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Journal articles on the topic 'Wood trusses'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Karacabeyli, Erol, Conroy Lum, and Link Olson. "Strength and stiffness of glulam trusses with punched metal plated joints." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 4 (August 1, 1993): 622–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-079.

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Several Canadian wood truss manufacturers expressed a need to develop technical information to initiate the fabrication and acceptance of wood trusses made with glued-laminated timber (glulam) members and connected by punched metal plates. In collaboration with industrial participants, Forintek Canada Corp. developed a program for testing and analysis of metal plated glulam trusses. Twelve 3/12 pitched chord trusses and three parallel chord trusses, all 13.7 m long, were designed by three different plate manufacturers. All truss fabrication took place at a single truss manufacturing plant. Trusses composed of 79 mm wide and 152-229 mm deep glulam members connected by 16-gauge punched metal plates were tested to failure. The ratio of ultimate to design load averaged 3.5, and varied between 2.7 and 4.4. Both wood and plate failure modes were observed. The results suggest that the sizes of glulam members used in this study are structurally suitable for use with 16-gauge metal connector plates. Key words: wood, trusses, glued-laminated timber, truss plates, strength, stiffness.

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2

Bulleit, William M., and James L. Yates. "Probabilistic Analysis of Wood Trusses." Journal of Structural Engineering 117, no. 10 (October 1991): 3008–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1991)117:10(3008).

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3

Kristie, Richard J., and Arne P. Johnson. "Investigating and Repairing Wood Bowstring Trusses." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 1, no. 1 (February 1996): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(1996)1:1(25).

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4

Zhang, Liuliu, Cheng Chang, and Shuming Yang. "EFFECT OF DIFFERENT WOOD DOWELS ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIANGULAR GIRDER TRUSSES." WOOD RESEARCH 66(3) 2021 66, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.3.477488.

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Static load tests were carried out on three kinds of triangular girder trusses with different diameter wood dowels, and the effects of that on the structure of girder trusses were discussed. It was found that there was a good synergy between the wood dowels and the girder trusses. Among the triangular girder trusses with different diameters, the 16 mm diameters had the best energy dissipation performance increased by 184% and deformation resistance of 0.73 mm; the 20 mm diameters had the best stability performance, the better bearing capacity of 60.42 kN and deformation resistance of 0.82 mm. The bearing capacity of the double girder trusses was 2.06-2.25 times that of two single trusses, which had the ability to ‘one plus one is greater than two’.

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5

Sibilla, Luboš, Milan Vlček, Karel Struhala, and Pavel Kříž. "Influence of Orientation of Building on Indoor Conditions in a Roof Truss." Applied Mechanics and Materials 824 (January 2016): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.824.267.

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Protection of historical roof trusses is an important part of efforts to protect our cultural heritage. These timber structures carry a lot of information about used tools, technologies or construction processes. Roof trusses are generally threatened by many dangers, which could cause irreparable damage and loss of the carried information. Wood destroying insects and fungi are the gravest threat to historical roof trusses in our climatic conditions. Their spreading depends on several specific (interior) conditions. These include critical moisture content in the wood, relative humidity, amount of natural light and ventilation. In addition to these commonly monitored parameters (and their critical levels) we also must not forget the influence of local geography, biotope or orientation to the cardinal. This paper describes temporal fluctuations of some of the mentioned physical parameters in a historical roof truss with regard to external climatic conditions and orientation to the cardinal.

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6

Sibilla, Luboš, Milan Vlček, Karel Struhala, and Pavel Kříž. "Evaluation of the Dependence of the Parameters of Internal Environment of Wooden Truss on the Orientation of the Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 861 (December 2016): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.861.287.

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Historical wooden trusses carry a lot of information about used tools, technologies or construction processes. Unfortunately they are generally threatened by many dangers, which could cause irreparable damage and loss of the carried information. Protection of historical roof trusses is an important part of efforts to protect our cultural heritage. Wood destroying insects and fungi are the most serious threats to historical roof trusses in our climatic conditions. Their spreading depends on several specific (interior) conditions. These include critical moisture content in the wood, relative humidity, temperature, etc. In addition to these commonly monitored parameters (and their critical levels) we also must not forget the influence of local geography, biotope or orientation to the cardinal. This paper describes temporal fluctuations of some of the mentioned physical parameters in a historical roof truss (in Brno, Czech Republic) with regard to external climatic conditions and orientation to the cardinal.

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7

Kromoser, Benjamin, Matthias Braun, and Maximilian Ortner. "Construction of All-Wood Trusses with Plywood Nodes and Wooden Pegs: A Strategy towards Resource-Efficient Timber Construction." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 13, 2021): 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062568.

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Timber truss systems are very efficient load-bearing structures. They allow for great freedom in design and are characterised by high material use in combination with a low environmental impact. Unfortunately, the extensive effort in design and production have made the manufacturing and application of these structures, in this day and age, a rarity. In addition, the currently mainly used steel gusset plates adversely affect the costs and environmental impact of the trusses. The authors’ goals are to optimise the design of timber trusses and to solely use wood for all building components. The two research areas, (1) optimisation of the truss geometry and (2) optimisation of the joints by using solely wood–wood connections, are addressed in this paper. The numerical optimisation strategy is based on a parametric design of the truss and the use of a genetic solver for the optimisation regarding minimal material consumption. Furthermore, first results of the tensile and compression behaviour of the chosen wood–wood connections are presented. The basic idea for the joints is to use a plywood plate as a connector, which is inserted into the truss members and fixed with wooden pegs. The housing of the new robot laboratory located at BOKU Vienna is considered a special case study for the research and serves as an accompanying example for the application of the research within the present paper.

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8

Sibilla, Luboš, Milan Vlček, Karel Struhala, and Pavel Kříž. "Analysis of Damage to the Historic Roof Truss in Terms of Internal Environment." Advanced Materials Research 1041 (October 2014): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.341.

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The main threats that endanger the historical roof trusses in our geographical conditions are wood decaying fungi and wood destroying insects. For these threats to occur and spread across the historical roof truss, several criteria have to be fulfilled within the indoor environment. These critical criteria include wood moisture, relative humidity, amount of daylight and airflow. In addition to these monitored parameters and their critical values, we must not forget the impact of local geographical specifications and wider dependencies. This article is focuses on comparison of theoretical knowledge in this area with in-situ measurements of historical roof trusses on several reference buildings – churches and chapels in Southern Moravia. These were chosen due to their long-lasting nature and circumstances of the construction. The influence of specific local conditions (especially indoor environment) on the extent of damage is also examined in addition to general comparison.

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9

Kim, Tae-Woo, Bin Ha, and Sang-Sik Jang. "The Strength and Applications of OSB Gusset Trusses for Field Assembly." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 42, no. 6 (November 25, 2014): 708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2014.42.6.708.

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10

Gasparini, Dario, Kamil Nizamiev, and Jim Berilla. "Long-Term Behavior of Posttensioned Wood Howe Trusses." Journal of Structural Engineering 146, no. 7 (July 2020): 04020112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002655.

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11

Benešová, Romana, Marie Rusinová, and Luboš Sibilla. "Analysis of Fire Protection with Focuse on the Specific Conditions of the Historic Roofs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 861 (December 2016): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.861.120.

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Protecting of historic roofs is an important part of efforts to protect our cultural heritage. These wooden structures carry a lot of information about the authentic tools, technologies and construction processes. Trusses are generally endangered by many risks that could cause irrecoverable damage and loss of information. In addition to the threat wood destroying insect and fungi, should not be forgotten on fire threats that may start from lightning, through electrical installations, to the burning of the surrounding dry grass areas. Historical wooden trusses are with respect to the old wood, indoor climate, the unavailability or the fact that many national cultural monuments are located outside of the inhabited territories, very susceptible to fires. Nevertheless, there are many methods, which are used for new buildings, but unusable for historical truss, and others were proved to be unsuitable by the time. This article analyses the possibilities of modern firefighting arrangements in the historic truss with regard to the specific construction conditions and with regard to the very rare substructure, which should not be damaged.

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12

Salinas, J. J., R. G. Gillard, and K. C. McMartin. "Strength and structural safety of long-span light wood roof trusses. Reliability analysis using safety index." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-012.

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The results of the full-scale testing, previously carried out, of 75 light wood trusses are analysed to evaluate their compliance with strength and serviceability requirements. Size effects were studied considering span length and chord size. Test data were grouped into 15 case studies according to span lengths, chord size, and mode of failure. For the study of a strength limit state, the safety index, β, was calculated for a range of values of the ratio of maximum lifetime to nominal snow load. For the study of a serviceability limit state, the safety index was calculated for a range of values of allowable mid-span deflection as a function of the span. A size effect was observed for both span length and chord size. Short-span trusses with small chords exhibited acceptable levels of safety when their strength safety index is compared with recommended target values. Long-span trusses with large chords, with an improved heel joint detail, exhibited values of β slightly below target values. All trusses showed acceptable levels for the safety index for the serviceability limit state. Key words: safety index, serviceability, size effect, strength, structural reliability, wood trusses.

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13

Underwood, C. R., and F. E. Woeste. "Conceptual Model for Temporary Bracing of MPC Wood Trusses." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 5, no. 1 (February 2000): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(2000)5:1(36).

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14

Malanga, Robert. "Fire endurance of lightweight wood trusses in building construction." Fire Technology 31, no. 1 (February 1995): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01305267.

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15

Lau, Peter W. C. "Factors affecting the behaviour and modelling of toothed metal-plate joints." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-030.

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An efficient approach to determine the behaviour of toothed metal-plate joints is to use analytical techniques to model the behaviour on the basis of known properties of plate and wood, and loading conditions, backed by an actual testing of the joints for verification or calibration of the models. Existing computer-based techniques such as the Structural analysis of trusses (SAT) and Purdue plane stress analyzer II (PPSA II) were developed for modelling wood trusses. The applicability and usefulness of these techniques can be expanded if better joint models can be incorporated into SAT, or if PPSA II can be advanced to describe the behaviour of joints. The present experiment included obtaining load–deformation data on specimens of two designs — one for the shear properties of plate and the other resembling the heel joint of a truss. These data were compared with predictions given by SAT. In addition, data from the heel joint specimens were used to calibrate the property requirements of fictitious members used in PPSA II to model semirigid joint behaviour. Predictions of joint stiffness by SAT were reasonably accurate, but the ultimate load was overestimated when the joint failed in plate buckling. The heel joint test method shows potential as a proper and efficient test method for assessing joint behaviour. However, as is normal with any joint testing, a significant frictional force can develop between joint members and contribute to the ultimate strength and stiffness of the joint. This frictional force should be accounted for in modelling. Key words: design, interface friction, modelling, shear strength, stiffness, structural analysis, truss plate, wood truss.

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16

Bender, Donald A., and Frank E. Woeste. "Creep Deflection in Design of Metal Plate–Connected Wood Trusses." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 16, no. 1 (February 2011): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)sc.1943-5576.0000079.

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17

Bouldin, John C., Joseph R. Loferski, and Daniel P. Hindman. "Inspection of Metal Plate–Connected Wood Trusses in Residential Construction." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 19, no. 2 (May 2014): 04014009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)sc.1943-5576.0000195.

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18

Leichti, Robert, Isabelle Hofacker, Ping Cheng, and Thomas McLain. "T-Bracing for Stability of Compression Webs in Wood Trusses." Journal of Structural Engineering 128, no. 3 (March 2002): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2002)128:3(374).

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19

Rittenburg, Kathleen A. Wills, and Sashi K. Kunnath. "Deflection of Metal Plate Connected Wood Trusses with Nontriangulated Openings." Journal of Structural Engineering 129, no. 11 (November 2003): 1546–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2003)129:11(1546).

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20

Pantelides, C. P., P. Romero, and L. D. Reaveley. "Rehabilitation of splice connections of wood trusses with FRP composites." Construction and Building Materials 24, no. 1 (January 2010): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.08.007.

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21

Gašpercová, Stanislava, and Linda Makovická Osvaldová. "Influence of Surface Treatment of Wood to the Flame Length and Weight Loss under Load Single-Flame Source." Key Engineering Materials 755 (September 2017): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.755.353.

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The aim of the paper is reaction of fire of two selected wood (spruce and beech wood). These type of woods are used most in the construction industry both as a lining in outdoor or indoor, on the stairs or in the construction of roof trusses. Experiment was focus on testing reaction of fire on two different types of surfaces and the treated and untreated surfaces. The modified surface was abraded by sandpaper and rough surface was only saw wood. The main objective of this study was to observe and compare the length of the flame spread and weight loss of spruce and beech forest in treated and untreated surfaces when applied Single-flame source on the surface of the material.

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22

Kagan, Harvey A. "Common Causes of Collapse of Metal‐Plate—Connected Wood Roof Trusses." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 7, no. 4 (November 1993): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(1993)7:4(225).

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23

Bennett, Richard M., Kenneth E. Fricke, and Paul M. Winistorfer. "Splice Failures in Split-Ring Connected Wood Roof Trusses: Case Study." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 14, no. 3 (August 2000): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(2000)14:3(97).

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24

R. Gupta, K. G. Gebremedhin, and J. R. Cooke. "Analysis of Metal-Plate-Connected Wood Trusses with Semi-rigid Joints." Transactions of the ASAE 35, no. 3 (1992): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.28695.

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25

Hoq, S. M. Ashfaqul, and Johnn P. Judd. "Wind Design Procedures for Wood Roof Trusses of Low-Rise Structures." Journal of Architectural Engineering 26, no. 3 (September 2020): 04020030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000425.

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26

Liu, Xiaoqin, and Frank Lam. "Reliability Analysis of Lateral Bracing Forces in Metal-Plated Wood Trusses." Journal of Structural Engineering 143, no. 12 (December 2017): 04017171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001908.

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27

Caruso, Simona, Rui Wang, Zhi Li, Roberto Marnetto, and Giorgio Monti. "Highly Standardized Long-Span Hybrid Trusses." Applied Mechanics and Materials 847 (July 2016): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.847.485.

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This paper presents an innovative technology in the field of truss structures, which is based on an innovative concept of mixing two different types of materials and joining them with a newly conceived connection, able to carry high loads with a small size. After an initial feasibility study aimed at pursuing the realization of sustainable and green structures, the project of the hybrid space truss was finally developed. Here, hybridization is the keyword, that is, making use of two different building materials, steel and wood, to achieve lighter roofs through a specialization of their functions and an optimization of their mechanical properties. Another key point is modularity, which is an important aspect that allows easy and fast assembly of structures and, most of all, standardization of parts. The trusses have been designed in detail, with special attention to the connections, and have been built and tested at the Laboratories of the Hunan University at Changsha (China). In a typical process of “designing by experimenting”, the prototypes have been produced and the assembly process has been tested in order to confirm the feasibility of the whole process, from production to construction to ultimate performance conditions.

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28

K. G. Gebremedhin and P. L. Crovella. "LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN METAL PLATE CONNECTORS OF TENSION JOINTS IN WOOD TRUSSES." Transactions of the ASAE 34, no. 1 (1991): 0281. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.31659.

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29

G. Riley, K. G. Gebremedhin, and R. N. White. "Semi-rigid Analysis of Metal Plate-connected Wood Trusses Using Fictitious Members." Transactions of the ASAE 36, no. 3 (1993): 887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.28413.

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30

Barreto, A. M. J. P., R. D. S. G. Campilho, M. F. S. F. de Moura, J. J. L. Morais, and C. L. Santos. "Repair of Wood Trusses Loaded in Tension with Adhesively Bonded Carbon-Epoxy Patches." Journal of Adhesion 86, no. 5-6 (June 16, 2010): 630–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2010.484316.

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31

Demarzo, Mauro A., and Pedro A. O. Almeida. "Case of a Fatal Accident in the Wood Roof Trusses of a Church." IABSE Symposium Report 90, no. 5 (January 1, 2005): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137805796271161.

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32

Anagbo, P. E., and N. A. Oguocha. "The Structure and Mechanical Properties of Palm Timber as a Fibre Composite." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 111, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3226428.

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A study has been made of wood extracted from the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), and fan palm (Borassus flabe) which are common species of tropical palms. The wood from the palms is a natural composite material and measurements show that between 1/3 and 1/2 of the volume consists of fibre. However, the properties of both fibre and matrix vary with the species of palm. Mechanical testing of the wood as used in local constructions has shown that palm timber can indeed withstand tensile and compressive loads parallel to the grain better than the common nonfibrous tropical woods. The elastic moduli of palm timbers in tension parallel to the grain and in static bending are higher than those of obeche and mahogany and vary approximately linearly with the density of the material. The elastic modulus in compression parallel to the grain is related to the volume fraction of fibre, suggesting a shear-mode type of deformation. The intrinsic high hardness and strength of palm timber recommends it as a structural material, suitable for trusses. The fibrous structure also leads to an attractive surface appearance on polishing and the aesthetic consideration suggests that the material could also be utilized for such items as furniture and tiles.

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33

Kromoser, Benjamin, Martin Ritt, Alexandra Spitzer, Rosemarie Stangl, and Friedrich Idam. "Design Concept for a Greened Timber Truss Bridge in City Area." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 3218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083218.

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Properly designed wooden truss bridges are environmentally compatible construction systems. The sharp decline in the erection of such structures in the past decades can be led back to the great effort needed for design and production. Digital parametric design and automated prefabrication approaches allow for a substantial improvement of the efficiency of design and manufacturing processes. Thus, if combined with a constructive wood protection following traditional building techniques, highly efficient sustainable structures are the result. The present paper describes the conceptual design for a wooden truss bridge drawn up for the overpass of a two-lane street crossing the university campus of one of Vienna’s main universities. The concept includes the greening of the structure as a shading design element. After an introduction, two Austrian traditional wooden bridges representing a good and a bad example for constructive wood protection are presented, and a state of the art of the production of timber trusses and greening building structures is given as well. The third part consists of the explanation of the boundary conditions for the project. Subsequently, in the fourth part, the conceptual design, including the design concept, the digital parametric design, the optimization, and the automated prefabrication concept, as well as the potential greening concept are discussed, followed by a summary and outlook on future research.

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34

Skowroński, Wojciech, and Bohdan Stawiski. "Ultrasonic evaluation regarding the effects of biological corrosion of historical roof trusses." MATEC Web of Conferences 284 (2019): 07006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928407006.

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For many years work has been performed to obtain sufficiently accurate correlation between the results of ultrasonic tests and the results of strength tests for evaluation of the strength parameters of wood in a structure. It is also important to ensure the development of methods which will facilitate the work of construction mycologists; that is, non-invasive methods of determining the volume of missing materials caused by biological corrosion. The study presents the idea of the objective examination of the thickness of a corroded layer by measuring the velocity of ultrasonic pulse along the fibre length using for this spot heads with thin waveguides. Another testing method presented in the study is controlling the velocity of ultrasonic wave in the direction tangential to annual growth rings by conducting tests on the corner of the corroded beam.

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35

Loferski, Joseph R., John C. Bouldin, and Daniel P. Hindman. "Development of a Methodology for the Visual Inspection of Engineered Wood Products and Metal Hangers in Residential Construction." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.342.

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This paper presents the development of a visual inspection methodology for engineered wood products that are commonly used in residential construction in the USA. Engineered wood products include wood composite structural elements such as I-joists, oriented strand board, and structural composite lumber products, and metal plate connected wood trusses. Due to the proprietary nature of wood composite engineered products, there are no uniform standards between different manufacturers for installation and use. If improper installation methods are used, engineered wood products may not be able to safely carry design loads. Improper use or modifications constitute prescriptive code violations. Construction errors that result from the unique installation requirements demonstrate the need for specific inspection methods to detect installation errors early in the construction process. The goal of this research is to develop an expert-validated visual inspection methodology, associated knowledge base, and software application for selected engineered wood products and hanger hardware for non-compliance at the pre-drywall stage of new residential construction. A modified Delphi method was used to solicit and refine inspection methods from subject matter experts. Based on these results, an inspection method and computer software application were developed. The method establishes a systematic expert-validated inspection procedure that identifies known high-risk areas for installation problems for engineered wood products. The software contains the instructions for implementing the inspection method, a reference library of authoritative installation guidelines and illustrations, the ability to document observed defects, and a vehicle to create a report. The experts validated the method and software application, and confirmed the usefulness for detecting construction errors.

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36

Kobetičová, Klára, Martin Böhm, Jana Nábělková, and Robert Černý. "Influence of selected storage temperatures on wood properties and its biological resistance after the use of methylxanthines." BioResources 16, no. 3 (July 26, 2021): 6231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.6231-6243.

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Methylxanthine’s fungicidal properties were investigated, with attention to the temperature of treatment. Caffeine and theophylline treatments of beech and spruce woods were applied for three months in the temperature range of -20 to 40 °C, simulating potential weather conditions in the European region and temperatures specific for various wood applications (cellars, wine cellars, room indoor temperatures, interior trusses). Effects of the selected temperatures were considered without the influence of the other possible factors, which have been considered in previous studies (e.g. effects of temperature in combination with other factors such as UV radiation, humidity, and chemical or biological degradation). Then, the specimens were exposed to a mix of molds and fungi for three months under controlled laboratory conditions in order to analyze a possible subsequent biological attack. The results did not show any effect of temperature of the methylxanthine treatment within the studied range on the organismal activity. Caffeine exhibited a better protective potential than theophylline and was more effective for spruce than for beech. The results indicated the suitability of caffeine for protection of spruce and spruce-based materials in interior applications at a stable temperature without significant effects of UV and humidity.

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37

J. M. Cabrero and K. G. Gebremedhin. "Finite Element Model for Predicting Stiffness of Metal-Plate-Connected Tension-Splice and Heel Joints of Wood Trusses." Transactions of the ASABE 52, no. 2 (2009): 565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.26828.

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38

Guziy, Sergii G., Olena Guzii, and Vasyl Lashchivskiy. "Investigation of the Rheokinetic Properties and Penetration Depth of Aluminosilicate Adhesive in Pine Wood." Solid State Phenomena 321 (July 26, 2021): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.321.97.

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Practical work and is devoted to the study of the rheological and deformative properties of Geofip aluminosilicate glue, obtained on the basis of an alkaline aluminosilicate binder composition Na2O Al2O3×6SiO2×20H2O, modified with 5% Cr2O3, when gluing wooden trusses in the field. The rheological and deformative properties of an aluminosilicate adhesive based on an alkaline aluminosilicate binder composition of Na2O×Al2O3×6SiO2×20H2O modified with 5% Cr2O3 have been investigated. It is noted that the dynamic viscosity of the adhesive slurry in the speed range from 0.1 to 0.8 RPM varies from 147600 to 144600 cP, and the average plastic viscosity in the same speed range is 87.39 cP. It was found that at shear rates from 0.021 to 0.168 1/s, an increase in shear force from 31 to 242.9 dyne/cm2 is observed due to the stabilization and uniformity of the dispersion phase particle distribution in the dispersion medium of the adhesive. It is shown that the aluminosilicate adhesive at a surface tension value of 88.1 mN/m is characterized by coefficients of wetting (s = 0.648) and fluidity (f = -62.02 mN/m), which ensures the uniformity of its application to the pine substrate. The average thickness of the adhesive layer was 1.25 mm, and the average depth of penetration of the aluminosilicate adhesive into the wood substrate, respectively, 0.12 mm. The destruction of the adhesive seam occurred at shear stresses of 515 MPa. The relative shear deformations were 162.5×10-5 mm.

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39

Turk, A. Roger. "Discussion of “Common Causes of Collapse of Metal‐Plate—Connected Wood Roof Trusses” by Harvey A. Kagan (November, 1993, Vol. 7, No. 4)." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 8, no. 4 (November 1994): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(1994)8:4(294).

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Kagan, Harvey A. "Closure to “Common Causes of Collapse of Metal‐Plate—Connected Wood Roof Trusses” by Harvey A. Kagan (November, 1993, Vol. 7, No. 4)." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 8, no. 4 (November 1994): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(1994)8:4(296).

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41

Lanata, Francesca. "An On-Going Monitoring Project of a New Timber Structure." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.757.

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Structural design, regardless of construction material, is based mainly on deterministic codes that partially take into account the real structural response under service and environmental conditions. This approach can lead to overdesigned (and expensive) structures. The differences between the designed and the real behaviors are usually due to service loads not taken into account during the design or simply to the natural degradation of materials properties with time. This is particularly true for wood, which is strongly influenced by service and environmental conditions. Structural Health Monitoring can improve the knowledge of timber structures under service conditions, provide information on material aging and follow the degradation of the overall building performance with time.A long-term monitoring control has been planned on a three-floor structure composed by wooden trusses and composite concrete-wood slabs. The structure is located in Nantes, France, and it is the new extension to the Wood Science and Technology Academy (ESB). The main purpose of the monitoring is to follow the long-term structural response from a mechanical and energetic point of view, particularly during the first few service years. Both static and dynamic behavior is being followed through strain gages and accelerometers. The measurements will be further put into relation with the environmental changes, temperature and humidity in particular, and with the operational charges with the aim to improve the comprehension of long-term performances of wooden structures under service. The goal is to propose new improved and optimized methods to make timber constructions more efficient compared to other construction materials (masonry, concrete, steel).The paper will mainly focus on the criteria used to design the architecture of the monitoring system, the parameters to measure and the sensors to install. The first analyses of the measurements will be presented at the conference to have a feedback on the performance of the installed sensors and to start to define a general protocol for the Structural Health Monitoring of such type of timber structures.

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42

Debailleux, Laurent. "Structural Analysis of Gothic Roof Trusses in View of their Conservation. Case Study of St. Paul's Cathedral, Liège (Belgium)." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.895.

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This study focuses on the structural behaviour of gothic roof structures. Starting from the case study of St. Paul’s Cathedral, Liège (Belgium), the aim of the research was to identify and understand the reasons and possible consequences of past and future structural distortions for the conservation of this historical timber roof structure.The wooden structure of St. Paul’s Cathedral is an interesting example of a 13th and 14th century timber-framed roof. The entire structure has mainly preserved its authentic parts even if transformations and reinforcements were made until mid-20th century. Today, these interventions must be evaluated from a critical point of view in order to preserve the authenticity of the structure. Two interventions have been studied more particularly. Firstly, the effects of an important neo-gothic restoration made in the 19th century and secondly, the consolidations of the frames, made after the bombings of WWII. Preliminary studies have proved that these interventions were poorly documented. As often in the past, hidden under the roofs, historic wooden structures were forgotten. However, we found some very interesting texts which have been confronted to an architectural analysis of the building and a study of the pathologies. These surveys have been used to undertake a structural analysis of the gothic roof structure in order to better understand and explain distortions and reinforcements of the frames.Due to biological deterioration, hypotheses on the resistance of wood have been implemented in the 3D models. We paid special attention to the nodes connections in order to evaluate their resistances to shear forces. Our models highlight critical areas which correspond to visible deformations and breakings produced after a bombing in 1945. The influence of the neo-gothic masonry, which encloses the wooden structure, has been also discussed. Due to a high humidity level, important structural degradations are visible on the base of the frames. Therefore, we also focused our attention on the evaluation of resistance of the principal-rafter, directly in contact with the masonry.

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43

Zhou, Jiale, Chuanxi Li, Lu Ke, Jun He, and Zhifeng Wang. "Experimental Study on Loading Capacity of Glued-Laminated Timber Arches Subjected to Vertical Concentrated Loads." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (May 22, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7987414.

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Glued-laminated timber arches are widely used in gymnasiums, bridges, and roof trusses. However, studies on their mechanical behaviours and design methods are still insufficient. This paper investigates the in-plane loading capacity of circular glued-laminated timber arches made of Douglas fir. Experiments were conducted on four timber-arch models with different rise-to-span ratios under concentrated loads at mid-span and quarter-point locations. The structural responses, failure modes, and loading capacity of the timber arch specimens were obtained. The results show that the timber arches presented symmetric and antisymmetric deformation under mid-point and quarter-point loading conditions, respectively. The downward shifting of the neutral axis of the cross section was observed under mid-point loading condition, which contributes to higher loading capacity compared to that under quarter-point loading condition. The loading condition significantly affects the ultimate loads and the strain distribution in the cross section. Based on the design formula in current standards for timber structures, an equivalent beam-column method was introduced to estimate the loading capacity of the laminated timber arches under vertical concentrated loads. The moment amplification factor in the formula was compared and discussed, and the value provided in the National Design Specification for Wood Construction was recommended with acceptable accuracy.

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44

Son, Whi-Lim, Joo-Saeng Park, and Kwang-Mo Kim. "Life Cycle Assessment of Timber Arch-Truss Bridge by Using Domestic Pinus rigida Glued-Laminated Timber." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 42, no. 1 (January 25, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2014.42.1.1.

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45

Gupta, Rakesh. "System behaviour of wood truss assemblies." Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 7, no. 4 (2005): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pse.203.

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46

Shen, Yinlan, Haibin Zhou, Shuo Xue, and Jinchuan Zhang. "A Comparison on Numerical Simulation Models for Vibrational Performances of the Wood Truss Joist Floor System." Shock and Vibration 2021 (July 22, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5560554.

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Wood truss joist floors are increasingly used to replace traditional solid timber joist floors in low-rise timber houses. An understanding of the vibration performance of wood truss joist floors is critical for the design and serviceability of the floors. It is difficult to model wood truss joist floors accurately because of the complicated boundary conditions and numerous sophisticated flexible connections. This paper discusses three simplified modeling methods for the wood truss joist floor system. The modeling results were validated by a series of static deflection tests and vibration modes and frequencies tests of a full-size floor. And predictive analysis of human-induced vibration of the floor was also conducted. The vibration characteristics of the wood truss joist floor were investigated. The examination of the applicability of these modeling methods was provided. The results indicate that the point loading deflection more easily affects the deflection of the adjacent joist. However, the deflection influence on other joists that are three spaces away is minimal. Walking on the wood truss joist floor produces steep vibration acceleration fluctuations at the floor center for a relatively long time period. The sheathing-to-joist connections and the metal plate connections of the joists have significant influences on the vibration response of the wood truss joist floor. The modeling method, which considers the flexible metal plate connections and flexible sheathing-to-joist connections, performs best for predicting the vibration performance of the floor.

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Utomo, Adityo Budi, Iman Satyarno, and Muslikh Muslikh. "STUDI EKSPERIMENTAL KERUNTUHAN RANGKA KUDA-KUDA BAJA RINGAN PADA ATAP RUMAH DAN SEKOLAH." Wahana Teknik Sipil: Jurnal Pengembangan Teknik Sipil 25, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.32497/wahanats.v25i2.2159.

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Increasingly expensive price of quality woods and difficulties of workmanship, it makes people switch from wood to lightweight steel as a roof truss. The use of lightweight steel as truss becomes popular because of the fast workmanship dan durability of the material. Many cases show that lightweight steel truss at school and house collapsed and caused a fatality. This lightweight steel truss study was carried out on a full scale with a span of 6 m and a slope of 300, while the loading test pattern at the placement points of battens was like truss in the community. The goals of this study to measure and observe several parameters including weight, maximum capacity, stiffness, ductility, price, length of work, and failure pattern. From testing, the result shows that lightweight steel truss has dead weight, maximum capacity, stiffness value, ductility value, price, working time, and failure pattern respectively of 21,3 kg,734 kg, 91,18 kg/mm, 2,97, Rp 1.740.000, 2 days, and failure pattern is buckling on the diagonal top chord. The result of this research indicates that lightweight steel truss can be used in the community with the limitation of using metal roof coverings instead of concrete or ceramic and the distance between the truss max 1,2 m.

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Zhang, Jian Wei, Yong Wang Meng, and Shi Hong Zhang. "Test Research on Strengthening In-Service Damaged Truss with Prestressed Cable." Applied Mechanics and Materials 470 (December 2013): 980–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.470.980.

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Prestressed cable is an effective way of strengthening. Through the model loading test on the two groups of wood truss, explore the effect of reinforcement to the damaged truss with the prestressed cable. Data show that, in the damage conditions, the bearing capacity of wood truss increased by 112%. Loading test on a group of steel truss, the bearing capacity of steel truss improve only about 12%. The reinforcement effect are different under the same conditions due to the two kinds of material modulus, stiffness parameters are different.

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Yang, Xiaojun, Qi Zhao, Dan Hao, Jiayang Wang, Shuai Fu, and Lan Ma. "FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF OSB REINFORCED WOOD TRUSS." Wood Research 65, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/65.2.245256.

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50

R. Gupta, K. G. Gebremedhin, and M. D. Grigoriu. "Characterizing the Strength of Wood Truss Joints." Transactions of the ASAE 35, no. 4 (1992): 1285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.28731.

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