Journal articles: 'Wood Specific Gravity'

1

Williamson, G. Bruce, and Michael C. Wiemann. "Measuring wood specific gravity…Correctly." American Journal of Botany 97, no. 3 (2010): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0900243.

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2

WOODCOCK, Deborah W. "Wood specific gravity of trees and forest types in the southern Peruvian Amazon." Acta Amazonica 30, no. 4 (2000): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43922000304599.

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Estimates of terrestrial biomass depend critically on reliable information about the specific gravity of the wood of forest trees. The study reported on here was carried out in the southern Peruvian Amazon and involved collection of wood samples from trees (70 spp.) in intact forest stands. Results demonstrate the high degree of variability in specific gravity (ovendry weight/green volume) in trees at single locations. Three forest types (swamp, high terrace forest with alluvial soil, and sandy-soil forest) had values close to the average reported for tropical forest woods (.69). Two early successional forest types, which make up as much as 12% of the total vegetated area in this part of the Amazon, had values significantly lower (.40). An increase in specific gravity with increasing age of the tree, which has been reported in some spe cies of tropical-forest woods, is seen in a positive relationship between specific gravity and di ameter for a species prevalent in one plot. Increases in specific gravity with tree and forest age may be significant in estimating changes in carbon stores over time.

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3

Zhang, Shu-Yin, and Yuan Zhong. "Effect of growth rate on specific gravity of East-Liaoning oak (Quercusliaotungensis) wood." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 2 (1991): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-031.

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The effect of growth rate on the specific gravity of East-Liaoning oak (Quercusliaotungensis Koidz.) wood was studied and statistically compared with the effect of age (ring number from the pith). Results revealed that age is a decisive factor in controlling the specific gravity of wood, while effect of growth rate on specific gravity is statistically less important. Furthermore, the effect of growth rate varies with ring width range, age, and position within one growth ring (earlywood, latewood, or the whole ring). Within narrower ring widths, specific gravity increases rapidly with increasing growth rate, then more slowly as ring width increases, and when ring width is beyond a specific range, specific gravity remains more or less constant. Growth rate shows little effect on specific gravity of juvenile wood, but with increasing age, the effect increases gradually to reach a significant level in mature wood. Growth rate does not affect specific gravity of latewood significantly, but it shows a greater effect on specific gravity of the whole ring.

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Yang, K. C., and G. Hazenberg. "Geographical variation in wood properties of Larixlaricina juvenile wood in northern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 7 (1987): 648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-106.

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Growth rate, latewood ratio, specific gravity, and tracheid length of Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch juvenile wood were studied with two 12-mm increment cores extracted at breast height from 240 healthy trees from 12 locations at a range in latitude from 46 to 56° N in northern Ontario. Ten trees were selected from each stand and two stands were chosen from each location. Univariate analyses of variance indicated that growth rate and latewood of juvenile wood varied significantly in various locations, stands, and trees at the α = 0.01 level of significance. Growth rate of juvenile wood decreased from a lower latitude to a higher latitude, whereas latewood ratios displayed a reverse trend, i.e., a higher latewood ratio was found at a higher latitude. Specific gravity of juvenile wood varied significantly in individual trees. Tracheid length varied significantly among locations, stands, and trees. The overall average growth rate, tracheid length, and specific gravity are 1.29 mm per ring, 2.10 mm, and 0.43, respectively. An unexpected relationship was found between growth rate and tracheid length. Growth rate of juvenile wood has a positive relationship with tracheid length and an inverse relationship with specific gravity.

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Supriyati, Wahyu, Alpian Alpian, T. A. Prayitno, Sumardi Sumardi, and Sri Nugroho Marsoem. "LOCAL WISDOM IN UTILIZING PEAT SWAMP SOIL AND WATER TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF GELAM WOOD." TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 2, no. 2 (2016): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v2i2.29.

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Local wisdom in utilizing swamp soil and water to improve the quality of gelam wood in Central Kalimantan becomes an interesting phenomenon. Improving the quality of wood can economize on the use of wood, which in turn preserves the forests in peat swamp lands. Gelam (Melaleuca sp.) woods that are mostly found in peat swamp forests can be used as piles/stakes in swamp soil, and they are durable for decades. The general objective of this study was to provide a scientific explanation of the effect of peat swamp soil and water on improving the quality of gelam wood either in barked and barkless conditions. This study was conducted by taking gelam trees that grew in Central Kalimantan. It was carried out for 18 months, and investigated the barked/barkless woods, media (swamp water, freshwater, peat swamp soil, and sandy soil) and 3 lengths of burying times. Wood properties analyzed were physical and mechanical properties. The standard of physical-mechanical property tests referred to British Standard 373. The results showed that the interaction between bark factor (A) and media (B) affected specific gravity. Barked wood produced the highest spesific gravity in swamp water medium. Water media (swamp and fresh water) improved the wood’s specific gravity more than soil media (swamp and sandy soil). The highest values of hardness, stress on Proportional Limit, and Modulus of Elasticity were in the medium of swamp soil. The improvement of the quality of gelam woods, which were either buried or used as stakes/piles, was allegedly resulted from the swamp water infiltrating into gelam woods that thereby increased the specific gravity.

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Barajas-Morales, Josefina. "Wood Specific Gravity in Species from Two Tropical Forests in Mexico." IAWA Journal 8, no. 2 (1987): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001041.

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The specific gravity of 220 woody species, half of them from a tropical rainforest, half from a tropical deciduous forest was measured. The two groups were compared using a Student t-test. The results show highly significant differences in specific gravity between the species from the two areas: woods from the dry deciduous forest tend to be much heavier than those from the rainforest.

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7

Yanchuk, A. D., M. R. Carlson, and J. C. Murphy. "Ortet-Ramet Relationships of Wood-Specific Gravity in Lodgepole Pine." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 2 (1990): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/5.2.40.

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Abstract Two 8-year-old grafted ramets from 12 lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) ortets (wild stand parent trees) were sampled at each of three sites and were assessed for specific gravity with small diameter cores. The broad-sense heritability estimate from the analysis of variance was 0.62, but estimates derived by regressing clone means from ramets on ortet values were 0.49 and 0.54 for juvenile and mature wood, respectively. This relatively high repeatability for specific gravity suggests wild-stand ortet values may be useful for identifying low specific gravity clones in seed orchards, or potential low specific gravity families in breeding populations of lodgepole pine. West. J. Appl. For. 5(2):40-42, April 1990.

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8

Beaulieu, J., and A. Corriveau. "Variabilité de la densité du bois et de la production des provenances d'épinette blanche, 20 ans après plantation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 5 (1985): 833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-135.

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The variability of wood specific gravity and yield of 23 white spruce provenances from the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest region was studied 20 years after planting at Harrington Forest Farm, Québec. The results indicate no relationship between wood specific gravity of provenances and their respective growth performance. The southwestern section of this region showed a small decrease in wood specific gravity, but it was compensated for by a strong increase in volume growth, resulting in an important gain in dry weight productivity. The variability of white spruce wood specific gravity was split into three sources: 11% was attributed to provenance differences, 8% to provenance and repetition interaction, and the remainder to differences among trees of the same provenance and to experimental error. In a breeding program, a first selection should be made at the provenance level on the basis of volume productivity and a second selection on the basis of wood specific gravity values within the selected provenances, to maximize the overall genetic and economic gain.

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9

Tambat, B. "Wood Specific Gravity of Myristica Swamp Associated Tree Species." International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 6, no. 6 (2018): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7033.

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10

McDonald, Suzanne S., G. Bruce Williamson, and Michael C. Wiemann. "Wood specific gravity and anatomy in Heliocarpus appendiculatus (Tiliaceae)." American Journal of Botany 82, no. 7 (1995): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb15701.x.

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11

Zhang, S. Y. "Wood specific gravity-mechanical property relationship at species level." Wood Science and Technology 31, no. 3 (1997): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00705884.

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12

Zhang, S. Y. "Wood specific gravity-mechanical property relationship at species level." Wood Science and Technology 31, no. 3 (1997): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002260050026.

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13

Frampton Jr., L. J., and J. B. Jett. "Juvenile wood specific gravity of loblolly pine tissue culture plantlets and seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 10 (1989): 1347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-208.

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Juvenile-wood specific gravity of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) tissue culture plantlets and seedlings were compared. Wood samples collected from several (6 to 13) families at three sites, each at a different age (2, 3, and 6 years), showed a significant difference between the overall plantlet and seedling mean specific gravity only in the youngest material (0.387 versus 0.356, respectively). Another collection of wood samples from three different sites at age 5 years showed that the within-site variation in specific gravity for a single clone was 29% that of the open-pollinated family from which it was derived. When tissue culture techniques become practical, operational clonal plantations of loblolly pine should offer substantial improvement in the uniformity of wood produced relative to the heterogeneous seedling-origin plantations currently being established.

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14

Prayitno, Tibertius Agus, Yustinus Suranto, Rieska Wahyu Indra Pratama, and Dasta Dasta. "The Effect of Site Class, Tree-age and Axial Direction on Adhesion Properties of Teakwood." Wood Research Journal 4, no. 2 (2017): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2013.4.2.62-67.

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Teak wood is a well-known prime wood species in Indonesia. The teak forest had been managed well by PERHUTANI, a state forest company for a long time. In the teak forest the site quality has been classified according to land’s capability to grow the teak plant. This site classification had been set up from the beginning of forest management and it has not been reviewed yet. This research’s objectives are to know the effect of teak forest site quality class and axial direction on the adhesion properties of the teak wood. The research conducted using Completely Randomized Design arranged in factorial experiment. The first experiment used site quality and axial direction factors, while the second experiment used tree’s age and axial direction. The site quality factor consisted of three levels of site index III, III/IV and IV. The three levels of axial direction of the teak stem were butt, center and top. The tree’s age consisted of three age class of 25, 35 and 45 years. Three teak trees employed as replication. The adhesion properties parameter were wood specific gravity, adhesion compression shear test and wood failure in both dry and wet condition using block test. The first research result showed that no interaction factor affected in adhesion properties. The teak growing site-class influenced significantly to the wood specific gravity and adhesion shear strength. The more fertile of teak growing site class, the lower wood specific gravity and adhesion strength. The site class of III, III/IV and IV revealed the average wood’s specific gravity of 0.54; 0.50 and 0.47 consecutively. The adhesion strength produced from the three site classes were 41.71; 32.56 and 23.52 kg/cm2 consecutively. The axial direction (from the butt to the top) showed a decreasing trend of wood specific gravity and adhesion strength. The second research showed that tree age affected significantly the wood specific gravity. The wood specific gravity increased from 0.57 to 0.67 and 0.69 produced from tree age of 25, 35 and 45 year old consecutively.

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15

Kain, Günther, Marco Morandini, Marius-Catalin Barbu, Alexander Petutschnigg, and Jan Tippner. "Specific Gravity of Inner and Outer Larch Bark." Forests 11, no. 11 (2020): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111132.

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Larch bark is an interesting resource for the production of insulation panels. As it consists of a sugar-rich inner bark and an outer bark containing more durable components, there is the requirement to separate these compartments. Additionally, bark is often mixed with wooden pieces after industrial debarking processes. In this study, the wet density, dry density, and specific gravity of wood, whole bark, and inner and outer bark are investigated using the pycnometer method, which has been proven to be adequate for the volume measurement of irregularly shaped, light objects such as bark flakes. Soaked with water, the density of the inner bark is highest, followed by wood, and the lightest is the outer bark. Because of different moisture contents, the wet density is not directly comparable. The outer bark sucked up less water than the inner bark. Focusing on the specific gravity, the wood is the heaviest, followed by the outer bark and the inner bark. The differences are significant for both methods, displaying a promising physical basis for separation methods based on density differences. These might be a means to pick out more durable and less hygroscopic outer bark particles from a bark mixture in order to produce optimized bark composites.

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16

WHITE, DAVID E., CHARLES COURCHENE, THOMAS MCDONOUGH, et al. "Effects of Specific Gravity and Wood Chemical Content on the Pulp Yield of Loblolly Pine." April 2009 8, no. 4 (2009): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj8.4.31.

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We quantified the effects of wood density (chip specific gravity) and wood chemical composition (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) on the kraft pulp yield of 13-year-old loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda) grown as part of a genetic selection study. Both bleachable (kappa No. 30) and linerboard grade (kappa No. 100) pulps were made from 18 trees selected for combinations of wood specific gravity and cellulose:hemicellulose:lignin ratios. Statistical analysis indicated that digester pulp yield correlated significantly with wood xylan content and cellulose-to-lignin ratio but was not strongly correlated to wood specific gravity. Near infrared (NIR) spectra were collected from wood samples and correlated with the total kraft pulp yields. The analyses for both kappa No. 30 and kappa No. 100 pulps provided strong calibration statistics, suggesting that papermakers can use NIR spectroscopy to esti-mate the bleachable and linerboard grade pulp yields of P. taeda whole-tree samples.

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17

Sadiyo, Sucahyo, Naresworo Nugroho, Surjono Surjokusumo, and Imam Wahyudi. "NILAI DESAIN ACUAN SAMBUNGAN KAYU GESER GANDA DENGAN PAKU BERPELAT SISI BAJA AKIBAT BEBAN UNI-AKSIAL TEKAN MENURUT BERBAGAI ANALISIS PENDEKATAN." PERENNIAL 6, no. 1 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/perennial.v6i1.191.

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The purposes of this research are to know the influence of woods specific gravity and nail diameter to reference design value in double shear timber connections with steel side plates nail on four species of Indonesian commercial wood according to various approximation analysis. Analysis is done to four values and it is compared with other research that has been done. This research result from testing which have done by Ziannita (2009) referred as approach of A; result of research of Sadiyo and Sriyanto (2009) and Mansur (2009) referred as approach of B; values referring at literature referred as approach of C and compressive-joint total load divided by nail amount and factor of safety referred as approach of D (Sadiyo and Sriyanto, 2009 and Mansur, 2009). Joint done by using four species of Indonesian commercial wood which is meranti merah (Shorea leprosula), mabang (Shorea pachyphylla), kempas (Koompassia malaccensis) and bangkirai (Shorea laevifolia). Nails that applied in this research are nail with diameter of 4.1 mm length of 10 cm, nail with diameter of 5.2 mm length of 12.5 cm and nail with diameter of 5.5 mm length of 15 cm. The calculation of this research is done according to National Design Specification for Wood Construction-2005. Analysis results indicate that wood specific gravity influence the strength of connection, excelsior wood specific gravity will produce high strength of connection also. This can be influenced by mechanical properties from wood such as maximum crushing strength. Bangkirai have higher specific gravity than three others wood but result approach of D shows that the connections assess reference design value which is lower compared with two other woods (kempas and mabang wood). Then, the bigger on nail diameter brings bigger strength of connection also, but this thing depends on the conditions from nail and quality of nail materials. Key words: compression loading, double shear connections, nail, reference design value, steel side plates.

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Brisbin, Robert L., and Everette D. Rast. "Weight and Properties of Ohio Plantation-Grown White Pine." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 3 (1988): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/5.3.176.

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Abstract There has been increasing interest in using the plantation-grown white pine resource in Ohio. Potential uses include posts, poles, sawlogs, and pulp fiber. Estimates of specific gravity and weight prediction equations are needed to use this material effectively. Specific gravity or density is the simplest and most useful index to the suitability of wood for many important uses. It is a particularly important factor in the manufacture of pulp and paper because specific gravity largely determines the dry pulp yield from a given volume of wood. It is also directly related to strength and many of the working properties of wood. We found that the specific gravity of plantation-grown white pine is significantly lower than the published values for natural-grown white pine. This will affect the expected yields of dry pulp fiber and the strength of solid wood products. Equations are presented for predicting the weight of green wood, green bark, green wood plus bark, and dry wood and dry bark of the central stem from a 1-ft stump to a 2-in. dob top. North. J. Appl. For. 5:176-180, Sept. 1988

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Holan, Jiří, and Vladimír Gryc. "The variability of pulp-wood basic specific gravity of softwood." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 52, no. 4 (2004): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200452040073.

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In the present study, basic density of pulpwood of Norway spruce (Piceas abies /L./ Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was investigated. The variability of basic density and factors applied are out of concern. Factors are characterised by localization along the log, growing conditions defined by geographic area of Czech Republic, diameter of log, and the storing of logs within transport loading. Basic density was determined on cores taken by modified Pressler borer in the radial direction from bark to pith. The average basic density of Norway spruce is comparable to Scots pine, as well as the variation coefficient. Basic density of Norway spruce was found 443 kg.m-3 (Vx = 13.9%) where as the Scots pine base density was 450 kg.m-3 (Vx = 15.5%). Basic density was significantly influenced by all factors assessed except the localization of cores along logs. The investigation demonstrated that basic density can be affected by locality of supply in comparison to within logs variability that have much lower importance.

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20

Chafe, S. C. "Relationships between shrinkage and specific gravity in the wood ofEucalyptus." Australian Forestry 57, no. 2 (1994): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1994.10676114.

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21

Narayanan, C., P. H. Chawhaan, and A. K. Mandal. "Inheritance Pattern of Growth and Wood Traits in Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.)." Silvae Genetica 58, no. 1-6 (2009): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2009-0013.

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Abstract Inheritance pattern of wood traits, especially heartwood/ sapwood percentage and specific gravity and interactions of wood traits with other growth traits were investigated in a 27-year-old half-sib progeny trial of teak. Wood traits showed highly significant variation for specific gravity, heartwood and sapwood percentage at family level. There was non-significant family vs. replication variation for these traits. Among the growth traits, there was significant variation for height and girth. Families and individual trees showed varying levels of heritability. Among the growth traits, height showed high heritability (individual tree heritability, h2 (i) = 34.3%; family heritability, h2 (f ) = 34.1%) followed by girth (h2 (i) = 19.4%; h2 (f ) = 31.4%). Among the wood traits, maximum heritability values were obtained for sapwood percentage (h2 (i) = 76.6%; h2 (f ) = 70.7%) and heartwood percentage (h2 (i) = 76.9%; h2 (f ) = 69.7%). Specific gravity exhibited heritability values of 29.1 and 41.8%, at individual tree and family level, respectively. Family heritability was higher than single-tree heritability for specific gravity; single-tree heritability exceeded family heritability for heartwood percentage. Specific gravity exhibited significant positive genotypic correlation with heartwood percentage suggesting that improvement in heartwood percentage would lead to a correlated improvement in specific gravity. Heartwood percentage showed significant positive correlation with growth traits viz., height and girth. Some of the families showed good GCA for growth and wood traits investigated. The good general combiners identified in the present study can be used for establishment of advanced generation seed orchards and breeding arboreta for improvement of teak for specific or combination of above traits.

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Williams, Claire G., and David B. Neale. "Conifer wood quality and marker-aided selection: a case study." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 7 (1992): 1009–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-135.

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Using marker-aided selection for improving wood specific gravity in loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) could shorten the generation interval and improve selection response. A genetic map with restriction fragment length polymorphisms and other markers is in progress using a pedigree suited to mapping genes for specific gravity. Mapping quantitative trait loci for specific gravity provides a prototype for demonstrating benefits of marker-aided selection and for testing hypotheses on the mode of gene action in forest tree species. Ultimately, the utility of marker-aided selection must be compared with phenotype-based selection in small specialty populations.

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23

Longui, Eduardo L., Amanda Assad, Frederico A. R. D. P. Arzolla, et al. "ECOLOGICAL WOOD ANATOMY OF OCOTEA CURUCUTUENSIS." IAWA Journal 35, no. 4 (2014): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00000071.

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We studied wood anatomy and specific gravity in a total of 18 trees of Ocotea curucutuensis, a recently described species, lacking wood anatomical information. Nine sample trees were obtained in each of two areas, Pico do Itapeva (PI) and Núcleo Curucutu (NC), both in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. These areas have marked differences in precipitation, altitude, and temperature. Anatomical differences between the two populations appeared related to tree size, and possibly indirectly to climate. Higher wood specific gravity related with the smaller diameter in NC trees is hypothesized to contribute to mechanical support of the epiphyte-laden trees and to resistance against the prevailing strong winds.

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Atwood, Ryan A., Timothy L. White, and Dudley A. Huber. "Genetic parameters and gains for growth and wood properties in Florida source loblolly pine in the southeastern United States." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 6 (2002): 1025–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-025.

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One hundred and thirteen open-pollinated families from Florida source loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were tested in four states in the southeastern United States. Heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated for volume, specific gravity, and latewood percentage at three different growth stages: juvenile (ages 010 years), mature (1117 years), and total (017 years). Heritabilities of growth traits (0.090.11) were consistently lower than for wood property traits (0.160.33). Growth traits for Florida loblolly exhibited high genotype × environment interaction (rB = 0.44), whereas wood properties did not (rB = 0.90). The higher heritabilities and genetic stability across environments make wood properties amenable to genetic manipulation through breeding programs. In contrast, the high genotype × environment interaction of growth traits for Florida loblolly pine requires more research to understand the possible implication of these effects on breeding programs. Traittrait and ageage genetic correlations were determined for growth and wood properties. Strong positive ageage correlations were present for latewood percentage, volume, and specific gravity. Weak negative traittrait genetic correlations existed between specific gravity and volume across ages (0.13 to 0.43). No genetic correlation existed between latewood percentage and volume, while a moderate favorable genetic correlation existed between latewood percentage and specific gravity (0.47 to 0.59). Genetic gains in volume and specific gravity were compared for various types of selection. In one type, forward selection of the top 20 individuals (of 3484) based on 17-year volume, resulted in a 20.5% genetic gain in volume; however, a concomitant loss of 6.4% also occurred in specific gravity. If a selection index was used to hold specific gravity constant, a gain in total volume of 14% was obtained.

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Cha, Jae-Kyung. "Predicting the Withdrawal Load of Wood Screws in Domestic Wood by Screw Diameter, Depth of Penetration and Specific Gravity of Wood." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (2011): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2011.39.3.252.

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Karlinasari, Lina, Yoga Fredisa, Ulfa Adzkia, Shofi Fauziyyah, Fifi Gus Dwiyanti, and Iskandar Z. Siregar. "Use of a pin-penetration wood density meter to determine the density of 25 Indonesian species." BioResources 16, no. 2 (2021): 3032–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.3032-3045.

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The pin-penetration device is a minimally destructive instrument that is widely used to estimate the physical properties of wood, e.g., density, with advantages such as reduced testing times, low costs, and fewer defects induced in the wood being tested. In this study, such a device was used on 25 Indonesian hardwood species with a strength class (SC) distribution from SC II to IV (according to the Indonesian classification of wood SCs). Tests were conducted on three different orthogonal planes, i.e., cross-sectional, radial, and tangential planes. The wood density ranged from 0.28 to 0.88 g/cm3, and the specific gravity was 0.25 to 0.76. The cross-sectional plane penetration depth of the wood was significantly greater than that of either the radial or tangential plane, whereas the pin penetration values of the radial and tangential planes were not significantly different. A prediction model for predicting the density and specific gravity of wood via pin penetration showed a significant regression. Thus, the use of a pin-penetration device was found to be suitable for estimating wood density and specific gravity in a range of SCs of tropical wood species regardless of species.

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Antony, Finto, Lewis Jordan, Richard F. Daniels, Laurence R. Schimleck, Alexander Clark, and Daniel B. Hall. "Effect of midrotation fertilization on growth and specific gravity of loblolly pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 5 (2009): 928–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-021.

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Wood properties and growth were measured on breast-height cores and on disks collected at different heights from a thinned and fertilized midrotation loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) plantation in the lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina. The study was laid out in a randomized complete-block design receiving four levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer: unfertilized control and 112, 224, and 336 kg/ha plus 28 kg/ha of phosphorus with each treatment. The effect of fertilization was analyzed for the whole-disk and for a 4 year average following fertilization on data collected from breast-height cores and from disks. The fertilization treatments did not significantly affect whole-disk wood properties but significantly increased radial growth. Fertilization rate of 336 kg/ha N significantly reduced 4 year average ring specific gravity and latewood specific gravity. Wood properties of trees that received 112 and 224 kg/ha N were not affected following treatment. There was no height related trend in wood property changes due to fertilization. Fertilization significantly increased ring basal area and earlywood basal area. In summary, there was a decline in wood properties and an increase in basal area growth immediately after fertilization; both depended on the rate of fertilizer applied irrespective of height.

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Olson, James R., Charles J. Jourdain, and Randall J. Rousseau. "Selection for cellulose content, specific gravity, and volume in young Populusdeltoides clones." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 2 (1985): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-063.

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Seventy-five eastern Cottonwood (Populusdeltoides Bartr.) clones, selected from tests representing the top one-third of clones tested throughout the Lower Mississippi River Valley, were analyzed for alpha cellulose content, specific gravity, and volume after three growing seasons. All traits were found to differ significantly among clones. Mean clonal alpha cellulose content ranged from 48.2 to 55.8% of oven-dry, extractive-free wood with an average of 51.1%. Specific gravity averaged 0.33, with clones ranging from 0.27 to 0.39. Specific gravity was highly inherited, while alpha cellulose content was found to be moderately heritable. Negative genetic correlations between volume and both wood properties indicate that using a selection index to simultaneously improve all three traits is currently not possible. Two other selection methods were discussed. These selections showed substantial gain differentials in volume, but either a small loss or improvement in specific gravity and alpha cellulose content. This indicates that at age 3 years only volume should be considered in a selection program.

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Jett, J. B., S. E. McKeand, and R. J. Weir. "Stability of juvenile wood specific gravity of loblolly pine in diverse geographic areas." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 7 (1991): 1080–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-148.

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The stability of wood specific gravity for 12-year-old loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) was evaluated for 18 open-pollinated families and four bulked seed lots representing provenances from the eastern shore of Maryland; Marion County, Florida; Gulf Hammock, Florida; and Livingston Parish, Louisiana. Wood samples were collected from seven plantings chosen to provide a north–south and east–west sample distribution essentially encompassing an area spanning the natural range of loblolly pine. There was significant genotype × environment interaction, and 4 of the 18 families were classified as unstable for specific gravity. These four families accounted for 49.5% of the genotype × environment interaction sum of squares. However, the loss in potential gain in a breeding program for specific gravity due to the presence of a significant genotype × environment interaction was estimated to be only 1%. Loblolly pine from the Florida provenances and from the widely planted Livingston Parish provenance consistently displayed low specific gravity and ranked at or near the bottom at all test locations, including the southernmost plantings.

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Wiemann, Michael C., and G. Bruce Williamson. "Testing a Novel Method to Approximate Wood Specific Gravity of Trees." Forest Science 58, no. 6 (2012): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.10-049.

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WOODCOCK, D. W. "Does Canopy Position Affect Wood Specific Gravity in Temperate Forest Trees?" Annals of Botany 91, no. 5 (2003): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcg054.

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Mora, Christian R., H. Lee Allen, Richard F. Daniels, and Alexander Clark. "Modeling corewood–outerwood transition in loblolly pine using wood specific gravity." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 6 (2007): 999–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-250.

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A modified logistic function was used for modeling specific-gravity profiles obtained from X-ray densitometry analysis in 675 loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) trees in four regeneration trials. Trees were 21 or 22 years old at the time of the study. The function was used for demarcating corewood, transitional, and outerwood zones. Site and silvicultural effects were incorporated into the model. Heteroscedasticity and within-group correlation were accounted for by specifying the variance and serial-correlation structure, respectively. The estimated transition zone was located between rings 5 and 15, and the outerwood demarcation point varied from rings 12 to 15. No effects of treatments on the demarcation points were observed; however, site preparation and fertilization affected the lower asymptotes of the curves in all sites. A geographical trend for the demarcation point was observed, with the northern site requiring more time to reach a plateau in specific gravity compared with the southern sites. The diameter of the juvenile core was increased as a result of the treatments. However, the amount of corewood was not statistically affected, ranging from 55% in the north to 75% in the south, except at one site where fertilization decreased the percentage of corewood.

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Sulistyo, Joko, Harry Praptoyo, Ganis Lukmandaru, et al. "Wood Anatomical Features and Physical Properties of Fast Growing Red Meranti from Line Planting at Natural Forest of Central Kalimantan." Wood Research Journal 9, no. 2 (2020): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2018.9.2.52-59.

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High productivity fast growing species plantation establishment such as the line planting of red meranti (i.e Shorealeprosula and Shorea parvifolia) with intensive silviculture is one potential solution to improve wood supply for industries in Indonesia. However, the information of anatomical properties and wood properties of these two species related to the influence of the line planting system and tree growth rate is limited. This paper studies the anatomical features, wood cell proportions, fiber dimensions and physical properties of wood in radial variation in relation to the line planting effect and tree growth rate. Wood of the trees grown in the line planting system showed higher proportion of vessel element compared to those of wood from natural forest. The vessel diameter of wood from the line planting was also larger than that of in wood from natural forest. The specific gravity of wood from Shorea parvifolia grown on the line planting was higher than that of wood grown in natural forest. The variation of specific gravity on wood portion near to the pith of Shorea leprosula and Shorea parvifolia trees grown on the line planting was related to the variation of the cell wall thickness. The bigger diameter of trees grown or the faster growth rate in the line of planting at the same age shows the greater vessel diameter in wood of Shorea leprosula and Shorea parvifolia and greater specific gravity of Shorea parvifolia wood.

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Chauhan, Laxmi, and R. Dayal. "Wood Anatomy of Indian Albizias." IAWA Journal 6, no. 3 (1985): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000940.

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Ten Indian species of Albizia can be distinguished on a num ber of characters such as seriation of rays, frequency of uniseriate and triseriate rays, presence of septa in fibres, presence or absence of a distinct S3 layer in fibre walls and specific gravity.

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35

Phelps, J. E., J. G. Isebrands, and R. M. Teclaw. "Raw Material Quality of Short-Rotation, Intensively Cultured Populus Clones. II. Wood and Bark from First-Rotation Stems and Stems Grown from Coppice." IAWA Journal 8, no. 2 (1987): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001045.

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The coppicing ability of Populus hybrid clones after dormant season harvesting is weil suited to a short-rotation, intensively cultured (SRIC) growth system. stems formed from coppice exhibit a greater amount of growth than first-rotation trees during the juvenile stage. This research examines and compares properties, including specific gravity and fibre length of the wood and bark, of 3-year-old firstrotation stems (from cuttings) and 3-year-old coppiced stems of three hybrid Populus clones grown und er SRIC. Trees produced from coppiced stumps were 1.5 to 2.5 times larger (in height and diameter at the base) than first-rotation trees after 3 years of growth. Some of the wood properties of the first-rotation trees differed from those of the coppiced trees. For example, wood specific gravity was higher and wood fibres were longer in the sampies removed from the basal portion of the first-rotation trees. Although significant, these differences were small and not important from an industrial standpoint. The increase in woody biom ass after coppicing is likely to be more important to industry than any decreases in wood properties expected during short-rotation, intensive culture of Populus trees.

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Bosman, Monique T. M. "Variability in Wood Properties of Six-Year-Old Planted Meranti Trees." IAWA Journal 18, no. 4 (1997): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001506.

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Radial and longitudinal variation in fibre wall percentage, area percentage of vessels and resin canals and specific gravity was studied in five superior six-year-old plantation grown trees of red meranti (Shorea leprosula, S. parvifolia and S. pauciflora). In another 23 trees of these species specific gravity was measured at breast height.

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Rizqiani, Kanti D., Yeni Aprianis, and Ahmad Junaedi. "Potensi Tiga Jenis Kayu Tanah Gambut Sumatera sebagai Bahan Baku Pulp dan Kertas (The Potential of Three Peat Land Woods of Sumatera as Pulp and Paper Raw Material)." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis 17, no. 2 (2021): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/jitkt.v17i2.192.

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The growth of pulp and paper industries has encouraged the expansion of the industrial plantation forests for pulp wood. The exotic species planted for pulp wood initially maintained a relatively high productivity, however it decreases in the following rotation cycles. The peat land wood species of Sumatera could be an alternative for exotic species. However, the insufficient information on the wood properties has brought about they are less considered. This paper examined the fiber quality of Sumatran local peat-wood and its possibility as a raw material of pulp and paper. For specific gravity, samples were selected based on three different diameter groups in each plot. Fiber properties (dimension and fiber derivative values) used to asses the suitability of the wood for pulp and paper raw material were determined in accordance with the method of the Forest Product Laboratory (FPL). The resulted data and information were compared to those of krasikarpa (Acacia crassicarpa Benth.). The results showed that the fiber quality of sekubung wood was classified into grade II, while gerunggang and mahang putih were classified into grade III. The specific gravity of gerunggang wood was higher than these of other woods and comparable to that of krasikarpa. Although the growth of Sumatran local peat-wood is still low, however, conformity with government regulations (Government Regulation Number 57-2016 and Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation Number 17-2017) and fiber quality, the local peat-wood could potentially substitute the exotic wood species.

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Mauri, Renata, José Tarcísio da Silva Oliveira, Mário Tomazello Filho, Antônio Marcos Rosado, Juarez Benigno Paes, and Natalino Calegario. "WOOD DENSITY OF CLONES OF Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF GROWTH." FLORESTA 45, no. 1 (2014): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v45i1.34114.

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AbstractVariations in the growth site of trees have influence on the internal structure of the trunk. Considering this fact, this study investigated influence of the characteristics of the growth site on wood specific gravity of two clones of Eucalyptus urophyllax Eucalyptus grandis, approximately six years old, growing in different altitudes and topographies. Furthemore, two methods of sampling of the wood specific gravity were studied, for comparison purpose. Results showed that wood specific gravity underwent variations between growth conditions andtrends in wood specific gravity variations, compared between growth conditions, were the same regardless of the clone. With relation to sampling method, the wedge was more appropriate for determination of wood specific gravity, in order to extrapolate the disc density. These results provide tools to forestry companies about consolidation of genetic material and its behavior in different growth conditions, to attend wood quality requirements.Keywords: Eucalypt; wood quality;topography; altitude. ResumoDensidade do lenho de clones de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis em diferentes condições de crescimento. As variações nas características do local de crescimento das árvores apresentam influência na estrutura interna do tronco. Diante deste fato, foi estudada a influência das características do local de crescimento na densidade básica da madeira de dois clones de EucalyptusurophyllaxEucalyptusgrandis, com aproximadamente seis anos de idade que cresceram emaltitudes e topografias diferentes. Além disso, estudou-se duas formas de amostragem da densidade básica na árvore para fins de comparações. Por meio dos resultados pode-seobservar que a densidade básica da madeira sofreu variações nas diferentes condições de crescimento e que as tendências de variações na densidade básica da madeira, frente às condições de crescimento, foram as mesmas independentemente do clone. Em relaçãoao método de amostragem,a cunha mostrou-se mais apropriada para determinação da densidade básica da madeira para fins de extrapolação da densidade do disco.Estes resultados fornecem subsídios para as empresas do setor florestal no que diz respeito à consolidação de material genético e seu comportamento em diferentes condições de crescimento para atender suas demandas de qualidade de madeira.Palavras-chave:Eucalipto; qualidade de madeira;topografia; altitude.

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39

Sennerby-Forsse, Lisbeth. "Clonal variation of wood specific gravity, moisture content, and stem bark percentage in 1-year-old shoots of 20 fast-growing Salix clones." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 3 (1985): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-087.

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Specific gravity, moisture content of the wood, and stem bark percentages in 1-year-old shoots of 20 Salix (L.) clones originating from natural and artificial stands in Sweden were measured for 3 years. Clones were classified into three groups with high, medium, and low specific gravity. Ranking stability for specific gravity was high. Moisture content and bark percentage fluctuated considerably from one year to another but showed a slight increase from the high to the medium and low specific gravity groups.

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40

Prior, J. A. B., and P. E. Gasson. "Comparative Wood Anatomy of Afromontane and Bushveld Species from Swaziland, Southern Africa." IAWA Journal 11, no. 4 (1990): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000524.

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The habit, specific gravity and wood anatomy of 43 Afromontane and 50 Bushveld species from Swaziland are compared, using qualitative features from SEM photographs of charred samples. Woods with solitary vessels, scalariform perforation plates and fibres with distinctly bordered pits are more common in the Afromontane species, whereas homocellular rays and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate are more common in woods from the Bushveld.

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Woodcock, D. W., G. Dos Santos, and C. Reynel. "WOOD CHARACTERISTICS OF AMAZON FOREST TYPES." IAWA Journal 21, no. 3 (2000): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000248.

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The Tambopata region of the southern Peruvian Amazon supports a high diversity of both woody plants and forest types. Woods collected from low riverside vegetation, floodplain forest, clay-soil forest on an upper terrace, sandy-soil forest, and swamp forest provide an opportunity to test for significant differences in quantitative anatomical characters among forest types. Vessel-element length in floodplain-forest trees is significantly greater than in the other forest types. Specific gravity is lower in the two early-successional associations (low riverine forest and mature floodplain forest). Vessel diameter and density do not show significant differences among forest types and may be responding to overall climate controls. These two characters, however, show a pattern of variation within a transect extending back from the river along a gradient of increasing substrate and forest age; in addition, sites characterized by frequent flooding or presence of standing water lack vessels in the wider-diameter classes. The six characters analyzed show distributions that are, with the exception of wood specific gravity, significantly nonnormally distributed, a consideration that may be important in representing characteristics of assemblages of taxa. The degree of variability seen in some of the quantitative characters shows the importance of either basing analysis on adequate sample sizes or identifying robust indicators that can be used with small samples.

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Slik, J. W. F. "Estimating species-specific wood density from the genus average in Indonesian trees." Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, no. 4 (2006): 481–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003324.

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To be able to make accurate estimates of the carbon stocks present in the world's tropical forests, there is a growing need for accurate tree biomass estimations on large spatial scales (Chave et al. 2004, Cummings et al. 2002, Nascimento & Laurance 2004). Wood-specific gravity forms an important component of these biomass estimations (Baker et al. 2004, Magcale-Macandog 2004, Nogueira et al. 2005). Even though Chave et al. (2004) found that the most important source of error in above-ground biomass estimation (AGB) is currently related to the choice of allometric model, Baker et al. (2004) show that for two estimates of AGB in Amazonian forests derived using different allometric equations, stand-level specific wood gravity still explained 45.4% and 29.7% of the total variation in AGB.

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Priya, P. B., and K. M. Bhat. "Wood Anatomical Changes in Juvenile Teak due to Insect Defoliation." IAWA Journal 18, no. 3 (1997): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001496.

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Selected anatomical characteristics and wood specific gravity of 8-year old teak trees protected from insect defoliation were compared with those from an unprotected population. Trees during the protection period of four years showed considerable increase in ring width (growth rate). Although latewood width was more closely correlated with ring width than earlywood width, no significant differences were found in specific gravity, cell wall percentage and diameter and percentage of vessels, probably due to juvenility. Furthermore, no intrinsic relationship could be established between the insect defoliation and the formation of false rings.

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44

Mettanurak, Thammarat, Audrey Zink-Sharp, Carolyn A. Copenheaver, and Shepard M. Zedaker. "Effect of growth suppression and release on strength and specific gravity of yellow-poplar." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 8 (2010): 1661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-101.

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Compression tests and specific gravity analyses were conducted to investigate the impacts of growth suppression and growth release on wood quality in yellow-poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera L.). Growth ring widths in 23 increment cores were determined and the years of minimum suppression and maximum release were identified based on a modified radial growth averaging technique. Three specimens (1 mm × 1 mm × 4 mm) from both minimum suppression and maximum release years were prepared from each increment core. Data analysis using paired-samples t tests revealed that the mean ultimate crushing stress of the maximum release years was significantly higher than that of the minimum suppression years, yet the mean specific gravity was not significantly different. Even though there was no statistical difference in specific gravity for the two growth conditions studied, the ultimate crushing stress was statistically higher for the release growth specimens. This finding provides support for the concept that growth rate can have an added effect on strength properties that is not entirely captured by specific gravity. Thus, to improve wood quality in yellow-poplar stands, forest managers might consider increasing the likelihood of periods of growth release by controlling the competition experienced by the trees.

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Wani, Bilal Ahmad, R. H. Bodha, and Amina Khan. "Wood Specific Gravity Variation among Five Important Hardwood Species of Kashmir Himalaya." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 17, no. 3 (2014): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2014.395.401.

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Muller-Landau, Helene C. "Interspecific and Inter-site Variation in Wood Specific Gravity of Tropical Trees1." BIOTROPICA 36, no. 1 (2004): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1646/02119.

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Muller-Landau, Helene C. "Interspecific and Inter-site Variation in Wood Specific Gravity of Tropical Trees." Biotropica 36, no. 1 (2004): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2004.tb00292.x.

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Parolin, Pia. "RADIAL GRADIENTS IN WOOD SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN TREES OF CENTRAL AMAZONIAN FLOODPLAINS." IAWA Journal 23, no. 4 (2002): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000314.

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Increases in wood specific gravity (SG) with distance from pith are associated with the growth strategies of trees and their environments. In the present study, radial gradients in SG were analysed for 20 species from nutrient-rich whitewater floodplains (várzea), including seven pioneer species, and for 15 species from nutrient-poor blackwater floodplains (igapó) in Central Amazonia. Average SG increased from pith to bark by 12% in the species from igapó, compared to 16% in the nonpioneers and 35% in the pioneers from várzea. The increases lie in the range of tropical dry forests. SG variation follows the growth strategies of the trees. The main trend in nutrient-rich várzea is fast growth, with low SG wood initially and higher increases in SG. In nutrientpoor igapó, the tendency is relatively constant, slow growth and low SG changes throughout tree life.

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Wiemann, Michael C., and G. Bruce Williamson. "WOOD SPECIFIC GRAVITY GRADIENTS IN TROPICAL DRY AND MONTANE RAIN FOREST TREES." American Journal of Botany 76, no. 6 (1989): 924–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1989.tb15070.x.

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50

Sheikh, Mehraj A., Munesh Kumar, and Jahangeer A. Bhat. "Wood specific gravity of some tree species in the Garhwal Himalayas, India." Forestry Studies in China 13, no. 3 (2011): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11632-011-0310-8.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wood Specific Gravity'

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