Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Women with disabilities – Zimbabwe – Social conditions'

This thesis seeks to understand and analyze the livelihood strategies of urban women traders at Magaba in Harare (Zimbabwe) in the context of the contemporary economic and political crisis. The crisis emerged in the 1990s with the introduction of a structural adjustment programme and deepened further with the fast track land reform programme initiated by the Zimbabwean government in the year 2000. The crisis has involved a down-sizing of the Zimbabwean economy and a massive rise in the rate of unemployment in the formal economy. Consequently urban life became increasingly unbearable for poor blacks and informal economic activities blossomed and started to make a significant contribution to household income and livelihoods. The role of women in the informal economy was particularly pronounced. Theoretically, the thesis is underpinned by the sustainable livelihoods framework. In examining the vulnerability context of the Magaba women traders and the institutional interventions which complicate the lives and livelihoods of these traders, I identify and unpack their diverse livelihood activities and strategies and the resources (or assets) they deploy in constructing urban livelihoods. Though their livelihood portfolios complement any earnings from formal employment by household members and though they contribute to their household’s sustenance, there are a number of daily challenges which they face in their trading activities and which they seek to counteract through a range of often ingenious coping mechanisms. The thesis is important for a number of reasons. It fills an important empirical gap in the study of Magaba market specifically, it brings to the fore the gendered character of the informal trading activities in urban Zimbabwe, and it deploys the livelihoods framework in a manner which is sensitive to both structure and agency.

This study investigates the Zimbabwean women listeners of a gender-focused radio programme Nguva yevanhukadzi (Time for Women) to find out what meanings they take from the programme. Located within the broad theoretical framework of cultural studies and drawing on audience reception theories, the study focuses on the ways in which Shona-speaking women bring their understandings of their social roles, derived from their lived socio-cultural experiences of patriarchy, to their decoding of the text. The study was set in Harare’s high-density suburb of Mbare and used the qualitative research methods of individual and focus group interviews. The study was conducted against the backdrop of the signing of the Global Political Agreement (GPA) of September 2008, which ended the impasse among the warring political parties, ZANU PF, MDC-T and MDC and introduced a new era of collectively tackling socio-economic development, including redressing gender disparities through women’s empowerment. This study examines the factors shaping the audiences’ readings of the programme and seeks to establish whether the mass media has determining power on its audience in the reception of messages or if the audiences (women) have interpretive freedom. Using Hall’s (1980) Encoding/ Decoding model, the study examines the factors that influence the audiences’ choice in making preferred, negotiated or oppositional readings and the arguments they advance in line with those readings. While the interviews revealed that most of the female listeners “negotiated” the dominant encoded meanings, seeking their relevance to their varied situations and contexts (O’ Sullivan et al. 1994:152; Ang 1990: 159), of interest is the manner in which the women dealt with the discourse of patriarchy within the context of promoting women empowerment. The contestation between women empowerment and addressing patriarchy reflected the subverted notions of maintaining the status quo, while applauding the women’s commitment and ability to interrogate the practicality of issues under discussion and drawing lessons relevant to their day to day lives prior to making the preferred reading. As such, the study revealed that preferred readings are not always automated, but can be a result of intense interrogation among media audiences.

Text in English with abstracts in English, isiXhosa and isiZulu
Disability studies largely ignored or neglected the experiences of rural women with disabilities (WWD) in the Global South. This qualitative study documents the challenges faced by Zimbabwean rural WWD in the enjoyment of their fundamental rights and freedoms. Against the backdrop of various global, regional and national efforts to advance WWD’s rights, the study examines possibilities for change. Utilising a phenomenological design, data were collected through in-depth interviews with women and girls with disabilities (WGWD), and semi-structured interviews with state and non-state actors in disability rights. Augmented by observations and extensive literature and policy reviews, the research findings revealed that the majority of rural WWD are not aware of their legal rights and have limited access to productive resources, information, employment, education and food. Rural WWD face mobility challenges and are largely discriminated against in health institutions and excluded from taking part in socioeconomic and political activities. Girls with disabilities in inclusive schools battle against a myriad of attitudinal, environmental and administrative hurdles that limit their academic and social functioning. The results confirm the feminist disability theory’s view that the functioning of WGWD is heavily determined by wider contextual, social, historic and gendered power relations. The findings support recommendations for an urgent alignment of liberal national disability instruments, policies and practices to international human rights norms. The 2013 Constitution effectuates a human rights approach to disability, yet in practice the exclusion of the disabled, rural, female ‘other’ continues unabated. Transformation in this regard must include a restructuring of financial resourcing of various state institutions for advancing disability rights. Various avenues to ensure for effective disability rights mainstreaming, lobbying, advocacy, awareness raising, and capacitation of rural communities are suggested. At the heart of it all is a change in mind-sets to embrace WWD as equal human beings with rights and dignity.
Izifundo zobulwelwe azikhange ziyithathele ngqalelo imeko namava abantu basetyhini abayimilwelwe behlala emaphandleni kumazwe asemaZantsi. Esi sifundo somgangatho sibhala ngemingeni ejongene nabasetyhini abayimilwelwe basemaphandleni eZimbabwe xa befuna ukuxhamla amalungelo nenkululeko eyimfanelo yabo yemveli. Ngokuqwalasela imizamo eliqela yehlabathi jikelele, yezithili neyesizwe ekuphuhliseni amalungelo abasetyhini abayimilwelwe, esi sifundo sivavanya amathuba otshintsho. Ngokusebenzisa uyilo lwezifundo ngokwenzekayo, kwaqokelelwa iinkcukacha zolwazi ngokuqhuba udliwano ndlebe olunzulu namakhosikazi namantomabazana ayimilwelwe, kwaqhutywa nodliwano ndlebe lwemibuzo engenampendulo zithe ngqo (semi structured interviews) nemibutho yoburhulumente nengeyoyoburhulumente esebenza ngamalungelo emilwelwe. Uphando olwalukhatshwa kukuzibonela nokufunda nzulu okubhaliweyo ngemigaqo nkqubo, lwaveza ukuba uninzi lwabasetyhini abayimilwelwe basemaphandleni alwazi nto ngamalungelo alo asemthethweni kwaye alufikeleli ngokwaneleyo kwimithombo eluncedo, ulwazi, imisebenzi, imfundo nokutya. Abasetyhini abayimilwelwe basemaphandleni bajamelene nemingeni yokungakwazi ukuhamba kwaye bayacalucalulwa kakhulu kumaziko ezempilo. Ababandakanywa ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yezentlalo, uqoqosho nezombuso/upolitiko. Amantombazana ayimilwelwe asezikolweni zikawonkewonke asedabini nemiqobo emininzi yendlela acingelwa ngayo, indawo ewangqongileyo nolawulo, zinto ezo zikuthibazayo ukusebenza kwawo kwezemfundo nasekuhlaleni. Iziphumo zophando ziyangqinelana nengcingane yezifundo zabasetyhini ethi indlela yokwenza izinto yabasetyhini abayimilwelwe ilawulwa ikakhulu lunxulumano lweemeko ezigqubayo, ezentlalo, ezembali nezesini. Iziphumo zophando zixhasa iingcebiso ezithi makukhawuleziswe kwenziwe ungqamano phakathi kwezixhobo, imigaqo nkqubo nemisebenzi yobulwelwe esizweni nezimiselo zamalungelo oluntu kwihlabathi ngokubanzi. UMgaqo Siseko wama-2013 ubeka elubala indlela yokujongana nobulwelwe, kodwa kuyaqhubeka kona ukujongelwa phantsi kwemilwelwe, yabasemaphandleni, yabasetyhini. Inguqu kulo mbandela kufuneka iquke ukuyilwa ngokutsha kwenkxaso mali kumaziko oburhulumente ahlukeneyo ukwenzela ukuba kuqhutyelwe phambili amalungelo emilwelwe. Kucetyiswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqinisekisa amalungelo emilwelwe njengokwenza iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ezingundoqo, ngokuthethathethana nokuphembelela, ngokwazisa uluntu nokuxhobisa uluntu lwasemaphandleni. Esizikithini sako konke kufuneka utshintsho lwengqondo ukwenzela ukuba bamkelwe abasetyhini abayimilwelwe njengabantu abalingana nabanye benamalungelo nesidima.
Izifundo ezimayelana nokukhubazeka zivame ukunganaki noma ukungabi nandaba nokwenzeka kubantu besifazane abakhubazekile (ama-WWD) abahlala emaphandleni emazweni angakathuthuki ngokwanele (aseGlobal South). Lolu cwaningo olubheka kabanzi imininingwane engamaqiniso luqopha izingqinamba ezikhungethe abesifazane baseZimbabwe abakhubazekile abahlala emaphandleni ngenkathi bethokozela amalungelo abo asemqoka kanye nenkululeko yabo. Phezu kwemizamo eyahlukahlukene yezinga lomhlaba, lezifunda nelikazwelonke, yokuthuthukisa amalungelo abesifazane akhubazekile, lolu cwaningo lubheka amathuba akhona oguquko. Kwasetshenziswa uhlobo lokucwaninga olubheka okuthize ngokuhlola imibono yalabo abake baba sesimweni salokho okucwaningwa ngakho, ngokufaka imibuzo abesifazane kanye namantombazane akhubazekile, kanye nalabo abadlala indima kwezamalungelo abantu abakhubazekile abasebenzela umbuso nabangasebenzeli umbuso. Ngokufakazelwa kakhulu ngokubonakele kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemibhalo nenqubomgomo, imiphumela yocwaningo enohlonze iveze ukuthi iningi labesifazane abakhubazekile basemaphandleni abawazi amalungelo abo ezomthetho kanti futhi abafinyeleli ngokuphelele emithonjeni elusizo, kwimininingwane, kwimisebenzi, kwezemfundo kanye nasekudleni. Abesifazane abakhubazekile basemaphandleni babhekana nezingqinamba zokungakwazi ukuhamba kahle kanti futhi bayacwaswa ezikhungweni zezempilo, baphinde banganikwa ithuba lokubamba iqhaza kwezenhlalo-mnotho nezepolitiki. Amantombazane akhubazekile ezikoleni ezamukela zonke izinhlobo zabafundi babhekana nezimo eziningi eziyizingqinamba maqondana nendlela aphathwa ngayo, nesimo sendawo kanye nokwenziwa kwezinto okuba nomkhawulo ekwenzeni kwabo maqondana nezemfundo nezenhlalo. Imiphumela iqinisekisa umbono wenzululwazi elwela abesifazane abakhubazekile wokuthi ukusebenza kwabesifazane abakhubazekile, esikhathini esiningi, kuvame ukuvela ngenxa yengqikithi esabalele yobudlelwano bamandla maqondana nenhlalo, umlando kanye nobulili. Imiphumela yocwaningo yeseka izincomo zokuthi kumele kube khona ukulinganiswa okuphuthumayo kwempahla yokusebenza maqondana nokukhubazeka, izinqubomgomo kanye nezindlela zokusebenza ezingeni likazwelonke kanye nokuvamile ezingeni lomhlaba wonke kokuphathelene namalungelo abantu. UMthethosisekelo wonyaka we-2013 wenza kusebenze indlela yokubheka ukukhubazeka ngeso lamalungelo abantu, kodwa indlela okwenziwa ngayo iqhubeka kakhulu nokubandlulula abesifazane abakhubazekile basemaphandleni. Uguquko, maqondana nalokhu, kumele lufake ukuhlelwa kabusha kosizo lwezimali ezikhungweni ezahlukahlukene zombuso eziqhuba phambili amalungelo aba. Kuhlongozwa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuqinisekisa amalungelo abakhubazekile okufaka kukho ukufakwa kwemiphakathi yasemaphandleni ezinhlelweni, ukukhulumisana nayo ukuze ibambe iqhaza, ukuyilwela, ukwenza ukuba iqaphele okwenzekayo kanye nokuyinikeza amandla okwenza. Okuyiyona nto ebaluleke kakhulu, wuguquko ekucabangeni ukuze abesifazane abakhubazekile bathathwe njengabantu abalingana nabanye abanamalungelo nesithunzi.
Development Studies
D. Phil. (Development Studies)

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management Science: Public Management (Peace-building), Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016.
The purpose of the study was to assess or investigate the forms, causes and effects of violence towards lone women from Pumula Township, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. In finding these it seeks to prevent violence towards these lone women. It is noted that structural male dominant culture and inequality are the major causes of violence towards lone women in Pumula; this is also similar in Sub-Saharan Africa. Many studies on lone women have been done worldwide and to the best of my knowledge, none that seeks for substantive solutions has been done in Bulawayo. This study was exploratory and qualitative in nature. This was done through a forum, focus group interviews and personal interviews. The data in the forum was collected by an advisory team and the researcher was the facilitator in all interviews. The major method of data collection was the focus group interviews. Also for triangulation purposes, and to complement the focus group interviews, individual interviews were done. Stakeholders’ workshops and lone women workshops were conducted to propose the means that could be used to reduce violence against lone women. Ethical standards were observed during the study. The findings of the study indicate that violence towards lone women is caused by a patriarchal culture and the social norms that make lone women to be stigmatised, ostracised and discriminated against because of their status. The confiscation of their property after the death of their spouses, or divorce, the struggle to shelter and care for their children often causes lone women ill-health and low self-esteem. They also find it difficult to find time for self as they are the breadwinners. It was proposed that the community and the lone women work together to curb violence against lone women and to combat all the injustices that are happening within society. Women empowerment and development can eradicate violence against the lone women.
M

Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola izingqinamba zezenhlalo nezomnotho abesifazane basemakhaya abaseZimbabwe ababhekana nazo. Abesifazane basemakhaya bakhishwa inyumbazane emphakathini futhi bakhishwa inyumbazane ezinhlelweni zokuthuthukisa umphakathi, ngenxa yalokho izindima zabo zicekelwa phansi namazwi abo ezintweni ezibathintayo ayenziwa buthaka. Izici ezifana nesomiso esiqhubekayo, ukungabi bikho kwezinsizakusebenza, isiko nesimo sezulu esingesihle seziqhubekile nokubeka isikhundla sabesifazane basemakhaya engcupheni. Ukuziphilisa ngokulima kube ngomunye wemisebenzi emikhulu eyenziwa ngabesifazane basemakhaya ekukhiqizweni kokudla emakhaya, kepha lokhu bekungalethi imiphumela elindelwe kakhulu ngenxa yokuntuleka komanyolo nemishini yokukhuthaza isivuno esingcono. Ucwaningo lusebenzise indlela ephathelene nesimo futhi kwaqoqwa nemininingwane ngezingxoxo zocingo ngokuya ngamaphrothokholi woKhuvethe Alert Level 3. Lolu cwaningo luveza izinselelo eziningi zezenhlalo nezomnotho abesifazane besemakhaya eZimbabwe ababhekana nazo. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi abesifazane basakhishwa inyumbazane emikhakheni eminingi yemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa umphakathi ngenxa yezinqubomgomo ezingazinaki izidingo zabo. Ucwaningo lukhombe ukuthi abesifazane basemakhaya bahlala besengozini futhi bavuleleke kumazinga aphezulu obuphofu njengoba behluleka ukuthola ukwesekwa okudingeka kakhulu kubayeni babo, abaholi bomphakathi kanye nohulumeni kazwelonke ngezinqubomgomo zabo ezibahlukanisile. Ngendlela yokukhishwa ngaphandle kwezenhlalo, amalungelo abesifazane aphuliwe futhi isithunzi sabo sonakalisiwe futhi sancishiswa, ngoba nje benganikwanga ukwesekwa okudingekayo ukuze babandakanyeke ekuthathweni kwezinqumo kwezepolitiki. Amagama asemqoka afana nokuba sengozini, ubuphofu ngokuphelele nokuvalelwa ngaphandle emphakathini kuchazwa njengezinye zezinto ezibe nomthelela ebuphofini besifazane basemakhaya. Izinhlelo zomphakathi iv ziqhubekile nokubeka abesifazane enhluphekweni futhi bahlala njengeqembu elizimele elihluleka ukubamba iqhaza ngokugcwele futhi lisizakale ezikhungweni zomphakathi. Okutholakele ocwaningweni kunikeza ezinye izindlela ezihlukile njengezindlela zokubhekana nabesifazane basemakhaya okudingeka bazilandele ukuze benze kangcono ngokwesimo sabo sobumpofu. Izisombululo ezahlukahlukene ezingaba khona njengoba amasu okubhekana nazo nezinhlelo zokungenelela zichaziwe ocwaningweni. Ukuze ekugcineni ngikwazi ukusho ukuthi igebe lobuphofu kubantu besifazane selivaliwe, kuzodingeka izinqubomgomo ezinamandla ezingekho lapho ngenjongo yokuhlobisa kuphela kepha ezifuna ukubhekana nokwenza ngcono amazinga okungalingani osekuyisikhathi eside kuthinta abesifazane basemakhaya. Lezi zinqubomgomo kuzofanele zisetshenziswe ngendlela efanele ukubhekana nezidingo nezinselelo zabesifazane basemakhaya.
Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola izingqinamba zezenhlalo nezomnotho abesifazane basemakhaya abaseZimbabwe ababhekana nazo. Abesifazane basemakhaya bakhishwa inyumbazane emphakathini futhi bakhishwa inyumbazane ezinhlelweni zokuthuthukisa umphakathi, ngenxa yalokho izindima zabo zicekelwa phansi namazwi abo ezintweni ezibathintayo ayenziwa buthaka. Izici ezifana nesomiso esiqhubekayo, ukungabi bikho kwezinsizakusebenza, isiko nesimo sezulu esingesihle seziqhubekile nokubeka isikhundla sabesifazane basemakhaya engcupheni. Ukuziphilisa ngokulima kube ngomunye wemisebenzi emikhulu eyenziwa ngabesifazane basemakhaya ekukhiqizweni kokudla emakhaya, kepha lokhu bekungalethi imiphumela elindelwe kakhulu ngenxa yokuntuleka komanyolo nemishini yokukhuthaza isivuno esingcono. Ucwaningo lusebenzise indlela ephathelene nesimo futhi kwaqoqwa nemininingwane ngezingxoxo zocingo ngokuya ngamaphrothokholi woKhuvethe Alert Level 3. Lolu cwaningo luveza izinselelo eziningi zezenhlalo nezomnotho abesifazane besemakhaya eZimbabwe ababhekana nazo. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi abesifazane basakhishwa inyumbazane emikhakheni eminingi yemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa umphakathi ngenxa yezinqubomgomo ezingazinaki izidingo zabo. Ucwaningo lukhombe ukuthi abesifazane basemakhaya bahlala besengozini futhi bavuleleke kumazinga aphezulu obuphofu njengoba behluleka ukuthola ukwesekwa okudingeka kakhulu kubayeni babo, abaholi bomphakathi kanye nohulumeni kazwelonke ngezinqubomgomo zabo ezibahlukanisile. Ngendlela yokukhishwa ngaphandle kwezenhlalo, amalungelo abesifazane aphuliwe futhi isithunzi sabo sonakalisiwe futhi sancishiswa, ngoba nje benganikwanga ukwesekwa okudingekayo ukuze babandakanyeke ekuthathweni kwezinqumo kwezepolitiki. Amagama asemqoka afana nokuba sengozini, ubuphofu ngokuphelele nokuvalelwa ngaphandle emphakathini kuchazwa njengezinye zezinto ezibe nomthelela ebuphofini besifazane basemakhaya. Izinhlelo zomphakathi iv ziqhubekile nokubeka abesifazane enhluphekweni futhi bahlala njengeqembu elizimele elihluleka ukubamba iqhaza ngokugcwele futhi lisizakale ezikhungweni zomphakathi. Okutholakele ocwaningweni kunikeza ezinye izindlela ezihlukile njengezindlela zokubhekana nabesifazane basemakhaya okudingeka bazilandele ukuze benze kangcono ngokwesimo sabo sobumpofu. Izisombululo ezahlukahlukene ezingaba khona njengoba amasu okubhekana nazo nezinhlelo zokungenelela zichaziwe ocwaningweni. Ukuze ekugcineni ngikwazi ukusho ukuthi igebe lobuphofu kubantu besifazane selivaliwe, kuzodingeka izinqubomgomo ezinamandla ezingekho lapho ngenjongo yokuhlobisa kuphela kepha ezifuna ukubhekana nokwenza ngcono amazinga okungalingani osekuyisikhathi eside kuthinta abesifazane basemakhaya. Lezi zinqubomgomo kuzofanele zisetshenziswe ngendlela efanele ukubhekana nezidingo nezinselelo zabesifazane basemakhaya
Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola izingqinamba zezenhlalo nezomnotho abesifazane basemakhaya abaseZimbabwe ababhekana nazo. Abesifazane basemakhaya bakhishwa inyumbazane emphakathini futhi bakhishwa inyumbazane ezinhlelweni zokuthuthukisa umphakathi, ngenxa yalokho izindima zabo zicekelwa phansi namazwi abo ezintweni ezibathintayo ayenziwa buthaka. Izici ezifana nesomiso esiqhubekayo, ukungabi bikho kwezinsizakusebenza, isiko nesimo sezulu esingesihle seziqhubekile nokubeka isikhundla sabesifazane basemakhaya engcupheni. Ukuziphilisa ngokulima kube ngomunye wemisebenzi emikhulu eyenziwa ngabesifazane basemakhaya ekukhiqizweni kokudla emakhaya, kepha lokhu bekungalethi imiphumela elindelwe kakhulu ngenxa yokuntuleka komanyolo nemishini yokukhuthaza isivuno esingcono. Ucwaningo lusebenzise indlela ephathelene nesimo futhi kwaqoqwa nemininingwane ngezingxoxo zocingo ngokuya ngamaphrothokholi woKhuvethe Alert Level 3. Lolu cwaningo luveza izinselelo eziningi zezenhlalo nezomnotho abesifazane besemakhaya eZimbabwe ababhekana nazo. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi abesifazane basakhishwa inyumbazane emikhakheni eminingi yemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa umphakathi ngenxa yezinqubomgomo ezingazinaki izidingo zabo. Ucwaningo lukhombe ukuthi abesifazane basemakhaya bahlala besengozini futhi bavuleleke kumazinga aphezulu obuphofu njengoba behluleka ukuthola ukwesekwa okudingeka kakhulu kubayeni babo, abaholi bomphakathi kanye nohulumeni kazwelonke ngezinqubomgomo zabo ezibahlukanisile. Ngendlela yokukhishwa ngaphandle kwezenhlalo, amalungelo abesifazane aphuliwe futhi isithunzi sabo sonakalisiwe futhi sancishiswa, ngoba nje benganikwanga ukwesekwa okudingekayo ukuze babandakanyeke ekuthathweni kwezinqumo kwezepolitiki. Amagama asemqoka afana nokuba sengozini, ubuphofu ngokuphelele nokuvalelwa ngaphandle emphakathini kuchazwa njengezinye zezinto ezibe nomthelela ebuphofini besifazane basemakhaya. Izinhlelo zomphakathi iv ziqhubekile nokubeka abesifazane enhluphekweni futhi bahlala njengeqembu elizimele elihluleka ukubamba iqhaza ngokugcwele futhi lisizakale ezikhungweni zomphakathi. Okutholakele ocwaningweni kunikeza ezinye izindlela ezihlukile njengezindlela zokubhekana nabesifazane basemakhaya okudingeka bazilandele ukuze benze kangcono ngokwesimo sabo sobumpofu. Izisombululo ezahlukahlukene ezingaba khona njengoba amasu okubhekana nazo nezinhlelo zokungenelela zichaziwe ocwaningweni. Ukuze ekugcineni ngikwazi ukusho ukuthi igebe lobuphofu kubantu besifazane selivaliwe, kuzodingeka izinqubomgomo ezinamandla ezingekho lapho ngenjongo yokuhlobisa kuphela kepha ezifuna ukubhekana nokwenza ngcono amazinga okungalingani osekuyisikhathi eside kuthinta abesifazane basemakhaya. Lezi zinqubomgomo kuzofanele zisetshenziswe ngendlela efanele ukubhekana nezidingo nezinselelo zabesifazane basemakhaya
Ngudo i ṱoḓa u wanulusa khaedu dza ikonomi ya matshilisano dzine vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani kha ḽa Zimbabwe vha livhana nadzo. Vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani a vho ngo katelwa kha matshilisano na u siwa nnḓa kha mbekanyamushumo dza mveledziso ya tshitshavha, nga nṱhani ha zwenezwo mishumo yavho i dzhielwa fhasi na musi vha tshi amba zwine zwa vha kwama zwi thudzelwa kule. Nyimele dzi ngaho sa gomelelo ḽi sa gumi, u shayea ha zwiko, mvelele na mihumbulo ya poḽotiki i sa takadzi zwo ḓi bvela phanḓa na u vhea vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani kha vhuimo ha khombo. Vhuḓilimeli ho vha muṅwe wa mishumo mihulwane ine vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani vha ita kha mveledzazwiḽiwa muṱani, fhedzi hezwi a zwo ngo bveledza mvelelo dze dza vha dzo lavhelelwa zwihulu zwo itiswa nga nṱhani ha u shaya zwishumiswa na manyoro u bveledza khaṋo dza khwine. Ṱhoḓisiso yo shumisa kuitele kwa ngona ya khwaḽithethivi ngeno data yo kuvhanganywa nga kha inthaviwu dza luṱingo u ya nga matshimbidzele a u Dzhiela nṱha Vhuimo ha 3 ha Covid-19. Ngudo yo wanulusa khaedu dzo vhalaho dza ikonomi ya matshilisano dzine vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani kha ḽa Zimbabwe vha livhana nadzo. Mvelelo dza ngudo dzo sumbedzisa uri vhafumakadzi vha kha ḓivha vho siwa nnḓa kha masia manzhi a mveledziso dza tshitshavha nga nṱhani ha mbekanyamaitele dzine dza sa dzhiele nṱha ṱhoḓea dzavho. Ngudo yo topola zwauri vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani vha dzula vhe khomboni na u ṱanea kha vhuimo ha vhushai vhuhulwane musi vha tshi kundelwa u wana thikhedzo khulwanesa ine vha i ṱoḓa u bva kha vhafarisi vhavho, vharangaphanḓa vha zwitshavha na muvhuso wa lushaka nga kha mbekanyamaitele dzawo dze dza vha khethelula. Nga kha u siwa nnḓa kha matshilisano, pfanelo dza vhafumakadzi dzo pfukekanya ngeno tshirunzi vi tshavho tsho tsitsela fhasi na u hoṱefhadzwa, ngauri a vho ngo ṋetshedzwa thikhedzo yo teaho u dzhenelela kha tsheo dza zwa poḽotiki. Maipfi a ndeme a ngaho sa u vha khomboni, vhushai ha vhukuma na u sa katelwa kha matshilisano zwo ṱalutshedzwa sa dziṅwe dza nyimele dzo shelaho mulenzhe kha vhushai ha vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani. Sisiṱeme ya matshilisano yo bvela phanḓa na u ṱana vhushai ha vhafumakadzi na u dzula vhe tshigwada tsho khethululwaho tsho kundelwaho u dzhenelela tshoṱhe na u vhuelwa kha zwiimiswa zwa matshilisano. Mawanwa a ngudo o ṋetshedza nḓila dza u ṱhaḓula dzo fhambanaho sa zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u tshila zwine vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani vha ṱoḓa u zwi tevhela u itela u ita zwa khwine kha vhuimo havho ha vhushai. Khonadzeo dzo fhambanaho dza thasululo sa zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u tshila na mbekanyamushumo dza u dzhenelela dzo bviselwa khagala kha ngudo. U swikela hune ra kona u amba uri gake ḽa vhushai kha vhushai ḽo ṱumanywa, mbekanyamaitele dzo khwaṱhaho dzi ḓo ṱoḓiwa dzine dza sa vhe henefho fhedzi u itela u khavhisa fhedzi u itela u amba na u khwinisa vhuimo ha u sa lingana he ha kwama lwa tshifhinga tshilapfu vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani
Ngudo i ṱoḓa u wanulusa khaedu dza ikonomi ya matshilisano dzine vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani kha ḽa Zimbabwe vha livhana nadzo. Vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani a vho ngo katelwa kha matshilisano na u siwa nnḓa kha mbekanyamushumo dza mveledziso ya tshitshavha, nga nṱhani ha zwenezwo mishumo yavho i dzhielwa fhasi na musi vha tshi amba zwine zwa vha kwama zwi thudzelwa kule. Nyimele dzi ngaho sa gomelelo ḽi sa gumi, u shayea ha zwiko, mvelele na mihumbulo ya poḽotiki i sa takadzi zwo ḓi bvela phanḓa na u vhea vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani kha vhuimo ha khombo. Vhuḓilimeli ho vha muṅwe wa mishumo mihulwane ine vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani vha ita kha mveledzazwiḽiwa muṱani, fhedzi hezwi a zwo ngo bveledza mvelelo dze dza vha dzo lavhelelwa zwihulu zwo itiswa nga nṱhani ha u shaya zwishumiswa na manyoro u bveledza khaṋo dza khwine. Ṱhoḓisiso yo shumisa kuitele kwa ngona ya khwaḽithethivi ngeno data yo kuvhanganywa nga kha inthaviwu dza luṱingo u ya nga matshimbidzele a u Dzhiela nṱha Vhuimo ha 3 ha Covid-19. Ngudo yo wanulusa khaedu dzo vhalaho dza ikonomi ya matshilisano dzine vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani kha ḽa Zimbabwe vha livhana nadzo. Mvelelo dza ngudo dzo sumbedzisa uri vhafumakadzi vha kha ḓivha vho siwa nnḓa kha masia manzhi a mveledziso dza tshitshavha nga nṱhani ha mbekanyamaitele dzine dza sa dzhiele nṱha ṱhoḓea dzavho. Ngudo yo topola zwauri vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani vha dzula vhe khomboni na u ṱanea kha vhuimo ha vhushai vhuhulwane musi vha tshi kundelwa u wana thikhedzo khulwanesa ine vha i ṱoḓa u bva kha vhafarisi vhavho, vharangaphanḓa vha zwitshavha na muvhuso wa lushaka nga kha mbekanyamaitele dzawo dze dza vha khethelula. Nga kha u siwa nnḓa kha matshilisano, pfanelo dza vhafumakadzi dzo pfukekanya ngeno tshirunzi vi tshavho tsho tsitsela fhasi na u hoṱefhadzwa, ngauri a vho ngo ṋetshedzwa thikhedzo yo teaho u dzhenelela kha tsheo dza zwa poḽotiki. Maipfi a ndeme a ngaho sa u vha khomboni, vhushai ha vhukuma na u sa katelwa kha matshilisano zwo ṱalutshedzwa sa dziṅwe dza nyimele dzo shelaho mulenzhe kha vhushai ha vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani. Sisiṱeme ya matshilisano yo bvela phanḓa na u ṱana vhushai ha vhafumakadzi na u dzula vhe tshigwada tsho khethululwaho tsho kundelwaho u dzhenelela tshoṱhe na u vhuelwa kha zwiimiswa zwa matshilisano. Mawanwa a ngudo o ṋetshedza nḓila dza u ṱhaḓula dzo fhambanaho sa zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u tshila zwine vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani vha ṱoḓa u zwi tevhela u itela u ita zwa khwine kha vhuimo havho ha vhushai. Khonadzeo dzo fhambanaho dza thasululo sa zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u tshila na mbekanyamushumo dza u dzhenelela dzo bviselwa khagala kha ngudo. U swikela hune ra kona u amba uri gake ḽa vhushai kha vhushai ḽo ṱumanywa, mbekanyamaitele dzo khwaṱhaho dzi ḓo ṱoḓiwa dzine dza sa vhe henefho fhedzi u itela u khavhisa fhedzi u itela u amba na u khwinisa vhuimo ha u sa lingana he ha kwama lwa tshifhinga tshilapfu vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani
Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Management Sciences(Peace-building), Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015.
This study examines gender based violence in a mining community and uses the case study of Trojan Nickel Mine in Mashonaland Central Province of Zimbabwe. Studies have shown that Mashonaland Central has the highest incidence rate of gender based violence in Zimbabwe. Mining communities are more susceptible to incidences of gender based violence because of their cultural heterogeneity which engender and generate conflict. The research examines gender based violence within the confines of several theories and conceptual frameworks such as social-learning theory, sex-role theory and ecological framework. It reveals that no factor can be singled out as the cause of gender based violence, but argues that patriarchy whose norms are embedded through culture contributes the most in constructing attitudes and perceptions which legitimize gender based violence. The study also identifies religious practices and the environment as playing key roles in encouraging gender based violence. The study in the end constructs an intervention model based on the ‘catch them young theory’ where young boys were trained on non-violent strategies of reducing gender based violence. This is against the background that men play an influential role in communities as decision makers and policy makers. This intervention targeted changing the behavior and attitude of boys over women and girls.

Thesis (M. A. (Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019
Physically disabled adults encounter many constraints in the societies they live in, and are often prone to stigma and discrimination, social exclusion and negative perceptions. Rooted in the qualitative research approach, this study is informed by a sample of 20 adults with physical disabilities. It gathered data relating to experiences of adults with physical disabilities. Participants were identified using purposive and convenience sampling and took part in comprehensive face to face interviews. This data collection method provided a platform to elicit experiences of adults living with physical disabilities. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse data. The major findings that came out of the study included the main challenges faced by adults with physical disabilities, established the accessibility barriers, assessed how adults cope with health challenges, evaluated the cultural and traditional prejudices of adults with physical disabilities and assessed the stigma and discrimination that they face. From the participants’ personal encounters and narratives, the study recommends assistance and support of physically disabled adults, implementation of awareness campaigns and donations to be specified according to their needs. More so, the study recommends extensively involving and consulting adults with physical disabilities in matters that directly or indirectly affects them and supervising and monitoring schools which accepts persons with disabilities.

Text in English
In Zimbabwe, women are concentrated in rural areas where there are limited resources. For human development to be achieved, the welfare of women needs to be taken into consideration. Some NGOs operating in the country aim at advancing and improving the status of women and promote gender equality through socio-economic empowerment programmes. This study aimed at determining the impact of three selected local NGO’s programmes at grassroots level. The study revealed that progress has been made in transforming the general livelihoods of the women who are members of these organisations at grassroots level but there are various issues which these NGO’s have to consider so as to improve their effectiveness.
Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)

Rural women in Zimbabwe are disproportionately represented among the poor. Among the interventions taken to mitigate the poverty suffered by women is the concept of income-generating projects (lGPs). Government, non-governmental organisations and donor agencies support the IGPs. After years of channeling resources through the IGPs to alleviate the poverty of mostly rural women, it is necessary that we take stock of the benefits that have been realised. The aim of this thesis is to identify the benefits and pitfalls of the IGPs in alleviating poverty. A case study of two projects in Chinamora communal lands in Zimbabwe demonstrates that IGPs do provide some benefits to participants and their households. Limited funding for start-up capital and lack of viable markets are among the major impediments to increased benefits. There is evidence that women can successfully organise themselves and explore previously male dominated areas of production such as carpentry. This suggests that IGPs do have the potential to somewhat alleviate poverty. making it necessary for the supporting institutions to seriously consider improving the shortcomings presently plaguing IGPs.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.

The study into the socio-economic challenges of HIV and AIDS on widowed women in rural communities of Zimbabwe was carried out in the village of Mukadziwashe. The main aim of the study was to find out the socio-economic challenges that are faced by HIV and AIDS widows. Of particular concern has been role played change agent since the dawn of the HIV and AIDS pandemic and its devastating socio-economic impact on families, especially widows. The findings of this study are based on a sample of limited number (12) widows based in the village of Mukadziwashe in Gutu Central District, as well interviews of key informants who happen to be representatives of change agents in the main. In-depth interviews were the tool used to collect information from the research participants identified above. The findings of the study revealed that widows still suffer from the serious social and economic challenges posed by HIV and AIDS such as cultural oppressions and prevention of women from inheriting their late husbands’ wealth The continued denial of women of their constitutionally enshrined rights is difficult to understand, because many studies have been conducted on this subject. It is reasonable to expect noticeable progress in promoting the rights of women, especially widows. What is apparent in this sad story is the mute role of change agents, be they government, non-governmental or community based, in affirming widows’ rights. Based on these observations, the study strongly recommends the design, implementation and constant monitoring of intervention programmes aimed at women empowerment in general.
Sociology
M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV and AIDS)

Institute for Gender and Youth Studies
PHDGS
Historically, the cardiovascular disease (CVD) has internationally been viewed as a man’s disease. This is witnessed by the high number of males who have fallen victim to this scourge. However, with rapid changes in today’s societies, the disease has increasingly become a public health concern among women also. This study aimed to explore rural women’s perspectives of CVD in Gwanda South Rural District. The study was guided by a feminist perspective where theories of gender such as social construction feminism, intersectionality and standpoint theory, were employed as a theoretical framework. In this process, the research endeavoured to unearth some contradictions inherent in the manner in which women view CVD. The population of the study comprised of females aged 21-60 years residing in Gwanda South Rural District of Zimbabwe. An exploratory case study design was adopted and this guided the qualitative data collection and analysis. Purposeful sampling technique was used to select 16 participants for semi-structured interviews and six participants for focus group discussions. Data were analysed using thematic analysis which is an essential tool for qualitative data analysis. Data were presented and discussed as themes and subthemes. The concepts of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability were used to describe and ensure various aspects of trustworthiness. Ethical considerations like informed consent, confidentiality and anonymity and no harm to participants were ensured. The following seven themes were derived from the study; women’s knowledge of CVD, causes of CVD, prevention of CVD, perceived effects of CVD, difference in experiences of CVD, assistance of women with CVD and management of CVD. Findings revealed that women had limited knowledge of most CVDs but were familiar with hypertension and stroke. Various symptoms of CVD were identified. It was concluded that rural women do not have adequate knowledge of CVDs. A lot should be done by the government and other stakeholders to ameliorate cardiovascular health in rural women.
NRF

This research study employs explorative and descriptive qualitative research conducted in a naturalistic environment to identify factors that drive children from their homes to the streets of Bulawayo city suburban in Zimbabwe. The research study answers the question: How do children`s experiences drive them from their homes and why do they decide to live on the streets of Bulawayo city centre? Literature search was conducted after data collection to confirm findings. Data collection was conducted at Thuthuka Street Children`s project where an increase in the number of registered street children has been observed. Purposive sample selection of street children was conducted. Selection criteria was based on the participant being registered with Thuthuka Street Children`s Project, for one year being on and off the streets and volunteer to participate. Ethical consideration such as fairness justice and honest were observed. Soundness to establish trustworthiness rather than validity, the following alternative constructs were applied, credibility, transferability, dependability, conformability and authenticity. Focus group discussions using a guide with open-ended questions were conducted to collect data from 12 street children, which was then analysed by coding into themes, notably forms of abuse such as emotional, physical, and sexual and neglect, poverty, deviant behaviour and future plans. Children went onto the streets because they suffered abuse, and/or wanted freedom without parental dominance and to acquire fast riches in the streets. Based on the conclusions, the research makes recommendations from the participants and the researcher to policymakers, non-governmental organisations, parents and social workers, to address this deep-seated problem.
Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health)

The study investigated Zimbabwean Christian and Muslim women who had experienced domestic violence with a view to finding out the extent to which these women used provisions of the Domestic Violence Act of 2006. The study was conducted in urban Masvingo and its surroundings. The methodology applied to the empirical investigation was qualitative and was informed by the phenomenological, feminist and pragmatic theoretical frameworks. Data was collected, by means of in-depth semi-structured interviews, from 30 participants, 22 Christian and 8 Muslim, who were selected using purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques. In investigating the women’s experiences, some questions guided the study. These include: Where and to what extent does a select group of Christian and Muslim women who fall victim to domestic violence normally seek help? How do religious and cultural beliefs and practices influence the response to domestic violence by the abused as well as those to whom they report? To what extent do religious communities prevent selected victims of domestic violence from seeking legal assistance? Data was analysed by coding responses according to themes. The study revealed that the participants perceived domestic violence as having diverse causes and most of them saw their religion as crucial in addressing their plight. It emerged that a majority of the participants sought help from their religious communities as well as relatives and friends. Mixed responses emanated from these sources of help. The most common response, based largely on religious and cultural beliefs, was to encourage participants to avoid reporting to authorities. It also emerged that most of the participants were not willing to seek help from the police, courts or legal practitioners to seek redress because of the advice they received as well as their own internalised beliefs. Religious, social, and economic factors prevented most participants from appealing to provisions of the Domestic Violence Act.It was concluded that the Zimbabwean Domestic Violence Act had limited usefulness for participants because of religious, social and economic factors. It was recommended that if relevant stakeholders could jointly work together, domestic violence would be alleviated. Recommendations for further research were also made.
Religious Studies & Arabic
D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)

Women throughout the world are suffering the brunt of HIV/AIDS. They carry the unenviable tag of being the suffering group who are at risk. Women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS is a subject that has not received adequate attention to date. This empirical study examines the socio-cultural factors and practices that impede upon behavioural change of Zimbabwean women in an era of HIV/AIDS. Firstly, a sample of 1002 women respondents is purposefully drawn from the six major Zimbabwean ethnic groups to participate in this research study. A survey questionnaire is administered to respondents in the age group 18 to 59 years to quantify the levels and magnitude of the HIV/AIDS problem among women. Secondly, fifty in-depth interviews with key informants are conducted to assess the nature of the problem confronting and impeding upon women's quest to attain good reproductive health. Thirdly, six focus group discussions for each of the respective six ethnic groups are conducted with forty-eight mature women to understand broadly the concepts of the study. This study employs a combination of mainly qualitative and some quantitative methods of data collection and analysis, which is called triangulation. Underlying the methodology of this study is an overarching functionalist theoretical perspective, also referring to gender development theory which serves as the basis for data analyses. The main findings of this study include the view that power dynamics, gender roles and cultural practices have impacted negatively on women's quest to attain safe sexual behaviour. The problem of HIV/AIDS remains a complicated and awesome one among Zimbabwe's ethnic groups. For Zimbabwean women the HIV/AIDS problem begins with a total lack of control over sexual lives and behaviour of their husbands especially outside marriage. The women have noted that the majority stay faithful to their husbands and partners according to cultural prescriptions and roles, while their husbands do not comply. Women noted that cultural prescriptions in their various ethnic settings condone male infidelity but expect women to stay faithful to their partners. As a result it is found that women sometimes contract HIV/AIDS straight on their matrimonial beds.
SOCIOLOGY
Thesis (D. Phil. (Sociology))

This study investigates the experiences of at-risk secondary school students in the Chitungwiza District, Zimbabwe. At-riskiness is defined as a condition in which students are likely to produce poor academic achievement, irregular school attendance, grade retention or dropout due to various individual and social factors. At-riskiness has increased in Zimbabwe’s school population since the adoption and subsequent failure of the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) which has contributed to poverty and concomitant poor social conditions. A literature study explored at-riskiness in the light of socio-cultural perspectives on at-riskiness and also discussed contextual factors in the Zimbabwean schooling system which influence students’ vulnerability to at-riskiness. A qualitative inquiry using a narrative approach explored at-riskiness in the life stories of three male and three female secondary school students attending two selected schools in Chitungwiza, an economically deprived area close to Harare. Selection of schools was based on high levels of absenteeism and sustained poor performance in the national school leaving examinations. Purposeful participant selection was based on school records on grade repetition, absenteeism and poor behaviour. Semi-structured Interviews with participants, based on the Dan MacAdams framework for life story research, were used to gather rich data. Ethical compliance included written parental consent and participant assent and the assurance of anonymity, confidentiality and the right to refuse information. Findings were categorized under family related factors, school related factors and resource limitations. At-riskiness was exacerbated by parental unemployment, poor socio-economic conditions at home and a lack of cultural capital. Participants were compelled to undertake casual work to supplement household income in addition to the fulfillment of academic responsibilities. Poor school conditions comprising poor discipline and unprofessional teacher conduct increased at-riskiness especially among female participants. Resource limitations included poor nutrition, lack of basic necessities required for personal hygiene, in adequate parenting and the absence of psycho-social support mechanisms. Based on the literature study and empirical inquiry, recommendations were made for a more inclusive educational model, poverty alleviation and special support for disadvantaged students to reduce at-riskiness among students in Zimbabwe.
Educational Foundations
D. Ed. (Socio-Education)

This thesis examined husband immobility and the international migration of married women from Zimbabwe. Data was collected from husbands and wives in married couple households where the wife had migrated alone. Face-to-face semi structured interviews were conducted with migrant women’s husbands in Zimbabwe while migrant women were interviewed in countries of destination telephonically. Empirical results showed that migrant women and their husbands were middle aged. Preferred countries of destination were in the region and the United Kingdom. Having a wife’s own social contacts in the preferred destination encouraged migration by reducing financial and emotional costs. Husbands' immobility facilitated wifely migration. Many wives exercised agency in migration decision making with more wives than husbands having initiated the discussion on migration. There were also cases of joint and wife sole decision making. With a few exceptions decision making was consensual. The women migrated as a survival strategy. In several households remittances were the primary source of income. Husbands were the main recipients of remittances. Some wives gave instructions on how the remittances should be used. Overall, remittances were used for paying fees, buying assets and for household upkeep. Some of the women had not visited their families since their migration. The physical separation of spouses had caused emotional distress in some marital relationships. The majority of respondents cited loss of consortium as a major problem.
Sociology
D. Phil.

Text in English
This qualitative descriptive phenomenological study explored the experiences of HIV positive women utilising PMTCT services at a central hospital in Zimbabwe. Data was collected using in-depth interviews of fifteen participants. The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Using the Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis framework for data analysis, two super-ordinate themes emerged, namely resources for provision of PMTCT services and approaches and nature of PMTCT care. The study revealed challenges experienced by HIV positive women emanating from material, financial and human resource related constraints in the PMTCT setting. The resource challenges negatively affected access and utilisation of PMTCT services. A practice model, whose purpose is to enhance the quality and utilisation of PMTCT services, was developed and described. The model was evaluated using Chin and Krammer (2011) criteria plus a modified form of the Delphi technique. These findings have implications for effective PMTCT service provision. The key lessons learnt for programmatic improvement were that in order to provide quality and accessible PMTCT services the health care system will need to be well resourced. There is need to strengthen the health care system in line with HIV related programmatic changes.
Health Studies
D. L.itt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

My mini-dissertation gives the autobiography of Talent Nyathi, who was born in rural Zimbabwe in 1961. Talent was unwillingly conscripted into the Zimbabwean Liberation Struggle. On her return to Zimbabwe, she has worked tirelessly for the education of her compatriots. Talent's story casts light on subject-formation in conditions of difficulty, suffering and victimization. Doubly oppressed by her race and gender, Talent has nevertheless shown a remarkable capacity for self-empowerment and the empowerment of others. Her story needs to be heard because it will inspire other women and other S/subjects and because it is a corrective to both the notions of a heroic Struggle and the `victim' stereotype of Africa. Together with Talent's autobiography, my mini-dissertation offers extensive notes that situate her life story in the context of contemporary postcolonial, literary and gender theory and further draws out the significance of her individual `history-from-below'.
English Studies
M.A.

PhDGS
Institute of Gender and Youth Studies
The existence of humans has always been associated with movement, owing, among other reasons, conflicts, to disasters and search for more habitable areas and better living conditions. Historically, migration of women has not been given much attention by scholars; international migration literature has always been dominated by data on male migration. However, almost half of the immigrants coming into South Africa are women. Young female immigrants are considered more vulnerable than their male counterparts. Through a qualitative approach, this study aimed at investigating the vulnerability of young Zimbabwean female immigrants in Johannesburg, South Africa’s largest city and its industrial and commercial heartland, in order to develop a comprehensive strategy to minimise their vulnerability. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used for data collection, and Atlas.ti qualitative analysis software was used to analyse the data. The population of the study was young female immigrants between the ages of 18 and 35 years residing in Johannesburg, and experts in the field of migration. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to select the participants. The findings of this study highlighted that the young Zimbabwean female immigrants are vulnerable to abuse, discrimination, xenophobia, poor health, and social and economic problems. The abuse, discrimination and xenophobia were perpetrated by their partners, the society, colleagues in the workplace, employers, and the authorities who are supposed to protect and provide services for these immigrants. These problems were a result of the intersecting factors that cause the young women’s vulnerability. These include nationality, gender, legality, language barriers, type of work, poverty (and the desperation it generates), and competition over job opportunities. The study indicated that these female immigrants do not look for the law’s protection because they are afraid of being deported, and they are afraid of the police, who are reluctant to protect them, and often further abuse them. The study recommends the adoption of the Multistakeholder Comprehensive Migration Strategy which was developed in this study to minimise the young women’s vulnerability. This strategy promotes the collaboration of different parties at all levels – individual, community, civil society, regional and national – in achieving this all-important purpose. All these stakeholders should collaborate in initiatives to promote and protect the rights of these young women, and ensure gender equality in migration.
NRF

African-American and Zimbabwean women live and do theology from different cultural and contextual worldviews, although they share the same skin colour. The narrative stories of three Zimbabwean and one African-American Christian women and how they share inter culturally the struggle of identity, identity-formation and survival/liberation while maintaining their cultural uniqueness form die basis of this research project. These shared experiences can offer significant contributions to the broader feminist liberation theology. The Christian faith has served as a shared source of sustenance, resilience, healing and renewal as well as a shared source for constructive and affirming identity-formation for Zimbabwean and African-American women. Consequently, building strong relationships that address contextual issues facing women of Africa and the Diaspora, as suggested by this research, offers significant opportunities for eliminating some of the barriers and boundaries that prevent Zimbabwean and African- American women from enjoying the quality of life that God meant for everyone.
Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology
M.Th. (Missiology)

"2002."
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-239).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.

The study explored the extent of women’s economic empowerment for sustainable livelihoods through the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) in Zimbabwe, focusing on three wards in the Makoni district. The study addressed the paucity of information on the usefulness of land redistribution on women’s improved food security and disposable income. Using a qualitative case study, the researcher purposefully selected thirty female land beneficiaries to participate in focus group discussions and five land officers from government departments to be interviewed as key informants. Findings reveal that the FTLRP generally meant that men accessed more land than women. Women’s livelihood initiatives were hampered by their failure to access sufficient support from the government and external partners. Despite the government signing various charters purported to support women’s empowerment, there is still a lot to be done to achieve it.
Lolu cwaningo lwaluhlola izinga lwamandla okuthuthukiswa komnotho kwabesifazane ukuze kube nokuphila okusimeme ngokusebenzisa Uhlelo Lokusheshiswa Kokuguqulwa Komhlaba eZimbabwe, lugxile ezigcemeni ezintathu eMkhandlwini waseMakoni. Lolu cwaningo lwethula ukuntuleka kolwazi ngokubaluleka kokubuyiswa komhlaba kabusha okumayelana nokuvikelwa kokuthuthukiswa nokuphepha kokudla kwabesifazane nokuthola imali engenayo. Ukusebenzisa ucwaningo lwesigameko olubhekene nobungako bento, umcwaningi wakhetha ngenhloso abazuzi noma abahlomuli besifazane bomhlaba abangamashumi amathathu ukuba babambe iqhaza ezigxoxweni zeqembu ezigxile kokuthize kanye nenhlolokhono nezikhulu zomhlaba ezinhlanu ezivela eminyangweni kahulumeni njengabantu ababalulekile. Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi Uhlelo Lokusheshiswa Kokuguqulwa Komhlaba luchaza ukuthi abesilisa yibona abahlomula kakhulu ukudlula abesifazane. Izindlela zokuphila zabesifazane zavinjelwa ukwehluleka kwabo ekutholeni uxhaso olwanele oluvela kuhulumeni kanye nabambisane nabo abangaphandle. Ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni asayinde incwadi ewumqulu enikezelana ngelungelo noma amandla okubhekiswe ekusekeleni kokuxhaswa kokuthukiswa kwabesifazane, kuningi okusamelwe kwenziwe ukufezekisa lombono.
Esi sifundo saqwalasela ubungakanani bokuxhotyiswa kwabafazi ngamandla ezoqoqosho abawanikwa ngenkqubo ekuthiwa yiFast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) eZimbabwe, kugxininiswa kwiiwadi ezintathu ezikwisithili saseMakoni. Esi sifundo salungisa ukunqaba kolwazi olumalunga nokuba luncedo konikezelo lomhlaba malunga nokuphuculwa kokuqinisekiswa kokutya nemivuzo yabafazi. Ngokusebenzisa isifundo esigxila kumgangatho ngokuthatha imizekelo yeemeko ezithile, umphandi wakhetha ngononophelo abafazi abangamashumi abathathu nababenikwe umhlaba, wabasebenzisa kwiingxoxo zamaqela, waqhuba udliwano ndlebe namagosa eSebe lezemihlaba. Okwafunyaniswayo kwadiza ukuba ngokweFTLRP amadoda afumana umhlaba omninzi ngaphezu kwabafazi. Intlalo nempilo yabafazi iqhwaleliswa kukungafumani kwabo inkxaso eyaneleyo kurhulumente nakumaqabane karhulumente angaphandle. Nangona urhulumente etyikitya izivumelwano ezininzi ezithi uxhobisa abafazi, kusekuninzi ekufuneka kwenziwe ukuze iphumelele loo njongo.
Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-113)
The advent of HIV and AIDS has had a negative impact on the Catholic, Anglican and Methodist churches (as well as others) in Manicaland, Zimbabwe. This was due to the difficulty of accepting the reality of this pandemic. This happened because the disease came with unbearable psycho-social suffering rooted in stigmatisation and discrimination, especially among women, who were the most vulnerable group. This study critically examines and exposes the effects of HIV and AIDS on Manyika women. The researcher argues that, on the one hand, some religious and cultural practices contributed to the spread of the HIV and AIDS infection. On the other hand, some of these practices discouraged the spread of HIV and AIDS pandemic and needed to be enhanced. Furthermore, even if churches are involved in the battle against HIV, their efforts are hindered by cultural practices such as the Manyikas’ unwillingness to discuss taboo issues such as sex and gender in public. This makes women vulnerable. In addition, the problem has been complicated by the fact that the issue of sexuality is not openly discussed in the churches. Using qualitative methods, the researcher conducted interviews with Catholics and found that there is a need to continually engage with these communities. Their lived experiences can be used to bring about their liberation and improve their capacity to deal with their situation. The argument of this study is that there is an urgent need to liberate and empower women in the era of HIV and AIDS. The journey that has already been started by the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians (“the Circle”) could assist in the liberation of women to deal with the HIV and AIDS pandemic. In addition, this can build on Catholic Church HIV and AIDS interventions among the Manyika people of Zimbabwe as a premise of that process of liberation.
Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology
D. Phil. (Theology)