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Journal articles on the topic 'Wood chips – Drying'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Kumar, Baibhaw, L. Gábor Szepesi, and Zoltán Szamosi. "Drying behaviour observations for wood chips of grade EN14961." Multidiszciplináris tudományok 11, no. 4 (2021): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2021.4.19.

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Solid biofuels such as woodchips have always been a significant source of fuel in the field of renewable energy. However, the drying of wood chips has been a challenge in preparing biofuels and other applications. The moisture content of below 25% in the wood chips of grade EN 14961 is considered the premium wood chip material. Solar drying emerged as a leading solution for the drying of wood chips. The paper investigates the comparison of moisture removal rate using a natural convective solar dryer compared to open sun drying developed at Miskolc, Hungary (48°06'15.0"N 20°47'30.0"E).

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2

ARNAUD,, G., and J.-P. FOHR. "DRYING OF WOOD CHIPS WITH AMBIENT AIR." Drying Technology 7, no. 4 (December 1989): 783–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373938908916626.

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3

Aniszewska, Monika, Arkadiusz Gendek, Jan Malaťák, Barbora Tamelová, and Sebastian Smyl. "Effects of Microwave Drying on Moisture Content Depending on Wood Chip Size Distribution." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, no. 1 (November 10, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-07765.

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Pine, birch, and cotoneaster wood chips were segregated and exposed to microwave radiation. Moisture content was measured before and after microwave treatment, and the surface temperature of wood chip samples was recorded. The results showed that due to the selective nature of the process, the duration of microwave radiation should be adjusted taking into account the size fraction of the examined material. Wood chips exposed to microwaves for more than 30 s heated up to over 100 °C. Finer wood chips were found to lose moisture more slowly.

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4

Raitila, Jyrki, and Eemeli Tsupari. "Feasibility of Solar-Enhanced Drying of Woody Biomass." BioEnergy Research 13, no. 1 (November 10, 2019): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-019-10048-z.

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Abstract Sustainable biomass resources are limited and their utilization therefore needs to be more efficient. In addition, there is an urgent need for low-cost energy storage, particularly for solar energy. Drying considerably increases the calorific value of woody biomass, and the resulting dried biomass provides easy seasonal energy storage. The drying both improves the quality of the biomass and extends its storage life. To investigate the technology and feasibility of solar-enhanced drying, several drying experiments were conducted on wood chips in VTT’s 12 kWpeak convective dryer in Jyväskylä, Finland. Drying times varied from 3.5 to 27 h and the final moistures from 12 to 32 w-%. VTT’s experiments show that solar heat can be successfully applied to thermal drying of biomass. The moderate drying temperatures used (typically 20–50 °C) are advantageous for ensuring homogenous drying of wood particles and for preventing changes to the physical structure of the biomass and loss of volatiles. Due to the low efficiency of the system, still in its prototype phase, the calculated payback times were not highly attractive to the entrepreneur. In the experiments, best profitability was achieved by drying seasoned wood, for which a payback time of 12–17 years was estimated for a large scale system such as a biomass terminal. Based on the assumptions that technical improvements are made, the best drying efficiency reached in our experiments is achieved, and some investment subsidy is secured; scale-up is feasible. With these criteria met, the payback time of such a dryer could be brought below 10 years. This requires, however, that drying increases the selling price of wood chips.

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5

Fyhr, Christian, and Anders Rasmuson. "STEAM DRYING OF WOOD CHIPS IN PNEUMATIC CONVEYING DRYERS." Drying Technology 15, no. 6-8 (July 1997): 1775–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939708917326.

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6

Grosse, Werner, Dirk Landgraf, Volkhard Scholz, and Joachim Brummack. "Ernte und Aufbereitung von Plantagenholz | Harvesting and conditioning of wood from short-rotation plantations." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 159, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2008.0140.

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Short-rotation plantations are harvested in cycles of three to twenty years, depending on the production aim. In contrast to the establishment and recultivation costs, the costs for harvesting and processing of the wood occur regularly. The harvesting technology should be chosen with respect to the desired outcome – logs or chips. This is crucial for the process costs as well as the possible performance. A combination of forestry harvesters and forwarders is recommended when logs will be harvested. If the wood will be used energetically, an agricultural combined harvester and chipper fitted with suitable harvesting aggregates is the best technology with respect to productivity and performance, as well as for economic reasons. For drying the wood chips, an air ventilation process based on the self-heating of freshly harvested wood chips is an effective method for drying the wood without external energy input. With this method, it is possible to reduce the water content to 30% within three months.

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7

Barwicki, Jan, and WiesΠaw Golka. "MOISTURE HUMIDITY EQUILIBRIUM OF WOOD CHIPS FROM ENERGETIC CROPS." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 39, no. 3 (September 30, 2008): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2008.3.7.

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Processes occurring during storage of wood chips for energetic or furniture industry purposes were presented. As a result of carried out investigations, dependences of temperature and relative humidity changes of surrounding air were shown. Modified Henderson equation can be utilized for computer simulation of storing and drying processes concerning wood chips for energetic and furniture industry purposes. It reflects also obtained results from experiments carried out with above mentioned material. Using computer simulation program we can examine different wood chips storing conditions to avoid overheating and loss problems.

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8

Surma, Mariusz, Zbigniew Zdrojewski, Stanisław Peroń, Klaudiusz Jałoszyński, and Bogdan Stępień. "Assessment of Utilization Possibilities of Heat Conducted by Waste Gases Exhaust Pipe of SB 1.5 Drum Drier for Drying Wood Chips." Agricultural Engineering 20, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2016-0020.

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AbstractBased on the exploitation research, the authors evaluated the possibilities of using the heat conducted through the side surface of the waste gases exhaust pipe of SB 1.5 drum drier for drying wood chips. According to the estimated calculations within one hour approximately 173 thousand of kJ of heat may be obtained from the external surface of the waste gases exhaust pipe with the height of 7 m and temperature of approximately 78°C which constitutes an equivalent of approximately 4 kilo of heating oil. In case the above mentioned heat source for drying wood chips in SPA 20 silo with a volume of 6800 kilo within 50% to 20% humidity is used, one may expect that the drying time will be approximately 100 hours.

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9

Miyata, D., Y. Suzuki, A. Kobatake, J. Gotou, T. Itai, T. Masaoka, and J. Yoshii. "Effect of Stirring on the Transpiration Drying of Wood Chips." Journal of the Japanese Forest Society 90, no. 2 (2008): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4005/jjfs.90.75.

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10

JOHANSSON, ANDERS, and ANDERS RASMUSON. "THE RELEASE OF MONOTERPENES DURING CONVECTIVE DRYING OF WOOD CHIPS." Drying Technology 16, no. 7 (January 1998): 1395–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939808917467.

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11

Kumar, Baibhaw, L. Gábor Szepesi, and Zoltán Szamosi. "Design and development of natural convective solar dryer." Multidiszciplináris tudományok 11, no. 4 (2021): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2021.4.18.

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Solar drying has emerged as a potential drying solution for agricultural products in many developing nations. The drying behavior of the product to be dried depends on many parameters of the dryer. A box-type natural convective solar dryer was developed to analyze the drying performance of Wood chips. Experiments revealed promising drying results with drying efficiency. The design of the dryer could further be enhanced by hybridization with an external heat source.

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12

Del Giudice, Angelo, Andrea Acampora, Enrico Santangelo, Luigi Pari, Simone Bergonzoli, Ettore Guerriero, Francesco Petracchini, Marco Torre, Valerio Paolini, and Francesco Gallucci. "Wood Chip Drying through the Using of a Mobile Rotary Dryer." Energies 12, no. 9 (April 26, 2019): 1590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091590.

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Drying is a critical point for the exploitation of biomass for energy production. High moisture content negatively affects the efficiency of power generation in combustion and gasification systems. Different types of dryers are available however; it is known that rotary dryers have low cost of maintenance and consume 15% and 30% less in terms of specific energy. The study analyzed the drying process of woody residues using a new prototype of mobile rotary dryer cocurrent flow. Woodchip of poplar (Populus spp.), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), and grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) pruning were dried in a rotary drier. The drying cycle lasted 8 h for poplar, 6 h for black locust, and 6 h for pruning of grapevine. The initial biomass had a moisture content of around 50% for the poplar and around 30% for grapevine and black locust. The study showed that some characteristics of the biomass (e.g., initial moisture content, particle size distribution, bulk density) influence the technical parameters (i.e., airflow temperature, rate, and speed) of the drying process and, hence, the energy demand. At the end of the drying process, 17% of water was removed for poplar wood chips and 31% for grapevine and black locust wood chips. To achieve this, result the three-biomass required 1.61 (poplar), 0.86 (grapevine), and 1.12 MJ kgdry solids−1 (black locust), with an efficiency of thermal drying (η) respectively of 37%, 12%, and 27%. In the future, the results obtained suggest an increase in the efficiency of the thermal insulation of the mobile dryer, and the application of the mobile dryer in a small farm, for the recovery of exhaust gases from thermal power plants.

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13

Pecenka, Ralf, Hannes Lenz, Simeon Olatayo Jekayinfa, and Thomas Hoffmann. "Influence of Tree Species, Harvesting Method and Storage on Energy Demand and Wood Chip Quality When Chipping Poplar, Willow and Black Locust." Agriculture 10, no. 4 (April 6, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040116.

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The cultivation of fast-growing wood (e.g., poplar, willow or black locust) in short rotation coppices and agroforestry systems presents an opportunity for producing biomass sustainably in the agricultural sector. Cost-efficient agricultural wood production requires the availability of high-performance machinery and methods with which high-quality wood chips can be produced at low cost. It is known from harvesting short rotation coppices in practice that both the wood chip quality and the performance of the harvesting machinery depend on a variety of factors (e.g., harvesting method, weather conditions, tree species). That is why this study examines in detail the influence of the tree species (different varieties of poplar, willow, black locust) and the wood condition (fresh, stored or dried, frozen) on the specific energy demand for comminution in a stationary drum chipper and on the particle size distribution of the wood chips produced. For all the tree species examined, the chipping of dried as well as frozen stems was connected with a significant increase in the specific energy demand for comminution. An increase of 31% has been measured if poplar stems are chipped in frozen conditions (max. 6.31 kWh t−1). Drying led to an increase of 59% for dried willow stems (max. 6.67 kWh t−1). Drying and frost had also an influence on the size and quality of the wood chips, but no globally significant connection could be established for the examined tree varieties.

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14

Ichihara, Takashi, Tatuya Yamaguchi, Hisashi Masaoka, Takuji Itai, Yoshiaki Matsuoka, Daisuke Miyata, Atushi Kobatake, Yasushi Suzuki, and Shinji Fujiwara. "Transpirational Drying of Flat Piled Logging Residues for Wood Fuel Chips." Journal of the Japanese Forest Society 91, no. 3 (2009): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4005/jjfs.91.192.

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15

Ichihara, Takashi, Sadao Takano, Toshihiko Yamasaki, Hisashi Masaoka, Takuji Itai, Kiyomi Noji, Yoshiaki Matsuoka, Atsushi Kobatake, Yasushi Suzuki, and Shinji Fujiwara. "Transpirational Drying of Stacked Logging Residue Logs for Wood Fuel Chips." Journal of the Japanese Forest Society 92, no. 4 (2010): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4005/jjfs.92.191.

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16

Coskun, C., M. Bayraktar, Z. Oktay, and I. Dincer. "Energy and exergy analyses of an industrial wood chips drying process." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 4, no. 4 (July 23, 2009): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctp024.

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17

Gruber, T., and A. Eirich. "Investigations into the Possibilities of Using Steam for Drying Wood Chips." Engineering in Life Sciences 2, no. 12 (December 10, 2002): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1618-2863(20021210)2:12<394::aid-elsc394>3.0.co;2-h.

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18

Yrjölä, Jukka. "Production of dry wood chips in connection with a district heating plant." Thermal Science 8, no. 2 (2004): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0402143y.

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Moisture and its variation in wood chips make the control of burning in small scale heating appliances difficult resulting in emissions and loss of efficiency. If the quality of wood chips would be better, i. e. dried and sieved fuel with more uniform size distribution would be avail able, the burning could be much cleaner and efficiency higher. In addition higher power out put could be obtained and the investment costs of the burning appliances would be lower. The production of sieved and dried wood chip with good quality could be accomplished in connection with a district heating plant. Then the plant would make profit, in addition to the district heat, from the dried wood chips sold to the neighboring buildings and enterprises sep a rated from the district heating net using wood chips in energy production. The peak power of a district heating plant is required only a short time during the coldest days of the winter. Then the excess capacity during the milder days can be used as heat source for drying of wood chips to be marketed. Then wood chips are sieved and the fuel with best quality is sold and the reject is used as fuel in the plant it self. In a larger district heating plant, quality of the fuel does not need to be so high In this paper the effect of moisture on the fuel chain and on the boiler is discussed. Energy and mass balance calculations as a tool of system design is described and the characteristics of proposed dry chips production method is discussed.

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19

Johansson, Anders, and Anders Rasmuson. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE DRYING MEDIUM ON HIGH TEMPERATURE CONVECTIVE DRYING OF SINGLE WOOD CHIPS." Drying Technology 15, no. 6-8 (July 1997): 1801–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939708917328.

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20

Eriksson, Gunnar, Dimitris Athanassiadis, Dan Bergström, Tomas Nordfjell, and Urban Bergsten. "Production Costs and Markets for Pellet Chips: Case Studies in Northern Sweden." International Journal of Forestry Research 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/302014.

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Increasing use of woody fuels requires that nontraditional types of raw materials are exploited, including logging residues and small-diameter trees. Although medium-scale combustors often use pellets, they could conceivably use dried chips of sufficiently narrow size distribution (henceforth pellet chips). The influence of the following factors on the relative cost-effectiveness of producing pellets and pellet chips was investigated for three plant sites in northern Sweden: (1) harvesting and transporting of forest residues; (2) the potential of existing energy plants to supply drying heat in periods of capacity surplus; (3) the distance to potential end-users. Data from the national forest inventory were used to estimate raw material costs. The resulting production costs were 144–176 $ per oven-dry tonnes (OD t) for pellets (27.4–33.5 $ MWh−1) and 143–173 $ OD t−1(27.2–33.0 $ MWh−1) for pellet chips, with harvesting, forwarding, chipping, and transporting of logging residues to the sites amounting to 114–122 $ OD t−1(21.7–23.2 $ MWh−1) for both fuels. Even though the differences in production costs were minor, the production of pellet chips requires significantly less electricity input per OD t of produced fuel. For cost reductions improved methods for wood fuel procurement, compacting and transporting of chips, small-scale low-temperature drying and foliage and bark separation are needed.

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21

Golisz, Ewa, Małgorzata Jaros, and Szymon Głowacki. "Modelling of biomass temperature in the drying process." E3S Web of Conferences 154 (2020): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015401004.

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The goal of the work was to propose and verify the model of temperature changes of the convective dried biomass depending on the drying time. The algebraic temperature model of the convective dried solid, giving the possibility of its direct calculation, was based on the logistic function of growth. Temperature model was verified for convective dried biomass: vegetable and wood (poplar and willow wood chips) significantly differing in initial moisture content. Parameter W in the temperature model, defined as the coefficient of temperature rate changes reaches greater values in higher temperature of drying air and for wood biomass which has lower initial moisture content. Empirically selected parameter W allows to verify the temperature model with the relative error less than 5%.

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22

Selivanovs, Jevgenijs, Dagnija Blumberga, Jelena Ziemele, Andra Blumberga, and Aiga Barisa. "Research of Woody Biomass Drying Process in Pellet Production." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Environmental and Climate Technologies 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10145-012-0017-7.

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Abstract This paper presents results of experimental research on wood chips and sawdust drying in a rotary dryer. Empirical models for the assessment of two dependent parameters of the drying process were created based on the results of experimental data. The mathematical description of the relationship between the independent variable - reduced sawdust moisture content - and dependent variable - specific fuel consumption - is represented by a linear equation.

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23

Fyhr, Christian, and Anders Rasmuson. "Some aspects of the modelling of wood chips drying in superheated steam." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 40, no. 12 (August 1997): 2825–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(96)00340-7.

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24

Johansson, Anders, Christian Fyhr, and Anders Rasmuson. "High temperature convective drying of wood chips with air and superheated steam." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 40, no. 12 (August 1997): 2843–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(96)00341-9.

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25

Martínez, Roberto D., José-Antonio Balmori, Daniel F. Llana, and Ignacio Bobadilla. "Wood Density and Moisture Content Estimation by Drilling Chips Extraction Technique." Materials 13, no. 7 (April 5, 2020): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071699.

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The novelty of this study is the development of an accurate wood moisture content (MC) estimation method based on a relatively brand-new, non-destructive testing technique (drilling chips extraction). The method is especially important in the assessment of existing timber structures, where non-destructive testing (NDT) results are affected by wood MC and should be adjusted to a reference MC, usually 12%. In the assessment of timber structures, it is not possible to determine MC by oven drying method and this should be estimated. Electrical resistance and capacitance are the conventional methods used for MC estimation. This research work aims to present an accurate MC estimation method based on the drilling chips extraction technique. For that, 99 specimens (90 × 65 × 38 mm3) from three softwood and hardwood species covering a wide range of densities (from 355 to 978 kg m−3) were tested after conditioning at five different MCs (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%). The Wood Extractor device based on the drilling chips extraction technique was used. The mass of the chips collected (drilling residue) from each drill was recorded. The results show that the MC of the chips extracted was statistically significantly different than the MC of the specimen and cannot be directly used as MC determination. However, the chips MC can be used as an estimator of specimen MC with high determination coefficients (R2 from 71% to 86%). As the main result, models to estimate density directly adjusted to a reference 12% MC from the wet and dry mass of chips extracted were developed with an R2 of 98%. In sum, the drilling chips extractor is a dependable and straightforward method to estimate MC and density from only one measurement. Density adjusted to a reference 12% MC can be directly estimated from a single model.

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26

Terziev, Nasko, Geoffrey Daniel, Grigori Torgovnikov, and Peter Vinden. "Effect of microwave treatment on the wood structure of Norway spruce and radiata pine." BioResources 15, no. 3 (May 29, 2020): 5616–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.5616-5626.

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Low permeability of many wood species causes problems during timber manufacturing, including long drying times, material losses after drying, and expensive drying processes. Impregnating low permeability timber with preservatives and resins is extremely difficult. In the pulp and paper industry, use of low permeability wood results in shallow chemical penetration, and it requires the use of small-sized chips, high chemical usage, and high-energy consumption. Microwave (MW) wood modification technology can provide solutions to many of these problems. The wood structural changes in Norway spruce and radiata pine after MW modification with 0.922 and 2.45 GHz of were investigated. High intensity MW application (specific MW power 22 to 25 W/cm3, applied energy 79 to 102 kWh/m3) to moist wood caused the following wood structural changes: pit opening and pit membrane rupture; middle lamella weakening and rupture; and ray cell wall destruction and check (voids) formation mainly in the radial-longitudinal plane caused by the destruction of rays and weak middle lamella regions. Microwave destruction of different wood structure elements provided a significant increase in wood permeability for liquids and gases. Knowledge of the effects of MW treatment to the wood structure elements allows assessment of opportunities for the use of microwave irradiation in wood technology.

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27

Sridhar, Deepak, and Gattumane Motappa Madhu. "Drying Kinetics and Mathematical Modeling of Casuarina Equisetifolia Wood Chips at Various Temperatures." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 59, no. 4 (2015): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.7855.

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28

Fyhr, Christian, and Anders Rasmuson. "Mathematical model of steam drying of wood chips and other hygroscopic porous media." AIChE Journal 42, no. 9 (September 1996): 2491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420909.

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29

Ермоченков and Mihail Ermochenkov. "Kinetics of thermal degradation of wood in inert gases." Forestry Engineering Journal 6, no. 4 (May 3, 2017): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23452.

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The article presents the results of experimental and computational studies of the kinetics of thermal degradation of various types of wood in a helium environment. Kinetic parameters of thermal degradation are determined by the results of thermogravimetric experiments. Experimental setup was designed and constructed for the thermogravimetric study, which allows you to conduct research in the inert helium gas. The samples were wood shavings of various breeds. Starting chips humidity was 10 %. Steps, corresponding drying, were excluded from consideration. Heating is carried out at a constant rate of 5 K/min.

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30

Wagih, Ahmed, Merima Hasani, Stephen A. Hall, and Hans Theliander. "Micro/nano-structural evolution in spruce wood during soda pulping." Holzforschung 75, no. 8 (January 7, 2021): 754–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2020-0113.

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Abstract Alkaline delignification of wood tissue is the core of the global pulping technology and the most prominent large-scale separation of the main wood components. This work aims at improved understanding of the interplay between the topochemistry of alkaline pulping and the associated morphological changes. Morphology and chemical structure of partially soda-delignified wood chips were studied combining X-ray tomography (XRT), X-ray diffraction analysis and compositional characterization (lignin and carbohydrate content). The XRT studies of wet samples (providing 3D structural information without interfering drying effects), allowed observation of the cell wall separation as an increasing amount of lignin was removed with the increasing pulping time. Comparison between the microstructure of the surface and the central parts of the treated chips showed a more delignified microstructure at the surface, which highlights the dependence of the delignification process on the mass transport (hydroxide ions and lignin fragments) through the wood tissue. The crystallite size of cellulose increased in the <200> crystal planes during the early stage of pulping while there was little effect on the <110> plane.

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31

Sloth Jensen, Arne. "Industrial Experience in Pressurized Steam Drying of Beet Pulp, Sewage Sludge and Wood Chips." Drying Technology 13, no. 5-7 (January 1995): 1377–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939508917028.

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32

Danielsson, Susanne, and Anders Rasmuson. "THE INFLUENCE OF DRYING MEDIUM, TEMPERATURE, AND TIME ON THE RELEASE OF MONOTERPENES DURING CONVECTIVE DRYING OF WOOD CHIPS." Drying Technology 20, no. 7 (July 23, 2002): 1427–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/drt-120005860.

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33

Berner, Marc Oliver, and Martin Mönnigmann. "Comparison of two model reduction approaches of an industrial drying process." at - Automatisierungstechnik 69, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 667–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2021-0042.

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Abstract Dynamic models have proven to be helpful for determining the residual water content in combustible biomass. However, these models often require partial differential equations, which render simulations impracticable when several thousand particles need to be considered, such as in the drying of wood chips. Reduced-order models help to overcome this problem. We compare proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) based to balanced truncation based reduced-order models. Both reduced models are lean enough for an application to systems with many particles, but the model based on balanced truncation shows more accurate results.

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34

Havlík, Jan, and Tomáš Dlouhý. "The effect of material mixing on heat transfer in the process of contact drying." EPJ Web of Conferences 213 (2019): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921302024.

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This paper deals with the process of heat transfer in contact drying. Heat transfer during contact drying for a stagnant bed without mixing and drying with a mechanically agitated bed were theoretically and experimentally investigated for a contact paddle dryer. The effect of material mixing on the process of heat transfer was evaluated. For a theoretical description of heat transfer in a contact dryer, the penetration model was used. Experiments with green wood chips were realized on an experimental paddle dryer. In both cases, the stagnant bed and the mechanically agitated bed, the theoretical values were slightly higher compared to the experimental results. Mixing intensifies the process, it showed an increase to roughly twice in heat transfer for the tested experimental dryer.

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35

Sergeev, Aleksandr. "WORKING PROCESS OF SB-2 DRYER (DOZA-AGRO LLC) IN THE COMPOSITION OF FUEL PELLETS PRODUCTION LINES." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.3/13.

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Waste-free wood processing technologies are conditioned by the economic and environmental aspects of human activity. One of the stages of such technologies is processing of wood waste into fuel pellets, for the production of which appropriate lines are used. They include a large number of different machines. The article presents the results of studies of the working process of SB-2 dryer produced by Doza-Agro LLC, which is a part of these lines. The paper presents its scheme and describes the principle of operation, evaluates the efficiency of the dryer working process depending on the feedstock parameters. Work process of the drying drum was carried out in the conditions of IP Kabanov, IP Bratchikov, Penza-Pellet LLC, Togliatinsky Pellet Plant LLC, Promlesilim LLC, Maslyaninsky LLC, Ekolesprom LLC, Bryansk Broiler LLC, Tandem VP LLC. The influence of feedstock moisture content, temperature of the feedstock and the particle size has been determined. The particle size was estimated by their surface area. The efficiency of the dryer was evaluated by its productivity, expressed as a percentage of the maximum possible one and obtained under optimal conditions. After processing statistical information, a second-order regression model has been obtained, which characterizes the drying process of crushed material the SB-2 dryer. It was revealed that feedstock moisture content has the greatest influence on the working process of SB-2 dryer. The drying process of crushed wood material differs from the drying process of chips. Namely, the temperature of the dryer has the smallest effect on the performance when drying the crushed material. When drying the shavings, their size has the smallest effect.

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Havlík, Jan, and Tomáš Dlouhý. "Indirect Dryers for Biomass Drying—Comparison of Experimental Characteristics for Drum and Rotary Configurations." ChemEngineering 4, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4010018.

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This paper focuses on indirect biomass drying. It compares the operating characteristics of a laboratory-scale drum dryer and a pilot-scale rotary dryer. Before the design of an industrial dryer for a specific material, it is important to experimentally prove the process and to determine the drying characteristics of the material. To verify the portability of experimental results for indirect dryers, a drum dryer with indirect electric heating in a laboratory scale was designed and built to test and study the process of indirect drying. Based on the results obtained on a small-scale device, a prototype of a pilot steam-heated rotary dryer was designed and manufactured. A broad range of experiments with green wood chips and wet bark from open-air storage with moisture contents of 50 to 65 wt % were carried out on both dryers. The drying curves indicating the process, the square and volumetric evaporation capacities, and the drying energy consumption were obtained and compared, and the feasibility of indirect drying for these tested types of biomass was confirmed.

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Hofmann, Nicolas, Theresa Mendel, Fabian Schulmeyer, Daniel Kuptz, Herbert Borchert, and Hans Hartmann. "Drying effects and dry matter losses during seasonal storage of spruce wood chips under practical conditions." Biomass and Bioenergy 111 (April 2018): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.03.022.

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Havlík, Jan, Tomáš Dlouhý, and Michel Sabatini. "THE EFFECT OF THE FILLING RATIO ON THE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIRECT DRUM DRYER." Acta Polytechnica 60, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2020.60.0049.

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This article investigates the effect of the filling ratio of the indirect rotary dryers on their operating characteristics. For moist biomass drying before combustion, the use of indirect drum dryers heated by a low pressure steam has proven to be highly suitable. Regarding the design of new dryers, it is necessary to experimentally verify the operating characteristics for specific materials and drying conditions. For this purpose, a set of experiments on a steam heated rotary drum dryer were carried out with green wood chips containing 60 to 66 wt% of moisture. The following operational characteristics of the dryer were experimentally determined: drying curves describing the process, square and volumetric evaporation capacities and drying heat consumptions. Based on the experimental results, the effect of various drum filling by dried material on the mentioned operating characteristics was analysed. On the one hand, higher drum filling ratio increases the drying time, on the other hand, the evaporation capacity also increases, while the specific energy consumption does not significantly alter. The maximum value of the evaporation capacity was reached when the drum was filled to 20 wt%. When the filling ratio was increased to 25 wt%, the evaporation capacity experienced almost no change.

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Pollex, Annett, Simon Lesche, Daniel Kuptz, Thomas Zeng, Georg Kuffer, Jana Mühlenberg, Hans Hartmann, and Volker Lenz. "Influence of Screening and Drying on Low‐Quality Wood Chips for Application in Small‐Scale Gasification Plants." Chemical Engineering & Technology 43, no. 8 (June 2, 2020): 1493–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.202000034.

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Fernando, Niranjan, Mahinsasa Narayana, and W. A. M. K. P. Wickramaarachchi. "The effects of air velocity, temperature and particle size on low-temperature bed drying of wood chips." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 8, no. 1 (April 7, 2017): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13399-017-0257-7.

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Scherer, Viktor, Martin Mönnigmann, Marc Oliver Berner, and Florian Sudbrock. "Coupled DEM–CFD simulation of drying wood chips in a rotary drum – Baffle design and model reduction." Fuel 184 (November 2016): 896–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.05.054.

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Pantaleo, Antonio, Mauro Villarini, Andrea Colantoni, Maurizio Carlini, Francesco Santoro, and Sara Rajabi Hamedani. "Techno-Economic Modeling of Biomass Pellet Routes: Feasibility in Italy." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 2, 2020): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071636.

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Wood and agricultural biomass pellets boost the potential as bio-fuels toward power production in tertiary and residential sectors. The production of pellets, however, is a multi-stage process where the supply-processing phases and the overall energy input strongly depend on the characteristics of the input biomass. In this paper, we describe the key features of the market for pellets in Italy, including national production and consumption data, production costs and prices, the available energy conversion systems, and the current regulatory issues. Moreover, we outline the main technical, economic, and end-user barriers that should be addressed in order to foster the growth of Italian pellet production. Additionally, we propose a methodology to evaluate the profitability of the pellet production chain, by assessing the investment and operation costs as a function of the quality of the raw biomass. The approach is applied to a real case study of a small firm producing wooden frames along with dry wood chips as the main by-product, which can be utilized subsequently for pellet production. Moreover, in order to optimize the size of the pellet production plant, further biomass was purchased from the market, including wood pruning and agricultural residues, wood chips from forestry, and uncontaminated residues of wood processing firms. A sensitivity analysis of the main technical and economic parameters (including the cost and quality of raw material, pellet market value, investment and operational costs, and plant lifetime) indicated that the biomass market price considerably affects the profitability of pellet production plants, particularly where the biomass has a high moisture content. Therefore, a 20% increase in the price of biomass with a high moisture content leads to a 60% fall in profitability index, turning it into negative one. This is due in particular to the costs of pre-treatment and drying of biomass, as well as to the lower energy content of wet biomass. As a result, the use of forestry residues with high moisture and high ash content, high costs of collection/transport, and high costs of pre-treatment and drying is not financially competitive.

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Pecenka, Ralf, Hannes Lenz, and Thomas Hering. "Options for Optimizing the Drying Process and Reducing Dry Matter Losses in Whole-Tree Storage of Poplar from Short-Rotation Coppices in Germany." Forests 11, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040374.

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For sustainable production of wood in short-rotation coppices and agroforestry systems, it is necessary to optimize the storage processes to achieve low dry matter losses together with low-cost drying. The harvesting of the trees can be carried out very efficiently with modified forage harvesters or tractor-powered mower-chippers. The wood chips produced can be dried naturally at low cost in open-air piles. However, this type of storage is connected with high dry matter losses of up to about one fourth in the course of seven-month storage. Although harvesting whole trees is connected with significantly higher costs, lower dry matter losses are to be expected from storing the trees in piles. Consequently, in this study, the storage and drying behavior of poplar under different German weather conditions and depending on the structure of the storage piles has been examined in detail. After a seven-months storage period, the trees still displayed moisture contents of 41–44% following an initial moisture content of 56% but achieved very low dry matter losses of only 4–7%. Moisture contents of 35–39% could only be achieved in October after a further two-months drying period under favorable weather conditions. All storage piles were built up on approximately 30 cm high support timbers for better ventilation. Additionally, covering the ground with a fleece did not have any influence on the drying behavior, nor did different pile heights. Smaller tree trunk diameters are not only connected with a higher share of bark or ash, but also thinner trunks tend to become damp again more quickly after rainfall. That is why whole-tree storage is suitable above all for medium or longer rotation periods with which, under favorable conditions, the higher harvesting costs can be compensated by a higher wood chip quality and lower storage losses.

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Martinov, Milan, Branislav Veselinov, Savo Bojic, and Djordje Djatkov. "Investigation of maize cobs crushing: Preparation for use as a fuel." Thermal Science 15, no. 1 (2011): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci100407059m.

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Maize crop residues have great significance, particularly in developing countries, where the harvest of maize ears and their natural drying is widely applied. After drying and grain threshing, maize cobs are available for energetic use on farmers? yards. Shortcomings for their energetic utilization by combustion, in comparison with wood, are higher contents of potassium, chlorine and nitrogen, and lower ash softening point. Tests in small wood chip boilers showed that the size of maize cobs should be reduced in order to facilitate better combustion and feeding with commonly used screw conveyors. Desirable length of particles should be 1-1.5 of their diameter. Within the framework of the Eureka project, a low-cost maize cobs crusher was developed and tested. It consists of a drum with six rows of knives, stationary comb-like knives and a screen situated below the drum. The test resulted with working parameters that enable appropriate size reduction. Analyses of crushed material showed that over 80% of particles were in the range of 3.15-45 mm, less than 1% smaller than 1 mm, and less than 1% larger than 63 mm. This granulation is comparable with size class P45 for wood chips in accordance with standard DIN CEN/TS 14961. Further investigations should focus on improving the combustion facilities, in order to avoid formation of ash slag, and keeping exhaust gas characteristics within values defined by legislation.

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Meiller, Martin, Jürgen Oischinger, Robert Daschner, and Andreas Hornung. "Development of a New Sensor Module for an Enhanced Fuel Flexible Operation of Biomass Boilers." Processes 9, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040661.

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The heterogeneity of biogenic fuels, and especially biogenic residues with regard to water and ash content, particle size and particle size distribution is challenging for biomass combustion, and limits fuel flexibility. Online fuel characterization as a part of process control could help to optimize combustion processes, increase fuel flexibility and reduce emissions. In this research article, a concept for a new sensor module is presented and first tests are displayed to show its feasibility. The concept is based on the principle of hot air convective drying. The idea is to pass warm air with 90 °C through a bulk of fuel like wood chips and measure different characteristics such as moisture, temperatures and pressure drop over the bulk material as a function over time. These functions are the basis to draw conclusions and estimate relevant fuel properties. To achieve this goal, a test rig with a volume of 0.038 m3 was set up in the laboratory and a series of tests was performed with different fuels (wood chips, saw dust, wood pellets, residues from forestry, corn cobs and biochar). Further tests were carried out with conditioned fuels with defined water and fines contents. The experiments show that characteristic functions arise over time. The central task for the future will be to assign these functions to specific fuel characteristics. Based on the data, the concept for a software for an automated, data-based fuel detection system was designed.

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Therasme, Obste, Mark Eisenbies, and Timothy Volk. "Overhead Protection Increases Fuel Quality and Natural Drying of Leaf-On Woody Biomass Storage Piles." Forests 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050390.

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Short-rotation woody crops (SRWC) have the potential to make substantial contributions to the supply of biomass feedstock for the production of biofuels and bioproducts. This study evaluated changes in the fuel quality (moisture, ash, and heating value) of stored spring harvested shrub willow (Salix spp.) and hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) chips with respect to pile protection treatments, location within the storage piles, and length of storage. Leaf-on willow and poplar were harvested in the spring, and wood chips and foliage with moisture content in the range of 42.1% to 49.9% (w.b.) were stored in piles for five months, from May to October 2016. Three protection treatments were randomly assigned to the piles. The control treatment had no cover (NC), so piles were exposed to direct solar radiation and rainfall. The second treatment had a canopy (C) installed above the piles to limit direct rainfall. The final treatment had a canopy plus a dome aeration system (CD) installed over the piles. Covering piles reduced and maintained the low moisture content in wood chip piles. Within 30 days of establishment, the moisture content in the core of the C pile decreased to less than 30%, and was maintained between 24%–26% until the end of the storage period. Conversely, the moisture content in the NC piles decreased in the first two months, but then increased to the original moisture content in the core (>45 cm deep) and up to 70% of the original moisture content in the shell (<45 cm deep). For all the treatments in the tested conditions, the core material dried faster than the shell material. The higher heating value (HHV) across all the treatments increased slightly from 18.31 ± 0.06 MJ/kg at harvest to 18.76 ± 0.21 MJ/kg at the end of the storage period. The lower heating value (LHV) increased by about 50% in the C and CD piles by the end of the storage period. However, in the NC piles, the LHV decreased by 3% in the core and 52% in the shell. Leaf-on SRWC biomass stored in piles created in late spring under climatic conditions in central and northern New York showed differing moisture contents when stored for over 60–90 days. Overhead protection could be used to preserve or improve the fuel quality in terms of the moisture content and heating value if more than two months of storage are required. However, the implementation of such management practice will depend on whether the end users are willing to pay a higher price for dryer biomass and biomass with a higher LHV.

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Koç, Yıldız. "Parametric Optimisation of an ORC in a Wood Chipboard Production Facility to Recover Waste Heat Produced from the Drying and Steam Production Process." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 3656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193656.

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The wastes in wood industries (waste chips) are commonly used as fuel for burners to produce steam and to use the remaining heat in the drying process. However, in spite of that, there is a considerable amount of heat evaluated from the burn of waste chips still released to the atmosphere without use. Therefore, in the present study, a cogeneration cycle design by used of ORC was designed and parametrically optimised for six organic working fluids (acetone, ethanol, R11, RE245fa2, R365mfc and R601a). During the ORC optimisation, the ORC turbine inlet temperature was changed from the saturated steam temperature of the fluid to the maximum temperature of the fluid. The ORC turbine inlet pressure was increased from 7.5 bar to the critical pressure of the fluid. As a result of the study, the maximum net power, net thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of the ORC were found as 453.91 kW, 30.01% and 67.56% at 340 °C and 62.5 bar from the ORC with ethanol. This means that almost 30% of the waste heat could be recovered by use of the ORC with ethanol. By using the designed cogeneration system, it was calculated that the thermal efficiency of the system can be increased up to 74.01%.

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Sinitsyn, N. N., and N. V. Telin. "Mathematical Modeling of the Bark Drying Process." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 6 (December 10, 2020): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2020-6-159-171.

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Currently, a large amount of wood bark waste is generated at the timber processing enterprises of the Russian Federation, which is not widely used in industry and has a negative impact on the environment. One of the feasible directions for the processing of such waste is its burning in layered furnaces. However, tree bark, due to its high moisture content and extremely heterogeneous fractional composition, belongs to a low-energy, difficult-to-burn fuel. High humidity reduces the energy density of the bark. The extremely heterogeneous fractional composition of tree bark (linear dimensions of random bark chips can vary from millimeters to tens of centimeters) complicates the organization of the burning process. Effective utilization of tree bark is ensured when it is pre-dried to a moisture content of 55–60 % and the size of bark chips not exceeding 100 mm. The purpose of the presented work is to study the temperature field in a dense blown layer of high-moisture bark when drying it with high-temperature flue gases from boiler units. A mathematical model for heating the dense layer of high moisture tree bark has been developed based on the physics analysis. It was done taking into account the assessment of the bark dense layer thickness, which uses the method of calculating the aerodynamic resistance of a transversely blown layer to a gas flow. Numerical experiments were carried out in order to calculate the temperature fields during the heating of a single chip of high moisture tree bark located in the front part of the dense blown layer. The calculation data were compared with the results obtained using the developed model. A procedure that allows calculating the total duration of heating the wet material until the layer is completely dry, the time spent on heating the blown dense layer until the complete release of volatile substances, and the temperature fields in the bark layer and gas flow has been developed on the basis of mathematical modeling of the process of the dense layer heating and thermal preparation of high moisture tree bark for burning. A scheme for preparing high moisture tree bark for burning and a method for determining the characteristic parameters of a two-stage scheme of energy use of high moisture tree bark in layered furnaces of boilers and heat generators are proposed.

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Zhang, Maomao, Guangjie Zhao, Juan Guo, Alex C. Wiedenhoeft, Charles C. Liu, and Yafang Yin. "Timber species identification from chemical fingerprints using direct analysis in real time (DART) coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS): comparison of wood samples subjected to different treatments." Holzforschung 73, no. 11 (October 25, 2019): 975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0304.

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Abstract Timber genus identification based on the anatomical features of wood is well established in botany. However, species-level wood identification is not always possible based on traditional wood morphology techniques alone. To compensate for the deficiencies of traditional methods, direct analysis in real time coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (DART-FTICR-MS) was used to obtain the mass spectral fingerprints of different timber species. Using heartwood samples of two morphologically similar species, Pterocarpus santalinus and Pterocarpus tinctorius, subjected to different treatments, i.e. solvent extractions and powdered samples as well as air-dried samples and samples dried at low and high temperatures, we observed distinct chemical signatures for the wood samples from the two species, enabling rapid species-level identification when multivariate statistical analysis was adopted. The supervised orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models for samples subjected to different treatments all exhibited accurate differentiation performance of the explained fraction of variance of classes (R2Y = 0.936–0.987) and the cross-validated fraction of variance of classes (Q2 = 0.857–0.949). Compared with solvent types and the physical form of the sample, the drying treatment method had a greater impact on the chemical fingerprint from DART-FTICR-MS. Air-dried wood chips were the optimal samples for the DART-FTICR-MS method coupled with statistical analysis.

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Lingner, Stefan, Eiko Thiessen, and Eberhard Hartung. "Aboveground biomass estimation in linear forest objects: 2D- vs. 3D-data." Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 12 (December 20, 2018): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/106/2018-jfs.

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Wood-chips of linear forest objects (hedge banks and roadside plantings) are used as sustainable energy supply in wood-chip heating systems. However, wood yield of linear forest objects is very heterogeneous and hard to estimate in advance. The aim of the present study was to compare the dry mass estimation potentials of two different non-destructive data: (i) Canopy area (derived from aerial images) and mean age at stump level (2D), (ii) volume of vegetation cover based on structure from motion (SfM) via unmanned aerial vehicle (3D). These two types of data were separately used to predict reference dry mass (ground truth) in eleven objects (5 hedge banks and 6 roadside plantings) in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The predicting potentials were compared afterwards. The reference dry mass was ascertained by weighing after harvesting and drying samples to constant weight. The model predicting reference dry mass using canopy area and mean age at stump level achieved a relative root mean square error (RMSE) of 52% (42% at larger combined plot sizes). The model predicting reference dry mass using SfM volume achieved a relative RMSE of 30% (16% at larger combined plot sizes). This result indicates that biomass is better described by volume of vegetation cover than by canopy area and age.

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