Journal articles: 'Wood – Preservation – Evaluation'

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Enukwa, Ettagbor Hans, and Yilom Hyginus Ndang. "EFFECTS OF NEEM OIL ON THE PRESERVATION OF MILICIA EXCELSA: EVALUATION OF TERMITICIDAL EFFECTIVENESS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 12 (2021): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i12.2020.2873.

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Wood usage has increased with time, thus, there is need to investigate how wood can be treated with human and environmentally friendly preservative which is effective in protecting wood from termites and other agents of wood deterioration, or improve the wood physical, chemical, mechanical and biological characteristics. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effects of neem oil on Milicia excelsa wood preservation. Treated and untreated pieces of Milicia excelsa wood samples were used to carry out this experiment, a soil bed, and an internal wood exposure to termite’s test was carried out, and measurements taken using a digital weighing machine. The results obtained showed that, when Milicia excelsa is treated with neem oil, its Rate of Decay (ROD) reduces as compared to the untreated pieces. Also, neem oil treated wood when exposed to termite’s attack experiences a slower weight loss compared to untreated samples with significant weight loss. Neem oil is thus not only effective in preserving woods, but also non- toxic to human and the environment.

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Machado, Gilmara de Oliveira, Laurie J. Cookson, André Luis Christoforo, et al. "Wood Preservation Based on Neem Oil: Evaluation of Fungicidal and Termiticidal Effectiveness." Forest Products Journal 63, no. 5-6 (2013): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-13-00050.

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TSUNODA, KUNIO. "Application of Borates to Wood Preservation (2) Field Evaluation and Applicability to the Preservative Treatment of Composites." Wood Preservation 25, no. 6 (1999): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.25.251.

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Monachon, Mathilde, Magdalena Albelda-Berenguer, Tiziana Lombardo, et al. "Evaluation of Bio-Based Extraction Methods by Spectroscopic Methods." Minerals 10, no. 2 (2020): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020203.

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New technologies are in development regarding the preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood items contaminated with Fe/S species. To this purpose, a bio-based treatment to extract these harmful species before further damages occur is presented. Thiobacillus denitrificans and desferoxamine were employed based on their specific properties to solubilize iron sulfides and uptake iron. The biological treatment was compared with oxidizing and complexing agents (sodium persulfate and ethylene diamine tetraacetate) traditionally used in conservation-restoration. Mock-ups of fresh balsa as well as fresh and archeological oak and pinewood were prepared to simulate degraded waterlogged wood by immersion in corrosive Fe/S solutions. The efficiency of both biological and chemical extraction methods was evaluated through ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopies and validated by statistical approach. Results showed that treatments did not affect the wood composition, meaning that no wood degradation was induced. However, the chemical method tended to bleach the samples and after treatment, reduced sulfur species were still identified by Raman analyses. Finally, statistical approaches allowed validating ATR-FTIR results.

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Novotná, P., J. Tříska, P. Híc, et al. "Musts with an increased content of lignans from added spruce knot chips." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 34, No. 4 (2016): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/478/2015-cjfs.

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Red and white musts were enriched with the lignan hydroxymatairesinol, which is the main lignan contained in spruce knots. Chips from the milled spruce knots were then used to enrich grape musts. After enrichment, the musts were stored and samples were taken in 1, 5, 9, and 12 months. The samples were subjected to a variety of analyses and sensory evaluations. Analyses included hydroxymatairesinol and alpha-conidendrin content, antioxidant activity (determined by the FRAP method), content of total polyphenols, sensory evaluation (intensity of woody aroma, intensity of bitterness and astringent taste, and consumer acceptability), and must antimutagenicity. The analysis of variance allowed predicting which factors such as grape type, quantity of added wood chips, sugar addition, method of preservation, and storage time had the most significant influence on the analytical parameters (lignan content, antioxidant activity, and total polyphenol content). In all cases lignan content in the musts was significantly influenced by the addition of spruce wood chips. Total polyphenol content in the musts was significantly affected by the type of musts and by heat treatment (time of thermomaceration). Evaluation of must antimutagenicity showed that all samples, except the sample of white musts after thermomaceration without holding at temperature and without adding chips (10 g/20 kg mash), inhibited mutagenicity.

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Babiński, Leszek, Dorota Izdebska-Mucha, and Bogusława Waliszewska. "Evaluation of the state of preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood based on its physical properties: basic density vs. wood substance density." Journal of Archaeological Science 46 (June 2014): 372–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.03.038.

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Boguslaw, Andres, Anna Rozanska, Agnieszka Jankowska, and Jakub Sandak. "Influence of Fungi on the State of Preservation and on the Usage Prospects of Antique Wooden Floor from Manor Houses in South-Eastern Poland." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.810.

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Floor structures are an integral part and a valuable element of antique buildings, and the only limitation of their preservation consists in their usage properties. A thorough study of their state of preservation is the starting point for choosing the correct conservation programmes. Currently, fungi are the main reason that leads to the replacement of antique wooden parquets in Poland. Simple visual inspections in many cases do not ensure a precise evaluation of the level of fungal infestation and the depth of penetration of the myceliums hyphae in the wood. Tests of ergosterol, which is a component of most fungis cell membrane, allow us to monitor the level of fungi infestation of diverse materials. This makes it possible to determine the depth of mycelium penetration within the wood quite precisely. Unfortunately, in case of basidiomycota it is not possible to correlate ergosterol with the myceliums biomass nor with the grade of wood degradation. Moreover, tests of ergosterol are not able to answer the question whether the fungi infestation is active, because this substance is also present in dead fungi hyphae. The presence of ergosterol in the wood can only give us a hint of presence of a substrate mycelium, which is responsible for the secretion of exoenzymes that degrade structural substances. Therefore, only the test results of ergosterol content and of the woods chemical composition, wettability curve and moisture equivalent, as well as computer simulations of its capacity to transfer own and usage loads (on the basis of the elasticity modulus, bending strength and wood density) together with the hardness, resistance to abrasion and resistance to scratches of wooden parquets permit us to take a correct decision as to the possibility of their further usage. The research carried out shows that, in many cases, parquets infested with fungi can be used safely. The article presents the proprieties that are important in the correct assessment of antique wooden parquets state of preservation and usage prospects. It specifies the factors that permit to eliminate the problem of fungi infestation and describes the proper usage conditions, proposing efficient methods of conservation.

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Ogunjobi, K. M., S. O. Abdulwahab, O. F. Gakenou, O. E. Thompson, and O. Olorunfemi. "Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the phytochemical constituents of three wood species in Ogun state, Nigeria." Tropical Plant Research 7, no. 3 (2020): 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/tpr.2020.v7.i3.078.

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Studies on the phytochemicals of the stem wood of tropical trees are scarce, despite its importance to plant protection and preservation as most researches focused on their leaves and fruits. This research work aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the phytochemicals present in the stem wood of Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis and Anogeissus leiocarpus. Freshly sawn timbers were collected from a local sawmill and then grounded into finely powdered wood samples. The powdered wood samples and its extracts were screened for the presence or absence of phytochemicals using standard methodologies. The qualitative screening revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites such as tannin, saponin, steroids, flavonoid, alkaoids and terpene in all the three species. The result also showed that Tectona grandis had the highest percentage of Alkaloid (7.5%), Tannin (4.95%), and Flavonoid (4.67%) while Anogeissus leiocarpus had the highest percentage of Saponin (3.06%) and Terpene (1.45%). This study established the fact that the three selected species studied have potentials in the industries for medicinal and anti-pathogenic usages.

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Hassan, El Barbary, Emad M. El-Giar, and Philip Steele. "Evaluation of the antioxidant activities of different bio-oils and their phenolic distilled fractions for wood preservation." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 110 (May 2016): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.03.015.

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Mi, Xiaochen, Tieying Li, Jinping Wang, and Yongfeng Hu. "Evaluation of Salt-Induced Damage to Aged Wood of Historical Wooden Buildings." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2020 (August 1, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8873713.

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Salt is a common cause of damage to building materials used in cultural and historical buildings. The damage to aged wood in historical wooden buildings has not been extensively studied, resulting in the need for a more detailed analysis. In this work, Yingxian Wooden Pagoda, a typical historical wooden structure, was taken as the research object. Multichemical analyses were conducted to evaluate and understand the salt-induced damage to the aged wood using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, sulphur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and attenuated total reflectance fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. The results showed the presence of invasive salt crystallisations and ions in the aged samples. The source of these invasive elements was deduced by identifying the type, amount, and valency of the elements; they were found to be derived from environmental factors such as acid rain and atmospheric pollutant. The unique damage mechanism and route induced by salt in historical buildings made of wood were summarised; the damage was attributed to the accumulation of sulphate salt causing hydrolysis of the carbohydrates and salt crystallisation resulting in mechanical damage. This interdisciplinary study is significant for decision making in studies related to the preservation and evaluation of historical wooden buildings.

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Pizzo, Benedetto, Gianna Giachi, and Luigi Fiorentino. "Reasoned use of chemical parameters for the diagnostic evaluation of the state of preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood." Journal of Archaeological Science 40, no. 4 (2013): 1673–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.12.003.

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Łucejko, Jeannette J., Anne de Lamotte, Fabrizio Andriulo, et al. "Evaluation of Soda Lignin from Wheat Straw/Sarkanda Grass as a Potential Future Consolidant for Archaeological Wood." Forests 12, no. 7 (2021): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070911.

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This work is part of a larger study, which aims to use soda lignin from straw as the starting point for a non-aqueous consolidant for highly degraded archaeological wood from the Oseberg collection. This wood was treated with alum salts in the early 1900s, is actively degrading and exists in varying states of preservation. Non-aqueous consolidants are an option to stabilize this wood mechanically in cases where it is too deteriorated to undergo aqueous-based retreatments, for example using polyethylene glycol. The aim of this study was to compare the extent of penetration of two soda lignin preparations in low- to medium-degraded archaeological pine. The soda lignins were dissolved in ethyl acetate and had two molecular weight groups: P1000 (molecular weight Mw of~3 kDa) and the ethyl acetate fraction FB01 (Mw of ~1 kDa). Penetration after immersion was evaluated by infrared spectroscopy and analytical pyrolysis. Treated specimens were also evaluated using weight and dimensional change and scanning electron microscopy. Both lignins penetrated into sample cores, but P1000 did not penetrate as well as FB01. This may be due to differences in their molecular weights, but also differences in polarity due to the presence of different functional groups.

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QUINTERO-RINCÓN, P., B. FONTAL-RIVERA, R. CONTRERAS, Y. FONSECA, and J. VELÁSQUEZ-GIL. "SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE ORGANOTIN(IV) CARBOXYLATE OF ENT-KAURENOIC ACID: ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST TRAMETES VERSICOLOR (L.: FR) PILÀT." Periódico Tchê Química 16, no. 32 (2019): 912–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n32.2019.930_periodico32_pgs_912_918.pdf.

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The forest products industry has a very important role in the development toward a sustainable, biobased society. However, many fungi that deteriorate the main structural components of wood, such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, are able to cause decay in standing trees, leading to significant losses in forest output due to impacts on biomass production. Trametes versicolor (L.: Fr) Pilát is a fungus able to attack the trees by saprotrophic and parasitic life strategies, causing white-rot of wood species, a serious problem for the industry that is focused on wood and its uses. The objectives of the work were the synthesis of organotin(IV) carboxylate of a natural product (ent-kaurenoic acid), characterization of the structures and anti-fungal evaluation against T. versicolor, as a contribution of new alternatives for the wood preservation. The synthesis of organotin(IV) complexes derived from the diterpene tetracyclic ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (ent-kaurenoic acid, KA) gave three new complexes potentially active against T. versicolor. The complexes were characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The biological activity was evaluated by a gel dilution method with superficialplate inoculation, using 60 and 120 μg/mL concentration, for the KA and the three organotin(IV) complexes. A considerably higher bioactivity was observed to the 120 μg/mL concentration, and for the complex with greater molecular weight.

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Kolbas, Aliaksandr, Rolf Herzig, Lilian Marchand, Jean-Paul Maalouf, Natallia Kolbas, and Michel Mench. "Field evaluation of one Cu-resistant somaclonal variant and two clones of tobacco for copper phytoextraction at a wood preservation site." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 22 (2020): 27831–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09151-y.

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Scharfenberg, Hugo Rocha, Marcos Massao Shimano, Antônio Ludovico Beraldo, and Ana Carolina Borella Marfil Anhê. "Evaluation of toxic effect of bamboo preservatives on Lactuca sativa germination and growth." Ciência e Natura 43 (March 3, 2021): e34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x43435.

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Materials such as wood and bamboo in their various applications are subject to degradation by deteriorating organisms like fungi and insects. Chemical treatments are routinely used by bamboo professionals aiming to control this degradation. However, it is usual the dispose of these used solutions on soil and the environmental risks and effects on vegetation of this improper disposal are still unknown. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the phytotoxicity of CCB solutions (compound based on copper, chromium and boron), tetrahydrate sodium octaborate and CB (copper sulfate with boric acid) under different concentrations in the germination and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The pH and electrical conductivity of the prepared solutions were also measured. The results show that the three preservatives are phytotoxic and inhibit root development, even after dilutions of 50 times that used by professionals. Thus, the disposal of these effluents in the soil or water bodies may have negative environmental impacts on vegetation, requiring treatment after use on preservation of the culms or higher dilutions of the effluents before the disposal.

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Awafo, Edward A., Samuel Nketsiah, Mumin Alhassan, and Ebenezer Appiah-Kubi. "Design, Construction, and Performance Evaluation of an Evaporative Cooling System for Tomatoes Storage." Agricultural Engineering 24, no. 4 (2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2020-0031.

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Abstract An evaporative cooling system was designed and constructed to increase the shelf life of stored vegetables. The evaporative cooler was tested and evaluated using freshly harvested roma tomatoes. The equipment operates on the principle of evaporative cooling which increased the relative humidity and decreased temperature in the preservation chamber. The storage system was made up of wood of 25.4 mm thickness. A side of the system is made of jute sack, which was moistened with water flowing through a series of perforated pipes from a reservoir located at the top of the storage system. The water flowed under gravity. The relative humidity and temperature of the tomatoes were analyzed using tinytag humidity, temperature data logger. The weight loss of the tomatoes was also analyzed using a dial gauge scale. The results revealed that there was significant difference in using the evaporative cooling system for storing tomatoes as compared to ambient conditions. The average cooling efficiency was found to be 81%. The average temperature achieved in the cooling system dropped to an average of 23℃ when compared to the average ambient temperature of 33℃, and the relative humidity also increased up to 99% when compared to the average ambient of 59%. The analysis of the evaporative cooling system showed that tomatoes can be stored for more than 6 days with negligible changes in weight, colour and firmness as compared to those under ambient condition, which deteriorated after day 3. The evaporative cooling system was found to be effective and hence can be used by farmers, households, and tomato processing factories for short term storage of fresh tomatoes.

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Côté, Sylvie, Louis Bélanger, Robert Beauregard, Évelyne Thiffault, and Manuele Margni. "A Conceptual Model for Forest Naturalness Assessment and Application in Quebec’s Boreal Forest." Forests 10, no. 4 (2019): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040325.

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Research Highlights: To inform eco-designers in green building conception, we propose a conceptual model for the assessment of the impact of using wood on the quality of ecosystems. Background and Objectives: The proposed model allows the assessment of the quality of ecosystems at the landscape level based on the condition of the forest and the proportion of different practices to characterize precisely the forest management strategy. The evaluation provides a numerical index, which corresponds to a suitable format to inform decision-making support tools, such as life cycle analysis. Materials and Methods: Based on the concept of naturalness, the methodology considers five naturalness characteristics (landscape context, forest composition, structure, dead wood, and regeneration process) and relies on forest inventory maps and data. An area within the boreal black spruce-feathermoss ecological domain of Quebec (Canada) was used as a case study for the development of the methodology, designed to be easily exportable. Results: In 2012, the test area had a near-natural class (naturalness index NI = 0.717). Simulation of different management strategies over 70 years shows that, considering 17.9% of strict protected areas, the naturalness index would have lost one to two classes of naturalness (out of five classes), depending on the strategy applied for the regeneration (0.206 ≤ ΔNI ≤ 0.413). Without the preservation of the protected areas, the management strategies would have further reduced the naturalness (0.274 ≤ ΔNI ≤ 0.492). Apart from exotic species plantation, the most sensitive variables are the percentage of area in irregular, old, and closed forests at time zero and the percentage of area in closed forests, late successional species groups, and modified wetlands after 70 years. Conclusions: Despite the necessity of further model and parameter validation, the use of the index makes it possible to combine the effects of different forestry management strategies and practices into one alteration gradient.

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Calabrisotto, C. Scirè, M. Amadio, M. E. Fedi, L. Liccioli, and L. Bombardieri. "Strategies for Sampling Difficult Archaeological Contexts and Improving the Quality of Radiocarbon Data: The Case of Erimi Laonin Tou Porakou, Cyprus." Radiocarbon 59, no. 6 (2017): 1919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2017.92.

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AbstractAfter decades of collaborative experience between archaeologists and radiocarbon scientists, with the aim at producing radiocarbon dates capable of answering the most various research questions, it is now widely recognized that an accurate sampling strategy is the cornerstone of a solid 14C-based chronology. In this paper, we discuss the sampling criteria required to obtain good quality 14C data within a challenging archaeological context like the Bronze Age site of Erimi Laonin tou Porakou (Limassol, Cyprus). Following a dedicated sampling strategy, in the productive complex of the settlement, charcoal samples were collected from secure contexts according to stratigraphic examination of excavated strata and analysis of associated features and material culture. Micromorphology was also applied for a more accurate interpretation of individual deposits and reconstruction of depositional and post-depositional processes. In the necropolis, bone samples were selected among the fragmentary and commingled human remains through evaluation of the preservation state and the minimum number of individuals (MNI). A discrepancy between the charcoal and the bone 14C determinations was encountered, probably due to old wood issues. The 14C dates were analyzed using a Bayesian model that incorporates the archaeological information, and a preliminary 14C-based chronology was defined for this site.

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Irawan, Arif, Hanif Nurul Hidayah, and A. Wildah. "EVALUASI PELATIHAN TEKNIK PENANAMAN CEMPAKA BERDASARKAN TEORI THE FOUR LEVELS KIRKPATRICK." Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi 12, no. 2 (2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um052v12i2p64-70.

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Abstrak. Cempaka merupakan jenis kayu yang memiliki keterikatan erat dengan budaya masyarakat suku Minahasa karena digunakan dalam pembuatan rumah adat. Pasokan bahan baku kayu cempaka sudah semakin terbatas karena keberadaannya sudah semakin berkurang. Salah satu hal yang dapat dilakukan untuk mendukung kegiatan pengembangan cempaka adalah melalui penyebarluasan informasi melalui kegiatan pelatihan teknik penanaman cempaka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan evaluasi kegiatan pelatihan tenik penanaman cempaka berdasarkan teori The Four Levels yang dikembangkan oleh Kirkpatrick pada level I dan II. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara terhadap seluruh peserta kegiatan pelatihan dari 3 (tiga) kabupaten (Minahasa,Minahasa Utara, dan Minahasa Selatan) dengan jumlah peserta masing-masing kabupaten adalah berjumlah 15 orang. Data untuk evaluasi pada level 1 ditabulasi dan selanjutnya dianalisis secara deskriptif. Evaluasi pada level 2 dilakukan dengan membandingkan data hasil kuesioner pre test dan post test menggunakan uji t sampel berhubungan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan tenik penanaman cempaka dapat terlakasana dengan baik (evaluasi level 1). Pelatihan mampu meningkatkan pengetahuan peserta yang ditandai dengan adanya peningkatan nilai hasil evaluasi dari kuesioner sebelum dan setelah pelatihan sebesar 22 persen di Kabupaten Minahasa; 20 persen di Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, dan 13 persen di Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan (evaluasi level II).Abstract. Cempaka (Elmerrillia sp.) is a type of woods that has a close attachment to the culture of the Minahasa community because it is used in the making of traditional houses. The supply of cempaka wood raw materials has become increasingly limited because its existence has diminished. One of the things that can be done to support the preservation of cempaka is with the dissemination through training in cempaka planting techniques. This study aims to evaluate the training activities of cempaka planting techniques based on The Four Levels theory developed by Kirkpatrick at level I and II. Data collection was carried out by interviewing all training participants from 3 (three) districts (Minahasa, North Minahasa, and South Minahasa) with 15 participants in each district. Data for evaluation at level 1 were tabulated and then analyzed descriptively. Evaluation at level 2 is carried out by comparing the results of the pre-test and post-test questionnaire using the corresponding sample t test. The results showed that the training in cempaka planting techniques was carried out well (level 1 evaluation). The training was able to increase participants' knowledge which was marked by an increase in the value of the evaluation results from the questionnaire before and after the training by 22 percent in the Minahasa District; 20 percent in North Minahasa District, and 13 percent in South Minahasa District (level II evaluation).

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Sakala, Jakub, and Catherine Privé-Gill. "OLIGOCENE ANGIOSPERM WOODS FROM NORTHWESTERN BOHEMIA, CZECH REPUBLIC." IAWA Journal 25, no. 3 (2004): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000372.

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Two species of fossil angiosperm wood are described from the Oligocene of northwestern Bohemia in the Czech Republic. One specimen from Kadan–Zadní vrch Hill is identified as Cercidiphylloxylon kadanense Prakash et al. Because of its superior preservation, the specimen is designated as an epitype to the original holotype specimen of the species and genus. Cercidiphylloxylon kadanense is known only from the locality of Kadan–Zadní vrch Hill, and it represents the oldest fossil wood of true Cercidiphyllum Sieb. & Zucc. Three other wood specimens from Zichov are attributed to Liquidambaroxylon speciosum Felix. Modern wood of some species of Cercidiphyllum Sieb. & Zucc., Liquidambar L., Altingia Noronha, Corylopsis Sieb. & Zucc., Distylium Sieb. & Zucc., and Hamamelis L. was examined to determine how to distinguish the wood of Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllaceae) from similar woods of Hamamelidaceae. The number of bars in the scalariform perforation plates of the vessels is about 40 in Cercidiphyllum, and about 20 in the Hamamelidaceae. Rays are variable, even at intra-specific level, and are not suitable for distinguishing these woods. These criteria were found to be useful in evaluating affinities of the fossil woods.

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SAKURAI, Makoto, and Kunio TSUNODA. "Wood Preservative Effectiveness of Metallic Naphthenates. 2. Evaluation of Various Properties of Treated Wood." Wood Preservation 20, no. 4 (1994): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.20.189.

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Kanbayashi, Toru, Atsuko Ishikawa, Masahiro Matsunaga, Masahiko Kobayashi, and Yutaka Kataoka. "Application of Confocal Raman Microscopy for the Analysis of the Distribution of Wood Preservative Coatings." Coatings 9, no. 10 (2019): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9100621.

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The distribution of wood preservative coatings in wood surface layer was assessed at the cellular level using confocal Raman microscopy. Raman images were created based on the fingerprint Raman bands of the different wood polymers and coating components (resin and pigment). The wood cell walls and the distribution of the resin and pigment were clearly visualized at the same time. It was concluded that confocal Raman microscopy is suitable for the evaluation of the microdistribution of wood coatings, providing valuable information for the improvement of wood coating technology.

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Lee, Myung Jae, and Paul Cooper. "Copper precipitation of Cu-monoethanolamine preservative in wood." Holzforschung 66, no. 8 (2012): 1017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2012-0014.

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Abstract Copper precipitation is one of the important Cu fixation mechanisms of Cu-amine-treated wood. In the present work, possible pathways of Cu precipitation have been investigated via in vitro and in situ studies focusing on effects of pH and temperature and Cu species formed in Cu-monoethanolamine (Cu-Mea)-treated wood. Higher-concentration Cu-Mea solutions required a lower pH and higher amounts of acid for the precipitation because of the higher amount of free Mea in the preservative-wood system. For this reason, Cu fixation during wet conditioning of wood treated to high Cu retention (2.0% treating solution) resulted in only a slight pH decrease and low Cu fixation. When lower-concentration solutions (0.67% and 0.2%) were applied, the pH decreased enough for Cu precipitation, and the much higher Cu fixation rate was driven by both chemisorption and precipitation. Evaluation of leaching after wet conditioning and drying showed that additional Cu precipitation could occur during drying. Wet conditioning of Cu-Mea-treated wood at 50°C showed outwardly faster and higher Cu fixation, but resulted in higher Cu leaching. According to X-ray diffraction analysis, the in vitro precipitated Cu was a mixture of azurite and malachite, and possibly, Cu2O formed as a result of Cu-Mea decomposition.

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Anaf, Willemien, Ana Cabal, Mie Robbe, and Olivier Schalm. "Real-Time Wood Behaviour: The Use of Strain Gauges for Preventive Conservation Applications." Sensors 20, no. 1 (2020): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010305.

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Within the heritage field, the application of strain gauges on wood surfaces is a little-explored but inexpensive and effective method to analyse the environmental appropriateness of rooms for the wooden heritage collections they contain. This contribution proposes a wood sensor connected to a data logger to identify short moments with an elevated risk of harm. Two experiments were performed to obtain insights pertaining to the applicability of wood sensors to evaluate preservation conditions. (1) The representativeness of strain gauges on dummies was tested for their use in evaluating the preservation conditions of a range of wooden objects exposed to the same environment. For this, three situations were mimicked: a bare wood surface, a wood surface covered with a preparation layer, and a wood surface covered with a preparation and varnish layer. (2) The usability of strain gauges to monitor the wood behaviour in real-time measurements was tested with a monitoring campaign of almost two years in a church where a new heating system was installed. The results of both experiments are promising, and the authors encourage a broader application of strain gauges in the heritage field.

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Secchieri, Monica, Carlo A. Benassi, Saveria Pastore, et al. "Rapid Pentachlorophenol Evaluation in Solid Matrixes by Second Derivative UV Spectroscopy for Application to Wood and Leather Samples." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 4 (1991): 674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.4.674.

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Abstract A method for the quali-quantltatlve evaluation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in solid matrixes has been developed. The procedure Is based on solid-liquid extraction of solid samples (leather or wood), followed by purification on a cyanopropyl column and determination of the preservative by second derivative UV spectroscopy considering the PCP A peakthrough value (304-297 nm). The method allows rapid PCP determination In the concentration range 1-40 μg/mL; any matrix interference is avoided by the purification step and recoveries of the preservative were 99.12% (RSD% 0.13) for the leather matrix and 98.03 (RSD% 0.17) for the wood matrix.

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Dhiman, Bandana, and Bhupender Dutt. "Evaluation of Acorus calamus L. rhizome extract as a bio preservative against wood fungal decay." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 1 (2018): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i1.1574.

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Wood is most preferred structural material throughout the world and is considered as a complex biological composite with ubiquitous nature. Throughout the world there is an immense pressure on primary durable timbers due to their ever increasing demand. To reduce pressure on the primary species like; Teak, Sal and Deodar etc. one has to look for the other lesser known or secondary species as an alternative. Durability of these species can be enhanced with application of different preservatives and for this one of the best approach is to use herbal based ecofriendly preservatives rather than hazardous chemicals. In this study, the antifungal activity of Acorus calamus rhizome extract was tested on less durable local wood species. The results showed that average growth of Polyporus fungus on taken wood samples were retarded up to 69.44% after applying 2% concentration of rhizome extract and act as suitable bio-preservative for non durable wood species.

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Poleto, Sabrina Fernanda Sartório, Vinicius Borges de Moura Aquino, Eduardo Chahud, et al. "Evaluation of CCB-preserved medium density particleboards under natural weathering." BioResources 15, no. 2 (2020): 3678–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.3678-3687.

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Wood engineered products are alternatives to the use of timber for civil construction, manufacturing, and the furniture industry. One of these products is the medium density particleboard (MDP) panel, which is made of wood particles and resin under high temperature and pressure. This research produced a prototype to evaluate the use of MDP panels waterproofed by castor oil-based polyurethane resin and Pinus sp. residues treated with CCB preservative for use as a wall coating. The influence of weathering, position of wood panel, and waterproof treatment were evaluated. Panels were made under the requisites of Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 14810 (2013) and evaluated with international standards. MDP panels met standard requisites, with properties similar to that reported in the literature, indicating the possibility of use as wall coating. Statistical analysis indicated the only significant factor was weathering, which influenced physical and mechanical properties.

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Ahmed, S., R. Fatima, M. S. Nisar, and B. Hassan. "Evaluation of castor bean oil onAcacia niloticaas wood preservative againstOdontotermes obesus(Ramb.) (Termitidae: Isoptera)." International Wood Products Journal 5, no. 1 (2013): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2042645313y.0000000053.

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Kalawate, Aparna, Shadhu Charan Shahoo, Pijus Kanti Khatua, and Himadri Sekhar Das. "Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Plywood Treated with a new Wood Preservative (CEB) Chemical." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D 98, no. 1 (2016): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40033-015-0108-2.

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Senaha, Mirna Lie Hosogi, Paulo Caramelli, Claudia Sellitto Porto, and Ricardo Nitrini. "Verbal and non-verbal semantic impairment: From fluent primary progressive aphasia to semantic dementia." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 1, no. 2 (2007): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642008dn10200014.

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Abstract Selective disturbances of semantic memory have attracted the interest of many investigators and the question of the existence of single or multiple semantic systems remains a very controversial theme in the literature. Objectives: To discuss the question of multiple semantic systems based on a longitudinal study of a patient who presented semantic dementia from fluent primary progressive aphasia. Methods: A 66 year-old woman with selective impairment of semantic memory was examined on two occasions, undergoing neuropsychological and language evaluations, the results of which were compared to those of three paired control individuals. Results: In the first evaluation, physical examination was normal and the score on the Mini-Mental State Examination was 26. Language evaluation revealed fluent speech, anomia, disturbance in word comprehension, preservation of the syntactic and phonological aspects of the language, besides surface dyslexia and dysgraphia. Autobiographical and episodic memories were relatively preserved. In semantic memory tests, the following dissociation was found: disturbance of verbal semantic memory with preservation of non-verbal semantic memory. Magnetic resonance of the brain revealed marked atrophy of the left anterior temporal lobe. After 14 months, the difficulties in verbal semantic memory had become more severe and the semantic disturbance, limited initially to the linguistic sphere, had worsened to involve non-verbal domains. Conclusions: Given the dissociation found in the first examination, we believe there is sufficient clinical evidence to refute the existence of a unitary semantic system.

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Senaha, Mirna Lie Hosogi, Paulo Caramelli, Claudia Sellitto Porto, and Ricardo Nitrini. "Semantic dementia: Brazilian study of nineteen cases." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 1, no. 4 (2007): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642008dn10400007.

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Abstract The term semantic dementia was devised by Snowden et al. in 1989 and nowadays, the semantic dementia syndrome is recognized as one of the clinical forms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and is characterized by a language semantic disturbance associated to non-verbal semantic memory impairment. Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe a Brazilian sample of 19 semantic dementia cases, emphasizing the clinical characteristics important for differential diagnosis of this syndrome. Methods: Nineteen cases with semantic dementia were evaluated between 1999 and 2007. All patients were submitted to neurological evaluation, neuroimaging exams and cognitive, language and semantic memory evaluation. Results: All patients presented fluent spontaneous speech, preservation of syntactic and phonological aspects of the language, word-finding difficulty, semantic paraphasias, word comprehension impairment, low performance in visual confrontation naming tasks, impairment on tests of non-verbal semantic memory and preservation of autobiographical memory and visuospatial skills. Regarding radiological investigations, temporal lobe atrophy and/or hypoperfusion were found in all patients. Conclusions: The cognitive, linguistic and of neuroimaging data in our case series corroborate other studies showing that semantic dementia constitutes a syndrome with well defined clinical characteristics associated to temporal lobe atrophy.

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Maistrello, Lara, Alessia Berzolla, Irene Macias-Pavon, Francesca Vignali, Giovanni Predieri, and Elisabetta Chiappini. "Wood impregnated with metal chelates dissolved in organic media tested for termite resistance." Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 43, no. 2 (2011): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jear.2011.277.

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Wood manufactured products are subjected to biological decay due to fungi and insects. The use of copper chelates as biocides was proposed, due to their high stability which minimizes copper leaching into the environment. Considering the remarkable effectiveness showed by copper chelates on brown rot fungi, zinc and copper salicylate complexes were prepared in order to have metal chelates soluble in organic media available. The present study aimed at evaluating these metal chelates complexes as preservative agents for wood treatment against termites. Trials were performed on <em>Reticulitermes lucifugus</em> (Rossi) and <em>Kalotermes flavicollis</em> (Fabricius). Results showed that in both termite species wood consumption was significantly lower on Cu-chelates treated samples compared to untreated wood, whereas the wood slices impregnated with Zn-chelates and the organic media alone gave an intermediate response. Interestingly, in one case solvent-impregnated wood was significantly more attractive than untreated wood for both species and further investigations are being carried out to clarify this behaviour.

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Luo, Qiyang, Evan Olszko, Adam R. Phillips, and Donald A. Bender. "Bending and Impact Testing of Wood Guardrail Posts Evaluated using Stress Wave Timing Inspection." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 10 (2020): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120939097.

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Guardrail systems throughout the U.S.A. often use preservative-treated wood posts. When a vehicle strikes the system, the posts should have sufficient fracture resistance to ensure they perform as intended by rotating in the soil, dissipating crash energy. Preservative chemicals used in wood guardrail posts do not always penetrate deep into the wood; therefore, the outer shell can appear to be in good condition, with a core that is decayed. Stress wave timing (SWT) is a proven technology for evaluating the condition of wood, especially for detecting possible internal decay. This study examines the efficacy of the new SWT prototype to detect internal decay, and to indicate if posts are compromised with respect to flexural strength and impact resistance. SWT proved to be an effective non-destructive testing method for field inspection of wood guardrail posts with 86% accuracy of decay detection. Post-bending stress grade was found not to be a reliable predictor of guardrail post impact integrity. Of 66 posts tested with internal decay, only nine failed to meet the AASHTO M168-07 minimum stress grade in static flexure. However, dynamic impact testing clearly demonstrated that the impact resistance of decayed posts was significantly lower than that of sound posts. Therefore, if SWT is deployed for inspection of wood guardrail posts it is recommended that any posts with stress wave velocity less than a predetermined threshold (such as that reported here) be further inspected using a minimally invasive tool and removed from service to decrease the likelihood of fracture during a collision.

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Singh, Tripti, and Dave Page. "Evaluation of Selected Accelerated Above-Ground Durability Testing Methods for Wood after Ten Years Exposure." Forests 11, no. 5 (2020): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050559.

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Traditional benchmark wood durability testing methods such as stake tests take many years to give conclusive results, and in-ground tests do not always indicate the efficacy of preservatives in above-ground situations. To find test methods that would shorten the time required for wood evaluation for above-ground end uses, a series of different types of accelerated durability tests were set up. Five types of test: ground proximity, two types of decking, flat panels and double layer, were reassessed after ten years to determine whether the decay rankings given to the various types of preservative had changed over the extended exposure period. Exposure conditions varied between tests, with ground proximity being close to ground, and the double layer test carried out in very wet conditions, while raised decking and flat panel tests were relatively dry. In all of these tests, the preservative retention was 25% of the normal H3 retention. The results indicated that the ground proximity tests gave the fastest and most reliable results. Flat panels contained the next highest decay rates, followed by ground-level decking, double layer and raised decking. The evaluation and comparison of these five test methods after ten years’ field exposure confirmed the trend and relative decay rate that was observed at four-year exposure. The use of a regression model for prediction showed a statistically significant overall relationship between decay scores in 2011 and 2017 (coefficient = 0.14 ± 0.07, d.f. = 345.7, t = 2.038, p = 0.042). When resistance to decay was compared between preservatives, copper-chrome arsenate (CCA)-treated pine and naturally durable spotted gum samples were in better conditions than pine treated with any of the other preservatives.

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Nejad, Mojgan, Tony Ung, and Paul Cooper. "Protocol Comparison: Laboratory versus Natural Weathering Tests for Performance Evaluation of Coatings on Preservative-Treated Wood." Forest Products Journal 62, no. 3 (2012): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/0015-7473-62.3.177.

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TSUNODA, Kunio, and Makoto SAKURAI. "Wood Preservative Effectiveness of Metallic Naphthenates. (1). Laboratory Evaluation of the Chemicals as Fungicidal and Termiticidal Agents." Wood Preservation 19, no. 6 (1993): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.19.272.

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Yanagawa, Yasuo, and Katsunori Masuda. "Evaluation of Bonding Durability for Wood Preservative Treated Glulam by Accelerated Aging Test and Outdoor Exposure Test I." Mokuzai Gakkaishi 57, no. 4 (2011): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2488/jwrs.57.211.

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Yanagawa, Yasuo, and Katsunori Masuda. "Evaluation of Bonding Durability for Wood Preservative Treated Glulam by Accelerated Aging Test and Outdoor Exposure Test II." Mokuzai Gakkaishi 57, no. 5 (2011): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2488/jwrs.57.265.

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Kamdem, D. Pascal, and Craig McIntyre. "Laboratory evaluation of CDDC as a wood preservative for red oak (Quercus rubra) and red maple (Acer rubrum)." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 57, no. 1 (1999): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00002624.

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Pop, Dana Mihaela, Maria Cristina Timar, Emanuela Carmen Beldean, and Anca Maria Varodi. "Combined testing approach to evaluate the antifungal efficiency of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) essential oil for potential application in wood conservation." BioResources 15, no. 4 (2020): 9474–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.9474-9489.

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The efficiency of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) essential oil (C-EO) for the curative antifungal treatment of historic wood was investigated in comparison with two classical biocide products: a boron-based preservative (Diffusit S) and a formulation containing quaternary ammonium salts and isothiazole (Biotin T). A combined approach was adopted that consisted of implementation of C-EO in a practical case study on a degraded beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood artifact and evaluation of the treatment efficacy via an original laboratory mycological test. Small samples, extracted from the degraded wood material before and after curative treatments, were placed as inoculum on sterile culture medium and incubated for periodic monitoring of the emerging fungal growth for 140 d. Direct observation was supplemented with digital quantification of the fungal coverage area via ImageJ software and calculation of the absolute and relative indices of fungal development reduction. The results indicated that the C-EO solutions at both tested concentrations (10%, 5%) were more efficient than the considered reference products at similar concentrations (Diffusit S (10%) and Biotin T (5%)) for curative antifungal treatment. However, none of the treatments applied entirely prevented reactivation of the severe and complex fungal attack, which was highlighted by the mycological tests conducted on the control samples.

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Lin, Han Chien, Shiou–Ting Li, Tsang–Chyi Shiah, Ming–Hong Duh, and Noboru Fujimoto. "Charcoals Evaluation Regarding the Effect of Preservative–Treated Woods Leached Metal Loss on Water–Based Environment." Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 61, no. 2 (2016): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5109/1686489.

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Al-Huqail, Asma, Said Behiry, Mohamed Salem, Hayssam Ali, Manzer Siddiqui, and Abdelfattah Salem. "Antifungal, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Activities of Acacia Saligna (Labill.) H. L. Wendl. Flower Extract: HPLC Analysis of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds." Molecules 24, no. 4 (2019): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040700.

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In this study, for the environmental development, the antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of a water extract of flowers from Acacia saligna (Labill.) H. L. Wendl. were evaluated. The extract concentrations were prepared by dissolving them in 10% DMSO. Wood samples of Melia azedarach were treated with water extract, and the antifungal activity was examined at concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% against three mold fungi; Fusarium culmorum MH352452, Rhizoctonia solani MH352450, and Penicillium chrysogenum MH352451 that cause root rot, cankers, and green fruit rot, respectively, isolated from infected Citrus sinensis L. Antibacterial evaluation of the extract was assayed against four phytopathogenic bacteria, including Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Enterobacter cloacae, Erwinia amylovora, and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, using the micro-dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Further, the antioxidant capacity of the water extract was measured via 2,2′-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the water extract were analyzed using HPLC: benzoic acid, caffeine, and o-coumaric acid were the most abundant phenolic compounds; while the flavonoid compounds naringenin, quercetin, and kaempferol were identified compared with the standard flavonoid compounds. The antioxidant activity of the water extract in terms of IC50 was considered weak (463.71 μg/mL) compared to the standard used, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (6.26 μg/mL). The MIC values were 200, 300, 300, and 100 µg/mL against the growth of A. tumefaciens, E. cloacae, E. amylovora, and P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, respectively, which were lower than the positive control used (Tobramycin 10 μg/disc). By increasing the extract concentration, the percentage inhibition of fungal mycelial was significantly increased compared to the control treatment, especially against P. chrysogenum, suggesting that the use of A. saligna flower extract as an environmentally friendly wood bio-preservative inhibited the growth of molds that cause discoloration of wood and wood products.

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Margaryan, K., E. Maul, Z. Muradyan, A. Hovhannisyan, G. Melyan, and R. Aroutiounian. "Evaluation of breeding potential of wild grape originating from Armenia." BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501006.

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Crop wild relatives provide a useful source of genetic variation and represent a large pool of genetic diversity for new allelic variation required in breeding programs. Armenia is an important center of origin both for cultivated Vitis vinifera ssp. sativa and wild Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris. Owing to recent prospection in Armenian woods and river floodplains many forms of wild grapevine were discovered and inventoried, which is an important prerequisite to unlock their breeding potential in the future. The fact that some genotypes of V. sylvestris can withstand the diseases is likely to be due to a more efficient basal immunity. The overall goal of the proposed research was to characterize the diversity of V. sylvestris from Armenia with respect to its capacity for stilbene biosynthesis, which might be exploited as genetic resource for resistance breeding. The realized research stimulates the recovery, characterization and preservation of wild grape germplasm, presently at risk of extinction. The recovery and characterization of wild genotypes will be the base of selection of genetic traits important in breeding programs for the generation of biotic and changing climate tolerant grapevine varieties and rootstocks, both necessary for the future of viticulture in Armenia and in Europe.

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Oswald, E. T. "Forest site classification activities in Northern Canada." Forestry Chronicle 68, no. 1 (1992): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68094-1.

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Historically, site classification north of 60°N. Lat. includes related activities conducted by geologists over the last century, particularly the information presented on surficial materials. Ecological land classification provides a technique suitable for evaluating the capability of the land base to satisfy the requirements of various renewable resource sectors. Ecological Land Surveys that included an assessment of forest capability have been used over much of northern Canada. A forest inventory, or cover mapping, has been done for part of the forest environment. The demands on the forest resource are increasing, not only for the utilization of wood products, but also for recreational facilities, tourism, and wildlife habitat. Forest site classification based on ecological factors is essential to provide an informed basis for making resource management and utilization decisions. Some site classification techniques are discussed, and recommendations made in support of continuing classification and surveys for more intensive management and for the preservation and analyses of ecological reserves.

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Smit, Ann Bosma. "Phonologic Error Distributions in the Iowa-Nebraska Articulation Norms Project." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 5 (1993): 931–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3605.931.

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The errors on word-initial consonant clusters made by children in the Iowa-Nebraska Articulation Norms Project (Smit, Hand, Freilinger, Bernthal, & Bird, 1990) were tabulated by age range and frequency. The error data show considerable support for Greenlee’s (1974) stages in the acquisition of clusters: the youngest children show cluster reduction, somewhat older children show cluster preservation but with errors on one or more of the cluster elements, and the oldest children generally show correct production. These stages extended to three-element clusters as well. Typical cluster reduction errors were (a) reduction to the obstruent in obstruent-plus-approximant clusters and (b) reduction to the second element in /s/-clusters. When clusters were preserved, but one member was in error, the error was typically the same as for the singleton consonant. Cluster errors are discussed in terms of theories of phonologic development, including open genetic programs and feature geometry. These data are expected to be useful in evaluation and treatment of disorders of phonology.

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Bottero, Marta, Chiara D’Alpaos, and Alessandra Oppio. "Ranking of Adaptive Reuse Strategies for Abandoned Industrial Heritage in Vulnerable Contexts: A Multiple Criteria Decision Aiding Approach." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (2019): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030785.

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In recent years adaptive reuse has proven to be a promising strategy for preserving cultural heritage. When the adaptive reuse approach is used for cultural heritage, the expected outcome is not only the building protection, but the preservation of its historical and heritage significance, and the trade-off between the retention of symbolic values and the adaptation to new alternative (economically profitable) uses becomes of paramount importance. Decisions on the allocation of resources for cultural heritage preservation or development are based on a set of multiple, often conflicting, criteria, as well on the preferences of various, and not always consensual, stakeholders, who attribute different relative importance to market and non-market effects of adaptive reuse proposals. In this context, multiple criteria approaches provide a proper theoretical and methodological framework to address the complexity which characterizes adaptive reuse strategies of cultural heritage. This paper aims to contribute to this strand of literature by proposing a multicriteria decision aiding approach for ranking adaptive reuse strategies of cultural heritage. In detail, we present a novel application of the Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment of Evaluations (PROMETHEE) to support the design and implementation of adaptive reuse strategies of abandoned industrial heritage in vulnerable contexts, and evaluate relative tangible and intangible effects. Industrial sites are frequently left to deteriorate, as their preservation is not considered as important as other kinds of heritage structures. Nevertheless, they are characterized by special architectural and technical features as well as by huge spaces suitable to be redeveloped for new uses. The paper focuses on the potential reuse of nine different abandoned buildings located in an industrial valley in the North-West of Italy, with a strong presence of wool and silk factories starting from the 18th century.

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Durakovic, Nedim, Dorina Kallogjeri, Cameron C. Wick, Jonathan L. McJunkin, Craig A. Buchman, and Jacques Herzog. "Immediate and 1-Year Outcomes with a Slim Modiolar Cochlear Implant Electrode Array." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 162, no. 5 (2020): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599820907336.

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Objective To explore the immediate and 1-year outcomes of patients who underwent implantation with the slim modiolar electrode (SME). Study Design Consecutive case series with chart review. Setting Tertiary referral academic center. Subject and Methods Between May 2016 and August 2018, a total of 326 cochlear implantations (CIs) were performed. Intraoperative x-rays were performed in all cases to identify tip rollovers. Scalar location was identified for 76 CIs that had postoperative computed tomography reconstructions. Speech outcomes were measured at 3, 6, and 12 months with consonant-nucleus-consonant word and AzBio sentences in quiet and noise (+10-dB signal-to-noise ratio). Preservation of hearing was defined as maintaining a low-frequency pure tone average ≤80 dB at 250 and 500 Hz. Results Among 326 CIs, 23 (7%) had tip rollovers. Postoperative reconstructions revealed 5 of 76 (6.6%) scalar translocations. A subset of 177 cases met criteria for evaluation of speech perception scores. The marginal mean differences between presurgery and 12 months for speech tests were as follows: consonant-nucleus-consonant, 43.7 (95% CI, 39.8-47.6); AzBio in quiet, 49.7 (95% CI, 44.9-54.4); and AzBio in noise, 29.9 (95% CI, 25.2-34.7). Sixty-one patients were identified with preservable hearing (low-frequency pure tone average ≤80 dB), and 12 of 61 (20%) preserved hearing at 1 year. Conclusion CI with SME provides reliable scala tympani insertion in a consistent perimodiolar position. An initially increased tip rollover rate improved with case volume and sheath design improvement. For long-term outcomes, speech performance was comparable to that of other cochlear implants. While hearing preservation for the SME may be better than prior perimodiolar electrodes, consistent outcomes are unlikely.

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Montagut, Núria, Sergi Borrego-Écija, Magdalena Castellví, et al. "Errorless Learning Therapy in Semantic Variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 79, no. 1 (2021): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-200904.

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Background: The semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) is characterized by a progressive loss of semantic knowledge impairing the ability to name and to recognize the meaning of words. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the immediate and short-term effect of errorless learning speech therapy on the naming and recognition of commonly used words in patients with svPPA. Methods: Eight participants diagnosed with svPPA received 16 sessions of intensive errorless learning speech therapy. Naming and word comprehension tasks were evaluated at baseline, immediately postintervention, and at follow-up after 1, 3, and 6 months. These evaluations were performed using two item sets (a trained list and an untrained list). Results: In the naming tasks, patients showed a significant improvement in trained items immediately after the intervention, but that improvement decayed progressively when therapy ended. No improvements were found either in trained comprehension or in untrained tasks. Conclusion: Errorless learning therapy could improve naming ability in patients with svPPA. This effect may be due to the relative preservation of episodic memory, but the benefit is not maintained over time, presumably because there is no consolidation.

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Marcu, Florin, Nicolaie Hodor, Liliana Indrie, et al. "Microbiological, Health and Comfort Aspects of Indoor Air Quality in a Romanian Historical Wooden Church." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (2021): 9908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189908.

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Monitoring the indoor microclimate in old buildings of cultural heritage and significance is a practice of great importance because of the importance of their identity for local communities and national consciousness. Most aged heritage buildings, especially those made of wood, develop an indoor microclimate conducive to the development of microorganisms. This study aims to analyze one wooden church dating back to the 1710s in Romania from the microclimatic perspective, i.e., temperature and relative humidity and the fungal load of the air and surfaces. One further aim was to determine if the internal microclimate of the monument is favorable for the health of parishioners and visitors, as well as for the integrity of the church itself. The research methodology involved monitoring of the microclimate for a period of nine weeks (November 2020–January 2021) and evaluating the fungal load in indoor air as well as on the surfaces. The results show a very high contamination of air and surfaces (>2000 CFU/m3). In terms of fungal contamination, Aspergillus spp. (two different species), Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp. (two different species) and Trichopyton spp. were the genera of fungi identified in the indoor wooden church air and Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp. (two different species) and Botrytis spp. on the surfaces (church walls and iconostasis). The results obtained reveal that the internal microclimate not only imposes a potential risk factor for the parishioners and visitors, but also for the preservation of the wooden church as a historical monument, which is facing a crisis of biodeterioration of its artwork.

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Kurt, G., and H. R. Brandt. "Development and characterization of lambs’ coats of East Prussian Skudden and Rough-coated Pomeranian Landrace sheep." Archives Animal Breeding 51, no. 5 (2008): 467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-51-467-2008.

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Abstract. East-Prussian Skudden (Skudden) and Rough-coated Pomeranian Landrace (RPL) sheep are old endangered mixed-wool breeds. The fleece structure is unique for each breed compared with other characteristics in related breeds. Therefore, an essential factor in breed conservation is preservation of the typical fleece. As some RPL sheep show a tendency towards uniform fleeces, emphasis is placed on fleece evaluation in selection of flockbook ewes and especially in licensing rams. Currently, rams can only be presented at a minimum age of 1 ½ years when regrowth has sufficiently taken place. As these rare breeds are primarily kept in small flocks and not by shepherds, an earlier, preliminary selection for typical fleeces would aid in flock management. Fleece samples were taken from five body regions at intervals of 30–35 days beginning at an age of one month to 8 months, prior to shearing and after regrowth. Adult samples were graded and those of RPL evaluated for type and colour. Fibre types were sorted and counted according to presumed adult type as well as lamb fibre type. An attempt was made to find a point in development suitable for concluding the final fibre type composition, taking into account the final grade, type and fleece colour. In Skudden a preliminary selection is preferable at an age of 10–12 months. As RPL showed considerable changes in all fleece parameters between shearing and the adult sample, preliminary selection is not advisable.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wood – Preservation – Evaluation'

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