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Journal articles on the topic 'Wood science'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Sekhar, A. S. "Innovations in Wood Science." Key Engineering Materials 380 (March 2008): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.380.181.

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Considering the status of wood utilization in rapidly depleting forests, the various innovations introduced to meet the challenges of short supply, and to overcome some of the main defects of various species of wood are explained, particularly with reference to tropical countries like India. The associated developments in wood adhesives and wood joints are also briefly discussed. Some recommendations are suggested for new approaches

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2

Ash, C. "MICROBIOLOGY: Bacterial Wood." Science 291, no. 5513 (March 30, 2001): 2517b—2517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5513.2517b.

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3

Schneider, Marc H. "Forest products and wood science." Forest Ecology and Management 36, no. 2-4 (September 1990): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90035-a.

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4

Mamiński, M. Ł., M. E. Król, W. Jaskółowski, and P. Borysiuk. "Wood-mineral wool hybrid particleboards." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 69, no. 2 (July 24, 2010): 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-010-0470-6.

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5

Adaskaveg, James E., and Robert L. Gilbertson. "In vitro decay studies of selective delignification and simultaneous decay by the white rot fungi Ganoderma lucidum and G. tsugae." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-217.

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The in vitro wood decay abilities of Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) Karst. and G. tsugae Murr. were studied using the following woods in agar block decay chambers: Vitis vinifera L., Quercus hypoleucoides A. Camus, Prosopis velutina Woot., Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex. Hildebr., and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Grape wood lost the most weight while mesquite the least. Ganoderma lucidum isolates generally caused greater weight loss of all woods than did G. tsugae isolates. The range of the percent weight losses varied with the wood. Both Ganoderma species caused simultaneous decay in all woods. However, chemical analyses of the decayed blocks indicated that selective delignification by both species also occurred in grape and white fir blocks. Chemical analysis of the decayed oak blocks indicated the percentages of lignin and holocellulose were not statistically different from the controls. However, there was a trend towards delignification. The analyses of the Douglas-fir blocks indicated only simultaneous decay. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated selective delignification and simultaneous decay of all woods tested. However, the extent of the delignification differed among the wood species. Delignification appeared mainly in areas of tracheids or fiber tracheids, while the rays were simultaneously decayed.

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6

Doty, F. D. "Wood Energy: Predicting Costs." Science 324, no. 5933 (June 11, 2009): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.324_1389b.

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7

Shea, K. "How the Wood Moves." Science 315, no. 5816 (March 2, 2007): 1231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1136096.

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8

FUJII, Yoshihisa. "“Advanced” and “Traditional” in Wood Science." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 63, no. 9 (2014): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.63.691.

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9

Downard, Alison. "Science: Rapid angle on wood stiffness." Analytical Chemistry 71, no. 1 (January 1999): 20A—21A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac990105o.

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10

Deglise, Xavier. "The International Academy of Wood Science." Wood Science and Technology 40, no. 7 (August 25, 2006): 535–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-006-0102-9.

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11

Sekhar, A. S. "Update of Innovations in Wood Science." Key Engineering Materials 521 (August 2012): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.521.179.

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With wood being a versatile material, man has made several innovations from time to time, for maximum utilization of the same, singly or jointly with other materials. Such innovation has been a continuous process along with advances in other fields of material science and engineering. Earlier information is reviewed and updates are discussed.

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12

Schrope, Mark. "Science and Culture: Turning to wood:." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 47 (November 25, 2014): 16633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416564111.

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13

Jian, Li. "Wood Science Meeting the 21st Century." Journal of Forestry Research 8, no. 1 (March 1997): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02864929.

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14

Berger, F., F. Gauvin, and H. J. H. Brouwers. "The recycling potential of wood waste into wood-wool/cement composite." Construction and Building Materials 260 (November 2020): 119786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119786.

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15

Wheeler, Elisabeth A., and Pieter Baas. "Wood evolution: Baileyan trends and Functional traits in the fossil record." IAWA Journal 40, no. 3 (January 8, 2019): 488–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-40190230.

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ABSTRACTWe revisited questions about changes in the incidences of functional wood anatomical traits through geologic time and compared the incidences of these traits in the fossil record with modern wood anatomical diversity patterns in order to test classical (“Baileyan”) and more recent ecophyletic hypotheses of xylem evolution. We contrast patterns through time for tropical and higher (paleo)latitudes. Data are from the InsideWood database. There are striking differences between woods from high and mid latitudes versus tropical (paleo)-latitudes. At temperate and subtropical latitudes (Laurasia and high latitude Gondwana), the epoch by epoch time series supports the Baileyan transformation series of vessel-bearing woody angiosperms (basal woody angiosperms and eudicots): “primitive” features such as scalariform perforations, exclusively solitary vessels, apotracheal diffuse parenchyma and heterocellular rays abound in the Cretaceous and become much less frequent in the Cenozoic, especially post-Eocene. In contrast, in the paleotropics hardly any changes occur in the incidences – each epoch has an equally “modern” spectrum of wood anatomical attributes. Although climatic gradients from the poles to the equator were less steep in the Cretaceous than in the late Cenozoic, the wood anatomical differences between mid-high latitude woods and tropical woods were much more pronounced in the Cretaceous than in later epochs. This seeming paradox is discussed but we cannot resolve it.We suggest that tropical conditions have accelerated xylem evolution towards greater hydraulic efficiency (simple perforations), biological defense and hydraulic repair (elaborate paratracheal parenchyma patterns) as evidenced by late Cretaceous tropical latitude woods having near modern incidences of almost all traits. At higher paleolatitudes of both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere “ancestral” features such as scalariform perforations were retained in cooler and frost-prone regions where they were not selected against in mesic habitats because of lower demands on conductive efficiency, and could even be advantageous in trapping freeze-thaw embolisms. The fossil wood record remains too incomplete for testing hypotheses on the wood anatomy of the earliest angiosperms. The low incidence of so-called “xerophobic” woods sensu Feild with scalariform perforations with numerous (over 40) closely spaced bars in the Cretaceous tropical fossil record is puzzling. At higher paleolatitudes such woods are common in the Cretaceous.Ring porosity, an indicator of seasonal climates and deciduousness, occurs at low levels in the Cretaceous and Paleogene at higher paleolatitudes only, and reaches modern levels in the Miocene. In Neogene and Recent temperate Northern Hemisphere, wide vessels are virtually restricted to ring-porous woods. In the tropics, there is a low incidence of ring porosity throughout all epochs.The fossil record indicates that ecophysiological adaptation to tropical or temperate conditions was already evident in the Cretaceous with considerable latitudinal differences.

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16

Kunkel, Joseph A. "TRUMAN DAVID WOOD." PS: Political Science & Politics 43, no. 03 (June 30, 2010): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096510000880.

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Truman David Wood graduated from Delevan (Minnesota) High School in 1950. He earned his bachelor's degree in political science from Mankato State Teachers' College (later Minnesota State University, Mankato). He worked as a teacher in several high schools in Iowa and Minnesota. He earned a master's and Ph.D. from the University of Iowa. He was a professor in the political science/law enforcement department of Mankato State University (now known as Minnesota State University, Mankato) from 1961 to 1991. He taught a variety of courses, but primarily focused on American political thought. Wood demonstrated great care for his students and understood quality teaching and careful advising to be the top priorities of his academic career. He was a leader in his department and the university for many years. He was particularly active in community service. He was a member of the Mankato Housing and Redevelopment Authority, the Mankato Planning Commission for 22 years, and chair of his church administrative council for 14 years. He frequently served as a public speaker for high school commencements and service clubs, and as an election analyst. He was active in Republican party politics until the 1980s, serving as a delegate to the National Convention in 1964. When he retired, he and his wife Reta established the Wood Scholarship for political science majors who demonstrate a record of community involvement and academic excellence. Truman Wood was an inspiring teacher, a caring advisor, and a model citizen. He shaped and touched many lives.

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17

Not Available, Not Available. "Errata: Wood Science and Technology 35: 167-181 and Wood Science and Technology 35: 269-282." Wood Science and Technology 35, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002260100111.

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18

SEYAMA, Tomoko. "Report on“International Symposium on Wood Science and Technology（IAWPS）2015”in Tokyo." MOKUZAI HOZON (Wood Protection) 41, no. 4 (2015): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.41.188.

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19

Titus, B. D., D. G. Maynard, C. C. Dymond, G. Stinson, and W. A. Kurz. "Wood Energy: Protect Local Ecosystems." Science 324, no. 5933 (June 11, 2009): 1389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.324_1389c.

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20

Grocholski, Brent. "A stronger, cooler wood." Science 364, no. 6442 (May 23, 2019): 746.3–746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.364.6442.746-c.

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21

Rolshausen, P. E., L. C. Greve, J. M. Labavitch, N. E. Mahoney, R. J. Molyneux, and W. D. Gubler. "Pathogenesis of Eutypa lata in Grapevine: Identification of Virulence Factors and Biochemical Characterization of Cordon Dieback." Phytopathology® 98, no. 2 (February 2008): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-2-0222.

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Eutypa lata is a vascular pathogen of woody plants. In the present study we (i) determined which component(s) of the cell wall polymers were degraded in naturally infected grapevines and in artificially inoculated grape wood blocks; (ii) compared the pattern of wood decay in the tolerant grape cv. Merlot versus the susceptible cv. Cabernet Sauvignon; and (iii) identified secondary metabolites and hydrolytic enzymes expressed by E. lata during wood degradation. Biochemical analyses and a cytochemical study indicated that glucose-rich polymers were primary targets of E. lata. Structural glucose and xylose of the hemicellulose fraction of the plant cell wall and starch were depleted in infected woods identically in both cultivars. Moreover, the more tolerant cv. Merlot always had more lignin in the wood than the susceptible cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, indicating that this polymer may play a role in disease resistance. In vitro assays demonstrated the production by E. lata of oxidases, glycosidases and starch degrading enzymes. Phytotoxic secondary metabolites were also produced but our data suggest that they may bind to the wood. Finally, we demonstrated that free glucose in liquid cultures repressed primary but not secondary metabolism.

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22

Wang, Feng Hu, Meng Ying Zhen, Jian Ping Sun, and Xiao Dong Zhu. "The Application of Fractal Theory in Wood Science Research." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.801.

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This article introduces the fractal theory and its applications in wood fracture、wood texture、wood drying 、wood defect nondestructive detecting and other fields in wood science researching, among which many researching results are characterised by fractal dimension. While the methods in other fields which fractal were used in their researches were refered , the writer attempts to apply them in wood science researches.At last the new viewpoints and its applications were proposed.

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23

Ahvenainen, Patrik. "Anatomy and mechanical properties of woods used in electric guitars." IAWA Journal 40, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 106—S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-40190218.

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ABSTRACT Many endangered tropical hardwoods are commonly used in electric guitars. In order to find alternative woods, the current electric guitar woods need to be studied and classified as most research in this field has focused on acoustic instruments. Classification was done based on luthier literature, woods used in commercially available electric guitars, commercially available tonewoods and by interviewing Finnish luthiers. Here, the electric guitar woods are divided into three distinct classes based on how they are used in the guitar: low-density wood used in the body only (alder, poplar, basswood, ash), medium-density wood used in the body and neck (maple and mahogany), and high-density wood used in the fretboard only (rosewood and ebony). Together, these three classes span a wide range of anatomical and mechanical properties, but each class itself is limited to a relatively narrow parameter space. Statistically significant differences between these classes and the average hardwoods exist in the wood anatomy (size and organization of vessels, fibres, rays and axial parenchyma), in the mechanical properties (density, elastic modulus, Janka hardness, etc.) and in the average price per volume. In order to find substitute woods for a certain guitar wood class, density and elastic modulus can already be used to rule out most wood species. Based on principal component analysis of the elastomechanical and anatomical properties of commercially available hardwoods, few species are similar to the low- and high-density class woods. However, for all of the three electric guitar wood classes, non-endangered wood species are already commercially available from tonewood retailers that match the class characteristics presented here.

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24

Wheeler, Elisabeth A., and Pieter Baas. "A Survey of the Fossil Record for Dicotiledonous Wood and its Significance for Evolutionary and Ecological Wood Anatomy." IAWA Journal 12, no. 3 (1991): 275–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001256.

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Data on fossil dicotyledonous wood were assembled in order to 1) test the Baileyan model for trends of specialisation in dicotyledonous wood anatomy by addressing the question - were 'primitive' wood anatomieal features (as defined by the Baileyan model) more common in the geologie past than at present?, 2) infer, on a broad geographie scale, past climatie regimes, and long term climatic change, and 3) assess the extent of knowledge of fossil dicotyledonous woods. The resulting database has information on 91 anatomieal features for over 1200 fossil dicotyledonous woods. The incidence of selected anatomical features was plotted through time (by geologie epoch) for the world and for two regional groupings (roughly corresponding to the Laurasian and Gondwanan supercontinents). For comparison to the fossil wood record, the incidence of wood anatomie al features in the Recent flora was obtained from the 5260 record OPCN database for extant dicotyledonous woods.

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25

Jin, Sun, Wang Xiao-Jing, and Gao Zhen-Zhong. "Discussion of Bilingual Education of Wood Science." Information Technology Journal 12, no. 23 (November 15, 2013): 7677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/itj.2013.7677.7680.

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26

Tomita, Bunichiro. "Wood Science and Technology for the Future." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 9, no. 12 (2004): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.9.12_58.

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27

Rieber, Eva. "International Academy of Wood Science: Supporting Members." Wood Science and Technology 42, no. 4 (February 29, 2008): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-008-0187-4.

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28

Sugihara, Hikoichi. "Mechanical Engineering in Wood Science and Technology." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 90, no. 828 (1987): 1463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.90.828_1463.

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29

Tomita, Bunichiro. "Establishment of the Journal of Wood Science." Journal of Wood Science 44, no. 1 (February 1998): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00521865.

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30

Ries, F. J., J. D. Marshall, and M. Brauer. "Wood Energy: The Dangers of Combustion." Science 324, no. 5933 (June 11, 2009): 1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.324_1390a.

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31

Richter Jr., D. deB, D. H. Jenkins, J. T. Karakash, J. Knight, L. R. McCreery, and K. P. Nemestothy. "RESOURCE POLICY: Wood Energy in America." Science 323, no. 5920 (March 13, 2009): 1432–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1166214.

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32

Wheeler, E. A., and T. M. Lehman. "New Late Cretaceous and Paleocene Dicot Woods of Big Bend National Park, Texas and Review of Cretacous Wood Characteristics." IAWA Journal 30, no. 3 (2009): 293–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000220.

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Three new wood types from the Late Cretaceous and one from the Paleocene of Big Bend National Park, Texas, U.S.A. add to our knowledge of North American Late Cretaceous and Paleocene plants. Sabinoxylon wicki sp. nov. provides further evidence of similarities in late Campanian-early Maastrichtian vegetation of Texas, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. This species is characterized by mostly solitary vessels, scalariform perforation plates, vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits, vasicentric tracheids, and two size classes of rays. Storage tissue accounts for close to 50% of its wood volume. Another of the new Cretaceous wood types, referred to as Big Bend Ericalean Wood Type I, has more than 40% ray parenchyma. Both Big Bend Ericalean Wood Type I and Sabinoxylon have a combination of characters that occurs in the order Ericales (sensu APGII). The third new Cretaceous wood type is from a small axis (less than 3 cm diameter), and has a combination of features that is the most common pattern in extant eudicots (vessels solitary and in radial multiples randomly arranged, simple perforation plates and alternate intervessel pits, and heterocellular rays). The Paleocene wood (cf. Cunonioxylon sensu Gottwald) differs from all other North American Paleocene woods and has characteristics found in the predominantly Southern Hemisphere family Cunoniaceae. The characteristics of these new Big Bend woods contribute to a database for fossil angiosperm woods, and allow for comparison of incidences of selected wood anatomical features in Northern Hemisphere Cretaceous woods from Albian to Maastrichtian time as well as comparison with extant woods. Cretaceous woods as a whole differ from Recent woods in having higher incidences of exclusively solitary vessels, scalariform perforation plates, and wide rays (>10-seriate), and lower incidences of ring porosity, wide vessels (>200 μm), vessels in groups, non-random arrangements of vessels, and marginal parenchyma. The occurrence of relatively high percentages of storage cells (>40%) in some Cretaceous trees is noteworthy; the ability to produce wood with varying amounts and arrangements of parenchyma is likely to be a contributing factor to the success of angiosperm trees in a wide variety of environments.

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33

Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink, Julia. "How green is burning wood?" Science 359, no. 6382 (March 22, 2018): 1373.13–1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.359.6382.1373-m.

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34

Sugden, Andrew M. "Declining wood in disturbed forest." Science 362, no. 6416 (November 15, 2018): 789.5–790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.362.6416.789-e.

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35

Purusatama, Byantara Darsan, and Nam Hun Kim. "Cross-field pitting characteristics of compression, lateral, and opposite wood in the stem wood of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus densiflora." IAWA Journal 41, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00002107.

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Abstract The characteristics of cross-field pitting among compression wood, lateral wood, and opposite wood, in the stem woods of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus densiflora were investigated with optical and scanning electron microscopy. In Ginkgo biloba, compression wood exhibited piceoid pits, while lateral and opposite wood exhibited cupressoid pits. The compression wood of Pinus densiflora exhibited cupressoid pits and piceoid pits, while lateral wood and opposite wood exhibited pinoid and window-like pits in the cross-field. In both species, compression wood yielded the smallest pit number among each part, while opposite wood yielded the greatest pit number per cross-field. Cross-field pitting diameters of compression wood and opposite wood were significantly smaller than lateral wood in Ginkgo biloba, while the cross-field pitting of compression wood was the smallest in Pinus densiflora. Radial tracheid diameter of compression wood was slightly smaller than lateral and opposite wood in Ginkgo biloba and significantly smaller than lateral and opposite wood in Pinus densiflora. In conclusion, the cross-field pitting type, pit number, and cross-field pitting diameter could be used to identify reaction wood in the stem wood of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus densiflora.

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36

Barker, Jennifer. "Disconnection and Reconnection: Misconceptions and Recommendations Pertaining to Vouchers in Wood Science." IAWA Journal 29, no. 4 (2008): 425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000196.

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This paper aims to raise awareness of the importance of plant specimen vouchers in wood anatomy and wood identification in keeping abreast of plant name changes. It reveals the strong possibility that many wood specimens in xylaria are currently misidentified because corresponding plant specimen vouchers have been lost or separated from collections and not revisited. It appeals to the systematic wood anatomy community to reconnect wood specimens in xylaria with their corresponding plant specimen vouchers in order to update nomenclature. More specific recommendations are aimed at the International Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA) to promote and educate those in the wood community on the importance and value of plant specimen vouchers in wood identification and systematic wood anatomy. Of equal importance is the adoption and promotion of a wood specimen citation system that unambiguously indicates whether research is based upon wood specimens with corresponding plant specimen vouchers and whether these vouchers have been consulted so that the research reflects current nomenclature.

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37

Kitin, Peter, John C. Hermanson, Hisashi Abe, Satoshi Nakaba, and Ryo Funada. "Light microscopy of wood using sanded surface instead of slides." IAWA Journal 42, no. 3 (May 6, 2021): 322–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10061.

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Abstract Xylem anatomy is fundamental in studies of the evolution of terrestrial plants, tree ecophysiology, forestry, and wood science. Traditional xylem anatomical studies by light microscopy utilize wood sections. However, the procedures are laborious, and high-quality histological sections have been particularly challenging to achieve from recalcitrant wood species and dry wood material. Modern microscopy offers opportunities for speeding up the xylem anatomical preparations. In this regard, the merits of using a sanded surface for wood anatomical research have been largely overlooked. Sanding of wood surfaces is practiced in dendrochronology and wood identification studies exclusively for the investigation of macro features, such as tree rings, wood porosity, or parenchyma patterns. We conducted microscopic level investigations of sanded surfaces of difficult-to-section high-density woods such as Dalbergia and Quercus species by reflected white light and epifluorescence microscopy. Reflected white light or combinations of reflected light and fluorescence could clearly show xylem micro-features in sanded wood surfaces. The resolution of cell types after sanding with 1000-grit was similar to the resolution obtained by transmitted light microscopy in histological slides. The advantages of sanded wood surfaces compared to traditional wood sections can be summarized as cost- and time-effective sample preparation, large sample area, intact cell walls and tissue structure, preservation of chemical content and extractives, and even focus of the field of view. A simple procedure of wood sanding instead of microscopic slides can be used for xylem microscopy and automatic image analysis of xylem structure.

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38

Olson, Mark E. "Commentary: Typology, Homology, and Homoplasy in Comparative Wood Anatomy." IAWA Journal 26, no. 4 (2005): 507–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000131.

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Comparative wood anatomy consists of two main efforts: wood identification and evolutionary studies. Evolutionary studies can be divided into two main areas: systematic wood anatomy and ecological wood anatomy. The goal of wood identification is the association of a name with a sample; that of systematic wood anatomy is the discovery of the nested hierarchy of synapomorphies that characterize the phylogeny of the woody plants; the main thrust of ecological wood anatomy has been to identify structure- function relationships that have evolved repeatedly across clades. Wood anatomical characters can be divided into three types: typological, homologous, and homoplasious. Wood identification can and should use all three types; systematic wood anatomy must focus on homologies; homologies may be of interest to ecological wood anatomy, but homoplasies have been its principal focus. The use of typological characters developed for wood identification can produce misleading results in studies of evolutionary wood anatomy and must be avoided. Robust phylogenies are important for discovering wood anatomical homologies and homoplasies; also important is the need to make explicit, testable hypotheses, and to identify the type of causation (ultimate or proximate) that is of interest for a given study.

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39

Cornish, Caroline, Peter Gasson, and Mark Nesbitt. "The Wood Collection (Xylarium) Of The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew." IAWA Journal 35, no. 1 (2014): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00000050.

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The wood collection of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (United Kingdom) has its origin in the founding of Kew’s Museum of Economic Botany in 1847. In the nineteenth century specimens came from explorers and botanists; from imperial institutions such as the Indian Forest Department, and from international exhibitions (world’s fairs). Woods were labelled with their names and properties, creating an educational exhibit aimed particularly at forestry students. In the early twentieth century wood specimens from aristocratic estates formed the basis of a new museum of British Forestry. The foundation of the Jodrell Laboratory at Kew in 1876 led to more research in plant anatomy, but sustained research in wood anatomy and the creation of a major collection of plant anatomy slides dates from the 1930s. Since that time, accessions have come from other wood collections (sometimes the transfer of whole collections), from Kew’s botanical expeditions in Brazil and Southeast Asia, and often as institutional or personal gifts from wood anatomists in other countries. The woods now number 34,314 and form part of the Economic Botany Collection, kept in a purpose-built research store and with a collection database available online. As well as enabling plant anatomy research, the woods are increasingly used by historians, and for wood isotope studies, biochemistry etc.

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40

Adachi, Koji. "Wood Physics and Wood-based Material Science Leading the Way to Future Manufacturing Technology." Mokuzai Gakkaishi 61, no. 3 (2015): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2488/jwrs.61.186.

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41

van der Walt, J. J. A., E. Werker, and A. Fahn. "Wood Anatomy of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)." IAWA Journal 8, no. 2 (1987): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001036.

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42

Venner, Kirsty, Caroline Preston, and Cindy Prescott. "Characteristics of wood wastes in British Columbia and their potential suitability as soil amendments and seedling growth media." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 91, no. 1 (February 2011): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss09109.

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Venner, K. H, Preston, C. M. and Prescott, C. E. 2011. Characteristics of wood wastes in British Columbia and their potential suitability as soil amendments and seedling growth media. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 95–106. In British Columbia, alternative uses for poor-quality wood-waste fines (approximately 50 mm or less) are being sought to replace traditional methods of disposal, including landfilling and burning without energy recovery. As a complement to associated field trials to assess the potential suitability of woody wastes as soil amendments, we determined chemical, physical and spectroscopic characteristics of a variety of wood wastes, co-composts and wood chips and carried out a plant (Betula papyrifera) bioassay. Chemical properties and 13C NMR spectra indicated similarity to other woody wastes, and suitability for site rehabilitation if applied under conditions to avoid excessive leachate. Seedlings grew poorly in the wood waste materials (final height <4 cm), except for co-composts prepared with municipal biosolids (final height 93 cm). Seedlings also grew poorly in wood chips unless fertilizer was added, indicating that nutrient deficiencies were the primary cause of the poor growth in wood chips. Even with nutrient addition, seedling growth was low in the finest wood chips (<10 mm), probably as a consequence of retention of excessive moisture. This problem could be overcome by applying larger particles or by incorporating the wood chips into soil rather than leaving them as a surface mulch. In conjunction with results from field trials, these results support the application of woody wastes for site rehabilitation, where in situ mixing with mineral soil should reduce bulk density and improve water-holding capacity, and fertilization can compensate for N immobilization by wastes with high C:N ratios.

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Briffa, K. R. "CLIMATE WARMING:Seeing the Wood from the Trees." Science 284, no. 5416 (May 7, 1999): 926–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5416.926.

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Richter, D. deB, D. H. Jenkins, J. T. Karakash, J. Knight, L. R. McCreery, and K. P. Nemestothy. "Response--Wood Energy: The Dangers of Combustion." Science 324, no. 5933 (June 11, 2009): 1390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.324_1390b.

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Chui, Ying H., Meng Gong, Shaun Price, and Felisa Chan. "The role played by UNB in wood products innovation in Atlantic Canada." Forestry Chronicle 84, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc84582-4.

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This paper provides an overview of the historical development of wood science instruction and research at the Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, and the role played by the Wood Science and Technology Centre in enhancing the level of innovation in the wood industry in Atlantic Canada. A review of some of the wood product innovation needs for Atlantic Canada is also given. Key words: wood product innovation, wood science education, lumber scanning, wood modification, structural wood products, reconstituted wood products, wood durability, wood chemical products

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46

Sakala, Jakub, and Catherine Privé-Gill. "OLIGOCENE ANGIOSPERM WOODS FROM NORTHWESTERN BOHEMIA, CZECH REPUBLIC." IAWA Journal 25, no. 3 (2004): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000372.

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Two species of fossil angiosperm wood are described from the Oligocene of northwestern Bohemia in the Czech Republic. One specimen from Kadan–Zadní vrch Hill is identified as Cercidiphylloxylon kadanense Prakash et al. Because of its superior preservation, the specimen is designated as an epitype to the original holotype specimen of the species and genus. Cercidiphylloxylon kadanense is known only from the locality of Kadan–Zadní vrch Hill, and it represents the oldest fossil wood of true Cercidiphyllum Sieb. & Zucc. Three other wood specimens from Zichov are attributed to Liquidambaroxylon speciosum Felix. Modern wood of some species of Cercidiphyllum Sieb. & Zucc., Liquidambar L., Altingia Noronha, Corylopsis Sieb. & Zucc., Distylium Sieb. & Zucc., and Hamamelis L. was examined to determine how to distinguish the wood of Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllaceae) from similar woods of Hamamelidaceae. The number of bars in the scalariform perforation plates of the vessels is about 40 in Cercidiphyllum, and about 20 in the Hamamelidaceae. Rays are variable, even at intra-specific level, and are not suitable for distinguishing these woods. These criteria were found to be useful in evaluating affinities of the fossil woods.

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Benke, Arthur C., and J. Bruce Wallace. "Wood Dynamics in Coastal Plain Blackwater Streams." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-009.

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We quantified woody debris in the river swamps of the sixth order Ogeechee River and several smaller tributaries in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern USA, compared swamp wood with woody debris in the channel, and studied wood movement in the swamp and main channel over 20 mo. Woody debris in the Ogeechee River swamps was relatively low (0.362–0.880 kg ash-free dry mass (AFDM)/m2) in comparison to several mixed temperate deciduous forests. Similarly, wood in the tributary swamps was low (mean = 0.82 kg AFDM/m2), and there were no trends along the river continuum. Wood in the channels of both the Ogeechee (6.46 kg AFDM/m2) and a fourth order tributary (2.24 kg AFDM/m2) were significantly higher than found in their adjacent floodplains. Woody debris appeared to increase in stream channels from smaller tributaries to the sixth order river, opposite of that observed in other river systems. Tagging of logs showed that only 17% of wood in the Ogeechee channel had moved after 3 major floods, much less than in the swamps (21–84%). The abundance and stability of woody debris in the main channel allows it to be a major habitat type and source of food for both riverine invertebrates and fishes. The fate of most swamp wood appears to be decomposition and fragmentation, rather than import to the river channel.

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Brunken, William J., Marilee Ogren, and Lawrence H. Pinto. "Grant Wood Balkema." Visual Neuroscience 22, no. 5 (September 2005): 551–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523805225014.

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One clear, crisp November day, Grant returned to the lab after attending a high school sports event with his family. An hour later an arrhythmia stopped his heart. Those who knew Grant knew of his devotion to his family, his science, and soccer. Few of us knew how many lives he touched until over 1200 people gathered in the early afternoon of November 29, 2004 to remember their husband, father, brother, nephew, friend, colleague, coach, and mentor.

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Zahn, L. M. "Acquiring the genes to digest wood." Science 354, no. 6316 (December 1, 2016): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.354.6316.1115-a.

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Kamal El-Din, Marwah M., E. A. Wheeler, and J. A. Bartlett. "Cretaceous Woods from the Farafra Oasis, Egypt." IAWA Journal 27, no. 2 (2006): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000143.

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There are fewer than 200 angiosperm wood records for the whole of the Cretaceous; the majority are from North America, Europe, and Asia. This paper describes two petrified woods from the Late Cretaceous Hefhuf Formation, Farafra Oasis, Egypt, a locality near the Campanian equator. Affinities of these two wood types cannot be determined with certainty. One wood has characteristics seen in the Lauraceae, Moraceae, and Anacardiaceae; the other wood has exclusively uniseriate homocellular rays, scalariform perforation plates, rare axial parenchyma, and alternate-opposite intervessel pitting.

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