Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wood decay test

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Wood decay test'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Wood decay test"

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Kumar, N. Praveen, and Arun Arya. "Delignification of Valuable Timbers Decayed by India Lignicolous Fungi." International Letters of Natural Sciences 16 (May 2014): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.16.101.

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Wood degrading capacity of lignicolous fungi was studied by decay test. In which two methods were followed, i) wood chips method ii) wood block method. Eight timbers infected by six fungi were selected for studying percentage of decay and biochemical test was done to know delignification. After 12 months, 90 % of wood block of T. arjuna was decayed by L. stereoides. In teak wood 16.82 % of decay was due to H. apiaria in 3 months. As the percentage of moisture was less, percentage of weight loss was also less; this indicated that decay capacity of fungi will depends on % moisture content in wood. The percentage loss in hot water soluble substrates was more in case of T. crenulata due to L. stereoides for 5 months, whereas lowest in case of teak wood decayed by H. apiaria for 5 months. The percentage loss in ethanol benzene soluble substrate was more in case of Adina wood decayed by C. versicolor for 5 months, whereas lowest in case of teak wood infected with L. stereoides for 3 months. As the incubation period increases, percentage loss in acid soluble lignin was more in case of infected woods. L. stereoides, C. versicolor, and H. apiaria showed selective delignification in all infected woods, whereas T. pini showed simultaneous degradation of lignin in all woods tested. The valuable timber like teak wood was not resistant to wood decay because they loss 50% of lignin. The in vitro wood decay test can‟t be taken as absolute evidence for wood decay behavior of lignin-degrading fungi, so we should conform decay of wood by consider biochemical test. For rapid evaluation of wood decay the wood chip method was best suitable. For the first time the wood decay and biochemical test of 8 wood samples infected by white rot fungi like S. commune, L. stereoides, H. apiaria, C. versicolor, T. pini and soft rot fungi like T. viride was studied.
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Li, Gan, Darrel D. Nicholas, and Tor P. Schultz. "Development of an accelerated soil-contact decay test." Holzforschung 61, no. 2 (2007): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2007.037.

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Abstract An accelerated method to evaluate wood preservatives for soil contact was explored using thin (4 mm) pine sticks in small decay cups containing non-sterile soil and wood compost-amended soil. The extent of wood decay was measured by monitoring changes in the bending elasticity (MOE) of the test samples, which was found to be a sensitive measure of the decay extent for both chromated copper arsenate (CCA)- and copper naphthenate (CuNap)-treated wood, and untreated wood. The decay rate was rapid, with significant decay detected in untreated wood after only 2 months of exposure. Decay in both treated and untreated wood samples was observed sooner when the soil was amended with wood compost. The compost-amended soil also gave significantly higher copper depletion for CCA- but not CuNap-treated wood. Although the results from this test should not be extrapolated to predict field test performance, it does appear to be applicable for rapid comparison of the performance of new and established preservative systems.
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Rahman, Md Rezaur, Sinin Hamdan, M. Saiful Islam, and Md Shahjahan Mondol. "Mechanical Properties and Decay Resistance of Wood Polymer Composites (WPC)." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 819–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.819.

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In Malaysia, especially Borneo Island Sarawak has a large scale of tropical wood species. In this study, selected raw tropical wood species namely Artocarpus Elasticus, Artocarpus Rigidus, Xylopia Spp, Koompassia Malaccensis and Eugenia Spp were chemically treated with sodium meta periodate to convert them into wood polymer composites. Manufactured wood polymer composites were characterized using mechanical testing (modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), static Young’s modulus) and decay resistance test. Modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were calculated using three point bending test. Static Young’s modulus and decay resistance were calculated using compression parallel to gain test and natural laboratory decay test respectively. The manufactured wood polymer composites yielded higher modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and static Young’s modulus. Wood polymer composite had high resistant to decay exposure, while Eugenia Spp wood polymer composite had highly resistant compared to the other ones.
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Emmerich, Lukas, Maja Bleckmann, Sarah Strohbusch, Christian Brischke, Susanne Bollmus, and Holger Militz. "Growth behavior of wood-destroying fungi in chemically modified wood: wood degradation and translocation of nitrogen compounds." Holzforschung 75, no. 9 (2021): 786–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2020-0252.

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Abstract Chemical wood modification has been used to modify wood and improve its decay resistance. However, the mode of protective action is still not fully understood. Occasionally, outdoor products made from chemically modified timber (CMT) show internal decay while their outer shell remains intact. Hence, it was hypothesized that wood decay fungi may grow through CMT without losing their capability to degrade non-modified wood. This study aimed at developing a laboratory test set-up to investigate (1) whether decay fungi grow through CMT and (2) retain their ability to degrade non-modified wood. Acetylated and 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) treated wood were used in decay tests with modified ‘mantle specimens’ and untreated ‘core dowels’. It became evident that white rot (Trametes versicolor), brown rot (Coniophora puteana) and soft rot fungi can grow through CMT without losing their ability to degrade untreated wood. Consequently, full volume impregnation of wood with the modifying agent is required to achieve complete protection of wooden products. In decay tests with DMDHEU treated specimens, significant amounts of apparently non-fixated DMDHEU were translocated from modified mantle specimens to untreated wood cores. A diffusion-driven transport of nitrogen and DMDHEU seemed to be responsible for mass translocation during decay testing.
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De Groot, Rodney C. "Test assemblies for monitoring decay in wood exposed above ground." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 29, no. 2 (1992): 151–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0964-8305(92)90014-f.

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Richter, Dana L., Amy M. Berns, and Clare F. Frederick. "Resistance of Canada Yew (Taxus canadensis) Branch Wood to Two Wood Decay Fungi." Canadian Field-Naturalist 126, no. 2 (2012): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v126i2.1334.

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Wood of the larger yews (Taxus spp.) is reported to be decay-resistant, but little is known about the decay resistance of Canada Yew (Taxus canadensis Marsh.) wood. Branch wood from Canada Yew was compared to branch wood from Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.) and Eastern White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) in a standard laboratory decay test to evaluate its resistance to decay by two decay fungi. Canada Yew was shown to be significantly more resistant to decay by Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers.) Murr. (a brown rot fungus) and Trametes versicolor (L.: Fr.) Quél. (a white rot fungus) than Northern Red Oak (P ≤ 0.05). Canada Yew was shown to be equal to Eastern White Cedar in resistance to decay by G. trabeum and more than twice as resistant to decay by Trametes versicolor (P ≤ 0.05). These results may have relevance for survival of Canada Yew, which is under pressure from browsing by White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus).
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Vanpachtenbeke, Michiel, Jan Van den Bulcke, Joris Van Acker, and Staf Roels. "Performance of wood and wood-based materials regarding fungal decay." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 20010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017220010.

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Due to the increasingly stringent energy efficiency requirements, timber frame houses are becoming more and more popular across Europe. Depending on the circumstances, timber frame walls might be exposed to high relative humidity or condensation conditions, leading to a risk of fungal degradation. In order to assess the durability of a timber frame construction in a reliable way, a clear view on the potential risk of fungal growth is essential. Various experiments are reported in literature to define the minimal moisture threshold for fungal decay, yet all very different in set-up and hence leading to contradictory conclusions. Therefore, the present paper aims at a contribution to a better understanding of the influence of moisture conditions on the onset and progress of wood decay in timber frame walls. Based on the information that is still lacking in international literature, a new test methodology has been elaborated within this work and is reported in this paper.
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Holan, Jiří, and Blanka Stávková. "The comparison of properties of European beech Fagus sylvatica (L.) in different stage of degradation caused by wood-decay fungi." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 57, no. 5 (2009): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200957050119.

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This work focus on comparison of biological degradation of wood caused by wood-decay fungi (white and brown rot). Test samples were made of European Beech Fagus sylvatica (L.). As wood-decay fungi were used Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd (white rot) and Serpula lacrymans (Wulf. Ex Fr.) Schroet (brown rot). Aim of this work was comparison of rate of propagation of wood-decay fungus and degradation of wood in time. After termination of the test was made comparison of intensity of degradation between both fungi species. Weights of test samples were diminishing for both groups of wood-decay fungi during three months. Moisture content increased in direct proportion with time. Compression strength in direction of wood fibers of tested samples was diminishing. Samples tested by Serpula lacrymans had the fastest decrease of compression strength after first and second week of degradation. Samples tested by Trametes versicolor had different course. Compression strength significantly decreased after first month and third month of degradation. On the other hand module of elasticity of both tested groups was diminishing already during first and second week of degradation. Generally, it is possible to say that Trametes versicolor has more significant impact on changes of mechanical characteristic of wood, because it causes degradation of all chemical constituents of wood.
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Nicholas, Darrel D. "Effect of Nitrogen and Vitamins on the Decay Rate of Pine Sapwood Exposed above Ground." Forest Products Journal 71, no. 1 (2021): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-20-00072.

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Abstract A need exists to develop improved test methods for evaluating potential wood preservatives in aboveground outdoor exposure. Our studies have shown that the three-component lap joint specified in AWPA Standard E27-15 represents an improved design for aboveground testing. One option for evaluating the extent of decay with this method relies on visual assessment. However, based on my observations in field tests, this assessment method does not provide an accurate measurement of the extent of wood biodeterioration in the early stages of decay. A second method of evaluation provided in this standard (in figure 4 of the standard) uses bending stiffness and dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE) as alternate methods for determining the extent of decay, and this option was chosen to follow the progress of biodeterioration in this study. It was found that both of these methods provided an accurate assessment of decay in the early stages of biodeterioration that was superior to visual assessment. In an attempt to accelerate the rate of wood decay, some of the test units were treated with nitrogen-rich casein, and this resulted in a greater than twofold increase in the decay rate compared with the untreated controls. Another group of samples were treated with thiamin, but this resulted in only a slight increase in decay rate, whereas a combined treatment with both casein and vitamins resulted in a further increase in the decay rate beyond that of casein treated samples. Based on the results from this study, it is concluded that pretreatment of wood samples with thiamin has the potential for accelerating wood decay in aboveground test samples. Furthermore, the use of bending stiffness and dynamic MOE to measure the extent of wood decay was found to be superior to mass loss. Additional studies are needed to determine whether this concept could be useful in accelerating development of new wood preservatives.
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A.R, Noor Azrieda, Salmiah U, and Rahim S. "Comparison of Accelerated Decay and Graveyard Test on Selected Malaysian Timber Species." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 3, no. 1 (2015): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v3i1.702.

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The natural durability of timber may be defined as ‘inherent resist ance of timber to attackby wood deteriorat ion agents such as wood decay ing fungi and wood destroying insects’. In Malay sia, natural durabilit y of t imber is det ermined using a ‘gravey ard’ test . The average time taken for this test is more than 10 years. The results of this test method donot provide information on longevity (service life) either out of ground contact, or inother geographical locations. Comparison of natural durability requires the use ofstandard test method where for example in Europe, the accepted laboratory method is EN350-1. This paper briefly describes the rating of natural durability based on comparisonresults of the two test methods stated i.e the exterior graveyard test and the interior laboratory test.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wood decay test"

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Segerholm, Kristoffer. "Wood Plastic Composites made from Modified Wood : Aspects on Moisture Sorption, Micromorphology and Durability." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Div. of Bulding Materials, Dept. of Civil and Architecturel Engineering, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Royal Institute of Technlogy (KTH), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4582.

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Ono, Kazuko. "Evaluation of the Nutritional Requirement and Wood Decay Properties of a Termite Mushroom, Termitomyces eurrhizus." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225646.

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Xayavong, Latsamy. "Calculs théoriques de corrections nucléaires aux taux de transitions β super-permises pour les tests du Modèle Standard". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0406/document.

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La conservation du courant faible vectoriel, connue par CVC est une des hypothèses fondamentales du Modèle Standard de l'interaction électrofaible. En revanche, la base théorique de cette hypothèse est seulement l'analogie avec la théorie de l'interaction électromagnétique et la question de sa validité reste posée. La CVC est vérifiable dans les transitions super-permises, 0+ → 0+, T = 1 car elle prédit que le grandeur Ft (≡ ft corrigée) de ces processus à basse énergie doit être indépendant des noyaux mis en jeu. Si la valeur unique de Ft est trouvée, on peut toute de suite déduire la constante du couplage vectorielle GV , reliée à │Vud│, la norme de l'élément le plus important de la matrice du mélange des quarks de Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM). Cet élément de matrice joue un rôle crucial dans le test de l'unitarité de la matrice CKM, une autre hypothèse de base du Modèle Standard. Actuellement, 14 transitions super-permises allant du 10C jusqu'au 74Rb sont expérimentalement connues avec une précision meilleure que 0:1%, Cela fait en sorte que l'accès à la constante de couplage est limité par les corrections théoriques, dues aux effets radiatifs et à la brisure de la symétrie d'isospin. Le principal propos de cette thèse est de ré-examiner la correction due au défaut du recouvrement entre les fonctions d'onde radiales de neutrons et celles de protons (ᵟRO) dans le cadre du modèle en couches. Nos calculs sont basés sur l'expansion des éléments de matrice de Fermi sur les états du noyau intermédiaire, développée précédemment par Towner et Hardy [1]. Cette méthode combine les fonctions d'onde radiales réalistes avec les données spectroscopiques obtenues par un calcul à large échelle, permettant ainsi d'aller au-delà des approches traditionnelles. Nous avons considéré 13 transitions super-permises, y comprises : 22Mg, 26Al, 26Si, 30S, 34Cl, 34Ar, 38K, 38Ca, 46V, 50Mn, 54Co, 62Ga et 66As. Les fonctions d'onde radiales sont déterminées avec un potentiel moyen réaliste, tel que le potentiel phénoménologique de Woods-Saxon (WS) ou le potentiel auto-cohérent de Hartree-Fock (HF) dérivé à partir d'une force effective de Skyrme. Les calculs ont été faits avec des différentes paramétrisations (2 paramétrisations WS et 3 forces de Skyrme) qui nous ont semblés être les meilleures et les plus appropriées à nos besoins. Dans un premier temps, des calculs par une méthode simple, sans prise en compte des états intermédiaires ont été réalisés. Avec le potentiel WS, les valeurs de ᵟRO obtenues sont fortement dépendantes de paramétrisation. Afin de clarifier cet effet, nous avons étudié en détail la sensibilité aux paramètres du potentiel avec une attention toute particulière apportée au terme isovectoriel et au terme coulombien. Cela a permis de mettre en évidence qu'une telle dépendance est entièrement dominée par le comportement isovectoriel du potentiel. Finalement, cette propriété inattendue a été bien maîtrisée par la procédure d'ajustement proposée. (...)<br>The conservation of the weak vector current, known as CVC is one of the fundamentalhypothesis of the Standard Model of the electroweak interaction. Nevertheless,the physics background of this hypothesis is nothing more than an analogyto the electromagnetic interaction's theory and the question of its validity remainsopen. The CVC is veri_able in the superallowed Fermi β-decays, 0+ → 0+, T = 1since it predicts that the Ft (≡ corrected ft) value of such low-energy processesmust be nucleus independent. Once the unique Ft value is found, one can immediatelydeduce the vector coupling constant GV , linked to │Vud, the norm of themost important element of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) quark-mixingmatrix. This matrix element plays a crucial role in the test of the unitarity of theCKM matrix, another fundamental hypothesis of the Standard Model.Currently, 14 superallowed transitions ranging from 10C to 74Rb are known experimentally with the precision 0.1% or better. This results in a fact that this studyis now limited by the theoretical corrections, due to the radiative and the isospin symmetry-breaking effects. The aim of this thesis is to re-examine the correction due to mismatch between proton and neutron radial wave functions (ᵟRO) within the framework of shell model. We adopted the method recently developed by Towner and Hardy [1]. This method combines realistic radial wave functions with spectroscopic informations obtained from a large-scale shell-model calculation, thus allowing us to go beyond traditional shell-model approaches. In this work, we considered 13 superallowed transitions, including : 22Mg, 26Al, 26Si, 30S, 34Cl, 34Ar, 38K, 38Ca, 46V, 50Mn, 54Co, 62Ga et 66As. The radial wave functions were determined with a realistic single-particle potential, such as the phenomenological Woods-Saxon (WS) potential or the self-consistent Hartree-Fock (HF) mean field derived from an effective Skyrme force. We selected various parametrizations (2 parametrizations for WS and 3 Skyrme forces for HF) that seem to us to be appropriate for our purposes. First, we performed the calculations with a simple method, without taking into account the intermediate states. The result indicates that ᵟRO obtained from WS potential is strongly parametrization dependent. In order to clarify this effect, we studied profoundly the sensitivity to potential parameters, paying particular attention to the isovector and the Coulomb terms.This study provided evidence that such a dependence is entirely dominated by the isovector part of the potential. However, using our proposed adjustment procedure, this problem appears to be well under control. We also examined the surface terms adopted in the work of Towner and Hardy [1], the result showed that one of these terms (the term Vh(r)) is not compatible with our adjustment procedure. (...)
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Books on the topic "Wood decay test"

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Clausen, Carol A. Evaluating wood-based composites for incipient fungal decay with the immunodiagnostic wood decay test. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2003.

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Clausen, Carol A. Evaluating wood-based composites for incipient fungal decay with the immunodiagnostic wood decay test. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2003.

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Highley, Terry L. Fifteen-year test of in-place treatments for control of decay in waterfront structures. Forest Products Laboratory, 1987.

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Highley, Terry L. Fifteen-year test of in-place treatments for control of decay in waterfront structures. Forest Products Laboratory, 1987.

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Highley, Terry L. Fifteen-year test of in-place treatments for control of decay in waterfront structures. Forest Products Laboratory, 1987.

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Highley, Terry L. Fifteen-year test of in-place treatments for control of decay in waterfront structures. Forest Products Laboratory, 1987.

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Highley, Terry L. Fifteen-year test of in-place treatments for control of decay in waterfront structures. Forest Products Laboratory, 1987.

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Highley, Terry L. Fifteen-year test of in-place treatments for control of decay in waterfront structures. Forest Products Laboratory, 1987.

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L, Haughton, Murphy C, and Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Evaluating wood-based composites for incipient fungal decay with the immunodiagnostic wood decay test. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2003.

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L, Haughton, Murphy C, and Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Evaluating wood-based composites for incipient fungal decay with the immunodiagnostic wood decay test. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wood decay test"

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Koyani, Rina D., S. Pramod, H. R. Patel, A. M. Vasava, K. S. Rao, and Kishore S. Rajput. "Anatomical Characterisation and In Vitro Laboratory Decay Test of Different Woods Decayed by Xylaria hypoxylon." In Wood is Good. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3115-1_10.

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Nicholas, Darrel D., and Douglas Crawford. "Concepts in the Development of New Accelerated Test Methods for Wood Decay." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2003-0845.ch016.

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Nicholas, Darrel D., and Holger Militz. "Concepts in the Development of New Accelerated Test Methods for Wood Decay." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2008-0982.ch007.

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Chen, Weimian, Quanwei Liu, Ning Li, Xiaojing Su, and Yiming Fang. "EEMD-Based Time-Delay Estimation for Wood Nondestructive Test." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-26001-8_28.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wood decay test"

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Tangtragulwong, Potchara, Gary T. Fry, David D. Davis, and Richard P. Reiff. "Tie-Plate Cracking on Wood/Composite Ties: A Parametric Study." In 2011 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2011-56067.

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Composite ties are commonly used as a replacement for wood ties because of many advantages. For example, composite ties show higher decay and corrosion resistance, greater compatibility with available fastening methods, and the ability to be inter-mixed with wood ties. However, recently, premature fatigue failures of tie plates installed on composite ties have been found at the TTCI test facility, while no failures had been found in tie plates installed on wood ties. This paper presents an investigation of tie plate failures using finite element analysis. A full-scale finite element model of the involved components—consisting of axle, wheel, rail, tie plate, and tie—is developed with an application of vertical and lateral loads on the axle. Three contact interfaces—between wheel-rail, rail-tie plate, and tie plate-tie, are defined to simulate actual operational configuration. To investigate the bending stresses in tie plates as a result of wheel-rail rolling contact, a parametric study of the elastic modulus of the ties, and the applied vertical and lateral wheel loads is examined. Results show that 1) given typical vertical and lateral loads, the decrease of tie’s elastic modulus increases transverse (bending) stresses at the base of the tie plate; thus, promoting high-cycle fatigue failures, and 2) in addition to the vertical load, the lateral loads also have a significant effect on the bending stress in the tie plate, 3) spike-hole cracking is the dominant mode of failure in composite ties operated under all simulated load cases, while edge failure is dominant in wood ties operated under a large lateral load.
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Zirkelbach, Daniel, and Eri Tanaka. "Evaluation of decay resistance of wood fibre insulation based on hygrothermal simulation and comparative laboratory tests." In 1st International Conference on Moisture in Buildings 2021. ScienceOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14293/icmb210075.

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Dippo, Caitlin, and Barry Kudrowitz. "The Effects of Elaboration in Creativity Tests as it Pertains to Overall Scores and How it Might Prevent a Person From Thinking of Creative Ideas During the Early Stages of Brainstorming and Idea Generation." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46789.

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Previous studies have found that the first few ideas we think of for a given prompt are likely to be less original than the later ideas. In this study, 460 participants were given the Alternative Uses Test (AUT) where they were asked to list alternative uses for a paperclip, creating a database of 235 unique answers, each having a relative occurrence rate in that pool. It was found that later responses were significantly more novel than early responses and on average the originality of responses exponentially increased with quantity. A closer look at this data reveals that a person is likely to have a lower overall originality score if he or she has more elaborate responses. 89 of these participants were also given the Abbreviated Torrance Test For Adults (ATTA) and the data from both tests was used to study relationships between elaboration, fluency, and originality. The data from the AUT reveals a strong negative correlation between an individual’s average number of words per response and his or her average originality score. It is hypothesized that people who spend more time writing multiple-word responses have less time to generate many different ideas thus hindering their ability to reach the novel ideas. Similarly, the ATTA reveals that after two extraneous details, elaboration on a drawing will negatively impact fluency and originality scores. This is not to say that elaborate ideas cannot be original, but rather that in time-limited situations, elaboration may hinder the production of original ideas. In applying this to real world problem solving and idea generation, it is suggested that people may prevent themselves from finding creative solutions if too much time is spent on discussing the first few suggested ideas from a brainstorming session. It is suggested that a more effective brainstorming session will delay discussion until a significant number of ideas are generated.
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Gill, Peter, Peter Brown, David Tice, Norman Platts, and Chris Currie. "Fatigue Initiation of 304L Stainless Steel Subject to Thermal Shock Loading in a PWR Environment." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93923.

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Abstract The evaluation procedures for fatigue initiation of nuclear class 1 components are defined in ASME BPVC Section III NB-3200 (Design by Analysis) and NB-3600 (Piping Design). Design fatigue curves are provided to establish the suitability of a component for cyclic service and define the allowable number of cycles as a function of applied stress amplitude (S-N curves). The number of load cycles at a particular strain range is then divided by the cycles to failure to obtain a partial usage factor., and the cumulative usage factor (CUF) for the component site, calculated from the sum of the partial usage factors, must be less than one. The original fatigue evaluation procedures did not include the effects of the PWR or BWR coolant environments, but laboratory test data indicate that significant fatigue life reductions can occur under such conditions, depending on strain rates and temperatures. These observations led to the formulation of modified procedures, originally published in NUREG-CR/6909 which required the usage factors to be increased by an additional environmental factor, Fen, which accounts for the deleterious effects of high temperature water. An ASME Code Case N-792-1 has now been included in ASME Section III which is based on the NUREG-CR/6909 equations, with some minor modifications. The Fen factors are derived from testing of membrane-loaded solid round tensile or tubular specimens at different strain rates and temperatures. The data were obtained using simple triangular waveforms, i.e. at constant strain rate, and the temperature was also constant for each test. However, for components subject to plant loading, the situation is significantly more complicated, with most major transients being thermal in origin. For a thermal shock transient some key characteristics become apparent. These are (i) temperature is out-of-phase with strain (ii) strain rate and temperature vary through the cycle with a faster strain rate at the top of the cycle (iii) stress decays through the wall of the component. Several assumptions need to be made in order to simplify the assessment of these sorts of transients. Examples of such assumptions include the choice of temperature for the calculation (e.g. maximum or average through the transient) and the method of strain rate calculation (e.g. assumption of constant strain rate, or integration through the cycle, i.e. the modified strain rate approach). These assumptions can be overly conservative and hence very restrictive for plant operators when making safety justifications. Improved models have been developed which weight fatigue damage through the cycle, which is consistent with recent observations from testing under complex load cycles. Although these models can more accurately predict fatigue life for loading that is representative of PWR transients, they still assume membrane loading which is unrealistic for thermal shock transients in thin walled components. Details of a testing capability at Wood (formerly Amec Foster Wheeler) or thermal shock testing in a PWR environment were presented in a previous paper (ASME PVP2018-84923). The predictions of fatigue initiation indicated test durations of 2–3 months based on the latest fatigue models for austenitic stainless steel. The current paper presents the results of the first thermal shock tests carried out on a type 304L stainless steel. The predictions are compared with experimental observations and the accuracy of the models are assessed.
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Reports on the topic "Wood decay test"

1

Clausen, C. A., L. Haughton, and C. Murphy. Evaluating wood-based composites for incipient fungal decay with the immunodiagnostic wood decay test. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-142.

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