Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wood science

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Wood science'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Wood science"

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Sekhar, A. S. "Innovations in Wood Science." Key Engineering Materials 380 (March 2008): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.380.181.

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Considering the status of wood utilization in rapidly depleting forests, the various innovations introduced to meet the challenges of short supply, and to overcome some of the main defects of various species of wood are explained, particularly with reference to tropical countries like India. The associated developments in wood adhesives and wood joints are also briefly discussed. Some recommendations are suggested for new approaches
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Ash, C. "MICROBIOLOGY: Bacterial Wood." Science 291, no. 5513 (March 30, 2001): 2517b—2517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5513.2517b.

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Schneider, Marc H. "Forest products and wood science." Forest Ecology and Management 36, no. 2-4 (September 1990): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90035-a.

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Mamiński, M. Ł., M. E. Król, W. Jaskółowski, and P. Borysiuk. "Wood-mineral wool hybrid particleboards." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 69, no. 2 (July 24, 2010): 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-010-0470-6.

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Adaskaveg, James E., and Robert L. Gilbertson. "In vitro decay studies of selective delignification and simultaneous decay by the white rot fungi Ganoderma lucidum and G. tsugae." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-217.

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The in vitro wood decay abilities of Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) Karst. and G. tsugae Murr. were studied using the following woods in agar block decay chambers: Vitis vinifera L., Quercus hypoleucoides A. Camus, Prosopis velutina Woot., Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex. Hildebr., and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Grape wood lost the most weight while mesquite the least. Ganoderma lucidum isolates generally caused greater weight loss of all woods than did G. tsugae isolates. The range of the percent weight losses varied with the wood. Both Ganoderma species caused simultaneous decay in all woods. However, chemical analyses of the decayed blocks indicated that selective delignification by both species also occurred in grape and white fir blocks. Chemical analysis of the decayed oak blocks indicated the percentages of lignin and holocellulose were not statistically different from the controls. However, there was a trend towards delignification. The analyses of the Douglas-fir blocks indicated only simultaneous decay. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated selective delignification and simultaneous decay of all woods tested. However, the extent of the delignification differed among the wood species. Delignification appeared mainly in areas of tracheids or fiber tracheids, while the rays were simultaneously decayed.
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Doty, F. D. "Wood Energy: Predicting Costs." Science 324, no. 5933 (June 11, 2009): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.324_1389b.

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Shea, K. "How the Wood Moves." Science 315, no. 5816 (March 2, 2007): 1231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1136096.

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FUJII, Yoshihisa. "“Advanced” and “Traditional” in Wood Science." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 63, no. 9 (2014): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.63.691.

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Downard, Alison. "Science: Rapid angle on wood stiffness." Analytical Chemistry 71, no. 1 (January 1999): 20A—21A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac990105o.

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Deglise, Xavier. "The International Academy of Wood Science." Wood Science and Technology 40, no. 7 (August 25, 2006): 535–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-006-0102-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wood science"

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YEH, TING-FENG. "Chemical and structural characterizations of juvenile wood, mature wood, and compression wood of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)." NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11022005-202923/.

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In an effort to comprehensively study the wood property variation in juvenile wood, compression wood, and mature wood, and also to provide a rapid and cost-effective assessment tool to screening the wood chemical property variation, several loblolly pines (Pinus tadea), and transmittance near infrared spectroscopy were utilized in this study. The method development results show that a successful screening of wood chemical property variation, such as lignin and á-cellulose contents, could be adapted using stacked wood wafers microtomed from increment cores and combining with transmittance near infrared spectroscopy. The morphological, chemical, and metabolic analyses of juvenile wood and compression wood show that although compression wood and juvenile wood share some properties, they are actually distinct in their chemistry during development and in final wood chemistry and anatomy. The within tree variation analyses also show that juvenile wood from the top of the tree and that from the base of the tree are more different in morphological structures than in chemical structures. A similar pattern was found between juvenile wood and mature wood. The results obtained suggest that the within tree compression wood percentage and the fiber quality differences inherent in juvenile wood appear to have a greater influence on the final wood products.
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Shebani, Anour N. "The effect of wood composition and compatibilisers on polyethylene/wood fibre composites." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5270.

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Thesis (PhD (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The effects of the macromolecular composition and content of different wood species on the properties of wood-polymer composites (WPCs) achieved when using poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) (EVOH) as a compatibiliser and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) as a matrix, were investigated. Four wood different species (A. cyclops (acacia), E. grandis (eucalyptus), P. radiata (pine) and Q. alba (oak)) with different macromolecular composition and contents and average particle lengths were used. WPCs filled with these species and WPCs filled with the same species but without extractives were prepared using 10% wood content and different amounts (0, 2, 5, 7 and 10%) of EVOH. An EVOH content of 7% was found to be optimum. Unextracted woods produced WPCs with higher mechanical properties and better resistance to ultraviolet (UV) degradation, while the extracted woods produced WPCs with lower water absorption (WA) rates and better thermal stability. Use of unextracted A. cyclops resulted in composites with superior mechanical and thermal properties compared with the other unextracted species, most probably due to its higher cellulose and lignin contents and a favourable average wood particle length (0.225 mm). A. cyclops composites also had higher WA and thickness swelling (TS) rates most likely due to the greater number of free hydroxyl groups present in these composites because of higher cellulose content. Composites containing wood species with a high lignin and extractive content, such as A. cyclops and Q. alba, exhibited higher resistance to UV degradation. Poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylenes) (EVOHs) with different ethylene content (27, 32, 38 and 44%) and A. cyclops with different particle sizes (180, 250 and 450 ìm) were used to prepare WPCs with 10% A. cyclops content. The effect of the contact area between the A. cyclops particles and LLDPE achieved when using EVOHs as compatibilisers on the properties of WPCs was also investigated. The greatest improvements in the mechanical and thermal properties of composites made with A. cyclops with particle size 180 ìm were obtained when EVOH with 44% ethylene content was used. The greatest improvements in the composites made with A. cyclops with particle size 250 ìm were achieved when EVOH with 38% ethylene content was used. Composites made with A. cyclops with particle size 450 ìm exhibited better properties when EVOH with 27% ethylene content was used. All the composites that had better mechanical and thermal properties, also exhibited better compatibility and interface adhesion. Two successful approaches were used to impart more attractive ecological and economical advantages to WPCs. In the first approach, (0, 2, 5 and 7%) degraded LLDPE was used as a compatibiliser in WPCs at levels of 10, 30 and 50% wood content. The resulting mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and hardness, thermal and morphological properties of the compatibilised composites were slightly higher than those of noncompatibilised composites and virgin LLDPE. Elongation at break and impact properties of the compatibilised composites were lower than in virgin LLDPE, but higher than in noncompatibilised composites. In the second approach, polyethylene (PE) and various functionalised polyethylenes (PEs) were synthesised by copolymerising ethylene and 10-undecen-1-ol using a soluble metallocene/methylaluminoxane catalyst at room temperature. The incorporation of functional groups increased with increasing comonomer content. WPCs with 10 and 30% wood content were prepared. The composites prepared with functionalised PEs had better mechanical, thermal and morphogical properties than the composites prepared with PE. Composites made with functionalised PE with higher hydroxyl groups content exhibited better properties than composites made with functionalised PE with lower hydroxyl groups content. Composites with 10% wood content exhibited better properties and performance than composites with 30% wood content.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die gevolg van die makromolekulere samestelling van verskillende houtspesies op die eienskappe van hout-polimeer saamgestelde materiale (HPS) wanneer poli(viniel alcohol-ko-etileen) (EVOH) as versoeningsmiddel gebruik word saam met linieere lae digtheid poli(etileen) (LLDPE) as matriks is ondersoek. Vier houtspesies (A. cyclops (acacia), E. grandis (eucalyptus), P. radiata (pine) and Q. alba (oak)) met verskillende makromolekulere samestelling and partikelgrootte-verspreiding is gebruik in die studie. HPS materiale is berei met hierdie vesels, beide voor en na ekstraksie van die houtpartikels met onderskeidelik warm water en oplosmiddels (alleen en in kombinasie). In hierdie HPS materiale is 10% hout gebruik en 0, 2, 5, 7 en 10% EVOH. 'n EVOH inhoud van 7% is as optimum bepaal. Houtpartikels voor ekstraksie het HPS materiale met beter meganiese eienskappe en beter weerstand teen UV bestraling, terwyle partikels wat ekstraksie ondergaan het HPS materiale met laer water-absorpsie en beter hitte-stabiliteit to gevolg gehad het. Die gebruik van ongeekstraheerde A. cyclops het samegestelde materiale met die beste meganiese en termiese eienskappe tot gevolg gehad in vergelyking met die ander houtspesies (voor ekstraksie), as gevolg van die hoer sellulose en lignien inhoud van die spesie, sowel as 'n voordelige partikelgrootte-verspreiding. A. Cyclops saamgestelde materiale he took hoer waterabsorpsie (WA) en dikte-swelling (DS) tempos gehad, weens die groter hoeveelheid vrye hidroksielgroepe teenwoording in die materiale, direk in verwantskap met die sellulose-inhoud. Saamgestelde materiale met 'n hoe hoevellheid lignien en ekstraheerbare materiale (A. cyclops and Q. alba) het beter weerstand teen UV-degradasie geopenbaar. Verskillende poli(viniel alkohol-ko-etileen) polimere (EVOHs) met wisselende etileen-inhoud (27, 32, 38 en 44%) en A. Cyclops met verskillende partikel-groottes (180, 250 en 250 µm) is gebruik om HPS materiale met 10% hout te vervaardig. Die gevolg van die kontak-area tussen die houtpartikels en die LLDPE wanneer EVOHs as versoeningsmiddel gebruik is, is ook ondersoek. Die beste verbetering in die meganiese en termiese eienskappe van die saamgestelde materiale met A. cyclops met partikel-grootte 180 µm is gekry met EVOH met 44% etileen-inhoud, terwyl die beste resultate met 250 µm partikels verkry is met 'n EVOH met 38% etileen, en met 27% etileen in die geval van die 450 µm partikels. Twee benaderinge om meer aantreklike ekologiese en ekonomiese eienskappe by die HPS materiale te bewerkstellig was suksesvol. In die eerste geval is gedegradeerde LLDPE as versoeningsmiddel gebruik. Die resulterende meganiese eienskappe van die HPS materiale met LLDPE as versoeningsmiddel was beter as die HPS mateirale daarsonder. Samegestelde materiale met 10, 30 en 50% hout is vervaardig. Die trekverlenging by die breekpunt sowel as die impaksterkte van die HPS materiale was laer as LLDPE alleen, maar beter as die nie-versoende HPS materiale. In die tweede benadering is polietileen (PE) en gefunksionaliseerde PE gesintetiseer deur etileen en 10-undekeen-1-ol te koplimeriseer met ‘n oplosbare metalloseen/metiel alumoksaan katalis. Die hoeveelheid funskionele (OH) groepe is verhoog deur toenemend ekomonommer-inhoud. HPS materiale met 10 en 30% hout is vervaardig. Die saamgestelde materiale met funksionele PE het beter maganiese eienskappe gehad as die met gewone PE. Hoe hoër die hidroksielgroep-inhoud, hoe beter die eienskappe van die HPS materiale, terwyl die materiale met 10% hout beter eienskappe openbaar het as materiale met 30% hout.
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Braun, Moritz. "Simply Wood : Design of All-Wood Furniture Joints." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-100435.

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The need for sustainability, increasingly requires developing products according to a cradle to cradle approach. For furniture, wood, being potentially renewable, is a suitable material in this regard. However, most wooden furniture today utilizes steels and synthetic polymers in the joints, which can partially be recycled, but are far from being circular materials. All-wood joints have been used in traditional furniture and construction, but they are not adapted to modern manufacturing techniques and do not fulfill the need for easy assembly.  The aim of this thesis is to explore existing solutions for all-wood joints, as well as relevant manufacturing techniques to create an approach for the development of new joints by practitioners. The research questions are: What are the principles used in existing technical solutions and how can they be used to develop new all-wood furniture joints? What are the most important manufacturing techniques for wood today and how can they be considered in the early-stage development? The general approach in this thesis is to abstract the researched existing technical solutions and manufacturing techniques, ideate on this abstract level, and then detail the concepts on a more concrete level.  As results, fourteen different principles and six different patterns of transformation were extracted from existing solutions and documented in an accessible form. Similarly, seven manufacturing techniques were collected and documented. These were then used in an ideation workshop with practitioners from IKEA, which resulted in six abstract concepts. One of the concepts was further developed into a pre-design and tested with a simulations according to strength and stability requirements from applicable standards.  The testing of the pre-design proved its practicality and a team at IKEA is continuing the development of the concept and planning to manufacture a prototype. This is a good indicator for the usefulness of the approach. Even though it worked well, further exploration of the "toolbox" is recommended, as well as the use of different ideation methods. The full environmental benefits of furniture with all-wood joints are not clear, because only resource depletion was considered and the potential effect is small compared to other industries. Despite this, the thesis shows the potential in circular furniture and encourages IKEA and other furniture companies to delve into the topic of circular furniture more deeply.
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Senter, Anne Elizabeth. "Wood Export and Deposition Dynamics in Mountain Watersheds." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10260979.

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Wood dynamics that store, transport, break down, and ultimately export wood pieces through watershed networks are key elements of stream complexity and ecosystem health. Efforts to quantify wood processes are advancing rapidly as technological innovations in field data collection, remotely sensed data acquisition, and data analyses become increasingly sophisticated. The ability to extend the temporal and spatial scales of wood data acquisition has been particularly useful to the investigations presented herein. The primary contributions of this dissertation are focused on two aspects of wood dynamics: watershed-scale wood export processes as identified using the depositional environment of a mountain reservoir, and wood deposition mechanisms in a bedrock-dominated mountain river. Three chapters present this work:

In Chapter 1, continuous video monitoring of wood in transport revealed seasonal and diurnal hydrologic cycle influences on the variable rates at which wood transports. This effort supports the efficacy of utilizing continuous data collection methods for wood transport studies. Annual wood export data were collected via field efforts and aerial image analyses from New Bullards Bar Reservoir on the North Yuba River, Sierra Nevada, California. Examination of data revealed linkages between decadal-scale climatic patterns, large flood events, and episodic wood export quantities. A watershed-specific relation between wood export quantities and annual peak discharge contributes to the notion that peak discharge is a primary control on wood export, and yielded prediction of annual wood export quantities where no data were available. Linkages between seasonality, climatic components, and hydrologic events that exert variable control on watershed scale wood responses are presented as a functional framework. An accompanying conceptual model supports the framework presumption that wood responses are influenced by seasonal variations in Mediterranean-montane climate conditions and accompanying hydrologic responses.

Chapter 2 contains development of new theory in support of the introduction of multiplicative coefficients, categorized by water year type, that were used to predict wood export quantities via utilization of an existing discharge-based theoretical equation. This new theory was the product of continued investigations into watershed-scale factors in search of explanation of observed variation of wood export rates into New Bullards Bar Reservoir. The gap between known variability and the attribution of wood export to one hydrologic relation continues to be a persistent issue, as the hierarchical and stochastic temporal and spatial nature of wood budget components remain difficult to quantify. The development of “watershed processes” coefficients was specifically focused on a generalized, parsimonious approach using water year type categories, with validation exercises supporting the approach. In dry years, predictions more closely represented observed wood export quantities, whereas the previously derived annual peak discharge relation yielded large over-predictions. Additional data are needed to continue development of these watershed-specific coefficients. This new approach to wood export prediction may be beneficial in regulated river systems for planning purposes, and its efficacy could be tested in other watersheds.

Chapter 3 presents the results of an investigation into wood deposition mechanisms in a 12.2 km segment of the confined, bedrock-dominated South Yuba River watershed. Inclusion of coarse wood particles in the analyses was essential in recognizing depositional patterns, thus supporting the value of utilizing a wider wood-size range. A near-census data collection effort yielded myriad data, of which topographic wetted width and bed elevation data, developed for an observed 4.5-year flood event, were standardized in 10-m intervals and then univariate and linked values were ordered into landform classifications using decision tree analyses. Digital imagery collected via kite-blimp was mosaicked into a geographic information system and all resolvable wood pieces greater then 2.5 cm in one dimension were delineated and categorized into piece count density classes. Visual imagery was also key in identifying two river corridor terrains: bedrock outcrops and cobble-boulder-vegetation patches. A conceptual model framed an investigation into how topographic variability and structural elements might influence observed wood deposition dynamics. Forage ratio test results that quantified wood piece utilization versus interval availability revealed that high-density wood deposition patterns were most significantly co-located with five discrete bedrock outcrops that dominated small portions of the river corridor in high flow conditions. Topographic variations and cobble-boulder-vegetation patches were found to be subordinate factors in wood deposition patterns. Bedrock outcrops with specific structural components were the primary depositional environments that acted as floodplain extents for coarse wood deposition, with mechanisms such as topographic steering, eddying, trapping, stranding, backwater effects, and lateral roughness features inferred to be responsible for observed wood deposition patterns.

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Radebe, Nonhlanhla Mtandi. "Multidimensional fractionation of wood-based tannins." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6621.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: High molar mass tannin extracts are complex mixtures which are distributed in both molar mass and chemical composition. Condensed tannins from quebracho and mimosa and hydrolysable tannins of tara, chestnut wood and turkey gall were studied. Application of a single analytical technique is not sufficient to elucidate the complete structures present in the extracts. 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry were applied in order to determine the chemical composition and molar mass, respectively. A new mass spectrometric method that can uniquely determine the oligomer microstructure was developed using Collision Induced Dissociation (CID) experiments. Bulk analysis only showed the average composition of the extracts, in order to obtain specific information on the molar mass and chemical composition distributions. Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC) was used for analysis of the condensed tannins and for the hydrolysable tannins Normal Phase Liquid Chromatography (NP-LC) was utilised. The HILIC separation was up-scaled and the fractions were collected and analysed by MALDI-TOF, and this coupling revealed that separation occurs by molar and chemical composition. For separation of the molecules only by size, Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) analyses were carried out; this allowed for relative comparison of the tannin molecules. In conclusion, for characterisation of high molar mass tannins a multi-dimensional approach was necessary since the various distributions present in these extracts are superimposed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hoë molekulêre massa tannienekstrakte is komplekse mengsels, in terme van beide molekulêre massa en chemiese samestelling. Gekondenseerde tanniene vanaf quebracho en mimosa, en hidroliseerbare tanniene vanaf tara, kastaaiinghout en Turksegal is bestudeer. Die gebruik van ‘n enkele analitiese tegniek is nie voldoende om die volledige struktuur van komponente teenwoordig in die ekstrakte te analiseer nie. 13C KMR-spektroskopie en MALDI-TOF-massaspektroskopie is gebruik om die chemiese samestelling en molekulêre massa, onderskeidelik, te bepaal. ‘n Nuwe metode is ontwikkel vir die bepaling van die oligomeer-mikrostruktuur deur gebruik te maak van botsings-geïnduseerde dissosiasie eksperimente. Grootmaat analise het net die gemiddelde samestelling van die ekstrak bepaal. Hidrofiliese-interaksie-vloeistofchromatografie (HILIC) is gebruik vir die analise van gekondenseerde tanniene en gewone fase-vloeistofchromatografie is gebruik vir die hidroliseerbare tanniene. Die HILIC-skeiding is op groter skaal uitgevoer en die fraksies is versamel en gebruik vir MALDI-TOF analise. Hierdie koppeling het getoon dat skeiding plaasvind op grond van molekulêre massa en chemiese samestelling. Grootte-uitsluitingschromatografie is gebruik vir die skeiding van molekules alleenlik op grootte. Hierdeur kon ‘n relatiewe vergelyking van die tannienmolekules gemaak word. Vir die karakterisering van hoë molekulêre massa tanniene is ‘n multi-dimensionele benadering nodig aangesien die verskeie verspreidings teenwoording in hierdie ekstrakte supergeponeerd is.
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Öman, Tommy. "Multivariate Analysis of 2D-NMR Spectroscopy : Applications in wood science and metabolomics." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-80201.

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Wood is our most important renewable resource. We need better quality and quantity both according to the wood itself and the processes that are using wood as a raw material. Hence, the understanding of the chemical composition of the wood is of high importance. Improved and new methods for analyzing wood are important to achieve better knowledge about both refining processes and raw material. The combination of NMR and multivariate analyses (MVA) is a powerful method for these analyses but so far it has been limited mainly to 1D NMR. In this project, we have developed methods for combining 2D NMR and MVA in both wood analysis and metabolomics. This combination was used to compare samples from normal wood and tension wood, and also trees with a down regulation of a pectin responsible gene. Dissolving pulp was also examined using the same combination of 2D-NMR and MVA, together with FT-IR and solid state 13C CP-MAS NMR. Here we focused on the difference between wood type (softwood and hardwood), process type (sulfite and sulfate) and viscosity. These methods confirmed and added knowledge about the dissolving pulp. Also reactivity was compared in relation to morphology of the cellulose and pulp composition. Based on the method and software used in the wood analysis projects, a new method called HSQC-STOCSY was developed. This method is especially suited for assignment of substances in complex mixtures. Peaks in 2D NMR spectra that correlate between different samples are plotted in correlation plots resembling regular NMR spectra. These correlation plots have great potential in identifying individual components in complex mixtures as shown here in a metabolic data set. This method could potentially also be used in other areas such as drug/target analyses, protein dynamics and assignment of wood spectra.
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Dyantyi, S. D. (Simphiwe David). "Fungal pretreatment of unextracted and pressurized hot water extracted Eucalyptus Grandis wood chips." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21655.

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Thesis (MScFor)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Unextracted (control) and PHWe Eucalyptus grandis wood chips were pulped at 15% active alkali (AA) and 1% antraquinone (AQ). Another batch of wood chips were then inoculated with fungal co-cultures of Aspergillus flavipes and Pycnoporus sanguineus. FCCi wood chips were incubated for four weeks; one PHWe inoculated experimental treatment was incubated for three weeks. The full pulping cycle (160 min) was used to digest the experimental treatments with the exception of one lot of PHWe wood chips that were pulped for 150 minutes. A further experimental treatment of PHWe wood chips was cooked at a reduced AA charge of 14% and 1% AQ. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the data from all the experimental treatments was conducted and the differences within the experimental treatments were determined using Statistica (v7, 1984–2006). The F-value (Fischer distribution) and the p-value as well as a non-parametric test known as the Mann-Whitney procedure was tested at the 95% confidence limit. For a further enhancement of the 95% confidence limit the screened yield data was tested by the Bootstrap method. Scanning electron micrographs clearly demonstrated the changed structure and appearance of the chip cross-sectional area after the different pretreatments. Although the mean average results of all the screened pulp yields showed no significant statistical difference (p> 0.05), differences in screened yield of up to 2.5% were obtained. All the weighted means of the rejects showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). Other pulp properties like shive content, chemical consumption, Kappa number, handsheet brightness and strength tests showed mixed results i.e. rejected or accepted the hypothesis (p> or =or < 0.05). The hypothesis that the combined PHWE and FCCI of wood chips would further increase the pulp yield had to be rejected. It is however anticipated that the combination of PHWE with successive co-culture fungal pretreatment would be very beneficial in obtaining higher pulp yields for fully bleached chemical pulp. Further research would be required to test this assumption. This investigation confirmed the expected beneficial effects of combined PHWE and FCCI pretreatments of wood chips on the strength properties. In addition the combined treatment also improved the initial bonding strength potential of the unbeaten fibres.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Onbehandelde en met onder druk, warm water uitgeloogde Eucalyptus grandis houtspaanders is respektiefwelik met 15% aktiewe alkali (AA) en 1% antrakinoon (AQ) verpulp. Hierdie is dan met swamkokulture van Aspergillus flavipes en Pycnoporus sanguineus inokuleer en respektiewelik vir drie en vier weke inkubeer. Onder druk uitgeloogde houtspaanders is ook vir 150 minute verpulp by 15% AA 1% AQ en by ‘n verminderde AA van 14%. Pulpevaluasies is uitgevoer op alle eksperimentele behandelinge. Alle onder druk uitgeloogde en met swamkokultuur inokuleerde houtspaanders het ‘n laer pulpopbrengs, uitskot, skilferinhoud, Kappanommer en ‘n hoër RAA en helderheid opgelewer in vergelyking met die vars houtspaanders. Die vars en warm water uitgeloogde houtspaanders het soortgelyke pulpopbrengs opgelewer. ‘n Variansieanalise (ANOVA) van die data van alle eskperimentele behandelings is uitgevoer gebruikmakende van Statistica (V7, 1984 – 2006). Die F-waarde (Fischer-verspreiding) an die p-waarde so wel as ‘n parametriese toets (Mann-Whitney prosedure) is getoets by ‘n 95% betroubaarheidsgrens. Vir ‘n verdere verhoging van die 95% betroubaarheidsgrens van die pulpopbrengs, is die beskikbare data weer getoets met die Bootstrap-metode. Alle gemiddelde pulpopbrengswaardes het geen beduidende statistiese verkil opgelewer nie (p>0.05), alhoewel verskille van tot 2.5% in pulpopbrengs verkry is. Alle gemiddelde uitskotwaardes het ‘n beduidende verskil getoon (p<0.05). Die ander pulpeienskappe soos skilferinhoud, verbruik aan chemikalieë, Kappagetal, handvel helderheid en sterktewaardes het gemengde resultate opgelewer maw verwerping of aanvaarding van die hipotese p> or =or < 0.05. Die hipotese dat die gekombineerde PHWE en FCCI van die houtspaanders die pulpopbrengs verder sou verhoog moes verwerp word. Daar word egter verwag dat die kombinasie van PHWE met opeenvolgende swamkokultuur behandeling baie voordelig sou wees op die pulpopbrengs van ‘n ten volle gebleikte chemiese pulp. Verdere navorsing is nodig om hierdie veronderstelling te toets. Die ondersoek het die verwagte woordelige effek van die gekombineerde PHWE en FCCI voorbehandelings van die houtspaanders op die papierstrkte-eienskappe bevestig. Bo en behalve dit, het die gekombineerde behandeling ook die aavanklikte bindsterkte potensiaal van die ongeklopte vessels verbeter.
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Wessels, Coenraad Brand. "The variation and prediction of structural timber properties of standing Pinus patula trees using non-destructive methods." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86246.

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Thesis (PhD(For))--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Pinus patula is the most intensively planted conifer in the tropics and sub‐tropics. In South Africa Pinus patula plantations are the main saw‐log resource for structural lumber production. Improved intensive silvicultural practices and tree breeding have resulted in marked increases in the rate of growth. To reap the financial benefits of the faster growth, plantation managers are more and more inclined to reduce rotation ages, which inevitably results in the production of higher proportions of juvenile wood at final harvest, and lumber which often does not meet the minimum requirements for stiffness for structural lumber. Knowledge of the variation and the accurate prediction of the mechanical properties of the timber of standing trees can have various benefits for growers and processors of trees. It can be used for tree allocation to different processing facilities, for processing production planning, and to assist tree breeders to screen and select for superior breeding material. The objectives of this study were (1), to examine the within‐ and between‐tree variation in wood properties of young South African grown Pinus patula trees known to have important impacts on the suitability of sawn lumber for structural purposes and (2), to develop empirical prediction models for the flexural lumber properties from standing Pinus patula, based on variables that could be assessed non‐destructively from standing trees. Sample material was obtained from 170 trees (16‐20 years old) established in 17 compartments along the Mpumalanga escarpment of South Africa. A large number of variables which could be obtained non‐destructively from the trees while they were still standing, were measured. The trees were subsequently felled and two logs, 2.1 m in length, were extracted from each tree at two height positions. The 340 logs were processed into 1402 pieces of lumber for further measurements and destructive testing. Results showed that the mean modulus of elasticity measured on edge (MOEedge) was far below the limits set for structural grade softwood timber in South Africa. All the desirable properties for structural lumber improved with distance from the pith with the exception of the 5th percentile value for modulus of rupture (MOR), which was higher at the pith than for the boards processed adjacent to the pith. Boards processed from the lower part of the stem were superior in most of the important properties compared to those higher up in the stem. Separate multiple regression models for predicting the average dynamic MOE (MOEdyn) of individual boards, trees and compartments were developed. The models managed to explain 68%, 60% and 95% of the variation in MOEdyn respectively. The models developed for MOR explained 40% and 42% of variability at board and tree level respectively. At compartment level, 80% of the variation in the 5th percentile MOR value could be explained by the model. Sensitivity analyses showed that site index at base age of 10 years, acoustic time‐of‐flight, wood density and ring width were the most influential variables in the MOE models. The models indicated that tree slenderness during early growth seems to play a major role in determining the dynamic MOE and MOR of lumber. This is in agreement with Euler’s buckling theory and the bending stress theory. Microfibril angle (MFA) and density were measured on radial strips taken from a sub‐sample of trees with the Silviscan 3 technology. The mean microfibril angle per year ring in Pinus patula varied between 7o and 29o. In general MFA decreased with distance from the pith and height above ground level. A multiple regression model including microfibril angle, density and ring width explained 71% of the variation in the dynamic MOE of boards. Sensitivity analysis on the model showed that microfibril angle and density had roughly equal influences on predicting the MOEdyn of Pinus patula boards.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Pinus patula is die mees aangeplante naaldhoutspesie in die tropiese en sub‐tropiese areas van die wêreld. Dit is die grootste bron van saagblokke vir die produksie van strukturele hout in SA. Intensiewe boskultuurpraktyke en boomteling het gelei tot ‘n merkbare verhoging in die groeitempo van die spesie. Plantasiebestuurders is gevolglik geneig om rotasie‐ouderdomme te verlaag, wat lei tot ‘n groter persentasie jeughout wat nie aan die minimum styfheidvereistes van strukturele hout voldoen nie. Kennis van die variasie en die akkurate voorspelling van die meganiese eienskappe van staande bome kan voordele inhou vir beide die verbouers en verwerkers van bome. Dit kan byvoorbeeld van hulp wees met die toewysing van bome aan verwerkingsfasiliteite, vir produksiebeplanning, en vir ondersteuning met die keuse van teelmateriaal vir boomtelers. Die doelwitte van hierdie studie was (1), om die binne– en tussenboomvariasie in die houteienskappe, wat ‘n bepalende invloed het op die geskiktheid van jong Suid Afrikaanse Pinus patula bome vir strukturele hout produksie, te ondersoek en (2), om empiriese modelle vir die voorspelling van die buigeienskappe van planke te ontwikkel, gebaseer op veranderlikes wat niedestruktief op staande Pinus patula bome ge‐evalueer is. Monsters vir die studie is verkry vanaf 170 bome (16‐20 jaar oud), geplant in 17 vakke op die Mpumalanga platorand van Suid Afrika. ‘n Groot aantal veranderlikes is nie‐destruktief gemeet op die staande bome waarna die bome gevel is en twee saagblokke, 2.1m in lengte, is op twee hoogte posisies uit elke boom verwyder. Die 340 blokke is verwerk tot 1402 planke vir verdere metings en destruktiewe toetse. Resultate het getoon dat die gemiddelde modulus van elastisiteit gemeet op die dwarskant (MOEedge) aansienlik laer was as wat vereis word vir strukturelegraad hout in Suid Afrika. Al die gewenste eienskappe het toegeneem met afstand vanaf die murg behalwe die 5de persentiel breekmodulus (MOR), wat hoër was vir murgplanke as vir aangrensende planke. Planke afkomstig van die laer dele van die stam het oor die algemeen beter eienskappe gehad as planke afkomstig van die hoër dele. Veelvuldige regressiemodelle kon 68%, 60% en 95% van die variasie in die gemiddelde dinamiese MOE (MOEdyn) op die vlak van onderskeidelik individuele planke, bome en vakke verklaar. Die modelle vir MOR kon 40% en 42% van die variasie op onderskeidelik plank‐ en boomvlak verklaar. Die model vir 5de persentiel MOR van vakke kon 80% van die variasie verklaar. ‘n Sensitiwiteitsanalise het aangetoon dat groeiplekindeks op ouderdom 10, akoestiese vlugtyd, digtheid en jaarringwydte die belangrikste veranderlikes was wat MOEdyn beïnvloed het. Die modelle het aangetoon dat die slankheid van bome tydens vroeë groei vermoedelik ‘n belangrike invloed op die MOEdyn en MOR van planke het. Dit is in ooreenstemming met Euler se knikteorie en die buigsterkteteorie. Die mikrofibrilhoek en digtheid van ‘n steekproef van die bome is gemeet met die Silviscan 3 apparaat. Die gemiddelde mikrofibrilhoek per jaarring het tussen 7 o en 29o varieer. Hierdie variasie was hoofsaaklik afhanklik van boomhoogte en aantal jaarringe vanaf die murg. ‘n Veelvuldige regressiemodel wat mikrofibrilhoek, digtheid en jaarringwydte insluit, kon 71% van die variasie in MOEdyn verklaar. ‘n Sensitiwiteitsanalise op die model het aangetoon dat mikrofibrilhoek en digtheid ongeveer ewe belangrik was wat betref hulle invloed op die voorspelde MOEdyn van Pinus patula planke.
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Wang, Kui. "Wood Pellet Boiler Heating System Evaluation and Optimization." Thesis, Clarkson University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10276133.

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The use of wood pellet boilers for residential space heating has significantly increased over the past decade. Wood pellets are a biomass-based renewable energy made by pelletizing debarked wood fiber. Compared to log wood and wood chips, wood pellets have higher energy density, relatively uniform fuel quality, easier to automate their use, and therefore, are being more widely used.

A typical wood pellet heating system has three components: the boiler (energy generation unit), the thermal energy storage (TES) tank (energy storage unit), and the building (energy consumption unit). The three components form into two loops: the boiler to TES tank loop and the TES tank to building loop.

Three modern wood pellet boilers were installed and monitored in this research. Two 25 kW boilers (PB and WPB) were installed in the end of 2014 and a 50 kW boiler (LGB) was installed in March of 2016. PB is used only for radiant floor heating and WPB is used for traditional baseboard/cast iron radiators space heating as well as providing domestic hot water (DHW) supply. LGB boiler is used for concrete slab heating. The three boiler installations provide different methods of heating and different levels of building heat demand.

This research first evaluated the performance of residential scale wood pellet boilers (25 – 50 kW) in terms of boiler operation characteristics, thermal efficiency, boiler emissions, TES tank stratification and discharge efficiency, etc. Comparisons were also made among different boilers and suggestions for improvements were made. A process dynamic simulation using VMGSim was built up based on the field monitoring data. Good agreement between the simulation and field data was found. The model was then used to size the TES tank with respect to different boiler capacities and heating demands. A system sizing algorithm was provided in the end. The results will be used to compose a guidance document for wood pellet boiler heating systems.

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Bernal, Robin Rae. "Effects of Hydrologic Gradients on Woody Debris Breakdown and Macroinvertebrate Colonization in a Cumberland Plateau Watershed, Eastern Kentucky, U.S.A." TopSCHOLAR®, 2010. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/149.

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This research assessed the influence of hydrologic gradients on woody debris dynamics in a Cumberland Plateau watershed, eastern Kentucky, U.S.A. Although the breakdown of wood can be attributed to several different processes, including leaching, biological decay, fragmentation, and transport, the influence of differing flow regimes has been unstudied. The objectives of this study were to examine how stream channel type (temporary vs. perennial) affected wood processing dynamics (i.e., mass loss and macroinvertebrate colonization and standing stock patterns). Two questions were addressed: (1) do mass loss rates of wood differ across hydrological gradients in stream channels?, and (2) do macroinvertebrate colonization and standing stock patterns vary in relation to hydrologic gradients? Although within each channel type both dry mass and ash free dry mass loss followed a negative exponential model (p < 0.05), there wasn’t a significant between-channel difference in mass loss rates (p > 0.05). Breakdown rates (-k) ranged from 0.133 – 0.194year-1 for perennial streams compared to 0.103 – 0.170year-1 in the temporary streams. Collector-gathers comprised the greatest proportion of macroinvertebrates, accounting for 65.5% (temporary) and 59.3% (perennial) of all taxa colonizing wood bundles, followed by shredders (16.1%, 16.8%), predators (16.8%, 20.1%), (scrapers < 0.1% in both reaches) and filtering collectors (1.2%, 3.7%). Overall, there were no significant between-channel differences for total macroinvertebrate abundance, total macroinvertebrate biomass, and similarly for abundance and biomass of all functional groups. There was a trend, however, of decreasing density and biomass over time of collector-gathers and shredders on wood. Overall, hydrological gradients had no effects on short-term breakdown rates of woody debris or macroinvertebrate colonization patterns. Studies of wood breakdown have been shown to require long study periods (≥ 5 years), therefore, future studies of hydrological gradient may show differing results for woody debris breakdown.
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Books on the topic "Wood science"

1

Walker, Colin Roland. Wood. 2nd ed. Cleveland, Ohio: Modern Curriculum Press, 1993.

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Shmulsky, Rubin, and P. David Jones. Forest Products and Wood Science. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119426400.

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Richardson, Barry A. Wood Preservation. London: Taylor & Francis Group Plc, 2003.

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Wood preservation. 2nd ed. London: E. & F.N. Spon, 1993.

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Science and technology of wood: Structure, properties, utilization. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991.

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Tsoumis, George. Science and technology of wood: Structure, properties, utilization. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991.

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Tsoumis, George T. Science and Technology of Wood: Structure, properties, utilization. London: Chapman & Hall, 1991.

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A, Jayne Benjamin, ed. Mechanics of wood and wood composities. Malabar, Fla: Krieger Pub., 1993.

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Jones, P. David (Paul David), 1976-, ed. Forest products and wood science: An introduction. 6th ed. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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Wood sprites. Riverdale, NY: Baen, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wood science"

1

Bucur, Voichita. "Terms for Delamination in Wood Science and Technology." In Delamination in Wood, Wood Products and Wood-Based Composites, 17–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9550-3_2.

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Abdoli, Mohammad Ali, Abooali Golzary, Ashkan Hosseini, and Pourya Sadeghi. "Wood Pellet." In University of Tehran Science and Humanities Series, 47–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74482-7_3.

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Czvikovszky, T. "Wood—polypropylene composites." In Polymer Science and Technology Series, 882–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4421-6_120.

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Paipetis, S. A. "Creep in Wood." In History of Mechanism and Machine Science, 77–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2514-2_10.

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Abdoli, Mohammad Ali, Abooali Golzary, Ashkan Hosseini, and Pourya Sadeghi. "Wood Pellet Combustion." In University of Tehran Science and Humanities Series, 139–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74482-7_8.

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Abdoli, Mohammad Ali, Abooali Golzary, Ashkan Hosseini, and Pourya Sadeghi. "Wood Pellet Emissions." In University of Tehran Science and Humanities Series, 161–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74482-7_9.

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Shafer, Wade H. "Wood Technology, Forestry, and Forest Science." In Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences, 303–8. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5969-6_39.

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Shafer, Wade H. "Wood Technology, Forestry and Forest Science." In Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences, 347–52. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2453-3_40.

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Shafer, Wade H. "Wood Technology, Forestry and Forest Science." In Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences, 383–90. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1969-0_40.

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Shafer, Wade H. "Wood Technology, Forestry and Forest Science." In Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences, 349–56. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7391-3_40.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wood science"

1

SLAWINSKA, D., and K. POLEWSKI. "APPLICATION OF CHEMILUMINESCENCE IN WOOD SCIENCE." In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence - Progress and Current Applications - 12th International Symposium on Bioluminescence (BL) and Chemiluminescence (CL). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812776624_0078.

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Shuvalova, E. A., K. K. Nuriddinov, and S. S. Hovakimyan. "Waste wood-based building materials." In SCIENCE OF RUSSIA: TARGETS AND GOALS. LJournal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sr-10-06-2019-25.

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Buckingham, Michael J. "The Naval science of Albert Beaumont Wood, O.B.E., D.Sc." In 169th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. Acoustical Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/2.0000183.

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Wang, Xiping. "Advanced sorting technologies for optimal wood products and woody biomass utilization." In 2012 International Conference on Biobase Material Science and Engineering (BMSE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmse.2012.6466206.

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Zhu, Zhe, Saqib Sohail Toor, Lasse Rosendahl, Donghong Yu, and Guanyi Chen. "Experimental Study of Subcritical Water Liquefaction of Biomass: Effects of Catalyst and Biomass Species." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6708.

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In this work, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of wood industry residues (wood, bark, sawdust) and macroalgae for producing biofuels has been investigated under subcritical water conditions (at temperature of 300 °C), with and without the presence of a catalyst. The effects of catalyst and biomass type (woody and non-woody) on the biomass conversion, bio-crude yield, and the qualities of products were studied. The results suggested that the addition of potassium carbonate as a catalyst showed a positive effect on bio-crude yield, especially for wood, where it was enhanced to 47.48 wt%. Macroalgae showed a higher biomass conversion and a lower bio-crude yield than other woody biomass investigated in the present study, irrespective of whether the catalyst was used. Meanwhile, the effect of catalyst on macroalgae was less significant than that of woody biomass. The heating values and thermal stability of all bio-crudes were analyzed. The results showed that the higher heating values (HHVs) were in the range of 24.15 to 31.79 MJ/kg, and they were enhanced in the presence of a catalyst, except for that of the macroalgae. The solid residues were characterized by heating value, SEM and FTIR. It was found that the addition of K2CO3 lowered the solids quality in terms of the heating values, while it did not have apparent effect on the functional groups of solid residues. SEM analysis of the raw biomass and solid residues revealed that the char formation for wood, sawdust and macroalgae had initially finished when they were treated in hot compressed water at 300 °C, while conversion of bark had not completed yet.
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Deta, Utama Alan, Nadi Suprapto, Husni Mubarok, Alif Syaiful Adam, and Abdul Kholiq. "The Comparison of Static Friction Coefficient on Wood Between the Combination of Wood-Metal Load System and Wood-Sand Load System." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icst-18.2018.179.

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Malasne, Nicolas, and Michel Paindavoine. "Architecture for real-time wood inspection." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Franklin T. Luk. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.406522.

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Maristany, Alberto G., Patricia K. Lebow, Charles C. Brunner, David A. Butler, and James W. Funck. "Classifying wood-surface features using dichromatic reflection." In Applications in Optical Science and Engineering, edited by James A. DeShazer and George E. Meyer. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.144044.

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Suryono, Joko, and Yudi Pranoto. "Influence of Lamina Wood on the Physical Properties, the Nature of Mechanics, the Strong Class on the Combination of Sengon Wood and Merbau Wood." In 2nd Borobudur International Symposium on Science and Technology (BIS-STE 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.210810.020.

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Mu, Hongbo, Dawei Qi, and Haiming Ni. "Wood defect detection based on fuzzy mathematics theory." In Information Science and Technology 2014. Science & Engineering Research Support soCiety, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2014.79.04.

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Reports on the topic "Wood science"

1

Ritter, Michael A., Kenneth Skog, and Richard Bergman. Science supporting the economic and environmental benefits of using wood and wood products in green building construction. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-206.

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Kostoff, Ronald N. Science and Technology Text Mining: Origins of Database Tomography and Multi-Word Phrase Clustering. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada416268.

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Thomann, William F., S. B. Kong, and Sara F. Kerr. Enhancement of Laboratory and Field Instruction in Environmental Science, Biology, and Chemistry Degree Programs at University of the Incarnate Word. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada387830.

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Kaufman, Donald G. The Teachers' Institute in Hands-On Environmental Science Project. Final report. Summer Workshop, Winton Woods High School, 1994-1995 - 1995-1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1172382.

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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.

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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.
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6

Chornodon, Myroslava. FEAUTURES OF GENDER IN MODERN MASS MEDIA. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11064.

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The article clarifies of gender identity stereotypes in modern media. The main gender stereotypes covered in modern mass media are analyzed and refuted. The model of gender relations in the media is reflected mainly in the stereotypical images of men and woman. The features of the use of gender concepts in modern periodicals for women and men were determined. The most frequently used derivatives of these macroconcepts were identified and analyzed in detail. It has been found that publications for women and men are full of various gender concepts that are used in different contexts. Ingeneral, theanalysisofthe concept-maximums and concept-minimum gender and their characteristics is carried out in the context of gender stereotypes that have been forme dand function in the society, system atizing the a ctual presentations. The study of the gender concept is relevant because it reveals new trends and features of modern gender images. Taking into account the special features of gender-labeled periodicals in general and the practical absence of comprehensive scientific studies of the gender concept in particular, there is a need to supplement Ukrainian science with this topic. Gender psychology, which is served by methods of various sciences, primarily sociological, pedagogical, linguistic, psychological, socio-psychological. Let us pay attention to linguistic and psycholinguistic methods in gender studies. Linguistic methods complement intelligence research tasks, associated with speech, word and text. Psycholinguistic methods used in gender psychology (semantic differential, semantic integral, semantic analysis of words and texts), aimed at studying speech messages, specific mechanisms of origin and perception, functions of speech activity in society, studying the relationship between speech messages and gender properties participants in the communication, to analyze the linguistic development in connection with the general development of the individual. Nowhere in gender practice there is the whole arsenal of psychological methods that allow you to explore psychological peculiarities of a person like observation, experiments, questionnaires, interviews, testing, modeling, etc. The methods of psychological self-diagnostics include: the gender aspect of the own socio-psychological portrait, a gender biography as a variant of the biographical method, aimed at the reconstruction of individual social experience. In the process of writing a gender autobiography, a person can understand the characteristics of his gender identity, as well as ways and means of their formation. Socio-psychological methods of studying gender include the study of socially constructed women’s and men’s roles, relationships and identities, sexual characteristics, psychological characteristics, etc. The use of gender indicators and gender approaches as a means of socio-psychological and sociological analysis broadens the subject boundaries of these disciplines and makes them the subject of study within these disciplines. And also, in the article a combination of concrete-historical, structural-typological, system-functional methods is implemented. Descriptive and comparative methods, method of typology, modeling are used. Also used is a method of content analysis for the study of gender content of modern gender-stamped journals. It was he who allowed quantitatively to identify and explore the features of the gender concept in the pages of periodicals for women and men. A combination of historical, structural-typological, system-functional methods is also implemented in the article. Descriptive and comparative methods, method of typology, modeling are used. A method of content analysis for the study of gender content of modern gender-labeled journals is also used. It allowed to identify and explore the features of the gender concept quantitatively in the periodicals for women and men. The conceptual perception and interpretation of the gender concept «woman», which is highlighted in the modern gender-labeled press in Ukraine, requires the elaboration of the polyfunctionality of gender interpretations, the comprehension of the metaphorical perception of this image and its role and purpose in society. A gendered approach to researching the gender content of contemporary periodicals for women and men. Conceptual analysis of contemporary gender-stamped publications within the gender conceptual sphere allows to identify and correlate the meta-gender and gender concepts that appear in society.
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