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1

Williamson, G. Bruce, and Michael C. Wiemann. "Measuring wood specific gravity…Correctly." American Journal of Botany 97, no. 3 (2010): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0900243.

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2

WOODCOCK, Deborah W. "Wood specific gravity of trees and forest types in the southern Peruvian Amazon." Acta Amazonica 30, no. 4 (2000): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43922000304599.

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Estimates of terrestrial biomass depend critically on reliable information about the specific gravity of the wood of forest trees. The study reported on here was carried out in the southern Peruvian Amazon and involved collection of wood samples from trees (70 spp.) in intact forest stands. Results demonstrate the high degree of variability in specific gravity (ovendry weight/green volume) in trees at single locations. Three forest types (swamp, high terrace forest with alluvial soil, and sandy-soil forest) had values close to the average reported for tropical forest woods (.69). Two early suc
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3

Zhang, Shu-Yin, and Yuan Zhong. "Effect of growth rate on specific gravity of East-Liaoning oak (Quercusliaotungensis) wood." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 2 (1991): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-031.

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The effect of growth rate on the specific gravity of East-Liaoning oak (Quercusliaotungensis Koidz.) wood was studied and statistically compared with the effect of age (ring number from the pith). Results revealed that age is a decisive factor in controlling the specific gravity of wood, while effect of growth rate on specific gravity is statistically less important. Furthermore, the effect of growth rate varies with ring width range, age, and position within one growth ring (earlywood, latewood, or the whole ring). Within narrower ring widths, specific gravity increases rapidly with increasin
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4

Yang, K. C., and G. Hazenberg. "Geographical variation in wood properties of Larixlaricina juvenile wood in northern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 7 (1987): 648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-106.

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Growth rate, latewood ratio, specific gravity, and tracheid length of Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch juvenile wood were studied with two 12-mm increment cores extracted at breast height from 240 healthy trees from 12 locations at a range in latitude from 46 to 56° N in northern Ontario. Ten trees were selected from each stand and two stands were chosen from each location. Univariate analyses of variance indicated that growth rate and latewood of juvenile wood varied significantly in various locations, stands, and trees at the α = 0.01 level of significance. Growth rate of juvenile wood decreas
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5

Supriyati, Wahyu, Alpian Alpian, T. A. Prayitno, Sumardi Sumardi, and Sri Nugroho Marsoem. "LOCAL WISDOM IN UTILIZING PEAT SWAMP SOIL AND WATER TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF GELAM WOOD." TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 2, no. 2 (2016): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v2i2.29.

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Local wisdom in utilizing swamp soil and water to improve the quality of gelam wood in Central Kalimantan becomes an interesting phenomenon. Improving the quality of wood can economize on the use of wood, which in turn preserves the forests in peat swamp lands. Gelam (Melaleuca sp.) woods that are mostly found in peat swamp forests can be used as piles/stakes in swamp soil, and they are durable for decades. The general objective of this study was to provide a scientific explanation of the effect of peat swamp soil and water on improving the quality of gelam wood either in barked and barkless c
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6

Barajas-Morales, Josefina. "Wood Specific Gravity in Species from Two Tropical Forests in Mexico." IAWA Journal 8, no. 2 (1987): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001041.

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The specific gravity of 220 woody species, half of them from a tropical rainforest, half from a tropical deciduous forest was measured. The two groups were compared using a Student t-test. The results show highly significant differences in specific gravity between the species from the two areas: woods from the dry deciduous forest tend to be much heavier than those from the rainforest.
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7

Yanchuk, A. D., M. R. Carlson, and J. C. Murphy. "Ortet-Ramet Relationships of Wood-Specific Gravity in Lodgepole Pine." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 2 (1990): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/5.2.40.

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Abstract Two 8-year-old grafted ramets from 12 lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) ortets (wild stand parent trees) were sampled at each of three sites and were assessed for specific gravity with small diameter cores. The broad-sense heritability estimate from the analysis of variance was 0.62, but estimates derived by regressing clone means from ramets on ortet values were 0.49 and 0.54 for juvenile and mature wood, respectively. This relatively high repeatability for specific gravity suggests wild-stand ortet values may be useful for identifying low specific gravity clones in seed
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8

Beaulieu, J., and A. Corriveau. "Variabilité de la densité du bois et de la production des provenances d'épinette blanche, 20 ans après plantation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 5 (1985): 833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-135.

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The variability of wood specific gravity and yield of 23 white spruce provenances from the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest region was studied 20 years after planting at Harrington Forest Farm, Québec. The results indicate no relationship between wood specific gravity of provenances and their respective growth performance. The southwestern section of this region showed a small decrease in wood specific gravity, but it was compensated for by a strong increase in volume growth, resulting in an important gain in dry weight productivity. The variability of white spruce wood specific gravity was s
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9

Tambat, B. "Wood Specific Gravity of Myristica Swamp Associated Tree Species." International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 6, no. 6 (2018): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7033.

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10

McDonald, Suzanne S., G. Bruce Williamson, and Michael C. Wiemann. "Wood specific gravity and anatomy in Heliocarpus appendiculatus (Tiliaceae)." American Journal of Botany 82, no. 7 (1995): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb15701.x.

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11

Zhang, S. Y. "Wood specific gravity-mechanical property relationship at species level." Wood Science and Technology 31, no. 3 (1997): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00705884.

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12

Zhang, S. Y. "Wood specific gravity-mechanical property relationship at species level." Wood Science and Technology 31, no. 3 (1997): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002260050026.

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13

Frampton Jr., L. J., and J. B. Jett. "Juvenile wood specific gravity of loblolly pine tissue culture plantlets and seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 10 (1989): 1347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-208.

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Juvenile-wood specific gravity of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) tissue culture plantlets and seedlings were compared. Wood samples collected from several (6 to 13) families at three sites, each at a different age (2, 3, and 6 years), showed a significant difference between the overall plantlet and seedling mean specific gravity only in the youngest material (0.387 versus 0.356, respectively). Another collection of wood samples from three different sites at age 5 years showed that the within-site variation in specific gravity for a single clone was 29% that of the open-pollinated family from wh
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14

Prayitno, Tibertius Agus, Yustinus Suranto, Rieska Wahyu Indra Pratama, and Dasta Dasta. "The Effect of Site Class, Tree-age and Axial Direction on Adhesion Properties of Teakwood." Wood Research Journal 4, no. 2 (2017): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2013.4.2.62-67.

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Teak wood is a well-known prime wood species in Indonesia. The teak forest had been managed well by PERHUTANI, a state forest company for a long time. In the teak forest the site quality has been classified according to land’s capability to grow the teak plant. This site classification had been set up from the beginning of forest management and it has not been reviewed yet. This research’s objectives are to know the effect of teak forest site quality class and axial direction on the adhesion properties of the teak wood. The research conducted using Completely Randomized Design arranged in fact
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15

Kain, Günther, Marco Morandini, Marius-Catalin Barbu, Alexander Petutschnigg, and Jan Tippner. "Specific Gravity of Inner and Outer Larch Bark." Forests 11, no. 11 (2020): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111132.

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Larch bark is an interesting resource for the production of insulation panels. As it consists of a sugar-rich inner bark and an outer bark containing more durable components, there is the requirement to separate these compartments. Additionally, bark is often mixed with wooden pieces after industrial debarking processes. In this study, the wet density, dry density, and specific gravity of wood, whole bark, and inner and outer bark are investigated using the pycnometer method, which has been proven to be adequate for the volume measurement of irregularly shaped, light objects such as bark flake
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16

WHITE, DAVID E., CHARLES COURCHENE, THOMAS MCDONOUGH, et al. "Effects of Specific Gravity and Wood Chemical Content on the Pulp Yield of Loblolly Pine." April 2009 8, no. 4 (2009): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj8.4.31.

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We quantified the effects of wood density (chip specific gravity) and wood chemical composition (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) on the kraft pulp yield of 13-year-old loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda) grown as part of a genetic selection study. Both bleachable (kappa No. 30) and linerboard grade (kappa No. 100) pulps were made from 18 trees selected for combinations of wood specific gravity and cellulose:hemicellulose:lignin ratios. Statistical analysis indicated that digester pulp yield correlated significantly with wood xylan content and cellulose-to-lignin ratio but was not strongly
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17

Sadiyo, Sucahyo, Naresworo Nugroho, Surjono Surjokusumo, and Imam Wahyudi. "NILAI DESAIN ACUAN SAMBUNGAN KAYU GESER GANDA DENGAN PAKU BERPELAT SISI BAJA AKIBAT BEBAN UNI-AKSIAL TEKAN MENURUT BERBAGAI ANALISIS PENDEKATAN." PERENNIAL 6, no. 1 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/perennial.v6i1.191.

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The purposes of this research are to know the influence of woods specific gravity and nail diameter to reference design value in double shear timber connections with steel side plates nail on four species of Indonesian commercial wood according to various approximation analysis. Analysis is done to four values and it is compared with other research that has been done. This research result from testing which have done by Ziannita (2009) referred as approach of A; result of research of Sadiyo and Sriyanto (2009) and Mansur (2009) referred as approach of B; values referring at literature referred
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18

Brisbin, Robert L., and Everette D. Rast. "Weight and Properties of Ohio Plantation-Grown White Pine." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 3 (1988): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/5.3.176.

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Abstract There has been increasing interest in using the plantation-grown white pine resource in Ohio. Potential uses include posts, poles, sawlogs, and pulp fiber. Estimates of specific gravity and weight prediction equations are needed to use this material effectively. Specific gravity or density is the simplest and most useful index to the suitability of wood for many important uses. It is a particularly important factor in the manufacture of pulp and paper because specific gravity largely determines the dry pulp yield from a given volume of wood. It is also directly related to strength and
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19

Holan, Jiří, and Vladimír Gryc. "The variability of pulp-wood basic specific gravity of softwood." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 52, no. 4 (2004): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200452040073.

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In the present study, basic density of pulpwood of Norway spruce (Piceas abies /L./ Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was investigated. The variability of basic density and factors applied are out of concern. Factors are characterised by localization along the log, growing conditions defined by geographic area of Czech Republic, diameter of log, and the storing of logs within transport loading. Basic density was determined on cores taken by modified Pressler borer in the radial direction from bark to pith. The average basic density of Norway spruce is comparable to Scots pine, as we
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20

Chafe, S. C. "Relationships between shrinkage and specific gravity in the wood ofEucalyptus." Australian Forestry 57, no. 2 (1994): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1994.10676114.

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21

Narayanan, C., P. H. Chawhaan, and A. K. Mandal. "Inheritance Pattern of Growth and Wood Traits in Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.)." Silvae Genetica 58, no. 1-6 (2009): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2009-0013.

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Abstract Inheritance pattern of wood traits, especially heartwood/ sapwood percentage and specific gravity and interactions of wood traits with other growth traits were investigated in a 27-year-old half-sib progeny trial of teak. Wood traits showed highly significant variation for specific gravity, heartwood and sapwood percentage at family level. There was non-significant family vs. replication variation for these traits. Among the growth traits, there was significant variation for height and girth. Families and individual trees showed varying levels of heritability. Among the growth traits,
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22

Williams, Claire G., and David B. Neale. "Conifer wood quality and marker-aided selection: a case study." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 7 (1992): 1009–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-135.

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Using marker-aided selection for improving wood specific gravity in loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) could shorten the generation interval and improve selection response. A genetic map with restriction fragment length polymorphisms and other markers is in progress using a pedigree suited to mapping genes for specific gravity. Mapping quantitative trait loci for specific gravity provides a prototype for demonstrating benefits of marker-aided selection and for testing hypotheses on the mode of gene action in forest tree species. Ultimately, the utility of marker-aided selection must be compared wit
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23

Longui, Eduardo L., Amanda Assad, Frederico A. R. D. P. Arzolla, et al. "ECOLOGICAL WOOD ANATOMY OF OCOTEA CURUCUTUENSIS." IAWA Journal 35, no. 4 (2014): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00000071.

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We studied wood anatomy and specific gravity in a total of 18 trees of Ocotea curucutuensis, a recently described species, lacking wood anatomical information. Nine sample trees were obtained in each of two areas, Pico do Itapeva (PI) and Núcleo Curucutu (NC), both in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. These areas have marked differences in precipitation, altitude, and temperature. Anatomical differences between the two populations appeared related to tree size, and possibly indirectly to climate. Higher wood specific gravity related with the smaller diameter in NC trees is hypothesized to contri
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24

Atwood, Ryan A., Timothy L. White, and Dudley A. Huber. "Genetic parameters and gains for growth and wood properties in Florida source loblolly pine in the southeastern United States." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 6 (2002): 1025–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-025.

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One hundred and thirteen open-pollinated families from Florida source loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were tested in four states in the southeastern United States. Heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated for volume, specific gravity, and latewood percentage at three different growth stages: juvenile (ages 0–10 years), mature (11–17 years), and total (0–17 years). Heritabilities of growth traits (0.09–0.11) were consistently lower than for wood property traits (0.16–0.33). Growth traits for Florida loblolly exhibited high genotype × environment interaction (rB = 0.44), whereas woo
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25

Cha, Jae-Kyung. "Predicting the Withdrawal Load of Wood Screws in Domestic Wood by Screw Diameter, Depth of Penetration and Specific Gravity of Wood." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (2011): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2011.39.3.252.

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26

Karlinasari, Lina, Yoga Fredisa, Ulfa Adzkia, Shofi Fauziyyah, Fifi Gus Dwiyanti, and Iskandar Z. Siregar. "Use of a pin-penetration wood density meter to determine the density of 25 Indonesian species." BioResources 16, no. 2 (2021): 3032–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.3032-3045.

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The pin-penetration device is a minimally destructive instrument that is widely used to estimate the physical properties of wood, e.g., density, with advantages such as reduced testing times, low costs, and fewer defects induced in the wood being tested. In this study, such a device was used on 25 Indonesian hardwood species with a strength class (SC) distribution from SC II to IV (according to the Indonesian classification of wood SCs). Tests were conducted on three different orthogonal planes, i.e., cross-sectional, radial, and tangential planes. The wood density ranged from 0.28 to 0.88 g/c
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27

Antony, Finto, Lewis Jordan, Richard F. Daniels, Laurence R. Schimleck, Alexander Clark, and Daniel B. Hall. "Effect of midrotation fertilization on growth and specific gravity of loblolly pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 5 (2009): 928–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-021.

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Wood properties and growth were measured on breast-height cores and on disks collected at different heights from a thinned and fertilized midrotation loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) plantation in the lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina. The study was laid out in a randomized complete-block design receiving four levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer: unfertilized control and 112, 224, and 336 kg/ha plus 28 kg/ha of phosphorus with each treatment. The effect of fertilization was analyzed for the whole-disk and for a 4 year average following fertilization on data collected from breast-height cores
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28

Olson, James R., Charles J. Jourdain, and Randall J. Rousseau. "Selection for cellulose content, specific gravity, and volume in young Populusdeltoides clones." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 2 (1985): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-063.

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Seventy-five eastern Cottonwood (Populusdeltoides Bartr.) clones, selected from tests representing the top one-third of clones tested throughout the Lower Mississippi River Valley, were analyzed for alpha cellulose content, specific gravity, and volume after three growing seasons. All traits were found to differ significantly among clones. Mean clonal alpha cellulose content ranged from 48.2 to 55.8% of oven-dry, extractive-free wood with an average of 51.1%. Specific gravity averaged 0.33, with clones ranging from 0.27 to 0.39. Specific gravity was highly inherited, while alpha cellulose cont
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29

Jett, J. B., S. E. McKeand, and R. J. Weir. "Stability of juvenile wood specific gravity of loblolly pine in diverse geographic areas." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 7 (1991): 1080–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-148.

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The stability of wood specific gravity for 12-year-old loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) was evaluated for 18 open-pollinated families and four bulked seed lots representing provenances from the eastern shore of Maryland; Marion County, Florida; Gulf Hammock, Florida; and Livingston Parish, Louisiana. Wood samples were collected from seven plantings chosen to provide a north–south and east–west sample distribution essentially encompassing an area spanning the natural range of loblolly pine. There was significant genotype × environment interaction, and 4 of the 18 families were classified as unstab
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30

Wiemann, Michael C., and G. Bruce Williamson. "Testing a Novel Method to Approximate Wood Specific Gravity of Trees." Forest Science 58, no. 6 (2012): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.10-049.

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31

WOODCOCK, D. W. "Does Canopy Position Affect Wood Specific Gravity in Temperate Forest Trees?" Annals of Botany 91, no. 5 (2003): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcg054.

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32

Mora, Christian R., H. Lee Allen, Richard F. Daniels, and Alexander Clark. "Modeling corewood–outerwood transition in loblolly pine using wood specific gravity." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 6 (2007): 999–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-250.

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A modified logistic function was used for modeling specific-gravity profiles obtained from X-ray densitometry analysis in 675 loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) trees in four regeneration trials. Trees were 21 or 22 years old at the time of the study. The function was used for demarcating corewood, transitional, and outerwood zones. Site and silvicultural effects were incorporated into the model. Heteroscedasticity and within-group correlation were accounted for by specifying the variance and serial-correlation structure, respectively. The estimated transition zone was located between rings 5 and
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33

Sulistyo, Joko, Harry Praptoyo, Ganis Lukmandaru, et al. "Wood Anatomical Features and Physical Properties of Fast Growing Red Meranti from Line Planting at Natural Forest of Central Kalimantan." Wood Research Journal 9, no. 2 (2020): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2018.9.2.52-59.

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High productivity fast growing species plantation establishment such as the line planting of red meranti (i.e Shorealeprosula and Shorea parvifolia) with intensive silviculture is one potential solution to improve wood supply for industries in Indonesia. However, the information of anatomical properties and wood properties of these two species related to the influence of the line planting system and tree growth rate is limited. This paper studies the anatomical features, wood cell proportions, fiber dimensions and physical properties of wood in radial variation in relation to the line planting
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34

Chauhan, Laxmi, and R. Dayal. "Wood Anatomy of Indian Albizias." IAWA Journal 6, no. 3 (1985): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000940.

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Ten Indian species of Albizia can be distinguished on a num ber of characters such as seriation of rays, frequency of uniseriate and triseriate rays, presence of septa in fibres, presence or absence of a distinct S3 layer in fibre walls and specific gravity.
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35

Phelps, J. E., J. G. Isebrands, and R. M. Teclaw. "Raw Material Quality of Short-Rotation, Intensively Cultured Populus Clones. II. Wood and Bark from First-Rotation Stems and Stems Grown from Coppice." IAWA Journal 8, no. 2 (1987): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001045.

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The coppicing ability of Populus hybrid clones after dormant season harvesting is weil suited to a short-rotation, intensively cultured (SRIC) growth system. stems formed from coppice exhibit a greater amount of growth than first-rotation trees during the juvenile stage. This research examines and compares properties, including specific gravity and fibre length of the wood and bark, of 3-year-old firstrotation stems (from cuttings) and 3-year-old coppiced stems of three hybrid Populus clones grown und er SRIC. Trees produced from coppiced stumps were 1.5 to 2.5 times larger (in height and diam
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36

Bosman, Monique T. M. "Variability in Wood Properties of Six-Year-Old Planted Meranti Trees." IAWA Journal 18, no. 4 (1997): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001506.

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Radial and longitudinal variation in fibre wall percentage, area percentage of vessels and resin canals and specific gravity was studied in five superior six-year-old plantation grown trees of red meranti (Shorea leprosula, S. parvifolia and S. pauciflora). In another 23 trees of these species specific gravity was measured at breast height.
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37

Rizqiani, Kanti D., Yeni Aprianis, and Ahmad Junaedi. "Potensi Tiga Jenis Kayu Tanah Gambut Sumatera sebagai Bahan Baku Pulp dan Kertas (The Potential of Three Peat Land Woods of Sumatera as Pulp and Paper Raw Material)." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis 17, no. 2 (2021): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/jitkt.v17i2.192.

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The growth of pulp and paper industries has encouraged the expansion of the industrial plantation forests for pulp wood. The exotic species planted for pulp wood initially maintained a relatively high productivity, however it decreases in the following rotation cycles. The peat land wood species of Sumatera could be an alternative for exotic species. However, the insufficient information on the wood properties has brought about they are less considered. This paper examined the fiber quality of Sumatran local peat-wood and its possibility as a raw material of pulp and paper. For specific gravit
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38

Mauri, Renata, José Tarcísio da Silva Oliveira, Mário Tomazello Filho, Antônio Marcos Rosado, Juarez Benigno Paes, and Natalino Calegario. "WOOD DENSITY OF CLONES OF Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF GROWTH." FLORESTA 45, no. 1 (2014): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v45i1.34114.

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AbstractVariations in the growth site of trees have influence on the internal structure of the trunk. Considering this fact, this study investigated influence of the characteristics of the growth site on wood specific gravity of two clones of Eucalyptus urophyllax Eucalyptus grandis, approximately six years old, growing in different altitudes and topographies. Furthemore, two methods of sampling of the wood specific gravity were studied, for comparison purpose. Results showed that wood specific gravity underwent variations between growth conditions andtrends in wood specific gravity variations
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39

Sennerby-Forsse, Lisbeth. "Clonal variation of wood specific gravity, moisture content, and stem bark percentage in 1-year-old shoots of 20 fast-growing Salix clones." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 3 (1985): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-087.

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Specific gravity, moisture content of the wood, and stem bark percentages in 1-year-old shoots of 20 Salix (L.) clones originating from natural and artificial stands in Sweden were measured for 3 years. Clones were classified into three groups with high, medium, and low specific gravity. Ranking stability for specific gravity was high. Moisture content and bark percentage fluctuated considerably from one year to another but showed a slight increase from the high to the medium and low specific gravity groups.
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40

Prior, J. A. B., and P. E. Gasson. "Comparative Wood Anatomy of Afromontane and Bushveld Species from Swaziland, Southern Africa." IAWA Journal 11, no. 4 (1990): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000524.

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The habit, specific gravity and wood anatomy of 43 Afromontane and 50 Bushveld species from Swaziland are compared, using qualitative features from SEM photographs of charred samples. Woods with solitary vessels, scalariform perforation plates and fibres with distinctly bordered pits are more common in the Afromontane species, whereas homocellular rays and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate are more common in woods from the Bushveld.
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41

Woodcock, D. W., G. Dos Santos, and C. Reynel. "WOOD CHARACTERISTICS OF AMAZON FOREST TYPES." IAWA Journal 21, no. 3 (2000): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000248.

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The Tambopata region of the southern Peruvian Amazon supports a high diversity of both woody plants and forest types. Woods collected from low riverside vegetation, floodplain forest, clay-soil forest on an upper terrace, sandy-soil forest, and swamp forest provide an opportunity to test for significant differences in quantitative anatomical characters among forest types. Vessel-element length in floodplain-forest trees is significantly greater than in the other forest types. Specific gravity is lower in the two early-successional associations (low riverine forest and mature floodplain forest)
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42

Slik, J. W. F. "Estimating species-specific wood density from the genus average in Indonesian trees." Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, no. 4 (2006): 481–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003324.

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To be able to make accurate estimates of the carbon stocks present in the world's tropical forests, there is a growing need for accurate tree biomass estimations on large spatial scales (Chave et al. 2004, Cummings et al. 2002, Nascimento & Laurance 2004). Wood-specific gravity forms an important component of these biomass estimations (Baker et al. 2004, Magcale-Macandog 2004, Nogueira et al. 2005). Even though Chave et al. (2004) found that the most important source of error in above-ground biomass estimation (AGB) is currently related to the choice of allometric model, Baker et al. (2004
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43

Priya, P. B., and K. M. Bhat. "Wood Anatomical Changes in Juvenile Teak due to Insect Defoliation." IAWA Journal 18, no. 3 (1997): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001496.

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Selected anatomical characteristics and wood specific gravity of 8-year old teak trees protected from insect defoliation were compared with those from an unprotected population. Trees during the protection period of four years showed considerable increase in ring width (growth rate). Although latewood width was more closely correlated with ring width than earlywood width, no significant differences were found in specific gravity, cell wall percentage and diameter and percentage of vessels, probably due to juvenility. Furthermore, no intrinsic relationship could be established between the insec
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44

Mettanurak, Thammarat, Audrey Zink-Sharp, Carolyn A. Copenheaver, and Shepard M. Zedaker. "Effect of growth suppression and release on strength and specific gravity of yellow-poplar." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 8 (2010): 1661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-101.

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Compression tests and specific gravity analyses were conducted to investigate the impacts of growth suppression and growth release on wood quality in yellow-poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera L.). Growth ring widths in 23 increment cores were determined and the years of minimum suppression and maximum release were identified based on a modified radial growth averaging technique. Three specimens (1 mm × 1 mm × 4 mm) from both minimum suppression and maximum release years were prepared from each increment core. Data analysis using paired-samples t tests revealed that the mean ultimate crushing str
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45

Wani, Bilal Ahmad, R. H. Bodha, and Amina Khan. "Wood Specific Gravity Variation among Five Important Hardwood Species of Kashmir Himalaya." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 17, no. 3 (2014): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2014.395.401.

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46

Muller-Landau, Helene C. "Interspecific and Inter-site Variation in Wood Specific Gravity of Tropical Trees1." BIOTROPICA 36, no. 1 (2004): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1646/02119.

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47

Muller-Landau, Helene C. "Interspecific and Inter-site Variation in Wood Specific Gravity of Tropical Trees." Biotropica 36, no. 1 (2004): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2004.tb00292.x.

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48

Parolin, Pia. "RADIAL GRADIENTS IN WOOD SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN TREES OF CENTRAL AMAZONIAN FLOODPLAINS." IAWA Journal 23, no. 4 (2002): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000314.

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Increases in wood specific gravity (SG) with distance from pith are associated with the growth strategies of trees and their environments. In the present study, radial gradients in SG were analysed for 20 species from nutrient-rich whitewater floodplains (várzea), including seven pioneer species, and for 15 species from nutrient-poor blackwater floodplains (igapó) in Central Amazonia. Average SG increased from pith to bark by 12% in the species from igapó, compared to 16% in the nonpioneers and 35% in the pioneers from várzea. The increases lie in the range of tropical dry forests. SG variatio
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Wiemann, Michael C., and G. Bruce Williamson. "WOOD SPECIFIC GRAVITY GRADIENTS IN TROPICAL DRY AND MONTANE RAIN FOREST TREES." American Journal of Botany 76, no. 6 (1989): 924–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1989.tb15070.x.

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Sheikh, Mehraj A., Munesh Kumar, and Jahangeer A. Bhat. "Wood specific gravity of some tree species in the Garhwal Himalayas, India." Forestry Studies in China 13, no. 3 (2011): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11632-011-0310-8.

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