical modifications may reduce the risk of incomplete release, TCTR requires both ultrasound and surgical skills and has a considerable learning curve.
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Kim, Ik-Soo, Tae-Woo Kim, Young-Jin Ahn, Ki-Sung Lee, Jung-San Lee, Jeong-Min Park, Jin-Ho Yang, Hyun-Ji Son, Seong-Kwon Kim, and Chang-Hyun Jang. "Effects of 12 Weeks Combined Exercise on Physical Fitness, Irisin and BNDF in White-Collar Woman Workers." Exercise Science 26, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2017.26.1.17.
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Massamba, Victoria Kubuta, Denis Talbot, Alain Milot, Neil Pearce, Xavier Trudel, and Chantal Brisson. "Assessment of the healthy worker survivor effect in the relationship between psychosocial work-related factors and hypertension." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, no. 6 (April 13, 2019): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-105460.
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ObjectivesThe healthy worker survivor effect (HWSE) usually leads to underestimation of the effects of harmful occupational exposures. HWSE is characterised by the concomitance of three associations: (1) job status–subsequent exposure, (2) job status–disease and (3) previous exposure–job status. No study has reported the coexistence of these associations in the relationship between psychosocial work-related factors and health. We assessed if HWSE is present when measuring the effects of cumulative exposure to psychosocial work-related factors on the prevalence of hypertension in white-collar workers.MethodsData were obtained from two timepoints (1991–1993 at baseline and 1999–2001 at follow-up) of a prospective cohort study. At baseline, the population was composed of 9188 white-collar employees (women: 49.9%) in Quebec City. Job strain as psychosocial work-related factor and blood pressure were measured using validated methods. Job status (retirees vs employees) at follow-up was self-reported. Multiple multilevel robust Poisson regressions were used to estimate prevalence ratios of hypertension and risk ratios of retirement separately by gender. We performed multiple imputations to control selection bias due to missing values.ResultsRetirement eliminated the subsequent exposure to job strain de facto and was associated with the reduction in the prevalence of hypertension in younger (−33%) and older (−11%) men and in older women (−39%). Job strain was associated with job status in younger men and in women of any age.ConclusionData showed the presence of HWSE in younger men and older women given the coexistence of the three structural associations.
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Kinnunen, Marja-Liisa, Taru Feldt, Ulla Kinnunen, Jaakko Kaprio, and Lea Pulkkinen. "Association Between Long-Term Job Strain and Metabolic Syndrome Factor Across Sex and Occupation." Journal of Individual Differences 27, no. 3 (January 2006): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.27.3.151.
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The present study investigated whether long-term job strain increases the prevalence of risk for metabolic syndrome, a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, across sex and occupation. The participants (64 men, 62 women) were drawn from the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development, Finland. Job strain was measured by a combination of high job demands and low job control ( Karasek, 1979 ) at ages 36 and 42. Metabolic syndrome was measured at age 42. The results indicated that both sex and occupational group moderated the association between long-term job strain and the metabolic syndrome factor but in an unexpected way. In women, low long-term job strain was associated with higher levels of the metabolic syndrome factor. Among white-collar workers high long-term job strain was related to low levels of the metabolic syndrome factor. Hence, more research is needed to identify additional potential moderators of long-term job strain on metabolic syndrome across sex and occupation.
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Asplund, Rita, and Reija Lilja. "Wage formation and gender wage gaps: is there a role for job-task evaluation schemes?" International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 267–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2014-0091.
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Purpose – Both academia and policymakers express a strong belief in higher average education levels exerting a narrowing impact on wage inequality in general and gender wage gaps in particular. The purpose of this paper is to scrutinize whether or not this effect extends to R&D- and export-intensive branches such as the technology industry. Design/methodology/approach – In exploring the impact of individual and job-related background factors and, especially, of job-task evaluation schemes on the size and change in gender wage gaps in the technology industry, the paper applies an elaborated decomposition method based on unconditional quantile regression techniques. Findings – While changes in standard human capital endowments can explain little, if anything, of the growth in real wages or the widening of wage dispersion among the Finnish technology industry's white-collar workers, a new job-task evaluation scheme introduced in 2002 seems to have succeeded, at least in part, to make the wage-setting process more transparent by re-allocating especially the technology industry's female white-collar workers in a way that better reflects their skills, efforts and responsibilities. Practical implications – One crucial implication of this finding is that improving the standard human capital of women closer to that of men will not suffice to narrow the gender wage gap in the advanced parts of the economy and, hence, not also the overall gender wage gap. The reason is obvious: concomitant with rising average education levels, other skill aspects have received increasing attention in working life. Consequently, a conscious combination of formal and informal competencies as laid down in well-designed job-task evaluation schemes may, in many instances, offer a more powerful path for tackling the gender wage gap. Originality/value – While the existing evidence on the impact of performance-related pay on gender wage gaps is still scarce but growing the authors know of no empirical studies analyzing the gender pay-gap effect of job-task evaluation systems.
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Spyropoulos, Dr Panagiotis. "Prevalence of Low Back Pain in Greek Public Office Workers." September 2007 5;10, no. 9;5 (September 14, 2007): 651–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2007/10/651.
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Background: Epidemiological studies have provided information on the prevalence and risk factors of low back pain (LBP) in white collar workers in industrialized countries. Little information has related individual, work ergonomic, and psychosocial factors to the incidence of LBP in low income countries. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of LBP among Greek public office workers. To identify and relate the individual, work ergonomic, and psychosocial factors to the occurrence of LBP. Design: Cross-sectional study of Greek office workers in the public sector. Methods: A self-reported standardized questionnaire was constructed to record risk factors associated with the occurrence of LBP. Personal characteristics, work ergonomics, and psychosocial traits were collected and related to LBP prevalence. Results: Of the 771 office workers, 648 responded (84% return rate). The majority of the participants were women (75.8%). Among all responders, 33%, 37.8%, 41.8%, and 61.6% presented with point, one-year, two-year, and lifetime prevalence respectively. Sleep disturbances due to pain were reported in 37% of the office clerks with chronic low back pain. Multiple logistic regression models have revealed that significant determinants for predicting LBP occurrence are age, gender, body mass index, body distance from computer screen, adjustable back support, clerk body position while sitting, sitting time of greater than 6 hours, job satisfaction, repetitive work, and anger during last 30 days. Conclusion: High proportions of Greek office workers suffer from LBP which might affect the Greek economy. The incidence of LBP status is significantly associated with some anthropometric, ergonomic, and psychosocial factors. Key words: Office workers, risk factors, low back pain, epidemiology
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Karahan, Hatice, and Nigar Tugsuz. "The Silent Discrimination against Headscarved Professionals in the Turkish Labor Market: The Case of Women in the Banking Sector." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 11324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011324.
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This study addresses the widespread discriminatory policies against headscarved professionals in the Turkish job market, by focusing on the female-intensive banking sector. Although the number of professionals wearing headscarves has increased since 2013 with the removal of the ban on headscarves for workers in the public sector, we argue that significant ideological discriminatory practices and bias against these women still exist. To expose this hidden reality and uncover its dynamics, we undertook exploratory in-depth interviews with 30 professionals from the Turkish banking sector, including both men and women. Our findings verify a severe underrepresentation of headscarved professionals in the commercial banking sector. Whereas, after 2013, state-owned banks began, to some extent, to recruit women wearing the headscarf, private commercial banks have not amended their exclusionist policy towards headscarved white-collar employees. Research findings confirm that in the Turkish banking sector, policies regarding the headscarf are still shaped by ideological corporate values. This study suggests that the appointment and promotion of female professionals in the Turkish banking sector are blocked by long-established stereotypes and prejudices, which stand in the way of inclusive practices supporting social equity, as well as diversity and the equality of women in the workplace.
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Karahan, Hatice, and Nigar Tugsuz. "The Silent Discrimination against Headscarved Professionals in the Turkish Labor Market: The Case of Women in the Banking Sector." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 11324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011324.
Full textAbstract:
This study addresses the widespread discriminatory policies against headscarved professionals in the Turkish job market, by focusing on the female-intensive banking sector. Although the number of professionals wearing headscarves has increased since 2013 with the removal of the ban on headscarves for workers in the public sector, we argue that significant ideological discriminatory practices and bias against these women still exist. To expose this hidden reality and uncover its dynamics, we undertook exploratory in-depth interviews with 30 professionals from the Turkish banking sector, including both men and women. Our findings verify a severe underrepresentation of headscarved professionals in the commercial banking sector. Whereas, after 2013, state-owned banks began, to some extent, to recruit women wearing the headscarf, private commercial banks have not amended their exclusionist policy towards headscarved white-collar employees. Research findings confirm that in the Turkish banking sector, policies regarding the headscarf are still shaped by ideological corporate values. This study suggests that the appointment and promotion of female professionals in the Turkish banking sector are blocked by long-established stereotypes and prejudices, which stand in the way of inclusive practices supporting social equity, as well as diversity and the equality of women in the workplace.