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Journal articles on the topic 'Wood measurements'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Wiemann, Michael C., David L. Dilcher, and Steven R. Manchester. "Estimation of Mean Annual Temperature from Leaf and Wood Physiognomy." Forest Science 47, no. 2 (2001): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/47.2.141.

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Abstract There are distinct relationships among the anatomy of wood, the morphology of leaves, and the climate in which woody plants are growing. The relationships between leaf morphological characters and climate have been known for many years, but wood characters as climate indicators are less well studied. In this article, we use measurements of wood anatomy and leaf morphology from woody dicotyledonous plants, growing in Florida and Connecticut, to determine the accuracy to which statistical models can predict climate. The strength of the relationship between climate and physiognomy is imp

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2

Torres, Jesús Alejandro, and Reydezel Torres-Martínez. "Evaluation of Guitars and Violins Made using Alternative Woods through Mobility Measurements." Archives of Acoustics 40, no. 3 (2015): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2015-0038.

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AbstractThe feasibility of substituting the types of wood usually employed in the making of guitars and violins was analyzed, but without comparing the properties of involved materials as it is often reported; in this work, the vibrational behavior of twelve guitars and three violins built with alternative types of woods was compared to data of classical instruments available in the literature. In the guitars here measured, the back plate and ribs were not made from traditional woods; while in the violins, only the top plate was made from an alternative type of wood. The results showed that ch

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3

Yamaguchi, Nobuyoshi. "In Situ Assessment Method of Wood Using Normalized Withdrawal Resistances of Metric-Screw Type Probes." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.217.

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Withdrawal resistances of wood have been applied for in situ assessment of wood in existing timber structures. The author had proposed method to estimate shear strengths of wood from measured withdrawal resistances of probes which are screwed into wood. In order to verify the accuracy of these estimated shear strengths by proposed methods, withdrawal resistance measurements and shear loading tests were conducted for wood. Single withdrawal resistance measurement was applied for wood specimens, and estimated shear strengths from withdrawal measurements were compared to the measured shear streng

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Gullbrekken, Lars, Steinar Grynning, and Jørn Gaarder. "Thermal Performance of Insulated Constructions—Experimental Studies." Buildings 9, no. 2 (2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9020049.

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Buildings that are designed to meet high-energy performance requirements, e.g., passive houses, require well-insulated building envelopes, with increased insulation thicknesses for roof, wall and floor structures. We investigate whether there are differences in the efficiency of thermal insulation materials at different moisture levels in the insulation and if there is a larger or smaller risk of natural convection in wood-fibre based insulation than in mineral wool. The work has mainly been performed by use of laboratory measurements included permeability properties and full-scale measurement

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Wålinder, M. E. P., and I. Johansson. "Measurement of Wood Wettability by the Wilhelmy Method. Part 1. Contamination of Probe Liquids by Extractives." Holzforschung 55, no. 1 (2001): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.005.

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Summary This work focuses on the influence of extractives during wetting measurements on wood. Fresh and aged veneers of extracted and non-extracted heart- and sapwood of pine were prepared, and the Wilhelmy method was used to study the wettability of these veneers. In this method, the force acting on the veneers was measured during immersion in and withdrawal from a series of probe liquids. The results suggest that some of the probe liquids become severely contaminated by extractives during the measurements on the non-extracted veneers, and that this strongly affects the wood wetting measurem

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Tonon, Alessia, Lorenzo Picco, Diego Ravazzolo, and Mario Aristide Lenzi. "Using a terrestrial laser scanner to detect wood characteristics in gravel-bed rivers." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 45, no. 4 (2014): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2014.431.

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The possibility of analysing the characteristics and volume of inchannel large wood (LW) is of importance for river management but the traditional manual field activities are usually time-consuming and not easy to apply at a larger spatial scale. This paper presents an alternative and faster method to detect the characteristics and measurements of large wood in rivers by using the terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) technology. Field-measurements data and TLS scans were collected in August 2013 along 14 ha of the Piave River (Italy) analysing 230 and 208 woody elements for the manual method and th

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Jetsu, Petri, Markku Vilkki, and Ismo Tiihonen. "Utilization of demolition wood and mineral wool wastes in wood-plastic composites." Detritus, no. 10 (March 5, 2020): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2020.13916.

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Wood and mineral wool fractions from demolished buildings were sorted into different categories and processed to the suitable grain size needed for the manufacturing of wood-plastic composites. Processed construction and demolition waste materials mixed with plastics and additives were extruded into hollow test bars using a conical rotary extruder. Test specimens needed for measurements were cut from test bars. The results showed that the mechanical performance of wood-plastic composites based on construction and demolition waste wood, and mineral wool was at a good level and comparable to com

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8

Casans Berga, Silvia, Rafael Garcia-Gil, A. Edith Navarro Anton, and Alfredo Rosado-Muñoz. "Novel Wood Resistance Measurement Method Reducing the Initial Transient Instabilities Arising in DC Methods Due to Polarization Effects." Electronics 8, no. 11 (2019): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111253.

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A novel method for measuring the electrical resistance in wood is presented. It is based on applying an Alternating Current (AC) to two electrodes rammed into the wood. The method reduces the transient time for value stabilization. In case of Direct Current (DC) resistance measurement methods, typically used in wood measurement, an initial transient exists, invalidating the measured value during an initial transient period. This measurement method uses an electronic circuit based on a relaxation oscillator where the wood automatically sets the oscillation frequency depending on its electrical

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9

Humar, Miha, Boštjan Lesar, and Davor Kržišnik. "Moisture Performance of Façade Elements Made of Thermally Modified Norway Spruce Wood." Forests 11, no. 3 (2020): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030348.

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Wooden façades are gaining in importance. Thermally modified wood is becoming one of the preferred materials for claddings. In spite of the fact that façades made of thermally modified wood have been in use for more than two decades, reports about long-term monitoring have been sparse. The results of three-year monitoring of a façade made of thermally modified wood in Ljubljana are reported. Moisture content measurements of thermally modified façades were taken at 22 locations and compared to the moisture content of untreated Norway spruce wood. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded

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Bossou, Olivier Vidémé, Juan R. Mosig, and Jean-François Zurcher. "Dielectric measurements of tropical wood." Measurement 43, no. 3 (2010): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2009.12.008.

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Radwan, Mohamed, David V. Thiel, and Hugo G. Espinosa. "Single-Sided Microwave Near-Field Scanning of Pine Wood Lumber for Defect Detection." Forests 12, no. 11 (2021): 1486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111486.

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Defects and cracks in dried natural timber (relative permittivity 2–5) may cause structural weakness and enhanced warping in structural beams. For a pine wood beam (1200 mm × 70 mm × 70 mm), microwave reflection (S11) and transmission (S21) measurements using a cavity-backed slot antenna on the wood surface showed the variations caused by imperfections and defects in the wood. Reflection measurements at 4.4 GHz increased (>5 dB) above a major knot evident on the wood surface when the E-field was parallel to the wood grain. Similar results were observed for air cavities, independent of depth

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Choudhary, Vipin, and Daniel Rönnow. "A Nondestructive Testing Method for the Determination of the Complex Refractive Index Using Ultra Wideband Radar in Industrial Applications." Sensors 20, no. 11 (2020): 3161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113161.

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An ultra-wide band radar reflection measurement technique for industrial applications is introduced. A new method for determining the complex refractive index (or equivalently the relative permittivity) of objects with planar interfaces is presented. The object thickness can also be obtained experimentally. The method is a combination of time and frequency domain techniques. The objects can be finite in size and at a finite distance. The limits in size and distance for the method to be valid are experimentally investigated. The method is relatively insensitive to hardware impairments such as f

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Sotiropoulou, Anastasia, Stamatia Gavela, Nikolaos Nikoloutsopoulos, Dimitra Passa, and Georgios Papadakos. "Experimental study of wood shaving addition in mortar and statistical modeling on selected effects." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 26, no. 1-2 (2017): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2017-0013.

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AbstractIn the frame of an extended research program dealing with wood shavings utilization in mortar, a set of procedures were developed for verifying effects of wood shavings addition to specific mortar properties. Mixes containing wood shavings replacing fine aggregates by 0, 30, 50 and 70% of their volume were made. Workability, fresh mortar unit weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and flexural and compressive strength were determined, based on measurements, at various curing ages. Measurement results and analysis suggest that compressive strength reduction caused by wood shavings addi

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14

Eckard, Jonathan T., Fikret Isik, Bronson Bullock, Bailian Li, and Marcia Gumpertz. "Selection Efficiency for Solid Wood Traits in Pinus taeda using Time-of-Flight Acoustic and Micro-Drill Resistance Methods." Forest Science 56, no. 3 (2010): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/56.3.233.

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Abstract Conventional sampling and laboratory analysis of solid wood properties to facilitate clonal screening in tree improvement programs are prohibitively time-consuming and expensive. Alternative methods—time-of-flight acoustics and micro-drilling resistance—were assessed for efficiency in screening clones for wood stiffness (modulus of elasticity [MOE]), strength (modulus of rupture [MOR]), and density. Ninety clones, consisting of 30 from each of 3 full-sib families, were screened in an 8-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) field test using a TreeSonic time-of-flight tool and Resisto

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15

Norlin, B., S. An, T. Granfeldt, et al. "Visualisation of sulphur on single fibre level for pulping industry." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (2023): C01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/c01012.

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Abstract In the pulp and paper industry, about 5 Mt/y chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) are produced globally from softwood chips for production of carton board grades. For tailor making CTMP for this purpose, wood chips are impregnated with aqueous sodium sulphite for sulphonation of the wood lignin. When lignin is sulphonated, the defibration of wood into pulp becomes more selective, resulting in enhanced pulp properties. On a microscopic fibre scale, however, one could strongly assume that the sulphonation of the wood structure is very uneven due to its macroscale size of wood chips. If thi

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Cherubini, Paolo, Holger Gärtner, Jan Esper, et al. "Jahrringe als Archive für interdisziplinäre Umweltforschung | Annual rings as an archive for interdisciplinary environmental research." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 155, no. 6 (2004): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2004.0162.

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The paper describes research in dendrochronological fields that was carried out at the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL (Birmensdorf, Switzerland). After a short history of dendrochronology,we describe the applied materials and methods used, namely ring-width and wood density measurements,crossdating, stable isotopes measurement and wood anatomy.

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17

Chiu, Chih Ming, and Chen Hui Lee. "Wood-Bark Grain Spirality Correlations in Calocedrus Formosana." IAWA Journal 14, no. 1 (1993): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000573.

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Bark grain angle at two heights was determined for 15 Taiwan incense-cedar (Calocedrus formosana) trees growing in a 31-year-old plantation in Central Taiwan. From each tree, two circular disks (5 cm and 10 cm thick) were sampled for measurement of wood grain angle. All data were subjected to standard analysis of variance. Correlations between measurements from non-destructive (bark grain angle) and destructive (wood grain angle) sampling and from 5 cm and 10 cm thick disks were computed and found to be statistically significant. A higher precision (smaller errors me an squares) for bark grain

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18

Miklašēvičs, Ziedonis. "THE IMPACT OF HARVESTER CALIBRATION ON THE ACCURACY OF BIRCH VENEER LOGS MEASUREMENTS BY MEASURING DIAMETER IN SHORT INTERVALS USING ELECTRONIC 3D SYSTEMS." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 15, 2017): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol3.2535.

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Accurate calibration of the harvester head relies on accurate manual log measurements. According to the recommended calibration procedures as proposed by the harvester manufacturer the differences between the volume measurements from harvester measurement system and the caliper-and-tape system must be within ± 3% and harvester diameter measurements within ± 6mm of manual measurements in 80% cases. Requirements in Latvia stipulate that total volume measurement accuracy levels must be within ± 5% of actual volume if veneer or birch logs are being harvested, ± 3% if saw logs are being harve

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19

Moëll, Mattias K., and Lloyd A. Donaldson. "Shading Correction Methods for Digital Image Analysis of Confocal Wood Images." IAWA Journal 28, no. 3 (2007): 349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001646.

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Confocal fluorescence microscopy provides a rapid method for acquiring high quality optically thin section images of wood suitable for measurement of cell dimensions. Single optical slice images of wood may occasionally contain artefacts due to differential light absorption caused by variation in the distance between the sample surface and the imaging plane across the field of view. Regional brightness variations, which we call shading, may cause problems when such images are used for wood cell measurements using digital image analysis, affecting the accuracy of wood cell dimensions. We have c

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Chernov, V. Yu, M. S. Chernova, A. N. Nosova, and V. V. Demakova. "ACCURACY ANALYSIS OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE MEASUREMENT METHODS IN CONTROL OFFROZEN WOOD MOISTURE CONTENT." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 320 (February 2025): 45–52. https://doi.org/10.14489/td.2025.02.pp.045-052.

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The work is devoted to measuring the accuracy of wood moisture content measurement by conductometric and inductive (non-contact) additional non-destructive methods, as well as their comparison with the standard drying-weight method. The novelty and practical significance of the results are associated with studies of the accuracy of methods in measuring frozen wood. The work defines random components of error and the total error of measuring wood moisture content at normal temperature and in a frozen state by non-destructive measurement methods. It is equal to 3 %. Relative error of measurement

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Baar, Jana, and Vladimír Gryc. "Colour of tropical wood and discolouration due to simulated sunlight." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 5 (2010): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058050013.

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This study investigated the wood surface discolouration due to simulated sunlight of three tropical woods native in South America. These woods are commonly used in the Czech Republic. Wood of jatoba (Hymenea courbaril L.), massaranduba (Manilkara bidentata A. Chev.) and tigerwood (Astronium graveolens Jacq.) was exposed to treatment by light of xenon-arc lamp, which simulates outdoor sunlight, for 144 hours. Colour measurements of exposed and non-exposed areas of samples were performed by means of spectrophotometer measuring in CIEL*a*b* colour system. The resulting wood discolouration was eva

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de Meijer, M., and N. Militz. "Wet adhesion measurements of wood coatings." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 56, no. 5 (1998): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001070050324.

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Dahl, K. B., and K. A. Malo. "Planar Strain Measurements on Wood Specimens." Experimental Mechanics 49, no. 4 (2008): 575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-008-9162-0.

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Chavenetidou, Marina, and Vasiliki Kamperidou. "Impact of Wood Structure Variability on the Surface Roughness of Chestnut Wood." Applied Sciences 14, no. 14 (2024): 6326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14146326.

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Wood constitutes a unique and valuable material that has been used from ancient times until nowadays in a wide variety of applications, in which the surface quality of wood often constitutes a critical factor. In this study, the influence of different wood areas and therefore, of different anatomical characteristic areas of chestnut wood (Castanea sativa Mill.) on the surface quality, was thoroughly studied, in terms of surface roughness. Five different chestnut tree trunks were harvested, from which five different disks were obtained corresponding to five different trunk heights. Surface roug

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Yu, Chunjiang, Yongke Sun, Yong Cao, Jie He, Yixing Fu, and Xiaotao Zhou. "A Novel Wood Log Measurement Combined Mask R-CNN and Stereo Vision Camera." Forests 14, no. 2 (2023): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14020285.

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Wood logs need to be measured for size when passing through customs to verify their quantity and volume. Due to the large number of wood logs needs through customs, a fast and accurate measurement method is required. The traditional log measurement methods are inefficient, have significant errors in determining the long and short diameters of the wood, and are difficult to achieve fast measurements in complex wood stacking environments. We use a Mask R-CNN instance segmentation model to detect the contour of the wood log and employ a binocular stereo camera to measure the log diameter. A rotat

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Shvidenko, Anatoly, Liudmila Mukhortova, Ekaterina Kapitsa, et al. "A Modelling System for Dead Wood Assessment in the Forests of Northern Eurasia." Forests 14, no. 1 (2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010045.

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Dead wood, including coarse woody debris, CWD, and fine woody debris, FWD, plays a substantial role in forest ecosystem functioning. However, the amount and dynamics of dead wood in the forests of Northern Eurasia are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to develop a spatially distributed modelling system (limited to the territories of the former Soviet Union) to assess the amount and structure of dead wood by its components (including snags, logs, stumps, and the dry branches of living trees) based on the most comprehensive database of field measurements to date. The system is intende

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Enukwa, Ettagbor Hans, and Yilom Hyginus Ndang. "EFFECTS OF NEEM OIL ON THE PRESERVATION OF MILICIA EXCELSA: EVALUATION OF TERMITICIDAL EFFECTIVENESS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 12 (2021): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i12.2020.2873.

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Wood usage has increased with time, thus, there is need to investigate how wood can be treated with human and environmentally friendly preservative which is effective in protecting wood from termites and other agents of wood deterioration, or improve the wood physical, chemical, mechanical and biological characteristics. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effects of neem oil on Milicia excelsa wood preservation. Treated and untreated pieces of Milicia excelsa wood samples were used to carry out this experiment, a soil bed, and an internal wood exposure to termite’s test was ca

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Cremer, Tobias, Ferreol Berendt, Felipe de Miguel Diez, Felix Wolfgramm, and Lubomir Blasko. "Accuracy of Photo-Optical Measurement of Wood Piles." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, no. 1 (2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-08192.

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The accurate estimation of timber volume is of the utmost importance. For industrial timber, the volume is often estimated as stacked cubic meters. In addition to manual measurements, volume estimation is possible with photo-optical systems. Over 100 piles of industrial timber of broadleaved tree species were analyzed. In the study, a standard manual measurement method for the estimation of wood pile volumes was compared with a smartphone based photo-optical application for the determination of woodpile volume. Mean gross volume of the piles was approximately 56 m3 and mean width of piles was

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Washusen, R., J. Ilic, and G. Waugh. "The Relationship between Longitudinal Growth Strain, Tree Form and Tension Wood at the Stem Periphery of Ten- to Eleven-Year-Old Eucalyptus globulus Labill." Holzforschung 57, no. 3 (2003): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2003.046.

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Summary The potential for growth strain measurements for detection of tension wood was assessed in trees from two plantations of 10- to 11-year-old Eucalyptus globulus. Tension wood had commonly developed at or near the stem periphery of straight, vertical and dominant trees. At a localized level growth strain was found to be a good indicator of tension wood. However, in some cases moderate to low growth strain was also detected in some trees where tension wood had been overgrown with small amounts of normal wood. On a whole tree basis the relationship was not as clear. In this case growth str

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Eskelson, Bianca N. I., Vicente J. Monleon, and Jeremy S. Fried. "A 6 year longitudinal study of post-fire woody carbon dynamics in California’s forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 5 (2016): 610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0375.

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We examined the dynamics of aboveground forest woody carbon pools — live trees, standing dead trees, and down wood — during the first 6 years following wildfire across a wide range of conditions, which are characteristic of California forest fires. From repeated measurements of the same plots, we estimated change in woody carbon pools as a function of crown fire severity as indicated by a post-fire index, years since fire, pre-fire woody carbon, forest type group (hardwood vs. softwood), elevation, and climate attributes. Our analysis relied on 130 U.S. national forest inventory plots measured

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Filgueira, Daniel, Cristian Bolaño, Susana Gouveia, and Diego Moldes. "Enzymatic Functionalization of Wood as an Antifouling Strategy against the Marine Bacterium Cobetia marina." Polymers 13, no. 21 (2021): 3795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213795.

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The protection of wood in marine environments is a major challenge due to the high sensitivity of wood to both water and marine microorganisms. Besides, the environmental regulations are pushing the industry to develop novel effective and environmentally friendly treatments to protect wood in marine environments. The present study focused on the development of a new green methodology based on the laccase-assisted grafting of lauryl gallate (LG) onto wood to improve its marine antifouling properties. Initially, the enzymatic treatment conditions (laccase dose, time of reaction, LG concentration

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Schwarzkopf, Matthew, and Lech Muszynski. "Strain distribution and load transfer in the polymer-wood particle bond in wood plastic composites." Holzforschung 69, no. 1 (2015): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0243.

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Abstract The load transfer between wood particles and the matrix was analyzed by observation of the strain patterns in thin films of high density polyethylene (HDPE) with embedded wood particles subjected to tensile loading. Optical measurement techniques based on the digital image correlation (DIC) principle were employed for quantitative measurement of strain distributions on the surfaces of the specimens. Interpretation of these measurements in terms of load transfer between the particle and the matrix below the surface proved challenging and required a structured approach. In this paper, q

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Kim, Kwang Mo, and Jun Jae Lee. "NDE of Decayed Wood with Ultrasonic CT." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1182.

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Recently, a new ultrasonic CT system has been developed as the NDE method suitable for wood. In this system, several characteristics related to the ultrasound traveling in the woods such as the anisotropy of woods, existence of immature woods and ultrasound diffraction in the woods are considered during image composition process. In this study, we inspected the system that had been newly developed for the decayed wood specimen. We performed the ultrasound measurements to reconstruct the CT image. And then, we verified the distributions of each characteristic in the section by measuring the moi

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Stewart, James D., Ross Koppenaal, Antoine Lalumière, and Roger J. Whitehead. "Predicting wood stiffness of lodgepole pine trees using acoustic tools and green density." Forestry Chronicle 97, no. 01 (2021): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2021-007.

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Upstream identification of wood properties using non-destructive testing methods such as acoustic velocity (AV) measurements is important for optimizing allocation of wood to mills or products. We evaluated the effectiveness of field AV measurement tools in predicting lodgepole pine wood stiffness (modulus of elasticity, MOE) as measured by Silviscan on wood samples. AV was measured on trees and logs from six sites in Alberta and British Columbia. We evaluated the effect on MOE estimation of calculating averages of the adjustment factor k and of green density (GD) at different spatial scales f

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Mononen, Kirsi, Leila Alvila, and Tuula T. Pakkanen. "Changes in color and structure of birch wood (Betula pendula) caused by bleaching with hydrogen peroxide solution." Holzforschung 59, no. 1 (2005): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.010.

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Abstract The effect of bleaching with a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution on coloring of secondary xylem of kiln-dried birch wood (B. pendula) was investigated with CIELAB color measurements. Structure of unbleached and bleached wood pieces was studied by light microscopy (LM), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, hardness and surface roughness of unbleached and bleached wood pieces were characterized with Brinell hardness and contact angle measurements. The results indicated that surface bleaching with H2O2 solution change

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Saltik, Burcin. "The effects of microwave and microwave + infrared drying treatments of Pinus brutia and Picea orientalis on water absorption and physical properties." BioResources 19, no. 4 (2024): 9249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.4.9249-9258.

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The goal of this study was to find a way to shorten wood drying time by using microwave and combined infrared + microwave drying methods and to analyze color and gloss changes. Wood samples prepared in three groups with dimensions of 20×20×30 mm were used in moisture tests and 75×5×150 mm were used in color change and gloss measurements, obtained from Red pine (Pinus brutia) and Eastern spruce (Picea orientalis) woods. The samples were oven dried, dried by microwave, or dried by infrared + microwave drying method. The wood samples all reached the target moisture. Their weight and volume were c

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Kováč, Ján, Tomáš Kuvik, Jozef Krilek, and Pawel Tylek. "Influence of the shape of the knife’s cutting edge on the cutting force in the chipless cutting of three tree species." BioResources 19, no. 4 (2024): 8388–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.4.8388-8399.

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This article presents results obtained for the chipless cutting of wood using different cutting heads. Wood processing in forestry and the demand for firewood are currently increasing, so it is necessary to apply appropriate tools to the existing process, which will be sufficient for fast and high-quality operations. Four groups of cutting knives were used for experimental measurements, where the influence of the cutting knife edge on the cutting process was determined. The cutting knives were always made of the same material and with the same blade angle ∢ 30°. Measurements were made on spruc

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Kuracina, Richard, Zuzana Szabová, and Matej Menčík. "Study of Explosion Characteristics of Wood Dust Clouds in Dependence of the Particle Size Distribution." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 25, no. 40 (2017): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rput-2017-0002.

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Abstract The article deals with the measurement of explosion characteristics of wood dust. The measurements were carried out according to STN EN 14034-1+A1:2011 Determination of explosion characteristics of dust clouds. Part 1: Determination of the maximum explosion pressure pmax of dust clouds and the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise according to STN EN 14034-2+A1:2012 Determination of explosion characteristics of dust clouds - Part 2: Determination of the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise (dp/dt)max of dust clouds. On the basis of measurements, we found that the distribution of

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Dudiak, Michal, Richard Kminiak, Adrián Banski, and Daniel Chuchala. "The Effect of Steaming Beech, Birch and Maple Woods on Qualitative Indicators of the Surface." Coatings 14, no. 1 (2024): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14010117.

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This work presents the effect of steaming beech, birch and maple woods on the resulting quality of the milled wood surface. The steaming process of the studied woods results in a targeted change in the color of the wood, which changes from the original light white-gray color to fine reddish-brown to dark brown color shades that are more or less saturated depending on the temperature of the saturated water steam. The color changes achieved during the modification process were identified using coordinates in the CIE L*a*b* color space. The achieved color changes were described through the total

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Kowalczuk, Joanna, Adam Rachocki, Magdalena Broda, Bartłomiej Mazela, Graham A. Ormondroyd, and Jadwiga Tritt-Goc. "Conservation process of archaeological waterlogged wood studied by spectroscopy and gradient NMR methods." Wood Science and Technology 53, no. 6 (2019): 1207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-019-01129-5.

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Abstract The properties of methyltrimethoxysilane-treated, waterlogged archeological elm wood were studied by magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. The spatially resolved proton density images, spin–spin relaxation profiles, proton NMR spectra, and self-diffusion coefficients of the preservative agents were measured during drying. The resolution of the data allowed for the differentiation between the early and late wood areas of the elm wood and determination of the shrinkage of the sample in the tangential and radial directions, and it showed the different d

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Teder, Marko, Kalle Pilt, Matis Miljan, Vello Pallav, and Jaan Miljan. "INVESTIGATION OF THE PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TIMBER USING ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 18, no. 6 (2012): 795–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2012.736233.

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This research uses a non-destructive method – ultrasound – to examine timber, combining the results of measurement with the properties of strength and stiffness. The purpose of this work is to explore the possibilities of grading wood structure in situ using ultrasound measurements, specifically, the moisture content and density of the timber. The timber used in these experiments was taken from existing buildings of different ages. The potential of replacing direct measurements with indirect measurements by ultrasound was also investigated. The physical-mechanical properties of wood were deter

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Judd, Lesley A., Brian E. Jackson, Ted C. Yap, and William C. Fonteno. "Mini-Horhizotron: An Apparatus for Observing and Measuring Root Growth of Container-grown Plant Material In Situ." HortScience 49, no. 11 (2014): 1424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.11.1424.

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An apparatus was developed that allows for a range of non-destructive measurements on root growth in containers (pot culture). The mini-Horhizotron was designed to measure root growth of small plant material such as seedlings, herbaceous plugs, or woody plant liners normally grown in containers less than 3.8 L. The mini-Horhizotron design has three chambers extending away from the center that could be filled with the same substrate or filled separately with different substrates/treatments to observe root growth response from a single plant. The objectives were: 1) to test the suitability of th

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Smardzewski, Jerzy, Wojciech Batko, Tadeusz Kamisiński, et al. "Experimental study of wood acoustic absorption characteristics." Holzforschung 68, no. 4 (2014): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0160.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to determine normal impedance on the surface as well as sound absorption coefficients for several wood species from Europe and from the tropical zone. The mathematical models of Miki, Attenborough, and Allard – dealing with acoustic properties of porous materials – have also been compared. The air flow resistivity exhibits a distinct link between fiber dimensions and wood porosity. The highest sound absorption coefficient was found for oak, ash, sapeli, and pine woods at 2 kHz frequency. The Attenborough model provides results closest to laboratory meas

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Cerc Korošec, Romana, Boštjan Žener, Nataša Čelan Korošin, et al. "Searching for Optimal Measurement Parameters by Thermogravimetry for Determining the Degree of Modification of Thermally Modified Wood." Forests 15, no. 1 (2023): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15010008.

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When wood is thermally modified, several chemical reactions take place that change the chemical and physical properties of the wood. These changes correlate with the degree of modification, which is mostly a function of the temperature and duration of modification, and consequently with the mass loss during this process. There is a lack of standardised quality control to verify the degree of heat treatment of wood and thus its quality. One of the possible methods to check the degree of thermal modification of a particular type of wood is thermogravimetry (TG). It is based on the assumption tha

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Reine, Barbara A., Norman J. Fowler, and R. M. Fisher. "Quantitative Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Cellular Structure of Wood." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (1990): 554–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010018152x.

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The physical properties of wood, such as density, moisture content, tensile, compression and shear strength, elastic modulus and anisotropy all vary considerably between different species of wood. These variations are reflected in the long standing differentiations into hard and soft woods that have been established as well as quality classifications or commercial grades such as clear grain, select, structural etc. that are commonly used. These variations in properties arise from differences in the size, shape and distribution of the cells, as well as in the thickness of the cellulose-lignin w

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Korboulewsky, Nathalie, Isabelle Bilger, and Abdelwahab Bessaad. "How to Evaluate Downed Fine Woody Debris Including Logging Residues?" Forests 12, no. 7 (2021): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070881.

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Volume or biomass estimates of downed woody debris are crucial for numerous applications such as forest carbon stock assessment, biodiversity assessments, and more recently for environmental evaluations of biofuel harvesting practices. Both fixed-area sampling (FAS) and line-intersect sampling (LIS) are used in forest inventories and ecological studies because they are unbiased and accurate methods. Nevertheless, most studies and inventories take into account only coarse woody debris (CWD, >10 cm in diameter), although fine woody debris (FWD) can account for a large part of the total downed

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Soares, Andrey Coatrini, Rodrigo Marques Oliveira, Andre Brisolari, Almir Sales, and Debora Gonçalves. "Wetting of Araucaria angustifolia e Pinus elliottii samples after thermal treatment and aging." Scientia Forestalis 39, no. 92 (2011): 447–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5683531.

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Contact angle measurements, along with those of density, were performed in order to better understand the wetting characteristics of two types of wood; from Araucaria angustifolia and Pinus elliottii, under controlled experimental conditions. The use of a common thermal analysis technique, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), did not lead to accurate conclusions about surface changes that occur with wood samples while increasing the temperatures to 200 ºC. However, the results obtained here showed that the wettability of the wood samples decreased when the temperature reached 200 &deg

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Świrska-Perkowska, Jadwiga, Anna Wicher, Sławomir Pochwała, Stanisław Anweiler, and Michał Böhm. "Doweled cross Laminated Timber (DCLT) Building Air Tightness and Energy Efficiency Measurements: Case Study in Poland." Energies 15, no. 23 (2022): 9029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239029.

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A contemporary challenge for the construction industry is to develop a technology based on natural building materials which at the same time provides high energy efficiency. This paper presents the results of an airtightness test and a thermal imaging study of a detached house built with technology using cross laminated dowelled timber panels. The thermal conductivity coefficients of the wood wool used to insulate the walls and ceiling of the building have also been measured, the linear heat transfer coefficients of the structural nodes have been numerically determined, and calculations have b

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Sharapov, Evgenii, Christian Brischke, and Holger Militz. "Assessment of Preservative-Treated Wooden Poles Using Drilling-Resistance Measurements." Forests 11, no. 1 (2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010020.

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An IML-Resi PD-400 drilling tool with two types of spade drill bits (IML System GmbH, Wiesloch, Germany) was used to evaluate the internal conditions of 3 m wooden poles made from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Drilling tests were performed on poles that were industrially vacuum-pressure-impregnated with a copper-based preservative (Korasit KS-M) and untreated reference poles. Both types of poles were subject to 10.5 years of in-ground exposure. Wood moisture content (MC) was measured using a resistance-type moisture meter. MC varied between 15% and 60% in the radial and axial directions in

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Moskalik, Tadeusz, Łukasz Tymendorf, Jan van der Saar, and Grzegorz Trzciński. "Methods of Wood Volume Determining and Its Implications for Forest Transport." Sensors 22, no. 16 (2022): 6028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22166028.

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Proper measurements are extremely significant for the forest owner, the harvesting company, the hauler, the final buyer, and the wood processing company. The accuracy of round wood volume determination is of fundamental importance in planning and accounting for individual processes related to the wood trade. It is the basis for determining the maximum quantity in single load of wood that allows for using the permissible total gross vehicle weight. The determination of wood load in cubic meters does not allow unequivocally determining its weight, which often leads to overloading of vehicles. Th

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