Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wood Specific Gravity

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Academic literature on the topic 'Wood Specific Gravity'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Wood Specific Gravity"

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Williamson, G. Bruce, and Michael C. Wiemann. "Measuring wood specific gravity…Correctly." American Journal of Botany 97, no. 3 (March 2010): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0900243.

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WOODCOCK, Deborah W. "Wood specific gravity of trees and forest types in the southern Peruvian Amazon." Acta Amazonica 30, no. 4 (December 2000): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43922000304599.

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Estimates of terrestrial biomass depend critically on reliable information about the specific gravity of the wood of forest trees. The study reported on here was carried out in the southern Peruvian Amazon and involved collection of wood samples from trees (70 spp.) in intact forest stands. Results demonstrate the high degree of variability in specific gravity (ovendry weight/green volume) in trees at single locations. Three forest types (swamp, high terrace forest with alluvial soil, and sandy-soil forest) had values close to the average reported for tropical forest woods (.69). Two early successional forest types, which make up as much as 12% of the total vegetated area in this part of the Amazon, had values significantly lower (.40). An increase in specific gravity with increasing age of the tree, which has been reported in some spe cies of tropical-forest woods, is seen in a positive relationship between specific gravity and di ameter for a species prevalent in one plot. Increases in specific gravity with tree and forest age may be significant in estimating changes in carbon stores over time.
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Zhang, Shu-Yin, and Yuan Zhong. "Effect of growth rate on specific gravity of East-Liaoning oak (Quercusliaotungensis) wood." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-031.

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The effect of growth rate on the specific gravity of East-Liaoning oak (Quercusliaotungensis Koidz.) wood was studied and statistically compared with the effect of age (ring number from the pith). Results revealed that age is a decisive factor in controlling the specific gravity of wood, while effect of growth rate on specific gravity is statistically less important. Furthermore, the effect of growth rate varies with ring width range, age, and position within one growth ring (earlywood, latewood, or the whole ring). Within narrower ring widths, specific gravity increases rapidly with increasing growth rate, then more slowly as ring width increases, and when ring width is beyond a specific range, specific gravity remains more or less constant. Growth rate shows little effect on specific gravity of juvenile wood, but with increasing age, the effect increases gradually to reach a significant level in mature wood. Growth rate does not affect specific gravity of latewood significantly, but it shows a greater effect on specific gravity of the whole ring.
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Yang, K. C., and G. Hazenberg. "Geographical variation in wood properties of Larixlaricina juvenile wood in northern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-106.

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Growth rate, latewood ratio, specific gravity, and tracheid length of Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch juvenile wood were studied with two 12-mm increment cores extracted at breast height from 240 healthy trees from 12 locations at a range in latitude from 46 to 56° N in northern Ontario. Ten trees were selected from each stand and two stands were chosen from each location. Univariate analyses of variance indicated that growth rate and latewood of juvenile wood varied significantly in various locations, stands, and trees at the α = 0.01 level of significance. Growth rate of juvenile wood decreased from a lower latitude to a higher latitude, whereas latewood ratios displayed a reverse trend, i.e., a higher latewood ratio was found at a higher latitude. Specific gravity of juvenile wood varied significantly in individual trees. Tracheid length varied significantly among locations, stands, and trees. The overall average growth rate, tracheid length, and specific gravity are 1.29 mm per ring, 2.10 mm, and 0.43, respectively. An unexpected relationship was found between growth rate and tracheid length. Growth rate of juvenile wood has a positive relationship with tracheid length and an inverse relationship with specific gravity.
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Supriyati, Wahyu, Alpian Alpian, T. A. Prayitno, Sumardi Sumardi, and Sri Nugroho Marsoem. "LOCAL WISDOM IN UTILIZING PEAT SWAMP SOIL AND WATER TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF GELAM WOOD." TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 2, no. 2 (July 13, 2016): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v2i2.29.

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Local wisdom in utilizing swamp soil and water to improve the quality of gelam wood in Central Kalimantan becomes an interesting phenomenon. Improving the quality of wood can economize on the use of wood, which in turn preserves the forests in peat swamp lands. Gelam (Melaleuca sp.) woods that are mostly found in peat swamp forests can be used as piles/stakes in swamp soil, and they are durable for decades. The general objective of this study was to provide a scientific explanation of the effect of peat swamp soil and water on improving the quality of gelam wood either in barked and barkless conditions. This study was conducted by taking gelam trees that grew in Central Kalimantan. It was carried out for 18 months, and investigated the barked/barkless woods, media (swamp water, freshwater, peat swamp soil, and sandy soil) and 3 lengths of burying times. Wood properties analyzed were physical and mechanical properties. The standard of physical-mechanical property tests referred to British Standard 373. The results showed that the interaction between bark factor (A) and media (B) affected specific gravity. Barked wood produced the highest spesific gravity in swamp water medium. Water media (swamp and fresh water) improved the wood’s specific gravity more than soil media (swamp and sandy soil). The highest values of hardness, stress on Proportional Limit, and Modulus of Elasticity were in the medium of swamp soil. The improvement of the quality of gelam woods, which were either buried or used as stakes/piles, was allegedly resulted from the swamp water infiltrating into gelam woods that thereby increased the specific gravity.
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Barajas-Morales, Josefina. "Wood Specific Gravity in Species from Two Tropical Forests in Mexico." IAWA Journal 8, no. 2 (1987): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001041.

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The specific gravity of 220 woody species, half of them from a tropical rainforest, half from a tropical deciduous forest was measured. The two groups were compared using a Student t-test. The results show highly significant differences in specific gravity between the species from the two areas: woods from the dry deciduous forest tend to be much heavier than those from the rainforest.
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Yanchuk, A. D., M. R. Carlson, and J. C. Murphy. "Ortet-Ramet Relationships of Wood-Specific Gravity in Lodgepole Pine." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/5.2.40.

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Abstract Two 8-year-old grafted ramets from 12 lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) ortets (wild stand parent trees) were sampled at each of three sites and were assessed for specific gravity with small diameter cores. The broad-sense heritability estimate from the analysis of variance was 0.62, but estimates derived by regressing clone means from ramets on ortet values were 0.49 and 0.54 for juvenile and mature wood, respectively. This relatively high repeatability for specific gravity suggests wild-stand ortet values may be useful for identifying low specific gravity clones in seed orchards, or potential low specific gravity families in breeding populations of lodgepole pine. West. J. Appl. For. 5(2):40-42, April 1990.
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Beaulieu, J., and A. Corriveau. "Variabilité de la densité du bois et de la production des provenances d'épinette blanche, 20 ans après plantation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 5 (October 1, 1985): 833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-135.

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The variability of wood specific gravity and yield of 23 white spruce provenances from the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest region was studied 20 years after planting at Harrington Forest Farm, Québec. The results indicate no relationship between wood specific gravity of provenances and their respective growth performance. The southwestern section of this region showed a small decrease in wood specific gravity, but it was compensated for by a strong increase in volume growth, resulting in an important gain in dry weight productivity. The variability of white spruce wood specific gravity was split into three sources: 11% was attributed to provenance differences, 8% to provenance and repetition interaction, and the remainder to differences among trees of the same provenance and to experimental error. In a breeding program, a first selection should be made at the provenance level on the basis of volume productivity and a second selection on the basis of wood specific gravity values within the selected provenances, to maximize the overall genetic and economic gain.
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Tambat, B. "Wood Specific Gravity of Myristica Swamp Associated Tree Species." International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 6, no. 6 (December 31, 2018): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7033.

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McDonald, Suzanne S., G. Bruce Williamson, and Michael C. Wiemann. "Wood specific gravity and anatomy in Heliocarpus appendiculatus (Tiliaceae)." American Journal of Botany 82, no. 7 (July 1995): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb15701.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wood Specific Gravity"

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Maingi, John Kaunda 1964. "Specific gravity and estimated physical properties of Emory oak in southeastern Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278168.

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Average specific gravity of Emory oak (Quercus emoryi) estimated from 115 increment cores was 0.567 ± 0.011 (95 percent confidence interval). Increment core specific gravity is a predictor of average tree specific gravity. Diameter breast height (dbh) and diameter root collar (drc) were correlated with increment core specific gravity, but the correlations were too low to be valuable for predictive purposes. Estimated physical properties of Emory oak wood were lower than those reported for Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) but higher than those reported for alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana).
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Cosme, Luiza Helena Menezes. "A importância da arquitetura hidráulica para a compreensão do padrão de distribuição de árvores em uma floresta de terra firme na Amazônia Central." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 2016. http://bdtd.inpa.gov.br/handle/tede/2283.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Environmental filters act directly on the distribution and composition of species. However, it is not known how soil and belowground hydric conditions are related to hydraulic characteristics of the xylem, branches and of the whole plant on a local scale. We examined wood density and anatomy, height, leaf area, specific leaf area, and the leaf area:sapwood area ratio at the branch level in valleys and plateaus of the terra-firme forest in Central Amazonia. These environments present contrasting table water depths and soil textures. We measure 20 traits related to branches, stem, and whole plant in 28 congeneric species pairs from 12 genera, each containing one valley and one plateau species. Species associated with the plateaus or valleys showed trait differences that indicate distinct investments in prevention against hydraulic failure and driving efficiency, respectively. On plateaus, species had higher wood density, lower averages of vessel size and hydraulic diameter of the vessel, smaller stem sapwood area and smaller specific leaf area. Some correlations between traits change according to the contrasting environmental conditions, demonstrating that species have different investments in traits according to the water conditions in the soil. The maximum adult stature in contrast environments was associated with different investing in conductivity efficiency through the xylem anatomy.We conclude that even in a fine scale, with few meters separating contrasting soil texture and water table depth conditions, environmental filters may impose ecological restrictions on trees that could explain species complementary distribution in Central Amazonia. These filter may be stronger in phylogenetically closely related species, which show more similarities and compete for the same resources. Thus, contrasting soil texture and water table depth conditions may be important determinants of species composition and diversity . Thus, we suggest that hydraulic attributes and their relationships with the environment must be better understood, especially on a local level.
Filtros ambientais atuam diretamente sobre a distribuição e composição de espécies. No entanto, não se sabe como solo e as condições hídricas abaixo do solo estão relacionados às características hidráulicas do xilema. Nós examinamos a densidade da madeira e anatomia da madeira, altura, área foliar, área foliar específica e a razão entre área foliar:área de xilema ativo no nível do ramo em espécies de árvore que ocorrem no baixio e platôs em uma floresta de terra-firme. Esses ambientes apresentam diferenças na profundidade do lençol freático e textura do solo. Nós medimos 20 traços funcionais em 28 pares de espécies congenéricas de 12 gêneros. Cada par com uma espécie associada a baixio e uma espécie associada platô. Espécies associadas aos platô ou baixios mostraram diferenças que indicam investimentos distintos na prevenção contra a falha hidráulica e eficiência de condução, respectivamente. Em platôs, as espécies apresentaram maior densidade da madeira, as médias mais baixas de diâmetro do vaso e diâmetro hidráulico do vaso, menor área de xilema ativo no caule e menor área foliar específica. A relação entre alguns atributos se alterou nas condições ambientais contrastantes, e espécies de diferentes alturas nos diferentes ambientes parecem investir em eficiencia e segurança hidráulica de maneiras distintas. Concluímos que mesmo em uma escala fina, com poucos metros separando ambientes com condições contrastantes de textura do solo e profundidade do lençol freático, filtros ambientais podem impor restrições ecológicas em árvores que poderiam explicar espécies de distribuição complementar na Amazônia Central. Estas restrições podem ser mais fortes em espécies filogeneticamente relacionadas, que mostram mais semelhanças e competem pelos mesmos recursos. Sugerimos que os atributos hidráulicos e suas relações com o meio ambiente devem ser melhor compreendidos, especialmente a nível local.
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Yildirim, Kubilay. "Inheritance Of Wood Specific Gravity And Its Genetic Correlation With Growth Traits In Young Pinus Brutia Progenies." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12609264/index.pdf.

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In long term, to discover the genes responsible for wood production, genetic control of wood specific gravity (WSG) in Pinus brutia Ten. (Turkish red pine) open pollinated Ceyhan progeny trial, which was established with the seeds collected from 168 clones originated from six clonal Turkish red pine seed orchards was studied. Wood samples were taken by destructive sampling during the rouging of this trial at the age of seven. Specifically
(1) to examine the magnitude of family differences and its components for wood specific gravity (WSG) and growth traits (height, diameter and stem volume)
(2) to determine WSG inheritance and its genetic correlation with growth traits
and (3) to estimate breeding values of 168 families for the WSG and to predict genetic gain if selection is based on phenotypic, rouged and genotypic seed orchard by reselecting the best parents with respect to WSG. Differences among the 168 families for mean WSG was large (ranged from 0.35 to 0.44), as indicated by high individual (0.42+0.07) and family mean (0.55+0.03) heritabilities. Family differences and high heritabilities were also observed for all growth traits. Genetic correlations between WSG and growth traits were statistically insignificant (near zero), while low and insignificant negative phenotypic correlations among the same traits were observed. Realized genetic gain for single trait selection at age seven was insignificant (0.37 %) for WSG and 8.4 % for stem volume in phenotypic seed orchards. Average genetic gain in breeding zone after roguing, by leaving the best 20 clones in each seed orchard, reached 1.7 % for WSG and 16.1 % for stem volume. Genetic gain (relative to controls) at the age of seven obtained from the first generation genotypic seed orchards consisting the best 30 clones was estimated 5.2 % for WSG and 35 % for stem volume. Multi-trait selection was also proposed in this study for the same traits. Selection of best 10 families for the highest WSG and stem volume breeding values produce 5.6 % genetic gain for WSG and 27.7 % genetic gain for stem volume. For the future, the 168 families with known phenotypic and genotypic values regarding to WSG will be screened for the genes responsible for wood production.
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Tasissa, Gudaye. "Modeling thinning effects on ring width distribution and wood specific gravity of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)." Diss., This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-145022/.

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Maranan, Melchor C. "Rapid assessment of chemical composition, calorific value and specific gravity of hybrid poplar wood using near infrared spectroscopy." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2006/m%5Fmaranan%5F10704728.pdf.

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Dias, Fabricio Moura. "A densidade aparente como estimador de propriedades de resistência e rigidez da madeira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-24072009-145333/.

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A madeira tem aplicações já difundidas em diversos setores, no entanto, muitas vezes é utilizada sem o conhecimento de suas propriedades. A caracterização de espécies de madeira consiste em determinar suas propriedades físicas, de resistência e rigidez através de ensaios normalizados. O inconveniente de grande parte desses ensaios é a utilização de equipamentos de alto custo e grande porte, disponíveis apenas em centros de pesquisa. Porém, o ensaio de densidade aparente é de fácil determinação por utilizar equipamentos simples na sua execução. Sendo assim, neste trabalho são determinadas as correlações entre a densidade aparente e as propriedades físicas, de resistência e de rigidez da madeira, de quarenta espécies nativas brasileiras, do grupo dicotiledôneas. Através de análise estatística, foram obtidas expressões matemáticas que permitem estimar, a partir da densidade aparente, grande parte das propriedades de resistência e rigidez da madeira. Tais expressões são apresentadas como proposta para a utilização na caracterização de espécies menos conhecidas, o que viabiliza o adequado emprego de espécies nativas nas mais variadas aplicações para as quais a madeira é indicada. Apresentam-se também aferições das expressões propostas pela norma brasileira NBR 7190, que permitem a caracterização simplificada das resistências da madeira de espécies usuais a partir dos ensaios de resistência à compressão paralela às fibras.
Wood has diffused applications in several sections, however, a lot of times it is used without the knowledge of its properties. The characterization of wood species consists of determining its physical, strength and stiffness properties, through normalized tests. The inconvenience of many of those tests is the use of equipments of high cost and great load, available just in research centers. Even so, the test of specific gravity is of easy determination for using simple equipments in its execution. Being like this, in this study the correlations between the specific gravity, physical and mechanical properties of wood from forty brazilian native species of hardwoods are determined. The mathematical expressions obtained through this study, permit estimate most wood properties of strength and stiffness, based on their specific gravity. Such expressions are proposed as means of characterizing less-known species, what makes possible the appropriate employment of native species in most varied applications for which wood is the indicated material. Furthermore, it is presented the calibration of the expressions proposed by the brazilian code NBR 7190, being these a simplified method of characterizing mechanical properties of common species of wood by means of tests of strength in compression parallel to the grain.
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Mettanurak, Thammarat. "Effect of Minimum Suppression and Maximum Release Years on Compression Parallel to Grain Strength and Specific Gravity for Small-sized Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) Specimens." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34804.

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Several researchers have concluded that there is little or no relationship between specific gravity and ring width or growth rate in yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.). Because most mechanical properties of wood are also closely related to specific gravity, it would thus be of interest to learn how minimum suppression and maximum release yearsâ evidence that can be extracted from radial growth patterns based on a modified radial growth averaging (RGA) techniqueâ influence the compression parallel to grain strength and specific gravity of wood.

This study is designed to evaluate the effects of growth suppression and release on ultimate crushing stress and specific gravity for small-sized yellow-poplar specimens. Additionally, the relationship between specific gravity and ultimate crushing stress is investigated.

Twenty-three yellow-poplar cores were examined for their growth ring widths. Minimum suppression and maximum release years were identified based on the modified RGA criteria method. From each increment core, three 1 Ã 1 Ã 4 mm specimens from both minimum suppression and maximum release years were tested for their ultimate crushing stresses using a micro-mechanical test system. The specific gravity of each specimen was also recorded. These data were analyzed using a paired samples t test and a simple linear regression.

The results indicate that the mean ultimate crushing stress and specific gravity of maximum release years were significantly higher than that of minimum suppression years. Furthermore, the ultimate crushing stress was linearly related to the specific gravity of the specimens.
Master of Science

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Jeffries, Thomas Mason. "Relationships of growth rate and mechanical properties in sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31225.

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Sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua, is a diffuse-porous hardwood occurring in the southeastern United States. In this observational study, trees from two plantations of sweetgum were evaluated for mechanical properties. The two plantations were similar in age, soil type, competition control, and water availability, but differed in nutrient availability, growing season, and growth rate. Three trees representing different crown classes were removed from both plantations. Each tree was sampled for compression strength parallel to grain along the height of the merchantable stem. Oven-dry specific gravity was then calculated for each sample. The results indicate that young sweetgum trees grow weaker wood than mature trees. It was observed that dominant trees were stronger and denser than other trees. Denser wood was formed in the plantation with the shortest growing season and smallest growth rate. Three of six trees showed significant correlations of strength and stiffness with height in the tree.
Master of Science
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Aprilanti, Mônica Duarte. "Influência de um corte na borda tracionada de uma viga maciça simulando uma emenda de topo na lâmina inferior de vigas laminadas coladas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-17032010-110600/.

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A madeira laminada colada (MLC) é um produto estrutural que permite racionalizar o uso da madeira sólida, pois a partir de pequenas peças selecionadas e preparadas é possível produzir grandes vigas das mais variadas formas. A utilização da madeira de reflorestamento na produção de MLC lhe confere vantagens ambientais sobre outros materiais e o Eucalyptus grandis é uma espécie que oferece grande potencial para o uso estrutural. As emendas longitudinais entre lâminas representam descontinuidades na peça de MLC e, assim como os defeitos em peças maciças, são regiões potencialmente fracas causando grande influência na resistência de vigas laminadas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de estudar a influência de uma emenda de topo e de sua posição na lâmina inferior de vigas laminadas coladas (VLCs) no momento de inércia, na elástica da viga e consequentemente no módulo de elasticidade na flexão estática (EM0). Foi conduzido um estudo teórico-experimental com corpos-de-prova maciços que receberam um corte na borda tracionada simulando uma emenda de topo na lâmina inferior de VLCs. Em uma 1ª etapa da experimentação, foram realizados ensaios de flexão estática destrutivos com corposde- prova de seção transversal 2,5 x 2,5 cm não classificados com o intuito de explorar a grandeza da variabilidade das propriedades estudadas para diferentes posições da emenda ao longo da borda inferior da viga biapoiada. A 2ª etapa de ensaios consistiu na classificação de um lote de corpos-de-prova de seção transversal de 3,0 x 4,0 cm através de ensaios de flexão estática não destrutivos para minimizar o erro experimental imposto pela variabilidade natural do material. Em uma 3ª etapa, foram realizados ensaios de flexão estática destrutivos de corpos-de-prova de seção transversal 3,0 x 4,0 cm classificados para estudar o efeito de diferentes posições da emenda na borda inferior da viga num lote de menor variabilidade. Em uma 4ª etapa da experimentação foram realizadas simulações através de planilhas de cálculo com base na teoria de Garcia (2008) para a comprovação dos resultados experimentais e elaboração de novas formulações de dimensionamento de VLCs. Verificou-se que o corte não influenciou no EM0 nos ensaios da 1ª etapa quando se tratou de um lote de madeira desuniforme, mas exerceu um efeito significativo nos ensaios da 3ª etapa dentro do lote de peças classificadas. Concluiu-se que o corte influencia na rigidez da viga à flexão (EI), pois provoca uma modificação do fluxo de tensões com consequente alteração da distribuição de tensões ao longo da altura da viga e do momento de inércia. A concentração de tensões na área circundante ao corte provoca uma redução no momento de inércia que deve ser levada em consideração no dimensionamento de VLCs em que se utilizam emendas de topo nas lâminas tracionadas. O corte influencia significantemente na resistência à flexão da viga porque dá origem ao aparecimento de uma fissura paralela à grã que transporta a altura reduzida pelo corte à seção critica. Essa fissura é provocada por cisalhamento oriundo do momento fletor e não do esforço cortante.
Glued laminated timber (GLULAM) is a structural product that allows rationalizing the use of solid wood, as from small selected and prepared pieces it is possible to produce large beams in a variety of shapes. The use wood from planted forests in GLULAM production brings environmental advantages compared to other materials and Eucalyptus grandis is a species that offers great potential for structural use. The end joints that connect pieces to perform the entire laminas represent discontinuities in the GLULAM and as many defects in solid wood are potentially weak areas. The aim of the present paper is to study the influence of a butt joint and its position in the bottom lamination of glued laminated beams, on the moment of inertia, on the elastic of the beam and therefore on the modulus of elasticity in static bending (EM0). A theoretical and experimental study was conducted with solid specimens that were cut on the tensioned edge simulating a butt joint at the bottom lamination of glued laminated beams. At a first phase of testing, destructive static bending tests were performed with specimens sized 2.5 x 2.5 cm as cross-section non classified in order to explore the magnitude of the natural variability of the studied properties for different positions of the joint along the bottom edge of the biconstrainted beam. The second phase of testing consisted in classifying a batch of specimens 3.0 x 4.0 cm cross section by non-destructive static bending tests to minimize experimental error imposed by the natural variability of the material. At a third phase, destructive static bending tests were performed with 3.0 x 4.0 cm cross section classified specimens to study the effect of different positions of the joint on the bottom edge of the beam in a group of low variability. At the fourth phase simulations were performed using spreadsheets on the Garcia´s theory (2008) to verify the experimental results and the development of new formulations of glued laminated beams design. It was verified that the cut did not affect the EM0 on the first step of testing when regarding a non uniform batch of wood, but there was a significant effect on the tests of the third step over the batch of classified wood. It was concluded that the cut influences the stiffness of the bending beam (EI) by changing the flux tensions pattern and consequent change in stress distribution along the beam height and the moment of inertia. The concentration of stresses in the area surrounding the cut causes a reduction in the moment of inertia that must be taken into account for designing glued laminated beams that use butt joints in the tensioned edge. The cut significantly influence the beam bending strength because give way to appear a check in parallel to the grain and transport the reduced height to the critical cross section. Such a check is due shear stresses consequent of the bending moment and not from the shear force.
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10

Brazolin, Sérgio. "Biodeterioração, anatomia do lenho e análise de risco de queda de árvores de tipuana, Tipuana tipu (Benth.) O. Kuntze, nos passeios públicos da cidade de São Paulo, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-20042010-092326/.

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Abstract:
Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: avaliar o processo de biodeterioração do lenho das árvores de tipuana na cidade de São Paulo e relacionar as alterações da sua estrutura anatômica e propriedades físico-mecânicas com o seu risco de queda. Nos passeios públicos de regiões selecionadas da cidade, 1109 árvores de tipuana foram caracterizadas quanto às condições de entorno, estado geral, variáveis dendrométricas, biodeterioração externa e interna e o risco de queda, estimado com modelo de cálculo estrutural desenvolvido pelo IPT. A biodeterioração e os mecanismos de resistência das árvores foram avaliados ao nível macroscópico e microscópico. As alterações nas propriedades do lenho de tipuana foram analisadas por densitometria de raios X e pelos ensaios físico-mecânicos (densidade de massa aparente; resistência à flexão) e aplicado o método de elementos finitos para análise da distribuição de tensões no lenho. As árvores de tipuana de elevada idade não apresentaram sinais de declínio, embora com estado geral considerado como crítico, pelo plantio em locais indequados, manejo inapropriado e/ou ocorrência de injúrias. O lenho foi deteriorado por fungos apodrecedores, cupins-subterrâneos e brocas-de-madeira, sendo os fungos e cupins os principais organismos xilófagos, afetando a região do cerne; a associção entre os fungos, os cupins, as variáveis dendrométricas e o risco de queda foram estatisticamente significantes ao nível de 5 %. O cupim-subterrâneo Coptotermes gestroi ocorreu em elevados níveis de infestação nas árvores, sendo considerado, no entanto, como um organismo-praga secundário, fortemente associado com lenho previamente apodrecido por Ganoderma sp.. Os fungos apodrecedores ocorrentes foram classificados como de podridão branca e mole, sendo a primeira mais comum no cerne das árvores. Como mecanismo de resistência à biodeterioração observou-se a compartimentalização do lenho, caracterizada pelo acúmulo de extrativos nas células. Os fungos xilófagos causaram reduções significativas na densidade de massa aparente, tensão de ruptura à flexão estática e módulo de elasticidade em estágios incipiente e intenso de apodrecimento do lenho. Ruptura do tronco e o risco de queda das árvores de tipuana relacionaram-se, principalmente, com a intensidade da deterioração do lenho e com a sua dendrometria. A alteração da distribuição das tensões no lenho foi analisada em relação ao estágio, tamanho e localização da deterioração no tronco das árvores de tipuana.
The objectives of the present work were to evaluate the process of biodeterioration in the wood of tipuana trees in the city of São Paulo and to relate the alterations in the anatomical structures and physical and mechanical properties with there falling risk. In the sidewalks of selected regions of the city, 1109 trees were characterized taking into consideration aspects as surroundings, general conditions, dendrometric variables, external and internal biodeterioration and falling risk estimated by using a structural model developed by IPT. The biodeterioration and the resistance mechanisms of the trees were evaluated at a macro and microscopic levels. The alterations on the wood properties were analysed by X-rays densitometry and by performing physical and mechanical tests (specific gravity; bending resistance); the tension distribution in the wood was analyze by finite-elements method. The old aged trees encountered, did not show any sign of decline, eventhough, the general aspect of their surroundings was critical by the inadequate places they were planted; inappropriate management and/or occurrence of injuries. The trees had their trunks deteriorated by xylophagous organisms, mainly fungi and subterranean-termites, and some wood borer beetle too, which affected the heartwood. The association between the presence of the first two organinsms, the dendrometric variables and the risk of falling, was statistically significant at the 5% level. The infestation of the trees by the subterranean-termite Coptotermes gestroi was at high levels, however, it was considered as a secundary plague-organism, because its attack was strongly associated with the previously decayed heartwood by Ganoderma sp.. The decaying fungi observed were classified as white rot and soft rot, being the white rot more common in the heartwood of the trees. As a resistance mechanism of the trees against biodeterioration, it was observed the compartimentalization of the wood characterized by the accumulation of extractives in the cells. Decaying fungi caused significant reductions in the following wood properties: specific gravity, rupture strength to bending and modulus of elasticity either in incipient or intense decay. Trees trunk rupture and falling risk were associated mainly to biodeterioration intensity and dendrometric variables. The alteration of tension distribution in the wood was analyzed in relation to the stage, size and position of the deterioration in the wood of the trees.
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Books on the topic "Wood Specific Gravity"

1

Simpson, William Turner. Specific gravity, moisture content, and density relationship for wood. Madison, WI (One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison 53705-2398): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1993.

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2

Wiemann, Michael Carl. Estimating Janka hardness from specific gravity for tropical and temperate species. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2007.

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Miles, Patrick D. Specific gravity and other properties of wood and bark for 156 tree species found in North America. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2009.

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4

Hidayat, Syarif. Use of green moisture content and basic specific gravity to group tropical woods for kiln drying. Madison, WI (One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison 53705-2398): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1994.

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5

Simpson, William Turner. Relative drying times of 650 tropical woods: Estimation by green moisture content, specific gravity, and green weight density. [Madison, Wis.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1991.

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6

Megraw, R. A. Wood quality factors in loblolly pine: The influence of tree age, position in tree, and cultural practice on wood specific gravity, fiber length, and fibril angle. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press, 1985.

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7

Megraw, Robert A. Wood Quality Factors in Loblolly Pine: The Influence of Tree Age, Position in Tree, and Cultural Practice on Wood Specific Gravity, Fiber Length, and. Tappi, 1997.

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8

Long-term effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on sour orange wood specific gravity, modulus of elasticity, and microfibril angle. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2007.

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9

E, Kretschmann David, and Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Long-term effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on sour orange wood specific gravity, modulus of elasticity, and microfibril angle. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2007.

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10

Specific gravity of coarse woody debris for some central Appalachian hardwood forest species. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wood Specific Gravity"

1

Zobel, Bruce J., and Jackson B. Jett. "The Importance of Wood Density (Specific Gravity) and Its Component Parts." In Springer Series in Wood Science, 78–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79514-5_4.

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Sinha, Satish Kumar, R. Vijendra Rao, T. S. Rathore, and H. P. Borgaonkar. "Growth Ring Structure and Specific Gravity Variation in Juvenile and Mature Wood of Natural-Grown Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.)." In Wood is Good, 105–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3115-1_11.

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Nordin, Nur Saidah, Junaidah Md Sani, Jamaludin Kasim, and Wan Mohd Nazri Wan Abdul Rahman. "Effect of Different Portion on Calorific Value, Ash Content, and Specific Gravity of Leucaena leucocephala Wood." In Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2014), 429–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0534-3_42.

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Kasim, Jamaludin, Siti Nadzirah Misfar, Nur Sakinah Mohamed Tamat, and Nurfaizah Abd Latib. "Effect of Tree Portion and Distance from Pith on Specific Gravity, Fiber Properties and Mechanical Properties of Kelampayan (Neolamarckia cadamba) Wood." In Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2014), 367–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0534-3_35.

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"Density and Specific Gravity." In Forest Products and Wood Science, 175–95. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119426400.ch8.

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"Density and Specific Gravity." In Forest Products and Wood Science An Introduction, 175–95. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470960035.ch8.

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Reports on the topic "Wood Specific Gravity"

1

Wiemann, Michael C., and G. Bruce Williamson. Biomass Determination Using Wood Specific Gravity from Increment Cores. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-225.

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Simpson, W. T. Specific gravity, moisture content, and density relationship for wood. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-76.

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Wiemann, Michael C., and G. Bruce Williamson. Wood Specific Gravity Variation with Height and Its Implications for Biomass Estimation. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rp-677.

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4

Miles, Patrick D., and W. Brad Smith. Specific gravity and other properties of wood and bark for 156 tree species found in North America. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-rn-38.

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5

Kretschmann, David, James Evans, Mike Wiemann, Bruce A. Kimball, and Sherwood B. Idso. Long-term effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on sour orange wood specific gravity, modulus of elasticity, and microfibril angle. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rn-307.

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6

Adams, M. B., and D. R. Owens. Specific gravity of coarse woody debris for some central Appalachian hardwood forest species. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rp-716.

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7

Simpson, William T., and John A. Sagoe. Relative drying times of 650 tropical woods : estimation by green moisture content, specific gravity, and green weight density. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-71.

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