Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wood pulp fibre

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Wood pulp fibre'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 January 2023
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Wood pulp fibre"

1

Wimmer, R., G. M. Downes, R. Evans, G. Rasmussen, and J. French. "Direct Effects of Wood Characteristics on Pulp and Handsheet Properties of Eucalyptus globulus." Holzforschung 56, no. 3 (April 29, 2002): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2002.040.

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Summary Fibre length, microfibril angle and wood density were measured in eight-year-old Eucalyptus globulus clones planted on three different sites. Samples were chipped and pulped, and the pulps beaten prior to preparation of 60g/m2 handsheets. Eleven physical handsheet properties, together with pulp freeness, were measured using standard methods. Direct relationships between wood properties and pulp/paper properties were studied using path analysis. Fibre length had a strong, direct effect on tear index, bending stiffness, freeness, pulp yield and active alkali consumption. Wood density was a strong predictor of most handsheet properties: high density woods produced bulkier, more porous sheets with higher bending stiffness, while lower density woods produced smoother, denser sheets with higher tensile strength.The effect of microfibril angle was small and more evident in handsheets made from beaten pulp.
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Winter, Armin, Benjamin Arminger, Stefan Veigel, Claudia Gusenbauer, Wolfgang Fischer, Melanie Mayr, Wolfgang Bauer, and Wolfgang Gindl-Altmutter. "Nanocellulose from fractionated sulfite wood pulp." Cellulose 27, no. 16 (September 15, 2020): 9325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03428-8.

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AbstractFine fibre fractions in wood pulp may contribute to advantageous paper properties, but in some instances their removal from pulp may be beneficial to the production process of certain paper grades. In order to study the suitability of fine fibre fractions for the production of nanocellulose as an alternative use option, sulfite pulp was fractionated and homogenised, and cellulose nanopapers were produced. Characterisation revealed that fine fibre fractions were more easily homogenised than long fibres. Aqueous suspensions of nanocellulose produced from fines showed remarkably reduced viscosity compared to nanocellulose derived from long fibres. Nanopapers produced from all nanocellulose variants showed roughly similar mechanical performance. Only nanopaper produced from primary fines-derived nanocellulose deviated in that it showed a comparably high modulus of elasticity at a low strain at failure. Overall, fine fibre fractions separated from wood pulp were found to be highly suitable for nanocellulose production.
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Cucharero, Jose, Sara Ceccherini, Thad Maloney, Tapio Lokki, and Tuomas Hänninen. "Sound absorption properties of wood-based pulp fibre foams." Cellulose 28, no. 7 (March 7, 2021): 4267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03774-1.

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Abstract In this study, sound absorbing materials were produced through foam forming technique using hardwood and softwood pulps with varying chemical composition, ultrastructural, and morphological properties as raw materials. The sound absorption properties of the produced foams were measured and related to the ultrastructure and the morphology of the pulp fibres. All the fibre foams provided sound absorption properties comparable to those of conventional porous materials used for acoustic purposes. In general, further processing, as well as smaller fibre dimensions contribute to improve the sound absorption properties of the pulp fibre foams. The results provide valuable insight on the optimization of wood-based sound absorbing materials. Graphic abstract
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Mohd Kassim, Angzzas Sari, Ashuvila Mohd Aripin, Nadiah Ishak, and Muhd Hafeez Zainulabidin. "Cogon Grass as an Alternative Fibre for Pulp and Paper-Based Industry: On Chemical and Surface Morphological Properties." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 1242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1242.

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The increasing demand in wood fibre consumptions especially in pulp and paper making has pushed forward the search for alternative fibre resources. Non-wood derived fibre could be good candidates due to its abundance availability. Agriculture residues or non-wood annual plants are good potential fibre resource for pulp and paper making. The objective of this study is to determine the suitability of cogon grass as an alternative fibre for pulp and paper making by analysing its chemical and surface morphological properties. The holocellulose, cellulose, lignin, 1% NaOH solubility, hot water solubility and ash contents were quantified to analyse its chemical characteristics. Quantification of chemical compositions was conducted in accordance with relevant Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) Tests, Kurscher-Hoffner and Chlorite methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to visualize the surface morphology of the cogon grass fibre. Results obtained indicate that the holocellulose (64.93%) content is comparable with other published non-woods and the lignin (5.67%) content is favourably the lowest. In addition, the hot water and 1% NaOH solubilities are (3.83%) and (19.64%) respectively. SEM images show that cogon grass fibres contained abundance and long fibres which provide good strength of the produced handsheet. Based on the chemical and surface morphological properties analyses, cogon grass is a good alternative fibre resource especially for pulp and paper making industries.
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Fernando, Dinesh, Peter Rosenberg, Erik Persson, and Geoffrey Daniel. "Ultrastructural aspects of fibre development during the stone groundwood process: New insights into derived pulp properties." Holzforschung 61, no. 5 (August 1, 2007): 532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2007.094.

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Abstract A study was performed on stone groundwood (SGW) pulps produced on a pilot scale. The behaviour of selected juvenile and mature Norway spruce wood samples was investigated. As revealed by standard tests, sheets formed from juvenile wood showed improved light scattering properties, improved tear and tensile strength, and higher sheet density compared to those formed from mature wood. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the differences are likely related to the manner of fibre processing and development at the ultrastructural level. Mature wood fibres showed greater fibre end breakage, a smaller long-fibre fraction, enhanced S1 fibrillation and frequently open fibres. In contrast, juvenile fibres had a 14% higher long-fibre fraction and showed typical S2 fibrillation. Fibre development of juvenile wood showed fibrillation features similar to those previously reported for thermomechanical pulp fibres. In both cases, the structural hierarchy of the wood fibre cell wall and the microfibril angle of S2 and S1 layers govern cell-wall splitting and fibrillation progression. The superior quality of the fibre furnish prepared from juvenile fibres compared to mature fibres with SGW pulping may offer an alternative process for more effective utilisation of raw materials such as top logs rich in juvenile wood.
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Norlin, B., S. An, T. Granfeldt, D. Krapohl, B. Lai, H. Rahman, F. Zeeshan, and P. Engstrand. "Visualisation of sulphur on single fibre level for pulping industry." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): C01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/c01012.

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Abstract In the pulp and paper industry, about 5 Mt/y chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) are produced globally from softwood chips for production of carton board grades. For tailor making CTMP for this purpose, wood chips are impregnated with aqueous sodium sulphite for sulphonation of the wood lignin. When lignin is sulphonated, the defibration of wood into pulp becomes more selective, resulting in enhanced pulp properties. On a microscopic fibre scale, however, one could strongly assume that the sulphonation of the wood structure is very uneven due to its macroscale size of wood chips. If this is the case and the sulphonation could be done significantly more evenly, the CTMP process could be more efficient and produce pulp even better suited for carton boards. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a technique based on X-ray fluorescence microscopy imaging (µXRF) for quantifying the sulphur distribution on CTMP wood fibres. Firstly, the feasibility of µXRF imaging for sulphur homogeneity measurements in wood fibres needs investigation. Therefore, clarification of which spatial and spectral resolution that allows visualization of sulphur impregnation into single wood fibres is needed. Measurements of single fibre imaging were carried out at the Argonne National Laboratory’s Advanced Photon Source (APS) synchrotron facility. With a synchrotron beam using one micrometre scanning step, images of elemental mapping are acquired from CTMP samples diluted with non-sulphonated pulp under specified conditions. Since the measurements show significant differences between sulphonated and non-sulphonated fibres, and a significant peak concentration in the shell of the sulphonated fibres, the proposed technique is found to be feasible. The required spatial resolution of the µXRF imaging for an on-site CTMP sulphur homogeneity measurement setup is about 15 µm, and the homogeneity measured along the fibre shells is suggested to be used as the CTMP sulphonation measurement parameter.
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Shao, Yixin, Shylesh Moras, Nilgun Ulkem, and George Kubes. "Wood fibre - cement composites by extrusion." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 3 (June 1, 2000): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l99-093.

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Wood fibres derived from both hardwood and softwood, being relatively inexpensive and in ample supply, have gained increasing popularity in the fibre-cement building product industry. Presently, the manufacture of most wood fibre - cement composites employs the Hatschek process. The purpose of this paper is to examine the feasibility of using extrusion technology for the production. Wood fibre - cement sheets, composed of both hardwood and softwood fibres of different fibre contents, were fabricated using an auger-type extruder. The flexural behavior, moisture content, water absorption, and density of all batches were evaluated. To investigate the weathering durability of the extruded composites, materials were also subjected to a temperature-cycling test and a natural exposure weathering test. With a relative ease of manufacture and a much cleaner production, extrusion was found to be a suitable means for making cement composite thin sheets with up to 8% fibres by weight. The extruded composites exhibited a performance comparable to or even better than that of the Hatschek products. Hardwood fibres, which are cheaper and more available than the softwood fibres, were found to be more suitable for extrusion production in terms of the extrudability, finished surface, and long-term mechanical properties.Key words: wood fibre - cement composites, hardwood pulp, softwood pulp, extrusion, strength, toughness index, temperature cycling, natural weathering.
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Afrifah, Kojo Agyapong, and Enoch Adjei-Mensah. "Anatomical and chemical characterization of Alstonia boonei for pulp and paper production." Les/Wood 70, no. 2 (November 15, 2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26614/les-wood.2021.v70n02a02.

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Alstonia boonei, an abundant lesser utilized species within the West African Subregion, was evaluated as an alternative raw material for pulp and paper production. The basic density (BD), fibre characteristics [fibre length (FL), fibre diameter (FD), lumen diameter (LD) and wall thickness (WT)], derived anatomical indices [Flexibility Ratio (FR), Slenderness Ratio (SR), Rigidity Coefficient (RC), Luce’s Shape Factor (LSF), Solids Factor (SF) and Runkel Ratio (RR)] and chemical composition (lignin, holocellulose, 1% NaOH solubility and ash contents) of A. boonei were studied to evaluate variation along the trunk (base, middle and top portions) and ascertain its suitability for pulp and paper production. Significant variations were observed in the density and fibre characteristics along the trunk of the tree. Although the FD was large, the observed adequate FL, thin-wall and large LD implied easy beating of fibres and manufacture of dense, smooth and strong papers. The favourable SF, RR, FR, RC, and LSF values obtained for the fibres would produce papers with suitable burst and tearing strengths and folding endurance. Chemically the lower lignin (< 30%), ash and 1% NaOH solubility and the high holocellulose contents of A. boonei, will generate a higher pulp yield. A. boonei although a low-density species, will be desirable for pulp and paper production.
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M, Mithuna. "Use of Sawdust- Biochar Amended Wood Pulp as A Substrate for Container Cultivation." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 1417–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38195.

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Abstract: Soilless substrates have many advantages over soil based system as they provide optimal conditions for plant growth when compared to soil-based agricultural practices. Different substrates are currently being used as support to the root system of plant. Substrates can be organic such as peat, bark, bagasse, sawdust, rice hulls, wood chips, etc. They can be inorganic mineral based such as sand, gravel, perlite, and stone wool slab. As the second phase of an earlier work by one of the authors on softboard as a novel wood fibre-based substrate for hydroponic systems, the present study was carried out to explore the effects of biochar amendment to wood pulps (or pulp wastes generated from fiberboard factories), on seed germination and seedling growth of Green gram (Phaseolus aureus) crop. The study also included a comparison of seedling growth in hardwood pulp and softwood pulp and to select the most suitable one for container cultivations. Keywords: Sawdust, biochar, wood pulp, green gram, container cultivation
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Fahlén, Jesper, and Lennart Salmén. "Ultrastructural changes in a holocellulose pulp revealed by enzymes, thermoporosimetry and atomic force microscopy." Holzforschung 59, no. 6 (November 1, 2005): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.096.

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Abstract To increase our knowledge of the ultrastructure within softwood fibres, enzymatic treatment, thermoporosimetry, light microscopy, and atomic force microscopy with image analysis were used to investigate the structure of holocellulose softwood pulp fibres. The size of the average cellulose fibril aggregates and the width of pore and matrix lamellae were found to be uniform across the secondary cell-wall layer in the transverse direction of the wood fibre wall. In holocellulose, these dimensions were very similar to those in the native wood, whereas in kraft pulp the cellulose fibril aggregates were larger and the pore and matrix lamellae broader. These differences between holocellulose and kraft pulp fibres suggest that a high temperature is needed for cellulose fibril aggregation to occur. Neither refining nor drying of the holocellulose pulp changed the cellulose fibril aggregate size. Upon drying and enzymatic treatment, a small decrease in the pore and matrix lamella width was evident throughout the fibre wall. This indicated not only uniform distribution of pores throughout the fibre wall, but also enzymatic accessibility to the entire fibre wall. The holocellulose pulp had a somewhat larger pore volume than the kraft pulp. Refining of the holocellulose pulp led to pore closure, probably due to increased mobility of the fibre wall. The enzymatic treatment revealed that during hydrolysis of one hemicellulose, part of the other was also dissolved, indicating that the two hemicelluloses are to some extent linked to each other in the structure.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wood pulp fibre"

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Fahlén, Jesper. "The cell wall ultrastructure of wood fibres : effects of the chemical pulp fibre line." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fiber- och polymerteknik, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-129.

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Knowledge of the ultrastructural arrangement within wood fibres is important for understanding the mechanical properties of the fibres themselves, as well as for understanding and controlling the ultrastructural changes that occur during pulp processing. The object of this work was to explore the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in studies of the cell wall ultrastructure and to see how this structure is affected in the kraft pulp fibre line. This is done in order to eventually improve fibre properties for use in paper and other applications, such as composites. On the ultrastructural level of native spruce fibres (tracheids), it was found that cellulose fibril aggregates exist as agglomerates of individual cellulose microfibrils (with a width of 4 nm). Using AFM in combination with image processing, the average side length (assuming a square cross-section) for a cellulose fibril aggregate was found to be 15–16 nm although with a broad distribution. A concentric lamella structure (following the fibre curvature) within the secondary cell wall layer of native spruce fibres was confirmed. These concentric lamellae were formed of aligned cellulose fibril aggregates with a width of about 15 nm, i.e. of the order of a single cellulose fibril aggregate. It was further found that the cellulose fibril aggregates had a uniform size distribution across the fibre wall in the transverse direction. During the chemical processing of wood chips into kraft pulp fibres, a 25 % increase in cellulose fibril aggregate dimension was found, but no such cellulose fibril aggregate enlargement occurred during the low temperature delignification of wood into holocellulose fibres. The high temperature in the pulping process, over 100 ºC, was the most important factor for the cellulose fibril aggregate enlargement. Neither refining nor drying of kraft or holocellulose pulp changed the cellulose fibril aggregate dimensions. During kraft pulping, when lignin is removed, pores are formed in the fibre cell wall. These pores were uniformly distributed throughout the transverse direction of the wood cell wall. The lamellae consisting of both pores and matrix material (“pore and matrix lamella”) became wider and their numeral decreased after chemical pulping. In holocellulose pulp, no such changes were seen. Refining of kraft pulp increased the width of the pore and matrix lamellae in the outer parts of the fibre wall, but this was not seen in holocellulose. Upon drying of holocellulose, a small decrease in the width of the pore and matrix lamellae was seen, reflecting a probable hornification of the pulp. Refining of holocellulose pulp led to pore closure probably due to the enhanced mobility within the fibre wall. Enzymatic treatment using hemicellulases on xylan and glucomannan revealed that, during the hydrolysis of one type of hemicellulose, some of the other type was also dissolved, indicating that the two hemicelluloses were to some extent linked to each other in the structure. The enzymatic treatment also decreased the pore volume throughout the fibre wall in the transverse direction, indicating enzymatic accessibility to the entire fibre wall. The results presented in this thesis show that several changes in the fibre cell wall ultrastructure occur in the kraft pulp fibre line, although the effects of these ultrastructural changes on the fibre properties are not completely understood.
QC 20101012
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Fahlén, Jesper. "The cell wall ultrastructure of wood fibres : effects of the chemical pulp fibre line /." Stockholm : Fibre and Polymer technology, KTH, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-129.

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Wäne, Gerd. "Fibre surface properties of kraft pulp : The influence of wood raw material, bleaching and storage." Licentiate thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-4024.

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The aim of this thesis was to study the fibre surface properties of Birch (Betula ssp.), Eucalyptus (E. urograndis and E. globulus) and Spruce (Picea Abies) pulps bleached using two different methods: ECF (Elementary Chlorine Free) and TCF (Totally Chlorine Free). The hardwood pulps were subjected to a hot acidic stage prior to ECF bleaching in order to remove hexenuronic acid. The effect of prolonged storage (ageing) on the fibre surface properties was studied for all of the pulps.

The characteristics of the fibre surfaces were determined by measuring the dynamic contact angle of single fibres (DCA) and by using Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) and Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS). The correlation between the fibre surface properties and the sizing efficiency of the hardwood pulps were evaluated by measuring the amount of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) needed to reach a certain water absorption level(measured as Cobb60).

The birch pulp was more hydrophilic than the eucalyptus pulps, thus requiring more AKD to reach a certain water absorption value, and also had a lower DCA. The introduction of a hot acidic stage (A stage) in the ECF bleaching sequence applied to the hardwood pulps (i.e. A/D(EP)DD versus D(EP)DD) lowered, as expected, the total fibre charge due to the removal of hexenuronic acids groups (HexA). According to the DCA measurements all of the pulps became more hydrophilic after the A/D(EP)DD bleaching than after the D(EP)DD bleaching sequence. The sizing ability of the pulps, measured as the AKD demand to a certain Cobb60 value, showed that the AKD demand was more or less the same for the eucalyptus pulps regardless of the bleaching sequence used. The birch pulp, on the other hand, required somewhat less AKD in the A/D(EP)DD sequence than in the D(EP)DD.

The AKD demand to a certain Cobb60 value decreased further for the bleached birch and E. globulus pulps after ageing due to an increase in the fibre surface hydrophobicity. ESCA analysis revealed an increase of surface extractives on the pulps after ageing, which was also supported by ToF-SIMS analysis. It was concluded that there was an increase in fatty acids, fatty acid salts and possibly even sterols and glycerides on the fibre surfaces due to ageing. A migration of these components from the interior of the fibre wall to the fibre surface during ageing was verified in this study.

The TCF and ECF bleached softwood pulps also showed differences in their fibre surface properties that were tangible and thereby measurable. The dynamic contact angle was highest for the TCF bleached softwood fibres, i.e. these were more hydrophobic. Although changes caused by ageing were much more pronounced for the ECF fibres, all pulps became more hydrophobic upon ageing.

The hydrophobicity of pulp fibres can be determined using DCA, which is a rather rapid and economically viable analysis. Using this information, a paper/board mill can base its sizing strategy on scientific findings.

The ageing effects seen on the fibre surfaces in the form of the migration of extractives might be an important parameter from an industrial point of view, especially when pulps are stored and/or transported for a long time period. Nowadays it is quite common for pulps to be shipped around the world and subjected to warm and humid conditions. It is therefore probable that the properties of the pulp change in such a way that the papermaking process requires adjustment.

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Elias, Robert M. "The chemical reactivity of thermo mechanical pulp (TMP) fibres : a detailed kinetic study of the reaction between fibre and isolated fractions of hollcellulose and cellulose with succinic anhydride." Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239884.

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Köpcke, Viviana. "Improvement on cellulose accessibility and reactivity of different wood pulps." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Fibre and Polymer Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4792.

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Cellulosans tillgänglighet och reaktivitet är nyckelparametrar vid framställning av regenererad cellulosa och cellulosaderivat. Det är välkänt att på grund av cellulosans kristallina struktur är tillgängligheten begränsad för lösningsmedel och olika reagens. Till exempel kan en inhomogen substitution av hydroxylgrupperna i cellulosakedjan resultera i cellulosaderivat av sämre kvalitet. Baserat på detta har en del av arbetet i denna studie fokuserat på att förbättra cellulosans tillgänglighet och reaktivitet genom att studera effekten av olika enzymatiska behandlingar med monokomponent endoglukanaser. Resultaten visar att närvaron av en cellulosabindande domän fyller en viktig funktion för att öka cellulosans reaktivitet, men strukturen för den katalytiska domänen visade sig ha den största inverkan på cellulosans tillgänglighet. I kompletterande studier har även effekten av en mekanisk förbehandling i kombination med enzymatisk behandling utvärderats. Kombinationen av förbehandlingarna resulterade i en positiv effekt, cellulosans reaktivitet kunde ökas i större omfattning.

I dag används huvudsakligen dissolvingmassor som råvara vid framställning av cellulosaregenerat och cellulosaderivat. Kraven för dessa s.k. specialmassor är högt cellulosainnehåll samt lågt hemicellulosa- respektive lignininnehåll. På grund av dessa specifika krav är produktionskostnaderna för dessa massor högre än konventionella sulfatmassor. Den andra delen av studien har därför fokuserat på möjligheten att använda dessa sulfatmassor som dissolvingmassa. Det har visats att kombinationen av enzymatiska behandlingar med monokomponent endoglukanas och xylanas följt av ett alkaliskt steg kan resultera i massor där kraven uppfylls med avseende på cellulosans reaktivitet, och cellulosa- respektive hemicellulosainnehåll.


The accessibility and reactivity of cellulose are key parameters on the manufacturing of cellulose derivatives and regenerated cellulose. It is well known that, due to the crystalline structure of cellulose, the accessibility of solvents and reagents is limited. For instance, an inhomogeneous substitution of the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose chain might lead to the production of derivatives of low quality. As a consequence, part of this work has focused on improving the accessibility and reactivity on cellulose by studying the effect of different monocomponent endoglucanases. It has been demonstrated that the presence of the cellulose-binding domain plays an important role on the enhancement of cellulose reactivity; however, the structure of the catalytic domain has been showed to have the highest influence on this parameter. Furthermore, the influence of mechanical treatment prior to enzymatic treatment has been examined. The combination of pretreatments showed a positive effect enhancing to a larger extent the cellulose reactivity.

Currently, dissolving-grade pulps are commonly used for the production of cellulose derivatives and regenerated cellulose. The requirements for these so-called “special pulps” are a high cellulose content and a low hemicelluloses and lignin content. As a result of these specific demands, the production costs of these pulps are higher than those of common kraft pulps. The second part of this work, therefore, has been focused on the study on the viability of converting kraft pulps into dissolving pulps. It has been demonstrated that the combination of enzymatic treatments using a monocomponent endoglucanase and a xylanase together with the addition of an alkaline step could fulfil the requirements of a commercial dissolving pulp in terms of cellulose reactivity and cellulose and hemicellulose content.

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Karjalainen, M. (Mikko). "Studies on wheat straw pulp fractionation:fractionation tendency of cells in pressure screening, hydrocyclone fractionation and flotation." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2015. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526210063.

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Abstract Plant fibres are an important part of modern daily life. The most obvious consumer products manufactured from them are paper, cardboard and the fibreboards used in the construction and furniture industries. Plants producing a woody stem are the most widely used raw materials for these fibre products but fibres originating from other plants, i.e. non-wood fibres, are used too. One of the most promising potential non-wood fibre resource categories is that of grasses, of which the cereals are the most important plants grown worldwide. A huge amount of straw is generated as an agricultural by-product annually, but the amount used as an industrial raw material is low because it contains components that are detrimental either to processability or to product quality. The purpose of pulp fractionation is to divide pulp into fractions with distinct properties. Industrially feasible fractionation methods are pressure screening, hydrocyclone fractionation and flotation. In pressure screening, separation is based on a mechanical barrier and particles are fractionated according to their dimensions, while a hydrocyclone fractionates particles according to their density and specific surface area and flotation fractionates particles according to their surface chemistry. These methods are traditionally used for removing impurities from pulp but numerous reports on pulp fractionation can also be found. Previous fractionation experiments were performed using wood-based pulps, whereas no previous studies are available concerning the fractionation of pulps manufactured using grasses. The aim of the present work was to determine whether it is possible to fractionate wheat straw pulp by methods that are feasible on an industrial scale. The experimental part was concerned with wheat straw pulp fractionation by pressure screening, hydrocyclone fractionation and flotation. The results show that all these fractionation methods were able to divide the wheat straw pulp into fractions with different cell properties and cell types, e.g. distinct cell lengths, cell wall thicknesses or surface chemistries. Likewise, fractionation can be used to remove detrimental components or to optimize pulp properties according to their end use or to optimize pulp processing sequences. Due to the uniform structure of grasses, it is likely that the results can be generalized to other grasses than that employed here
Tiivistelmä Kasvisoluja sisältävät tuotteet ovat laajalti mukana ihmisten jokapäiväisessä elämässä. Kaikista näkyvimpiä tuotteita ovat paperi- ja kartonkituotteet sekä rakennus- ja huonekaluteollisuuden käyttämät kuitulevyt. Perinteisesti kasvikuidut näihin tuotteisiin on saatu puuvartisista kasveista, mutta raaka-aineena käytetään muitakin kasveja, niin kutsuttuja non-wood kasveja. Yksi potentiaalinen kasviryhmä teollisuuden raaka-aineeksi ovat heinäkasvit. Muun muassa tärkeimmät viljakasvit ovat heinäkasveja, ja maatalouden sivutuotteina syntyy korsimateriaalia maailmanlaajuisesti huomattava määrä. Heinäkasvien teollinen hyödyntäminen on kuitenkin vähäistä sillä ne sisältävät komponentteja, jotka haittaavat materiaalin prosessointia tai ovat lopputuotteen ominaisuuksia heikentäviä. Kuitususpension fraktioinnin tarkoituksena on jakaa suspensio kahteen tai useampaan jakeeseen, joiden kuituominaisuudet tai solukoostumus ovat erilaiset. Teollisesti käytettävissä olevia fraktiointilaitteita ovat painelajitin, hydrosykloni ja flotaatio: painelajittimessa erottuminen perustuu mekaaniseen esteeseen ja partikkelit erottuvat pääasiassa partikkelin dimensioiden perusteella, hydrosyklonissa erottuminen tapahtuu partikkelien tiheyden ja ominaispinta-alan mukaan kun taas flotaatiolla voidaan erottaa pintakemialtaan erilaisia partikkeleita. Näitä laitteita on perinteisesti käytetty epäpuhtauksien poistamiseen kuitususpensiosta, mutta laitteiden käyttöä puusta valmistettujen massojen fraktiointiin on tutkittu laajasti. Heinäkasveista valmistettujen massojen fraktiointiin näitä menetelmiä ei ole sovellettu. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää vehnämassan sisältämien solujen fraktiointia teollisuuden käyttöön soveltuvilla menetelmillä. Työn kokeellisessa osassa fraktiointiin vehnäsellua painelajittimella, hydrosyklonilla ja flotaatiolla. Työn tulokset osoittavat, että kaikki tutkitut fraktiointimenetelmät pystyvät jakamaan vehnämassan jakeisiin, joilla on erilaiset solujen ominaisuudet sekä solukoostumukset. Fraktioinnin avulla on mahdollista tuottaa jakeita, joiden kuitupituudet, seinämäpaksuudet sekä pintakemia eroavat. Näin ollen massasta voidaan poistaa jokin haitallinen solujae, tai vaihtoehtoisesti fraktiointia voidaan käyttää optimoitaessa massan ominaisuuksia lopputuotteen ominaisuuksien parantamiseksi, tai optimoitaessa massan prosessointia. Koska heinäkasvit ovat rakenteeltaan samanlaisia, ovat tulokset hyvin todennäköisesti yleistettävissä muidenkin heinäkasvien fraktiointiin
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Viforr, Silvia. "A way of reducing the energy demand in TMP by shear/compression deformation." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Department of Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4282.

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Köpcke, Viviana. "Conversion of Wood and Non-wood Paper-grade Pulps to Dissolving-grade Pulps." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Träkemi och massateknologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-26967.

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Dissolving-grade pulps are commonly used for the production of cellulose derivatives and regenerated cellulose. To obtain products of high quality, these so-called "special" pulps must fulfill certain requirements, such as high cellulose content, low hemicellulose content, a uniform molecular weight distribution and high cellulose reactivity. Most, if not all, of the commercial dissolving pulps accomplish these demands to a certain extent. Nevertheless, achieving high cellulose accessibility as well as solvent and reagent reactivity is not an easy task due to the compact and complex structure presented by the cellulose. In the first part of this work, three commercial monocomponent endoglucanases were investigated with the purpose of enhancing the cellulose accessibility and reactivity of a hardwood dissolving pulp. A monocomponent endoglucanase with a cellulose-binding domain (CBD) was shown to significantly improve the cellulose reactivity. The positive effect of this enzyme on dissolving-grade pulps was also observed on paper-grade pulps. The main focus of the forest industry is the production of paper-grade pulps. Paper-grade pulps are mostly produced by the kraft process. In contrast, dissolving-grade pulps are produced by the sulfite and prehydrolysis kraft processes due to the high purity required for these pulps. The kraft process is known for being the most efficient process in terms of energy and chemical recovery, which makes the production costs of paper-grade pulps lower than those of sulfite dissolving-grade pulps. Besides, the production of dissolving pulps present, among others, higher capital and chemical costs than paper-grade pulps. Therefore, the viability of converting paper-grade pulps into dissolving pulps is brought into a question. However, this task is not simple because paper-grade pulps contain a lower cellulose content and a higher hemicellulose content than dissolving pulps. They also present lower cellulose reactivity and an inhomogeneous molecular weight distribution. As a consequence, the second part of this work focused on the study of the feasibility of converting kraft pulps into dissolving pulps. Several sequences of treatments of hardwoods and non-wood pulps were investigated. The best sequence for each suitable pulp was developed, and the parameters involved were optimized. After several attempts, it was demonstrated that pulps from birch, eucalypt and sisal fulfill the requirements of a commercial dissolving pulp for the viscose process after being subjected to a sequence of treatments that included two commercial enzymes, a xylanase and a monocomponent endoglucanase, and alkali extraction steps.
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Hosseinkhani, Marandi Behzad. "Assessment of wood pulp fibres using labelled enzymes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62914.pdf.

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Biasca, James E. "Oriented fiber refining application of individual modes of mechanical action to single pulp fibers /." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989:, 1989. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/ipstetd-446/biasca%5fje.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Wood pulp fibre"

1

Saleh, Mahmudin bin. Kenaf, a potential fibre for pulp and paper manufacture. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Malaysian Timber Industry Board, 2012.

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Francis, Bill. Determining the relationship between wood and fibre quality of mountain pine beetle-killed wood and paper quality of mechanical paper. Victoria, B.C: Pacific Forestry Centre, 2009.

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Marandi, Behzad Hosseinkhani. Assessment of wood pulp fibres using labelled enzymes. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.

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Yi, Kwi-bok. Kungnip Chungang Tosŏgwan sojang charyo yŏndaebyŏl sŏmyu punsŏkchip: Fiber analysis collections. Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi: Kungnip Chungang Tosŏgwan, 2009.

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Global Fiber Supply Symposium (1995). 1995 TAPPI Global Fiber Supply Symposium. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press, 1995.

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Alberta Agripulp Workshop (1995 Edmonton, Alta.). Proceedings of the Alberta Agripulp Workshop: Pulp from crop residues : a workshop held in Edmonton, Alberta, June 1, 1995. Edmonton, AB, Canada: Clear Lake Ltd., 1995.

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Roda, Jean-Marc. Asia Pro Eco Program: Feeding China's expanding demand for wood pulp : a diagnostic assessment of plantation development, fiber supply, and impacts on natural forests in China and in the South East Asia Region. Jakarta, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research, 2006.

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Li, Kecheng. Surface lignin on kraft wood pulp fibres. 2003.

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(Editor), J. F. Kennedy, G. O. Phillips (Editor), and P. A. Williams (Editor), eds. Cellulosic Pulps, Fibres and Materials: Cellucon 98 Proceedings. Woodhead Publishing, 2001.

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1942-, Kennedy John F., Phillips Glyn O, Williams Peter A, and Cellucon '98 Finland (1998 : Turku, Finland), eds. Cellulosic pulps, fibres and materials. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Pub., 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wood pulp fibre"

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Yamakawa, Asuka, and Gary Chinga-Carrasco. "Classification of Wood Pulp Fibre Cross-Sectional Shapes." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 144–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13769-3_18.

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Ilvessalo-Pfäffli, Marja-Sisko. "Identification of Wood Species in Pulp." In Fiber Atlas, 33–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07212-7_4.

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Bajpai, Pratima. "Wood and Fiber Fundamentals." In Biermann's Handbook of Pulp and Paper, 19–74. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814240-0.00002-1.

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Bajpai, Pratima. "Wood Fiber Anatomy and Identification." In Biermann's Handbook of Pulp and Paper, 209–14. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814240-0.00006-9.

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Bajpai, Pratima. "Wood and Fiber—Growth and Anatomy." In Biermann's Handbook of Pulp and Paper, 75–103. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814240-0.00003-3.

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Nygård, Krister, Robert Gyllenberg, Bruno Lönnberg, and Göran Gros. "Appearance of rupture surfaces in wood." In Cellulosic Pulps, Fibres and Materials, 291–96. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845698546.291.

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Barbash, Valerii, and Olga Yaschenko. "Preparation, Properties and Use of Nanocellulose from Non-Wood Plant Materials." In Novel Nanomaterials [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94272.

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The chapter describes the chemical structure and hierarchical organization of cellulose fibers, characteristics of non-wood plant raw materials (NWPM), and methods for preparing pulp and nanocellulose (NC). NWPM have the necessary reserves and properties to make up for a possible shortage of wood fiber for pulp production. The methodology for evaluating the efficiency of the delignification processes of plant raw materials is presented. A two-stage technology for producing pulp for the preparation of NC by environmentally friendly organosolvent methods of NWPM delignification is proposed. Methods for preparing nanocellulose are described. The technological parameters of the extraction of NC from pulp are discussed. The influence of NC on the properties of composite materials is analyzed. Areas of use for NC from NWPM are shown.
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Holmbom, Bjarne, Andrey V. Pranovich, Anna Sundberg, and Johanna Buchert. "CHARGED GROUPS IN WOOD AND MECHANICAL PULPS." In Cellulosic Pulps, Fibres and Materials, 109–19. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845698546.109.

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Sundberg, Anna, Bjarne Holmbom, Stefan Willför, and Andrey Pranovich. "Effects of retained wood resin and polysaccharides on paper properties." In Cellulosic Pulps, Fibres and Materials, 277–88. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845698546.277.

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Eremeeva, T., M. Leite, T. Bykova, A. Treimanis, and U. Viesturs. "APPLICATION OF SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY TO ENZYMATIC BLEACHING OF WOOD PULP." In Cellulosic Pulps, Fibres and Materials, 55–60. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845698546.55.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wood pulp fibre"

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Ghatrehsamani, Shirin, Yiannis Ampatzidis, and Sahar Ghatrehsamani. "Friction Loss and Heat Transfer of Fibre and Wood Pulp Suspensions: A Review." In 2018 Detroit, Michigan July 29 - August 1, 2018. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.201800042.

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A˚mand, Lars-Erik, Bo Leckner, Solvie Herstad Sva¨rd, Marianne Gyllenhammar, David Eskilsson, and Claes Tullin. "Co-Combustion of Pulp- and Paper Sludge With Wood: Emissions of Nitrogen, Sulphur and Chlorine Compounds." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-097.

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Sludge from wastewater treatment plants in five Swedish pulp and paper mills has been burned together with wood in a circulating fluidised bed (CFB) boiler. The sludge was either mechanically dewatered or pre-dried. The mechanically dewatered sludge had to be fed with a pump, but the pre-dried sludge could be fed by the fuel feed system normally used for coal, wood chips or wood pellets. In parallel to the combustion tests in the CFB boiler the sludges were also investigated as single fuels in a small laboratory FB. The Swedish pulp and paper industry produces three major fractions of sludge: pure fibre sludge, sludge produced by employing a precipitation species like ironaluminiumsulphate, and finally, sludge subjected to biological cleaning. The way of production of the sludge influences its content of, for example, nitrogen, sulphur and chlorine, but the composition of the sludge is also influenced by the pulp and paper process. The present measurements show that the concentrations of nitrogen, sulphur and chlorine in the sludge have a great impact on the corresponding gaseous emissions from combustion. Actions to prevent these emissions could be necessary, depending on the origin of the sludge and treatment process used. In the present project all sludges were burned with wood-pellets as the main fuel under identical operating conditions, typical for a CFB boiler. Wood pellets were chosen as a well defined, low-polluting fuel that makes comparison of emissions from the sludges clear. Co-combustion with wood-pellets has the advantage of enabling operation also with wet sludges that cannot be used as single fuels without pre-drying. No actions were taken to improve sulphur and chlorine retention, by for example adding limestone. From a combustion point of view the co-combustion works well with low levels of carbon monoxide present in the flue gas and no light hydrocarbons.
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Hospodarova, Viola, Nadezda Stevulova, Vojtech Vaclavik, Tomas Dvorsky, and Jaroslav Briancin. "Cellulose Fibres as a Reinforcing Element in Building Materials." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.104.

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Nowadays, construction sector is focusing in developing sustainable, green and eco-friendly building materials. Natural fibre is growingly being used in composite materials. This paper provides utilization of cellulose fibres as reinforcing agent into cement composites/plasters. Provided cellulosic fibres coming from various sources as bleached wood pulp and recycled waste paper fibres. Differences between cellulosic fibres are given by their physical characterization, chemical composition and SEM micrographs. Physical and mechanical properties of fibre-cement composites with fibre contents 0.2; 0.3and 0.5% by weight of filler and binder were investigated. Reference sample without fibres was also produced. The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of cellulose fibres on the final properties (density, water absorbability, coefficient of thermal conductivity and compressive strength) of the fibrecement plasters after 28 days of hardening. Testing of plasters with varying amount of cellulose fibres (0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 wt. %) has shown that the resulting physical and mechanical properties depend on the amount, the nature and structure of the used fibres. Linear dependences of compressive strength and thermal conductivity on density for plasters with cellulosic fibres adding were observed.
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Jeffers, Larry A., and Michael L. Malito. "Continuous on-line measurement of lignin in wood pulp." In OE Fiber 91, edited by Robert A. Lieberman. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.56548.

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Madyira, Daniel M., Takalani Mabirimisa, and Tien-Chien Jen. "Mechanical Performance of Paper Pulp and Wood Glue Composite." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71880.

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Due to depleting natural resources, it is necessary to develop eco-composite materials that are fabricated from sustainable and inexpensive materials such as recycled paper or cellulose-based materials. Such materials are required to meet the mechanical performance at par with traditional materials. The main aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical performance of a composite material fabricated from paper pulp and polyvinyl acetate (wood glue). It is expected that a high strength composite material may be achieved by varying the amount of paper-pulp fiber fraction from 7.5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% to 60% weight. A tensile test was conducted and it was found that an increase in fiber content on the fabricated composite resulted in an increase in ultimate tensile strength and a decrease in corresponding strain. Furthermore, the material becomes more brittle at higher fiber content and conversely, more ductile at lower fiber content. The ultimate tensile strength was found to be 7.69 MPa at 60% w.t fiber and the minimum tensile strength was 0.12 MPa at 0% w.t fiber. There were no signs of fiber content limit observed in the obtained results. It was concluded that a composite of moderate strength was produced and future work is required in order to fully understand how the composite behaves at different loading conditions. However, an optimum fiber content limit will have to be determined.
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Rudolf, Maja, Irena Bates, Ivana Plazonić, Valentina Radić Seleš, Katja Petric Maretić, and Marija Magdalena Mendeš. "Evaluation of the line and edge quality of printed letters on recycled paper with straw pulp." In 11th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p33.

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Traditional papermaking is based on the use of an aqueous suspension consisting of cellulose fibres obtained by processing wood, non-wood plants or waste paper. With growing environmental concerns regarding deforestation and CO2 production, the paper industry has been always looking for new sources of non-wood pulp that would produce papers of similar quality to those made from wood pulp. Cereal straw from wheat, barley or triticale crops that remains on fields as a residue after grain harvesting has proven to be a good substitute for virgin wood fibres needed in the production of recycled paper. In this study, the quality of printed text on recycled paper with added straw pulp is evaluated mainly based on the line and edge characteristics of the printed letters. For this purpose, three types of laboratory paper substrates were first prepared using recycled wood pulp with the addition of 30% wheat, barley, or triticale straw pulp. The same letter pattern was printed with black ink on each paper substrate at a standard size of 12 pt with two common typefaces: Arial and Times New Roman. The quality of the printed letters was assessed through the measured print quality parameters such as blurriness, raggedness, fill and contrast. The resulting measurements were compared with the results obtained on the reference and control samples made exclusively from recycled wood pulp as a substrate from laboratory and commercial production. In terms of fill and contrast values, the uniformity of lines printed on the recycled papers with added straw pulp is the same or very similar to the reference and control papers. Letters printed in Arial (sans-serif) typeface show slightly better reproduction quality than letters printed in Times New Roman (serif) typeface. The measured parameters blurriness and raggedness of all laboratory-made paper substrates (with and without straw pulp) had similar values between 0.17 mm and 0.20 mm, resulting in a very similar reproduction quality compared to the reference paper substrate.
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Bamberger, Judith Ann. "Using Ultrasound to Characterize Pulp Slurries With Entrained Air." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98325.

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The development of fast and practical methods for inspecting fiber suspensions is of great interest in the paper making industry. For process control and paper quality prediction, several elements of the refining process during paper making must be accurately monitored, including specific fiber properties, weight percent fiber (composition), degree of refining, amount of solids, and entrained air content. The results of previous ultrasonic studies applied to wood pulp provide guidance that ultrasound attenuation is information rich, and it does potentially provide a tool for consistency measurement. Ultrasound has the ability to penetrate dense suspensions such as wood pulp slurries. It is has been shown, in some studies, that ultrasound is sensitive to degree of refining. The effects of entrained air, additives, the origin and treatment of the fibers do however all influence the measured data. A series of measurements were made with hardwood and softwood slurries to evaluate the ability of measuring pulp consistency, solids, and entrained air. The attenuation through the slurry was measured as the ultrasound travels from one transducer through the slurry to the other. The measurements identified the presence of entrained air in the pulp samples. To better understand the effects of air, measurements were made at increasing pressures to show how increased pressure reduced the amount of air observed in the spectrum.
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Dion, J. L., J. J. Garceau, and J. C. Morissette. "Acousto-Optical Evaluation Of Fiber Size In Wood Pulp." In 1986 Quebec Symposium, edited by Paolo G. Cielo. SPIE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.938812.

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Lomonaco, Patrizio, Antoine Debray, Francesco Delloro, Michel Jeandin, Bernardo Favini, Arnaud Bousquet, and Seven Leprize’. "Cold Spray Metal Coating of Wood for Cabinet Making Applications." In ITSC2019, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Koivuluoto, Y. Lau, H. Li, K. Shinoda, F. Toma, J. Veilleux, and C. Widener. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2019p0824.

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Abstract This study assesses the feasibility of cold spraying metal onto wood for commercial applications. It was found that particle adhesion and coating build-up differ significantly from the standard case of spraying metal on metal. Phenomena such as fiber rupture and buckling, pore filling, and particle anchoring required a new approach for process development and verification. First, a microscale analysis of the unique features of wood was necessary to define the deposition surface. Next, a wide range of cold spray tests were conducted to obtain metal coatings on four species of wood. To better understand the dependency of deposition efficiency on particle state conditions, a CFD models and FEA simulations were used to investigate single and multi-particle impacts on local wood structures as observed in SEM and microtomography images. A conventional pull-off test was used to collect adhesion strength data and a numerical counterpart of the test has been developed, making it possible to compare macroscopic adhesion behavior of real and virtual interfaces.
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Vijay, P. V., GangaRao V. S. Hota, Aneesh Bethi, Venugopal Chada, and Muhammad A. M. Qureshi. "Development and Implementation of Recycled Thermoplastic RR Ties." In 2010 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2010-36121.

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About a billion wood cross-ties are in service in North America for safe and effective transfer of heavy freight or high-speed passenger train loads. These wood ties are facing long-term safety and serviceability issues related to ever increasing intensities and frequencies, and harsh field conditions. In addition to other applications, the Constructed Facilities Center, West Virginia University (CFC-WVU) has been investigating the use of recycled polymer composite railroad (RR) ties with discarded wood or rubber core to safely alleviate many of the problems posed by creosote treated timber ties. In this research, mechanical property characterization of recycled thermoplastics was carried out prior to manufacturing RR ties with continuous glass fiber reinforced (GFRP) polymer composite shell with recycled polymer, and wood/FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) core. GFRP Composite ties manufactured with thermoplastics and continuous glass fiber/fabric have exhibited high strength/stiffness unlike plastic ties with chopped fibers. Local cracking from spikes was found to be negligible. Half- and full-scale RR ties were subjected to static loads of 80 kips and fatigue loads up to 12.5 million cycles with a strain range of 750 micro strains (με, i.e., 750×10−6) in FRP composite shell. Spike pull-out tests were conducted on full-scale RR tie specimens. Results showed high strength/stiffness of these ties under static loads and also excellent strength retention under millions of fatigue cycles. Field installed ties exhibited maximum strain of 1070 micro-strains under actual locomotive loads moving at 15 mph.
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Reports on the topic "Wood pulp fibre"

1

Ragalwar, Ketan, William Heard, Brett Williams, Dhanendra Kumar, and Ravi Ranade. On enhancing the mechanical behavior of ultra-high performance concrete through multi-scale fiber reinforcement. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41940.

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Steel fibers are typically used in ultra-high performance concretes (UHPC) to impart flexural ductility and increase fracture toughness. However, the mechanical properties of the steel fibers are underutilized in UHPC, as evidenced by the fact that most of the steel fibers pull out of a UHPC matrix largely undamaged during tensile or flexural tests. This research aims to improve the bond between steel fibers and a UHPC matrix by using steel wool. The underlying mechanism for fiber-matrix bond improvement is the reinforcement of the matrix tunnel, surrounding the steel fibers, by steel wool. Single fiber pullout tests were performed to quantify the effect of steel wool content in UHPC on the fiber-matrix bond. Microscopic observations of pulled-out fibers were used to investigate the fiber-matrix interface. Compared to the control UHPC mixture with no steel wool, significant improvement in the flexural behavior was observed in the UHPC mixtures with steel wool. Thus, the addition of steel wool in steel fiber-reinforced UHPC provides multi-scale reinforcement that leads to significant improvement in fiber-matrix bond and mechanical properties of UHPC.
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