Academic literature on the topic 'Wood Moisture Tools'
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Journal articles on the topic "Wood Moisture Tools"
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Leblon, Brigitte, Oluwatosin Adedipe, Guillaume Hans, Ataollah Haddadi, Satoru Tsuchikawa, James Burger, Rod Stirling, et al. "A review of near-infrared spectroscopy for monitoring moisture content and density of solid wood." Forestry Chronicle 89, no. 05 (October 2013): 595–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2013-111.
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This review article examines past and current research on the application of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance/transmittance spectroscopy (NIRS) for real-time monitoring of moisture content and density of solid wood. Most of the applications of NIRS on solid wood have focussed on the application of multivariate statistics as exploratory tools for the prediction of physical, chemical and mechanical properties, such as moisture content, density, stiffness, cellulose and lignin content. However, very few studies on the development of optical models and the use of NIRS transmittance techniques on solid wood have been reported. NIRS technology has the potential to be used as a rapid tool that could be employed for at-line measurement and monitoring of wood properties in the forest products industry.
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MacMillan, Bryce, Emil Veliyulin, Clevan Lamason, and Bruce J. Balcom. "Quantitative magnetic resonance measurements of low moisture content wood1This article is a contribution to the series The Role of Sensors in the New Forest Products Industry and Bioeconomy." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 11 (November 2011): 2158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-081.
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Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging are well established analytical tools with ever-increasing ranges of application. They are, however, generally underutilized in the areas of forestry and wood science. This is in part due to the complex nature of wood and wood–water interactions and also to the need of wood scientists for quantitative measurements of moisture content, fluid flow, wood structure, etc. Furthermore, magnetic resonance instruments have historically been large, sophisticated, and expensive and not generally compatible with wood production facilities. In this paper, we discuss the limitations of magnetic resonance to applications such as wood and describe how, with recent developments in magnetic resonance imaging technology, these limitations can be overcome. We highlight our own work with quantitative moisture content measurements and outline progress in the development of simpler, lightweight, and mobile magnetic resonance instruments. These are promising devices for routine portable magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging, with the potential to finally extend these powerful techniques to the world of foresters and wood scientists.
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Alfredsen, Gry, Christian Brischke, Brendan N. Marais, Robert F. A. Stein, Katrin Zimmer, and Miha Humar. "Modelling the Material Resistance of Wood—Part 1: Utilizing Durability Test Data Based on Different Reference Wood Species." Forests 12, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050558.
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To evaluate the performance of new wood-based products, reference wood species with known performances are included in laboratory and field trials. However, different wood species vary in their durability performance, and there will also be a within-species variation. The primary aim of this paper was to compare the material resistance against decay fungi and moisture performance of three European reference wood species, i.e., Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), and European beech (Fagus sylvatica). Wood material was collected from 43 locations all over Europe and exposed to brown rot (Rhodonia placenta), white rot (Trametes versicolor) or soft rot fungi. In addition, five different moisture performance characteristics were analyzed. The main results were the two factors accounting for the wetting ability (kwa) and the inherent protective properties of wood (kinh), factors for conversion between Norway spruce vs. Scots pine sapwood or European beech for the three decay types and four moisture tests, and material resistance dose (DRd) per wood species. The data illustrate that the differences between the three European reference wood species were minor, both with regard to decay and moisture performance. The results also highlight the importance of defined boundaries for density and annual ring width when comparing materials within and between experiments. It was concluded that with the factors obtained, existing, and future test data, where only one or two of the mentioned reference species were used, can be transferred to models and prediction tools that use another of the reference species.
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Dahlen, Joseph, Laurence Schimleck, and Erik Schilling. "Modeling and Monitoring of Wood Moisture Content Using Time-Domain Reflectometry." Forests 11, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040479.
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Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) can monitor the moisture content (MC) of water saturated logs stored in wet-decks where the MC exceeds the range that can be measured using traditional moisture meters (>50%). For this application to become routine, it is required that TDR monitoring of wet-decks occurs after establishment, and tools are needed that automate data collection and analysis. We developed models that predict wood MC using three-rod epoxy encased TDR probes inserted into the transverse surface of bolts (prior wet-deck studies were installed on the tangential surface). Models were developed for southern pine, sweetgum, yellow poplar, hickory, red oak, and white oak using a Campbell Scientific TDR100. For each species, at least 37 bolts were soaked for a minimum of three months and then air dried with TDR waveforms, and MC was periodically recorded. Calibrations were developed between MC and the TDR signal using nonlinear mixed effects models. Fixed effects ranged from excellent (southern pine R2 = 0.93) to poor (red oak R2 = 0.36, hickory R2 = 0.38). Independent of wood species, random effects all had a R2 greater than 0.80, which indicates that TDR detects changes in MC at the individual sample level. Use of TDR combined with a datalogger was demonstrated in an operational wet-deck that monitored changes in MC over 12 months, and in a laboratory trial where bolts were exposed to successive wet-dry cycles over 400 days. Both applications demonstrated the utility of TDR to monitor changes in wood MC in high MC environments where periodic measurement is not feasible due to operational safety concerns. Because a saturated TDR reading indicates a saturated MC, and because of the relatively accurate random effects found here, developing individual species models is not necessary for monitoring purposes. Therefore, application of TDR monitoring can be broadly applied for wet-decks, regardless of the species stored.
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Cherry, Marilyn L., Vikas Vikram, David Briggs, Daniel W. Cress, and Glenn T. Howe. "Genetic variation in direct and indirect measures of wood stiffness in coastal Douglas-fir." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 9 (September 2008): 2476–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-087.
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We studied wood stiffness (estimated by modulus of elasticity, MOE), wood density, wood moisture content, and growth in a progeny test (50–130 families per trait; 1–3 sites) of coastal Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). We measured MOE directly using lumber bending tests (MOEbl) and indirectly using tools (HM200 and ST300) that can be used to measure acoustic velocity in logs (VelHM) or standing trees (VelST). Acoustic MOEs in logs and standing trees (MOEHM and MOEST) were obtained from the velocities and green wood density. For backward selection, we estimated genetic gains in MOEbl of 8.6%–12.3%. Relative efficiencies (REs), the relative gains in MOEbl expected from indirect selection for correlated traits, were 78%–93% for the HM200 traits, 57%–58% for the ST300 traits, 38% for the basic wood density of basal discs (Denbd), and 98% for the oven-dry density of logs estimated from the lumber (Denol). The HM200 is an efficient tool for improving MOEbl, but gains will be lower using the ST300 on standing trees. Indirect selection on Denbd should be used with caution because the RE was low and Denbd was negatively correlated with growth (–0.49 to –0.73).
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Грибанов, A. Gribanov, Насер, Nikhad Naser, Аббас, Mokhammed Khayder Abbas, Петровский, Vladislav Petrovskiy, Козельчук, and D. Kozelchuk. "Mathematical modeling and optimization of milling process control of ornamental pieces of furniture." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4533.
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System analysis of the milling process of furniture parts allowed to allocate target control functions on cleanliness of processing and performance, taking into account the perturbing effects – moisture of wood material. According to the plan of active experiments based on the technical characteristics of existing CNC machine the minimum, maximum, and average values of feed rates and cutting rate of tools are determined. The experiment with 12 pieces of MDF samples allowed determining the mathematical model of the dependence of the objective functions of roughness Ra on the feed rate V, cutting rate of tool w and humidity of the processed material f.
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Sokolowskyi, Yaroslav, and Volodymyr Shymanskyi. "Mathematical Modelling of Non-Isothermal Moisture Transfer and Rheological Behavior in Cappilary-Porous Materials with Fractal Structure During Drying." Computer and Information Science 7, no. 4 (October 17, 2014): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/cis.v7n4p111.
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The mathematical model of non-isothermal moisture transfer and rheological behavior of wood during drying with taking into account the fractal structure of this material is regarded in the article. The mathematical tools of integration and differentiation of fractional order for description the mathematical model of this process was used. For finding the numerical solution of this problem the finite-difference method predictor-corrector was used. Results show the practicability of using the mathematical tools of integration and differentiation of fractional order to calculate the temperature and humidity fields and the stress-strain state during drying timber.
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McManus, Connie. "Preparing Drosophila for Tissue Processing." Microscopy Today 8, no. 6 (August 2000): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500052810.
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All insects have an exoskeleton made of chitin, which is a protein that is hard and impervious to moisture. To enable processing reagents to more effectively enter the body cavity, a small slit in the abdomen can be made. For very small insects, such as the fruit fly, Drosophila, micro dissecting tools can be made from commonly found items such as insulated electrical wire, double edged razor blades and wood applicator sticks.
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Terziev, Nasko, Geoffrey Daniel, and Ann Marklund. "Dislocations in Norway spruce fibres and their effect on properties of pulp and paper." Holzforschung 59, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.025.
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Abstract Wood “cell-wall deformation” is a comprehensive term describing any physical dislocation in the wall caused by mechanical forces. The development and effect of fibre dislocations on wood fibres, and their ultimate impact on the mechanical properties of paper remain rather obscure and controversial. Dislocations are difficult to quantify through a lack of defined measurable features, and research is aggravated by the inherent difficulties of applying statistical tools. A direct approach for studying the effect of dislocations on the mechanical properties of paper was used in this study. Dislocations in fibre cell walls were introduced by exposing whole wood fibres in mature and juvenile wood samples to compression stress. Sapwood samples of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) were loaded by compression to their ultimate strength using an Alwetron-50 universal testing machine. Failure of samples conditioned to a moisture content of 9–15% always occurred in an oblique (relative to the fibre axis) plane and all fibres in the plane were deformed. When samples were loaded in a wet condition (i.e., moisture content close to the fibre saturation point), failure occurred at one end of the samples, resulting in highly disorganised fibres. Pulp and paper from the compressed fibres were produced and the mechanical properties of the paper were tested. Results of the mechanical tests were compared statistically to results derived from paper made from matched non-compressed control samples. Morphological features of fibres and dislocations after compression failure were characterised using microscopy (scanning electron microscopy, polarised light) on the whole wood and macerated fibres before and after paper testing. The above experimental approach showed that paper made from control samples had significantly better mechanical properties than paper made from samples loaded by compression under dry or wet conditions. At a tensile index of 90 N m/g, the tear index was measured as 23.6 mN m2/g for controls, while the corresponding values for compressed wet wood samples was 12.6 and 16.3 mN m2/g for samples at 9–15% moisture content. Paper made from juvenile wood also showed lower mechanical properties compared to controls. The results prove the negative effect of dislocations on the mechanical properties of paper in the worst case scenario and are of practical importance.
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Zanuttini, M., M. Citroni, and V. Marzocchi. "Pattern of Alkali Impregnation of Poplar Wood at Moderate Conditions." Holzforschung 54, no. 6 (October 25, 2000): 631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2000.106.
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Summary The impregnation pattern of alkali in fresh Cottonwood is analysed. Isothermal process, medium alkali-concentration, temperature below 100°C and tangential direction are considered. The degree of deacetylation in the wood is taken as an indicator of the whole chemical action of the alkali. Profiles of alkali concentration, alkali content, liquid content and acetyl content in the wood are experimentally determined. The results show that wood behaves rather like a glassy polymeric solid placed in contact with a solvent. An advancing boundary zone is established which separates an intact inner part from the outer swollen zone. Alkali concentration and acetyl groups content profiles can approximately be described by a model used to analyse the reaction of solids: the shrinking core model. The chemical reaction in the front is the controlling mechanism. The swelling of the cell walls together with the occupation of the hollow cavities of the wood by the liquor make it possible for the wood liquid content to increase up to almost 3 g liquid g wood−1. The procedure here adopted and the impregnation pattern proposed are valuable tools to analyse the effect of wood direction and process variables such as temperature, alkali concentration and initial wood moisture. They could also be very useful to build a model for alkaline impregnation of wood under moderate conditions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wood Moisture Tools"
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Becerra, Ochoa Fernando Amador. "Evaluation of six tools for estimating woody biomass moisture content." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37209.
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Woody biomass transportation costs and market values/costs are strongly correlated with the woody biomass moisture content. Properly managing moisture content can potentially lead to economic and environmental advantages in biomass energy markets. Good management requires accurate moisture content measurements. Therefore, availability of accurate, precise, reliable, and efficient tools to assess woody biomass moisture content is essential.
In this study, six different tools (Fibre-Gen HM200, IML Hammer, Humimeter BLW, Timbermaster, Humimeter HM1 and Wile Bio Meter) were evaluated. The six
tools employed three different measurement technologies; acoustic, conductance, and capacitance. Woody biomass samples were collected over one season (summer 2011) at three different locations in western Oregon (Corvallis, Dallas, and Clatskanie) for three softwood species and three hardwood species: Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa L.), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), hybrid poplar (Populus spp.), Madrone (Arbutus spp.), and Garryana Oak (Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook). Twenty 3-meter long log (20 to 400mm diameter) specimens were collected per species; 18 specimens were divided into two different treatments (open vs. covered), and the two remaining specimens were chipped. In addition, approximately 100 kilograms per species of hogfuel (limbs and tops) were collected and chipped. Moisture content measurements of logs, chips, and hogfuel were made regularly over a four month period.
These data was used to develop multiple linear regression models for assessing the moisture content of the six species using the six tools. The major factors considered in the regression models were species (6), treatment (2), and tools (6). The data were also used to estimate the sample size needed for each tool. The best tool from each technology type was identified.
The results generated from this study show that (1) none of the tools are accurate without calibration for different species, (2) the best model/tool combination could only explain about 80% of the variability in measurements, (3) further product development is required in some cases to ensure that the tools are robust for industrial application, and (4) there is a wide range in efficiency of the tools (i.e., 50 minute tool efficiency range).
The Fibre-Gen HM200 and Wile Bio Meter were the most accurate, precise and efficient tools tested.
The cost of transporting woody biomass from the forest to woody biomass plants is "optimized" when the moisture content drops to approximately 30% (wet basis). Validation of the models developed for three of the tools tested (Fibre-Gen HM200, Humimeter BLW and the Wile Bio Meter) indicates that the tools are accurate below 35% MC (wet basis). This suggests they could be used for making threshold transportation decisions, i.e., determining when to haul.Graduation date: 2013
Books on the topic "Wood Moisture Tools"
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Tejero, Ivan Francisco Garcia, and Victor Hugo Duran Zuazo. Water Scarcity and Sustainable Agriculture in Semiarid Environment: Tools, Strategies and Challenges for Woody Crops. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2018.
Find full textConference papers on the topic "Wood Moisture Tools"
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Simeunovic, Goran, and Tomas Vyhlidal. "Numerical Modeling of the Moisture Transfer Through Wooden Desk and Hygro-Mechanical Coupling by Linking ANSYS and MATLAB Software." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-39492.
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Presented research is a continuation of the our previous work [1], where numerical modelling tools are applied to study relation between the moisture distribution and related stress and strain in painted wooden desks. In this paper, the very simply linear model for modelling of the stress in the wood is substituted by more complex model. Used stress model is based on St. Venant – Kirchhoff-material and stress/strain relation in the form of Hooke’s law for small strains presented in [2]. Furthermore, the previous 3D CFD model of the Chapel of the Holy Cross at Karlstejn Castle is completed by added the influence of the visitors on the indoor climate. Same as in the previous above cited work, the temperature and relative humidity distribution in the chapel is obtained by FLUENT 3D CFD model of the chapel and these results are post-processed and used as boundary condition for the calculation part, which is performed in the MATLAB. This problem is being investigated as one of the tasks of the European project Climate for Culture (http://www.climateforculture.eu/).
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Enestam, Sonja H., Marko K. Fabritius, Seppo K. Hulkkonen, and Jukka T. Ro¨ppa¨nen. "Control of Ash-Related Operational Problems in BFB Combustion of Biofuels and Waste." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-134.
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When moving towards CO2 neutral bio fuels and waste derived fuels, new challenges are set for combustion facilities and technical boiler solutions. A common feature for both bio- and waste fuels is a big variety in composition, often high levels of alkali metals, chlorine and moisture which make these fuels difficult to burn in facilities designed for conventional fuels such as coal, peat and wood. The problems that might occur due to high alkali and chlorine levels in the fuels, are slagging, fouling, corrosion and bed sintering. The Fortum BioMAC BFB boilers are designed especially for difficult, unconventional fuels such as rice husk, olive waste, straw, construction residue, de-inking sludge, etc. The design of each individual boiler is made based on advanced theoretical prediction tools and extensive fuel testing in laboratory and in pilot scale combustion facilities. The theoretical tools consist of a multi-phase multi-component chemical equilibrium model that estimates the slagging/fouling, sintering and corrosion propensity of the fuels/fuel mixtures and of a computational fluid dynamics part. CFD calculations are used to optimize the flow pattern and the temperature of the boiler in order to avoid hot temperatures in the vicinity of refractory linings and cooled surfaces. The chemical equilibrium calculations predict the melting behavior of the fuel ash, which is used as an indicator for the placement of the superheaters. The bottom ash removal is controlled for efficient removal of coarse material, screening and recirculation. The ash related problems of important bio and waste fuels, the analytical procedure of the evaluation of the usability of the fuels and the adaptation of the boiler design are discussed in the paper.
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Couceiro, José, Lars Hansson, Ahec Ambrož, and Dick Sandberg. "CT-scanning of the drying process of Eucalyptus nitens." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7380.
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The drying of Eucalyptus nitens is a troublesome process as the species is extremely prone to drying defects. This paper reports ongoing research to improve the understanding of surface checking and cell collapse in Chilean grown Eucalyptus nitens during drying. Computed tomography (CT) scanning was used as a powerful tool for studying the internal changes in the wood-material during the drying process. Different levels of temperatures have been tested with the same equilibrium moisture content (EMC) conditions and low air velocity. The results confirm that a low drying temperature and a low air velocity, which results in a slow rate of drying, reduce internal cell collapse and surface checking . Keywords: Cell collapse; computed tomography; surface checks; wood drying; internal checks