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1
Slahor, Jeffrey J. "Preservative treatment evaluation of five Appalachian wood species with four preservatives." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=599.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 85 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 82-85).
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Parker, Barry John. "Fungal degradation of preservative-treated lignocellulosic wastes." Thesis, University of Westminster, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362689.
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Lloyd, Jeffrey Douglas. "The mechanisms of action of boron containing wood preservatives." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284132.
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Hingston, James Anthony. "Leaching of copper based wood preservatives in aquatic environments." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272641.
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Kadir, Roszaini. "Wood extracts as natural preservatives against termites and fungi." Thesis, Bangor University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536483.
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Ashaari, Zaidon. "The structure and properties of rattan in relation to treatment with boron preservatives." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282681.
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Nunes, Lina Maria Ribeiro. "The effect of boron-based wood preservatives on subterranean termites." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267839.
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Mower, Keith Graham. "An investigation into the mechanism of degradation of domestic coatings for the protection of wood." Thesis, City University London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301056.
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Saunders, L. D. A. "Unsteady-state flow of light organic solvent wood preservatives into refractory softwood." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47246.
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Swanepoel, Robert Eric. "Sublethal effects of pesticides in pipostrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus)." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245404.
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Krusic, Paul J. Jr, and James W. Hornbeck. "Preserving Decayed Wood Samples for Tree-Ring Measurement." Tree-Ring Society, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/261889.
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Wood disks in various states of decay can be inexpensively preserved and prepared for accurate crossdating and precise tree-ring measurement by impregnation with commercial wood glue. The technique does not affect the dimensions or physiological features of samples preserved in this manner. Dead red spruce trees on Mt. Washington, New Hampshire, remain available for dendrochronological examination as long as 29 years after their last year of stem growth.
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Brooks, Christopher David. "Heteropolyacids of molybdenum and tungsten in water-borne wood preservatives and as oxidation catalysts in the oxidation of alkenes by hydrogen peroxide." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316590.
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Abood, Faizah. "Biology and insect-wood relations of the powder-post beetle, Minthea rugicollis (Walk.) (Coleoptera: Lyctidae) on rubberwood." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307439.
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Albuquerque, Ruth Margaret. "The environmental effects of CCA-treated wood use in the sea." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1998. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.714464.
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Powell, Peggy K. "Penetration and permanence of an organophosphate and a pyrethroid in structural wood for insect control." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37743.
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Kirkpatrick, John Warren. "Mechanical and physical properties of preservative-treated strandboard." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2005. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/ETD-browse/browse.
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Brown, Craig John. "The impact of copper-chrome-arsenic (CCA) wood preservatives on non target marine organisms." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500600.
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The impact of two formulations of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) wood preservatives (Celcure AO and Tanalith C33 10) on a range of marine organisms was assessedin both laboratory and field investigations. As part of an EU project, a long-term field investigation was carried out exposing test panels of Scots pine treated to 12,24 and 48 kgm -3 CCA and untreated controls at seven coastal sites (Portsmouth, UK; Kristineberg, Sweden; La Tremblade (2 sites), France; Ria Formosa, Portugal; Sagres, Portugal; Athens, Greece). Inspections were made at 6,12 and 18 months after submergence and the fouling communities on CCA-treated and untreated panels were assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Over the course of the field trial patterns of fouling that were common at several of the sites were recorded. In the majority of cases there were no significant differences in species abundance, species diversity, community organic biomass and total dry weight of fouling organisms on CCA-treated versus untreated panels. However, a number of species were recorded in significantly higher numbers on CCA-treated panels compared to untreated panels. The extent and type of microbial degradation of these panels was also assessed. Sections from the panels exposed for periods of 6,12 and 18 months were examined by light microscopy and the depth of penetration by soft rot fungi and tunnelling and erosion bacteria was measured. Attack was found to be heavy in untreated wood, but absent or very superficial in CCA-treated wood. The fungal flora was also recorded after 6,12 and 18 months exposure following incubation of panels. Fungal diversity on untreated wood was high, whereas on CCA-treated wood fungi were either absent, or a low diversity present. The surfaces of untreated panels were notably softer as a result of microbial and marine borer attack. Scanning electron microscope studies revealed that the rate of biofilm formation on the surfaces of CCA-treated panels (12,24 and 48 kgm -3 CCA) was marginally faster than on the surface of untreated panels over a4 week exposure period in the sea at the Portsmouth exposure site. After 4 weeks of exposure no differences in biofilm composition were detectable between different panel treatments. Algal fouling was monitored on CCA-treated and untreated Scots pine panels after submergence at the exposure site at Portsmouth, UK for a period of 4 weeks. In the majority of cases there were no significant differences in the abundance of each algal species on CCA-treated or untreated panels. Two species of algae were recorded in significantly lower abundance on CCA-treated panels compared to untreated panels, suggesting that these species were sensitive to leached preservative from the surfaces of the treated panels. The impact of CCA-preservatives on invertebrate fouling was also monitored over the initial 4 weeks of submergence. Scots pine panels treated to 2,4,6,12,24 and 48 kgm -3 (Celcure AO and Tanalith C3310), and untreated controls were exposed at a brackish water millpond, Emsworth, UK. Settlement densities of 3 species of calcareous invertebrates were measured. Densities of the serpulid Ficopomatus enigmaticus significantly increased with increasing CCA loading; numbers of the two species of barnacle (Elminius modestus and Balanus crenatus) were also higher on CCA-treated panels than on untreated panels but these differences were often not significant. A laboratory leaching trial combining a static and a flowing seawater system was carried out to measure the leaching rate of copper, chromium and arsenic from the surface of Scots pine panels treated to 3,6,12,24 and 48 kgm-3 CCA. Losses of chromium and arsenic over the 10 week trial were very low, whereas losses of copper were much higher. Copper losses from freshly treated panels were highest, but rapidly fell to much lower levels after exposure in flowing seawater. Laboratory bioassays were carried out to test the toxicity of leachates from CCA-treated wood, or their toxic components. Tests on the thraustochytrid, Schizochytrium aggregatum, examined the effects of copper ions on mortality of sporangia and motility and viability of zoospores. A very high tolerance to copper ions was recorded in both instances. Experiments exposing spores/zygotes of two species of marine algae found that concentrated leachates from CCA-treated wood inhibited germination of Fucus serratus zygotes but only reduced the percentage germination of Undaria pinnatifida spores. All of the bioassays used produced rapid results. Data suggests that CCA-treated wood is not toxic to non-target marine fouling organisms. Preferences to settle on CCA-treated wood over untreated wood by certain marine fouling organisms may be due to differences in the surface properties of the wood (surface energy, biofilm formation) influencing choice of settlement sites by fouling propagules. Differences manifested at this initial stage of the fouling process may be reflected in the mature fouling community.
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Dubey, Brajesh Kumar. "Comparison of environmental impacts of wood treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA)and three different arsenic-free preservatives." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013092.
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Ziglio, Analine Crespo. "Oleoresina de capsaicina como preservante natural de madeira de Pinus sp. contra a ação de fungos de podridão branca e de podridão mole." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18158/tde-27082015-101533/.
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Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a eficácia do uso da oleoresina de capsaicina, extraído das pimentas Malagueta, Red Savina e Bhut Jolokia, no tratamento da superfície de madeiras do gênero Pinus sp. com teores de umidade de equilíbrio de 12% e 0%. Os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao ataque de fungos Paecilomyces variotti e Pycnoporus sanguineus. Foi utilizado um preservante sintético conhecido comercialmente como stain para se comparar com a eficiência de preservantes naturais à base de oleoresina de capsaicina. A partir de medidas de ângulo de contato das superfícies das madeiras tratadas com o óleo de capsaicina, observou-se que a pimenta Bhut Jolokia e o preservante stain proporcionavam menor molhabilidade para a espécie de madeira estudada em ambos teores de umidade. O tratamento preservante fez com que a energia de superfície diminuísse se comparada aos valores de amostras de madeiras sem o tratamento preservante devido às contribuições polares e dispersivas. A análise estatística dos resultados, pelo método de Tukey, mostrou que não existe um grupo de resultados estatisticamente equivalente aos obtidos com a amostra testemunha (sem tratamento). As amostras de Pinus sp. a um teor de umidade 0% mostrou-se mais protegida superficialmente quando modificada com a oleoresina extraída da pimenta Bhut Jolokia e o mesmo efeito foi observado estatisticamente para o preservante stain. A técnica de Langmuir foi utilizada para melhor compreender as interações capsaicina/ergosterol, capsaicina/DPPG (dipalmitoil fosfatidil glicerol) e capsaicina/DPPG/ergosterol. A isotermas de pressão de superfície vs área por molécula se mostraram mais expandidas quando a subfase continha oleoresina de capsacina e quando comparada com as de lipídio puro (DPPG), indicando assim, a inserção da capsaicina na monocamada. Em linhas gerais, oleoresina de capsaicina extraída da pimenta Bhut Jolokia mostrou-se mais eficiente em todos os aspectos se comparada com as pimentas Red Savina e Malagueta, marcando, assim, uma potencialidade para uso como preservante natural de madeiras.<br>The present study evaluated the effectiveness of capsaicin oleoresin extracted from Malagueta, Red Savina and Bhut Jolokia peppers in the surface treatment of Pinus sp. with moisture contents of 12% and 0%. The samples were submitted to the attack of Paecilomyces variotti and Pycnoporus sanguineus fungus. A synthetic wood preservative, that is commercially known as stain, was used to compare the effectiveness of natural preservatives based on capsaicin oleoresin. From contact angle measurements for wood surfaces treated with capsaicin oleoresin, it was obtained that Bhut Jolokia pepper and stain preservatives have provided worse wettability for wood samples at both moisture contents. The preservative treatment caused a decrease in the surface energy when compared to the samples without preservative treatment due to polar and dispersive contributions. Statistical analysis for the results by using the Tukey method showed that there is not a group of results that are statistically equivalent to those obtained for the control samples (without treatment). Pinus sp. samples at a moisture content of 0% showed to be more surface protected after being modified with the oleoresin extracted from Bhut Jolokia; the same effect was observed statistically for stain. The Langmuir technique was used to better understand interactions among capsaicin/ergosterol, capsaicin/DPPG (dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol) and capsaicin/DPPG/ergosterol. Surface pressure vs. area per molecule isotherms appeared to be even more extended when the subphase contained capsaicin oleoresin instead of pure lipid (DPPG), thus indicating the inclusion of capsaicin into the monolayer. In general, the capsaicin oleoresin extracted from Bhut Jolokia proved to be more efficient in all the aspects of characterization when compared to Red Savina and Malagueta highlighting its potential for use as a natural wood preservative.
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Coneglian, Ademilson [UNESP]. "Efeito da resistência natural e tratamentos químicos no lenho juvenil e adulto de Hevea brasiliensis Mull.Arg. ao fungo manchador Botryodiplodia theobromae e cupim Cryptotermes brevis." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101667.
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coneglian_a_dr_botfca.pdf: 1237650 bytes, checksum: d12b91faed872644734eee6e3530ea7b (MD5)<br>No Brasil a exploração e a utilização da madeira de Hevea brasiliensis Mull Arg., no final do ciclo produtivo de látex de 30 a 35 anos, é praticamente desconhecida. Contudo, um dos problemas mais sérios relacionados à sua utilização diz respeito à alta susceptilibilidade da madeira ao ataque de fungos manchadores e insetos, notadamente na fase entre o corte e o processamento primário. Portanto, a adoção de medidas visando à preservação entre os lenhos juvenil e adulto é altamente necessária, garantindo uma maior durabilidade econômica na utilização desse recurso. No presente trabalho foi avaliado o efeito dos ingredientes ativos a base de Quinolinolato de Cobre – 8 e Carbendazim (T1); 2-4-6 Tribromofenol (T2); Extrato vegetal a base de Tanino (T3); Carbendazim e Prochloraz (T4), contra o ataque do fungo manchador Botryodiplodia theobromae em laboratório seguindo a norma ASTM 4445 (2003) e ingredientes ativos a base de Ciflutrina (T5) e Cipermetrina (T6), na avaliação de infestação do cupim de madeira seca Cryptotermes brevis em madeira de Hevea brasiliensis, seguindo a norma IPT – 1157 (1980) e ASTM 3345 (1990). Os resultados mostraram que os ingredientes ativos testados e avaliados isoladamente em laboratório o T1, T2, T3 e T4, não previnem na totalidade a contaminação do Botryodiplodia theobromae nos Lenhos Juvenil e Adulto da madeira de Hevea brasiliensis ao nível de 5% de significânca, e que a velocidade de penetração do fungo manchador difere nos Lenhos Juvenil e Adulto e entre as Secções Transversal, Radial e Longitudinal da madeira. De posse destes resultados, foi estabelecido um modelo que melhor se ajustou estatísticamente foi o não linear do tipo exponencial (Growth 1). Das interações avaliadas na prevenção ao ataque de cupim de madeira seca Cryptotermes brevis...<br>In Brazil the exploration and use of the Hevea brasiliensis Mull Arg. wood at the end of the latex production cycle from 30 to 35 years, is practically unknown. However, one of the most significant problems with its use relates to the highly susceptable wood staining fungi and insects, especially in the phase between the primary processing and cutting. The adoption of measures aimed at preserving the trunks between juvenile and adult is highly necessary, ensuring a greater durability in the economic use of this feature. The present study evaluated the effect of the active ingredients of the base Quinolinolato Copper - 8 and Carbendazim (T1); Tribromofenol 2-4-6 (T2); extract-based vegetable Tannin (T3); Carbendazim and Prochloraz (T4), against the attack of the fungus stainer Botryodiplodia theobromae standard ASTM 4445 (2003) and active ingredients the basis of Cypermethrin (T5) and Cyfluthrin (T6) in the evaluation of infestation of the dry wood termite Cryptotermes brevis wood of Hevea brasiliensis standard IPT-1157 (1980) and ASTM 3345 (1990). The results showed that the active ingredients separately tested and evaluated in the laboratory; T1, T2, T3 and T4, will not prevent the total contamination of Botryodiplodia theobromae Firewood in juvenile and adult wood of Hevea brasiliensis the 5% level of significance. The rate of the Firewood in juvenile and adult wood differ when it comes to the stainer's rate of penetration between the transverse, radial and longitudinal timber of Hevea brasiliensis as a function of time. Armed with these results, the non-linear exponential (Growth 1). Interactions evaluated in preventing the attack of dry wood termite Cryptotermes brevis, the two active ingredients the basis of Cypermethrin and Cyfluthrin demonstrated effective in the evaluation of different juvenile... ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Leduc, Frédéric. "Linking the neuropeptide annetocin with reproductive success of the earthworm Eisenia fetida in two natural soils amended with the wood preservatives chromated copper arsenate (CCA) and alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ)." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82274.
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Chromated copper arsenate (CCA), type C, was largely used as a wood preservative due to its exceptional fungicidal and insecticidal properties. Although this treatment was prohibited for residential purposes in Canada and in the United-States of America, concerns about CCA-treated wood focus on the possible threat on human health and the contamination of the environment, through the leaching of metals from existing structures. The objectives of this thesis are (1) to assess the effects of metals leached from CCA- and ACQ-treated wood on the survival, the growth and the reproductive success of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta), and (2) to evaluate if annetocin, a neuropeptide linked to reproduction, could be used as a biomarker of ecotoxicological responses of the worm E. fetida when exposed to metals from the CCA treatment. Ecotoxicological tests with E. fetida were carried out according to the protocol ISO-11268-2. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Coneglian, Ademilson 1980. "Efeito da resistência natural e tratamentos químicos no lenho juvenil e adulto de Hevea brasiliensis Mull.Arg. ao fungo manchador Botryodiplodia theobromae e cupim Cryptotermes brevis /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101667.
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Orientador: Elias Taylor Durgante Severo<br>Banca: Valdemir Antonio Rodrigues<br>Banca: Daniel Dias Rosa<br>Banca: Wagner Roberto Batista<br>Banca: Fred Willians Calonego<br>Resumo: No Brasil a exploração e a utilização da madeira de Hevea brasiliensis Mull Arg., no final do ciclo produtivo de látex de 30 a 35 anos, é praticamente desconhecida. Contudo, um dos problemas mais sérios relacionados à sua utilização diz respeito à alta susceptilibilidade da madeira ao ataque de fungos manchadores e insetos, notadamente na fase entre o corte e o processamento primário. Portanto, a adoção de medidas visando à preservação entre os lenhos juvenil e adulto é altamente necessária, garantindo uma maior durabilidade econômica na utilização desse recurso. No presente trabalho foi avaliado o efeito dos ingredientes ativos a base de Quinolinolato de Cobre - 8 e Carbendazim (T1); 2-4-6 Tribromofenol (T2); Extrato vegetal a base de Tanino (T3); Carbendazim e Prochloraz (T4), contra o ataque do fungo manchador Botryodiplodia theobromae em laboratório seguindo a norma ASTM 4445 (2003) e ingredientes ativos a base de Ciflutrina (T5) e Cipermetrina (T6), na avaliação de infestação do cupim de madeira seca Cryptotermes brevis em madeira de Hevea brasiliensis, seguindo a norma IPT - 1157 (1980) e ASTM 3345 (1990). Os resultados mostraram que os ingredientes ativos testados e avaliados isoladamente em laboratório o T1, T2, T3 e T4, não previnem na totalidade a contaminação do Botryodiplodia theobromae nos Lenhos Juvenil e Adulto da madeira de Hevea brasiliensis ao nível de 5% de significânca, e que a velocidade de penetração do fungo manchador difere nos Lenhos Juvenil e Adulto e entre as Secções Transversal, Radial e Longitudinal da madeira. De posse destes resultados, foi estabelecido um modelo que melhor se ajustou estatísticamente foi o não linear do tipo exponencial (Growth 1). Das interações avaliadas na prevenção ao ataque de cupim de madeira seca Cryptotermes brevis... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: In Brazil the exploration and use of the Hevea brasiliensis Mull Arg. wood at the end of the latex production cycle from 30 to 35 years, is practically unknown. However, one of the most significant problems with its use relates to the highly susceptable wood staining fungi and insects, especially in the phase between the primary processing and cutting. The adoption of measures aimed at preserving the trunks between juvenile and adult is highly necessary, ensuring a greater durability in the economic use of this feature. The present study evaluated the effect of the active ingredients of the base Quinolinolato Copper - 8 and Carbendazim (T1); Tribromofenol 2-4-6 (T2); extract-based vegetable Tannin (T3); Carbendazim and Prochloraz (T4), against the attack of the fungus stainer Botryodiplodia theobromae standard ASTM 4445 (2003) and active ingredients the basis of Cypermethrin (T5) and Cyfluthrin (T6) in the evaluation of infestation of the dry wood termite Cryptotermes brevis wood of Hevea brasiliensis standard IPT-1157 (1980) and ASTM 3345 (1990). The results showed that the active ingredients separately tested and evaluated in the laboratory; T1, T2, T3 and T4, will not prevent the total contamination of Botryodiplodia theobromae Firewood in juvenile and adult wood of Hevea brasiliensis the 5% level of significance. The rate of the Firewood in juvenile and adult wood differ when it comes to the stainer's rate of penetration between the transverse, radial and longitudinal timber of Hevea brasiliensis as a function of time. Armed with these results, the non-linear exponential (Growth 1). Interactions evaluated in preventing the attack of dry wood termite Cryptotermes brevis, the two active ingredients the basis of Cypermethrin and Cyfluthrin demonstrated effective in the evaluation of different juvenile... ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
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Gameiro, Paula Hauber. "Qualidade ambiental da sub-bacia do Baixo Taquari influenciada por sítio contaminado em processo de remediação." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/117888.
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A contaminação do solo é uma das fontes pela qual os contaminantes são escoados para os ecossistemas aquáticos, afetando a qualidade dos sedimentos. Neste compartimento alguns compostos são capazes de bioacumular e interferir nos fluxos de energia e de nutrientes da cadeia biológica, gerando efeitos agudos, crônicos e genotóxicos para as comunidades que vivem ou entram em contato com este local. A região de estudo está localizada em área às margens do rio Taquari, no município de Triunfo, RS, próxima a um sítio com solo contaminado por preservantes de madeira, com passivo ambiental identificado (creosoto, pentaclorofenol e a hidrossal CCA). Esta área foi submetida à primeira fase do processo de intervenção para retirada das principais fontes ativas. Em estudos anteriores foi definido o provável escoamento de contaminantes para o rio a partir do solo contaminado. Para avaliar a qualidade dos sedimentos, nas diferentes fases de intervenção da área, foi utilizado o ensaio Salmonella/microssoma, para avaliar mutagênese, além da dosagem de HPAs nos extratos orgânicos de sedimentos. Foram testados quatro áreas de coleta, identificadas pela distância em Km a partir da foz, abrangendo local a montante do sítio, Ta032, em frente, Ta010, e a jusante, Ta006 e Ta004. As coletas foram nas fases, antes (inverno e verão), durante (verão) e após (verão) o processo de intervenção. A mutagênese foi avaliada através de linhagens que medem erro no quadro de leitura (TA98 e Ta97a) e substituição de pares de bases (TA100), na presença e ausência de S9mix (±S9) em extratos de compostos moderadamente polares de sedimento. Os resultados indicaram presença de pró-mutágenos em todas as amostragens na área Ta010, sendo mais elevada na anterior à intervenção (verão) para TA100+S9 (1672 rev/g) decrescendo durante e após este processo. Foram também observados valores constantes de HPAs totais e presença das espécies com potencial cancerígeno nos diferentes períodos avaliados. O local Ta006, após a intervenção, foi o que mostrou mutagênese mais alta (764 rev/g), sendo que as espécies consideradas cancerígenas foram detectadas em maiores concentrações, em especial o benzo(b+k) fluoranteno, que também esteve elevado, neste período, em Ta004. Presença de mutagênese e HPAs em arroio interno ao sítio, a montante de Ta010, marcaram uma das rotas de dispersão dos contaminantes. A presença de contaminação em frente ao sítio, após a intervenção, pode estar relacionada com a técnica escolhida para retirada das fontes ativas, contribuindo na presença de contaminantes a jusante deste rio, Ta006 e Ta004.<br>Soil contamination is one fo the sources of contaminant runoff into acquatic system, affecting sediment quality. In this compartment some compounds can bioaccumulate and interfere in the energy and nutrient flux of the biological chain with acute, chronic and genotoxic effects on the communities who live there or have contact with this place. The region studied is located on the area on the banks of Taquari river, in the municipality of Triunfo, RS, close to a site with soil contaminated by wood preservatives and identified environmental liabilities (creosote, pentachlorophenol and hydrosalt CCA). This area was submitted to the first stage of the intervention process to remove the main active sources. Previous studies defined the probable runoff of contaminants into river from contaminated soil. In order to evaluate the sediment quality in the different phases of intervention in the area, the Salmonella/microsome assay was used to evaluate mutagenesis, besides the dosage of PAHs in the sediment organic extracts. Four collection areas were tested, identified by the distance in km from the mouth, covering a location upstream from the site, Ta032, in front, Ta010, and downstream, Ta006 and 004. The collections were performed in the phases, before (winter and summer), during (summer) and after (summer) the intervention process. Mutagenesis was evaluated using frameshift (TA98 and Ta97a) and base pair substitution (TA100) strains in the presence and absence of S9mix (±S9), in extracts of moderately polar sediment compounds. The results indicate the presence of promutagens in all samplings in the Ta010 area, and it is higher before the intervention (summer) for TA100+S9 (1672 rev/g) decreasing during and after this process. Constant values of total PAHs and presence of species with a carcinogenic potential were also observed in the different periods evaluated. Site Ta006, after intervention, showed the highest mutagenesis (764 rev/g), and the species considered carcinogenic were detected at higher concentrations, especially benzo(b+k) fluoranthene, which was also high during this period at Ta004. The presence of mutagenesis and PAHs in a stream inside the site, upstream from Ta010 marks one of the contaminant dispersion routes. The presence of contamination in front of the site after intervention may be related to the technique chosen to remove the active sources, contributing to the presence of contaminants downstream of this river, Ta006 and Ta004.
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Cardo, Miguel José Sardinha de Oliveira. "Study of OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8–HPCDD, 1,2,3,6,7,8-HXCDD and 1,2,3,7,8-PECDD congeners of dioxin absorption in poultry." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina veterinária, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14721.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias na Especialidade de Segurança Alimentar<br>This thesis concerns a study which has integrated four main lines of investigation converging to a main goal – to contribute to the risk management of food crisis resulting from the contamination of the poultry chain with dioxins. Specifically, it includes: the development of a suitable analytical methodology to detect and quantify dioxins congeners in wood matrix; a study of the contaminant of biocides used for industrial wood treatments, the analyses of the pathway on how the contaminations are maintained and transferred throughout the poultry production chain in terms of level of contamination and respective chemical speciation and also depletion of the dioxins from poultry during production.
The study of the dioxin contamination of different industrial wood preservatives, allowed to establish a clear correlation with the contamination profile of poultry and the previous contamination profile incidents found in wood shavings used as poultry litter.
The study of the analytical methodology for wood shavings, adapted from the 1613B EPA method, showed recovery rates of labelled compounds ranging between 71.3% and 86.3%. These rates are considered acceptable, considering the reference method and also the criteria stated in the European Union legislation, for both food and feed.
The study of contamination fingerprint along the poultry chain, allows to establish the relationship with the wood shavings, identified as the source of the dioxins. In muscle samples of poultry, the average concentration of OCDD was about 50% lower when compared to the profile of the wood shaving samples. On the other hand, the average relative concentration of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD in poultry muscle samples was 50% higher when compared to the litters. These findings suggest the existence of a transformation in vivo of the most chlorinated congeners. The study of depletion of dioxins in a holding of ducks presented an average daily depletion rate ranging between 1.43% and 4.35%, showing a clear reduction of contamination after the removal of the source of contamination. The depletion rates are factors that must be taken in consideration to assess risk and, indirectly, helpful to manage risk of dioxins in food.<br>RESUMO - Os trabalhos experimentais que integram esta tese tiveram como objetivo principal, a integração de quatro linhas de investigação tendo em vista a obtenção de conhecimentos capazes de contribuir para uma caracterização fundamentada do risco e a subsequente gestão de risco nas crises alimentares resultantes da contaminação da cadeia avícola com dioxinas.
Os dados utilizados no desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram recolhidos na sequência de três incidentes de contaminação da cadeia avícola com dioxinas, ocorridos em 2006, 2011e 2016 em Portugal e serviram de base para a realização de uma análise forense para encontrar a fonte de contaminação. Estes trabalhos permitiram identificar claramente, em cenário real, a fonte da contaminação das aves nos incidentes ocorridos em Portugal em 2006, 2011 e 2016, tendo sido possível estabelecer uma clara relação das aparas de madeira como sendo o veículo ambiental das dioxinas. Esta conclusão é baseada na consistência dos resultados obtidos em todos os materiais testados que foram considerados potenciais fontes de contaminação, bem como, pela análise dos perfis da concentração relativa, “impressão digital”, dos 17 congéneres de dioxinas. Pode afirmar-se que as fontes incomuns de contaminação da cadeia alimentar por dioxinas devem ser sempre colocadas em perspetiva quando o incidente não é afiliado nas fontes mais comuns, como a dieta (rações e água).
Nesse contexto, procedeu-se ao desenvolvimento de uma metodologia analítica especialmente adaptada à deteção e quantificação de congéneres de dioxinas em matrizes lenhosas (madeira); ao estudo das contaminações com estes compostos tóxicos no setor do tratamento industrial das madeiras e à avaliação da forma como as referidas contaminações são mantidas e transferidas ao longo da cadeia avícola, quer em termos quantitativos, quer quanto à respectiva especiação química e ainda à forma como é feita a depleção destes contaminantes do organismo em aves de capoeira. [...]<br>N/A
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Molnar, Sonia. "Performance of preservative-treated wood exposed out of ground contact." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286717.
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Hwang, Won-Joung. "Potential of didecyldimethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (DBF) as a novel wood preservative." Kyoto University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136516.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(農学)<br>甲第13096号<br>農博第1601号<br>新制||農||938(附属図書館)<br>学位論文||H19||N4222(農学部図書室)<br>UT51-2007-H369<br>京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻<br>(主査)教授 今村 祐嗣, 教授 梅澤 俊明, 教授 東 順一<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Philp, Rodger William. "Use of biological agents to enhance the preservative treatment of electrical distribution poles." Thesis, University of Abertay Dundee, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263740.
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Herring, Ian James. "The effect of soil inhabiting micro-organisms on preservative treated wood." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298364.
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Gerencher, Eva. "Retention of chromated copper arsenate (CCA), a wood preservative, in soil." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27455.
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Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is a biocidal chemical used by the wood preservation industry to extend the service life of wood products. CCA is currently the most commonly used wood preservative in British Columbia. Environmental concerns regarding the fate of CCA solutions accidentally released or chronically spilled to unpaved ground at wood preservation facilities has led to the present investigation on the retention and release of CCA constituents in soils.
Batch and column tests were used to evaluate the adsorption and desorption of arsenic, chromium and copper in several B.C. soils. Batch tests were carried out using varying concentrations of CCA and individual arsenic, chromium and copper solutions. Migration of arsenic, chromium and copper in a soil column following application of a single slug dose of 2% CCA solution was investigated. Continuous leach column experiments were also conducted to evaluate adsorption of CCA constituents in soils. The column soils were sectioned and subjected to a sequential extraction procedure following influent CCA solution breakthrough to determine the partitioning, mobility and availability of As, Cr and Cu. Results from the adsorption experiments were used to identify important soil characteristics influencing the attenuation of CCA in the subsurface environment.
Adsorption isotherm data was found to be well described by the Freundlich equation. The Fe and Al amorphous and crystalline hydrous oxide component of the soils studied was highly correlated with arsenic adsorption while the percent organic carbon was significantly correlated with chromium and copper retention in the soils. The clay content of the soils was poorly correlated with retention of CCA constituents in the soils studied.
Desorption of arsenic, chromium and copper from soils previously equilibrated with CCA solutions showed that the extent of metal release is dependent on the amount of metal retained. At high initial CCA solution concentrations chromium was desorbed to a greater extent than arsenic or copper. This result suggests the following order for mobility of CCA constituents in the soils: chromium > copper > arsenic. Chromium, and to a lesser extent copper, adsorption was lower in CCA equilibrated batch tests than in single solute batch tests, particularly at high initial metal solution concentrations. Arsenic adsorption was not affected by the presence of codissolved solutes in CCA solution.
The migration of arsenic, chromium and copper in a soil column following application of a single dose of 2% CCA revealed that chromium was the most mobile of the CCA constituents. Breakthrough curve plots showed that arsenic was the most strongly retained CCA constituent in both soils tested. Copper was also strongly retained in the soil columns however complete breakthrough was achieved indicating that the soils had reached a finite capacity for copper retention. Chromium was again the most weakly held CCA constituent in the continuous leach column test.
Partitioning of the metals in the column soils showed that arsenic, chromium and copper were largely associated with the ammonium oxalate extractable fraction. Only copper was found to have a significant amount of retained metal in the exchangeable pool.
The results suggest that environmental monitoring at CCA wood preservation facilities should focus on the potential for chromium migration in the subsurface.<br>Land and Food Systems, Faculty of<br>Graduate
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Green, C. "Studies of the interactions of CCA and ACA preservative treated wood with soil." Thesis, University of Abertay Dundee, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382207.
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Chemical and microbiological changes at the interface between soil, and wood treated with CCA or ACA wood preservatives were investigated using a series of leaching and soil burial studies. The softwoods Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris, L.), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis, Carr) and the hardwood lime (Tilia vulgaris, Hayne) were used exclusively. Copper losses from both types of preservative treated wood were negligible, though adjacent soil copper concentrations significantly increased. These copper accumulations were associated with a reduction in dehydrogenase activity around the preservative treated material compared with levels around the untreated blocks, though activity around the treated wood was rarely less than background levels. Relatively large arsenic concentrations accumulated around the most heavily ACA-treated blocks, and were associated with a further reduction in activity of the soil microflora. The wood species also affected the microbial activity in adjacent soil; activity around all lime blocks was generally greater than microbial activity around the softwoods. Treatment of wood with ammonia or ACA solutions increased the wood nitrogen contents. Some of this nitrogen was readily water soluble, though its rapid diffusion into adjacent soil had no effect on microbial activity in this area. Water insoluble nitrogen was also retained within these blocks; this was shown to increase the rate of microbial colonisation and decay of the wood and was also associated with an increased toxic value of copper. Microbial activity was measured in all decaying wood blocks. This activity was influenced by the wood species, and treatment, as were the microbial colonisation and decay rates. The experimental conditions employed were designed to promote soft rot, rather than other forms of wood decay. Activity was greater in the outer wood surface of the buried blocks than in the inner wood, reflecting the surface nature of soft rot decay. Pre-burial leaching reduced the subsequent moisture uptake and increased the durability of CCA-treated wood during soil burial, though untreated wood was unaffected. However, similar rates of microbial decay of untreated wood blocks occurred over a range of different wood moisture contents. The implications of the findings on the relative performances of untreated, ammonia, CCA and ACA-treated wood in soil contact are discussed.
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Delcroix, Valerie A. "Aromatic compound degradation by cresol-utilizing Rhodococcus strains." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263367.
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Barillari, Cristiane Tabarelli. "Durabilidade da madeira do gênero Pinus tratada com preservantes: avaliação em campo de apodrecimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-06112002-134048/.
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A madeira quando usada em contato direto com o solo, é atacada por agentes biológicos, principalmente fungos apodrecedores e cupins subterrâneos. Uma maneira de ampliar as possibilidades de utilização das espécies de baixa durabilidade natural, como as do gênero Pinus, é através do tratamento químico preservante. No entanto, faltam informações disponíveis que indiquem a durabilidade destas madeiras em serviço. A fim de se determinar a durabilidade da madeira do gênero Pinus tratada com preservantes, a Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" e o Instituto Florestal do Estado de São Paulo instalaram, em 1980, campos de apodrecimento segundo método de ensaio sugerido pelo IUFRO (International Union of Forestry Research Organizations). As espécies utilizadas no ensaio foram o Pinus elliottii Engl. var. elliottii, o Pinus caribaea Mor. var. hondurensis, B & G., o Pinus oocarpa Shied e o Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon; tratadas com os preservantes CCA tipos A, B e C, CCB e pentaclorofenol, em cinco níveis de retenção. Em continuidade ao projeto, foi inspecionado o campo instalado na Estação Experimental de Mogi-Guaçu, visando avaliar o estado de sanidade do material. A análise dos resultados obtidos até o momento, 21 anos de exposição demonstrou que não houve diferença no comportamento entre espécies. Os índices de comportamento mais altos (maior expectativa de durabilidade) correspondem aos tratamentos com CCA tipos A, B e C em retenções acima de 7,5 kg/m3. Mesmo para os tratamentos que apresentaram os menores índices de comportamento (CCA tipo C com retenções de 5,0 kg/m 3 e CCB com 5,9 kg/m 3 ), é prevista uma durabilidade de 30 anos em serviço.<br>When used in ground contact, wood is deteriorated by biological agents, as root fungi and subterranean termites. A way to increase the use of wood species of low natural durability, as the Pinus lumber, is the preservative treatment. However, there is a lack of information indicating the durability of treated wood. In order to determine the durability of preservative treated Pinus lumber, the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" and the Instituto Florestal do Estado de São Paulo installed, in 1980, fields tests according to the IUFRO (International Union of Forestry Research Organizations). The species under test were Pinus elliottii Engl. var. elliottii, Pinus caribaea Mor. var. hondurensis, B & G., Pinus oocarpa Shied and Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon; treated with the preservatives CCA types A, B and C, CCB and pentachlorophenol, in five retention levels. In continuity to the project, the material installed in the test site of Experimental Station of Mogi-Guaçu was inspected, to evaluate the degree of attack. The analysis of results obtained till now, after 21 years of exposure, demonstrated that there are no differences in durability related with species. The highest performance index (longer durability expectation) correspond to treatments with CCA types A, B and C in retentions above 7,5 kg/m3. Even for the treatments that presented lowest performance index (CCA type C with retention of 5,0 kg/m 3 and CCB with 5,9 kg/m 3 ), the durability expectation is 30 years in service.
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Lima, Felipe Camargo de Campos [UNESP]. "Avaliação de nove espécies de Eucalyptus spp. em tratamento preservativo industrial." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99740.
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lima_fcc_me_botfca.pdf: 674462 bytes, checksum: c3701abef9b3816bc3df3115365aa2dd (MD5)<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)<br>A preservação química de madeira para uso rural é feita, na grande maioria dos casos, utilizando-se a espécie Corymbia citriodora. Essa espécie tem sido a mais aceita no mercado embora sua tecnologia silvicultural e melhoramento genético tenha ficado aquém de outras espécies de Eucalyptus spp. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de várias espécies de Eucalyptos spp. para substituir o Corymbia citriodora no tratamento preservativo industrial. Para isso foram empregados 3 tratamentos que variavam o tempo de pressão em autoclave, contendo cada um deles 9 espécies comerciais de Eucalyptus spp., com 5 repetições cada. As espécies selecionadas foram extraídas de um mesmo povoamento com 4 anos de idade, e mourões com classe de diâmetro de 10 a 16 cm. Foram utilizados os tratamentos embasaram-se no processo industrial de preservação com variação do tempo de pressão entre 30 minutos, 1 hora e 2 horas. Foram avaliados a massa específica a 0% de umidade, rachaduras e fendas das peças de madeiras e a penetração e a retenção do produto químico CCA-C nos mourões das diferentes espécies. O maior índice de rachaduras de topo do mourão foi observado na espécie E. urophylla x E. grandis I-144 5,9 mm e o menor índice de rachadura de topo foi da espécie E. camaldulensis VM-58 1,2 mm, e o maior índice de abertura de fenda de topo de mourão observada foi para a espécie E. urophylla I-220 com 25,9 mm e o menor índice de abertura de fenda de topo foi da espécie E. urophylla x E. grandis VM19 com 9,3 mm. Conclui-se que é possível a substituição do C. citriodora por novas espécies para uso como mourão preservado quimicamente. Os resultados demonstraram a eficiência do tratamento preservativo nas diferentes espécies com valores de retenção que variaram entre 5,2 e 11,7 kg/m³, respectivamente para as espécies Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis GG100<br>The preservation of wood chemistry for rural use is made, in most cases, utilizing the type Corymbia citriodora. This species has been widely accepted in the market though its silviculture and genetic improvement technology has lagged behind other species of Eucalyptus spp. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of Eucalytus spp. to replace the Corymbia citriodora in industrial preservative treatment. For that three treatments were applied time varying pressure in an autoclave, each containing nine commercial species of Eucalyptus sp., with 5 replications. The species used were extracted from the same stand 4 years of age and class diameter of 10 to 16 cm. The treatments used in the industrial process of conservation with time-varyng pressure from 30 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours. We evaluated the density at 0% moisture, cracks and crevices of wood and the penetration and retention of the chemical CCA-C stakes in the different species. The highest top the gatepost end checks were observed in the species E. urophylla x E. grandis I-144 5,9 mm and the lowest was end checks top the species E. camaldulensis VM-58 1,2 mm, and the highest rate of crack opening top of gatepost was observed for the species E. urophylla x E. grandis I-220 with 25,9 mm and the lowest opening slot top was kind of E. urophylla x E. grandis VM-19 with 9,3 mm. It is concluded that it is possible to replace C. citriodora by new species for use as a gatepost chemically preserved. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of preservative treatment in different species with retention values ranging between 5,2 and 11,7 kg/m³, respectively for the species E. urophylla x E. grandis GG-100 half four with pressure and E. urophylla x E. grandis VM-19 with 2 hours of pressure, allowing a wide variation to differentiate and characterize the species studied
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Lima, Felipe Camargo de Campos 1986. "Avaliação de nove espécies de Eucalyptus spp. em tratamento preservativo industrial /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99740.
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Orientador: Elias Taylor Durgante Severo<br>Coorientador: Fred Willians Calonego<br>Banca: Ademilson Coneglian<br>Banca: Cláudio Angeli Sansíglo<br>Resumo: A preservação química de madeira para uso rural é feita, na grande maioria dos casos, utilizando-se a espécie Corymbia citriodora. Essa espécie tem sido a mais aceita no mercado embora sua tecnologia silvicultural e melhoramento genético tenha ficado aquém de outras espécies de Eucalyptus spp. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de várias espécies de Eucalyptos spp. para substituir o Corymbia citriodora no tratamento preservativo industrial. Para isso foram empregados 3 tratamentos que variavam o tempo de pressão em autoclave, contendo cada um deles 9 espécies comerciais de Eucalyptus spp., com 5 repetições cada. As espécies selecionadas foram extraídas de um mesmo povoamento com 4 anos de idade, e mourões com classe de diâmetro de 10 a 16 cm. Foram utilizados os tratamentos embasaram-se no processo industrial de preservação com variação do tempo de pressão entre 30 minutos, 1 hora e 2 horas. Foram avaliados a massa específica a 0% de umidade, rachaduras e fendas das peças de madeiras e a penetração e a retenção do produto químico CCA-C nos mourões das diferentes espécies. O maior índice de rachaduras de topo do mourão foi observado na espécie E. urophylla x E. grandis I-144 5,9 mm e o menor índice de rachadura de topo foi da espécie E. camaldulensis VM-58 1,2 mm, e o maior índice de abertura de fenda de topo de mourão observada foi para a espécie E. urophylla I-220 com 25,9 mm e o menor índice de abertura de fenda de topo foi da espécie E. urophylla x E. grandis VM19 com 9,3 mm. Conclui-se que é possível a substituição do C. citriodora por novas espécies para uso como mourão preservado quimicamente. Os resultados demonstraram a eficiência do tratamento preservativo nas diferentes espécies com valores de retenção que variaram entre 5,2 e 11,7 kg/m³, respectivamente para as espécies Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis GG100<br>Abstract: The preservation of wood chemistry for rural use is made, in most cases, utilizing the type Corymbia citriodora. This species has been widely accepted in the market though its silviculture and genetic improvement technology has lagged behind other species of Eucalyptus spp. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of Eucalytus spp. to replace the Corymbia citriodora in industrial preservative treatment. For that three treatments were applied time varying pressure in an autoclave, each containing nine commercial species of Eucalyptus sp., with 5 replications. The species used were extracted from the same stand 4 years of age and class diameter of 10 to 16 cm. The treatments used in the industrial process of conservation with time-varyng pressure from 30 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours. We evaluated the density at 0% moisture, cracks and crevices of wood and the penetration and retention of the chemical CCA-C stakes in the different species. The highest top the gatepost end checks were observed in the species E. urophylla x E. grandis I-144 5,9 mm and the lowest was end checks top the species E. camaldulensis VM-58 1,2 mm, and the highest rate of crack opening top of gatepost was observed for the species E. urophylla x E. grandis I-220 with 25,9 mm and the lowest opening slot top was kind of E. urophylla x E. grandis VM-19 with 9,3 mm. It is concluded that it is possible to replace C. citriodora by new species for use as a gatepost chemically preserved. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of preservative treatment in different species with retention values ranging between 5,2 and 11,7 kg/m³, respectively for the species E. urophylla x E. grandis GG-100 half four with pressure and E. urophylla x E. grandis VM-19 with 2 hours of pressure, allowing a wide variation to differentiate and characterize the species studied<br>Mestre
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Usta, Ilker. "The effects of seed origin and site on the amenability of Sitka spruce to preservative." Thesis, Bangor University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389516.
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Musrizal, Muin. "Alternative approach to the preservative treatment of wood-based composites using supercritical carbon dioxide." Kyoto University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148986.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(農学)<br>甲第10260号<br>農博第1332号<br>新制||農||867(附属図書館)<br>学位論文||H15||N3781(農学部図書室)<br>UT51-2003-H681<br>京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻<br>(主査)教授 今村 祐嗣, 教授 川井 秀一, 助教授 角田 邦夫<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Ziglio, Analine Crespo. "Uso da capsaicina como preservante de madeiras ao ataque de fungo apodrecedor." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-16082010-143912/.
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Nesse estudo, utilizamos a oleoresina de capsaicina, extraído da pimenta Malagueta (Capsicum frutensens) e da pimenta Dedo-de-moça (Capsicum baccatum), para a preservação de amostras de madeira contra o ataque do fungo Paecilomyces variotti. Os preservantes naturais foram aplicados em corpos de prova de madeiras do gênero Pinus sp. e Hymenae sp. (Jatobá) com as dimensões 5,0 x 3,0 x 1,0 (cm). A seguir, esses corpos de prova foram expostos ao fungo para o acompanhamento do seu desenvolvimento. As análises mostraram que o preservante natural retardou o crescimento do fungo, sendo a oleoresina de capsaicina extraído da pimenta Malagueta a mais eficiente se comparada à oleoresina extraída da pimenta Dedo-de-moça e ao óleo de linhaça. A partir da medida de ângulo de contato observou-se que o preservante de oleoresina da pimenta Malagueta proporcionava uma maior molhabilidade para as duas espécies de madeiras. A técnica de FTIR-ATR indicou que os preservantes não modificaram a estrutura das madeiras e a análise de raios X revelou que o desenvolvimento do fungo provocou uma perda de estabilidade e periodicidade nas estruturas das madeiras. Através do teste de proporção utilizado para a análise do desenvolvimento do fungo, comprovou-se estatisticamente que o seu crescimento foi menor para as amostras com os preservantes das pimentas. Pelo MEV foi possível visualizar as estrutura de hifas do fungo sobre a madeira. E a perda de massa para ambas as espécies de madeiras foram menores quando foram utilizados os preservantes, sendo o Pinus a espécie que sofreu maior degradação.<br>In this study, were used the oleoresin capsaicin, extracted from Capsicum frutensens and Capsicum baccatum, for the preservation of wood samples against the attack of the Paecilomyces variotti fungus. The natural preservatives were applied to Pinus sp. and Hymenaea sp. (Jatobá) specimens with the dimensions 5.0 x 3.0 x 1.0 (cm). Subsequently, these specimens were exposed to fungus and their development was monitored. . Analyses showed that the natural preservative slowed the growth of the fungus. Action of the oleoresin capsaicin extracted from Chilli pepper is the most efficient when compared to pepper oleoresin extracted from Capsicum frutensens and Capsicum baccatum and also with the linseed oil. The contact angle measured showed that the preservative of Oleoresin Chilli Pepper offered a higher wettability for both wood species. FTIR-ATR technique indicated that the preservatives did not change wood structure and X-ray analysis revealed that the development of the fungus caused a loss of stability and periodicity in the wood structures. At proportion test to analyze the development of the fungus, it was shown statistically that their growth was lower for the samples with preservatives peppers. It was possible to visualize the hyphae structure by scanning electronic microscopy technique. Mass loss of both wood specie was lower when preservative was used, and Pine species was more degraded.
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Stahlhut, Dirk. "Decay Fungi from New Zealand Leaky Buildings: Isolation, Identification and Preservative Resistance." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2637.
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Leaky buildings are those that show elevated moisture contents of the framing timber, which can subsequently lead to the establishment of fungal and bacterial decay. Prior to this study, the causative agents of the decay in these leaky buildings were unknown, though it was suspected to be one or more species of decay fungi. Therefore, the overall goal of this multi-disciplinary PhD thesis research was to determine the causative agents of decay in leaky buildings of New Zealand in an effort to develop solutions for both their remediation and future prevention. Use of molecular biology methodology and classical mycological techniques based on morphology enabled identification of decay fungi from framing timber and air samples of leaky New Zealand buildings and provided insight into relative importance based on isolation frequency. In most cases, fungi colonising Pinus radiata D. Don were isolated to produce pure cultures. Mycelia from these cultures on agar media were collected to extract DNA. To identify the fungi to the species level, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with fungal specific DNA primer pairs were performed followed by DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Identification was by BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) search on sequences in known GenBanks. In total, 421 samples from leaky buildings were processed, predominately untreated P. radiata decayed framing timber and also fibre cement boards and building paper. From these, sixty-eight fungal identifications were made. The only taxa that were isolated with significant frequency were identified as 4 basidiomycete species, as follows, along with the number of times they were isolated from the 421 samples: • Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulf.: Fr.) Karst. 13x • Oligoporus placenta (Fries 1865) Gilb. In Ryv.1985 11x • Antrodia sinuosa (Fr.) Karst. 8x • Gloeophyllum trabeum (Fr.) Murr. 4x Although these species were identified repeatedly, in total they represent less than 10% of the total samples and, therefore, it is concluded that the leaky building decay samples represent high fungal biodiversity. An aerial spore study of internal air, wall cavity air and exterior air of leaky buildings was carried out using a Merck MAS-100 instrument which collects spores directly onto selective media plates. Viable fungal aerial spores were detected at every sampling location tested at the leaky buildings, by the criteria of culturing, with a highest mean of 3714 colony-forming units (CFU) per cubic metre found in the cavities of water-damaged walls. This aerial spore study in conjunction with isolation from decayed wood samples from the same leaky buildings enabled identification of G. sepiarium and A. sinuosa at the same test site. The use of carboxymethylcellulose medium further demonstrated the presence of potential cellulose-degrading fungi within and around the location. Overall, the combination of direct sampling of timber and air sampling proved useful for detection of fungal species variability at a multi-unit building. Four decay fungi isolated from New Zealand leaky buildings and two standard control decay fungi (Coniophora puteana and Serpula lacrymans) were submitted to laboratory wood block testing to determine the effectiveness of currently used wood framing preservatives under laboratory conditions before and after a standard leaching regime. P. radiata blocks were treated with water based boron copper azole and solvent based IPBC propiconazole plus tebuconazole (1:1) preservatives and exposed to the basidiomycetes for 12 weeks. Mass loss for the fungal decay-infected samples was recorded of up to 55% for preservative-treated samples, up to 62% mass loss for leached samples and up to 58% mass loss for un-preservative treated samples. Additionally, well defined dosage responses and approximate toxic thresholds were obtained for all preservatives tested. Results suggested that the minimum IPBC retention specified by Hazard Class 1.2 of NZS3640:2003 (0.025% m/m) is on the low side, and demonstrated after the 2 week leaching regime complete loss of efficacy of boron at 0.4% m/m boric acid equivalent (BAE). This PhD research gave a first overview of fungi occurring in New Zealand leaky buildings, and it demonstrated the following key aspects of wood preservation: 1. The isolated test fungus Antrodia sinuosa was more difficult to control with propiconazole plus tebuconazole at retention 0.007% m/m than the known tolerant fungus Oligoporus placenta; 2. Boron at Hazard Class 1.2 retention of 0.4% m/m BAE was not toxic to Oligoporus placenta; 3. Serpula lacrymans exhibited tolerance to the highest retention of 0.06 %m/m tebuconazole plus propiconazole; and 4. Gloeophyllum species appeared susceptible to all wood preservatives. In order to correlate fungal colonisation and wood decay, colonised wood blocks were studied using light microscopy (LM) and field- emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Microscopic observations of P. radiata wood blocks following a standard wood decay test of twelve weeks of fungal colonisation by Serpula lacrymans, Antrodia sinuosa, Oligoporus placenta and Gloeophyllum sepiarium revealed that the two microscopic techniques employed were complementary by allowing features such as pit membranes, chlamydospores or S3/S2 compound middle lamella interface to be photographed in greater detail, allowing for more precise analyses and interpretation of key findings, as follows: 1. Brown rot fungi directly target their apical growth towards degraded pit apetures; 2. Reliance on light microscopy and observed birefringence as a tool to record changes in cell wall crystallinity associated with brown rot decay alone could be misleading; 3. Presence of fine (≤ 1 m) to wide (≥ 3.5 m) bore-hole and hyphal size ranges, and nearly unchanged cell wall thickness of all wood/test fungal combinations, confirmed active decay at moderate to late stages; 4. Some ray parenchyma cells for Antrodia sinuosa, Oligoporus placenta and Gloeophyllum sepiarium colonised blocks were intact throughout late stages of decay, outlining that they were not preferentially degraded early in the brown rot decay process, and 5. Presence of bore-holes, clamp and medallion clamp formation and resting spores (chlamydospores and arthrospores) are fungal specific, can aid in their differentiation and identification, and should be recorded during wood decay studies, as especially resting spores are an important factor when planning remediation strategies. In summary, this PhD thesis research provided the first comprehensive investigation into the biodiversity of fungi from leaky New Zealand buildings, identified the dominant species and presented details about their micromorphology and their decay patterns. It also demonstrated substantial differences in efficacy of preservative formulations currently (December 2008) approved for framing treatments in New Zealand and possible deficiencies where framing may be subjected to severe leaching. This study also provided the first comparative analyses of viable fungal aerial spores between leaky wall cavities and the surrounding air environment. Subsequently, this research added to the knowledge of the decay fungal species diversity in and around New Zealand leaky buildings, outlined their capabilities to degrade treated and un-treated P. radiata framing timber and illustrated the efficacy of New Zealand approved wood preservatives for their potential as remedial treatment and future prevention.
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Nayagam, S. "Studies on soluble nutrient components in wood and their influence on decay susceptibility and preservative efficacy." Thesis, University of Abertay Dundee, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376036.
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The work described in this thesis was undertaken to determine the nature and identity of soluble carbohydrate and nitrogenous components which migrate and accumulate at evaporative surfaces of dried wood and the influence these nutrients have on wood decay and preservative performance. Specific soluble carbohydrates and amino acids were shown to redistribute and accumulate at surface regions of wood during drying. Analysis of dried wood showed that soluble carbohydrates constituted 2-5% of the dry mass of wood at surface regions, and that soluble nitrogenous components constituted < 0.5% in the same areas. The soluble sugars which redistributed and accumulated at surface regions during drying were mainly reducing in nature in the softwoods. Glucose and fructose were the predominant sugars in these woods. In lime, sucrose was the predominant sugar. Soluble amino acids contributed to a significant proportion of the nitrogen content at surface regions of softwoods. In pine and spruce soluble amino acids constituted 30% and 40% of the total nitrogen content, but in lime, concentrations of soluble amino acids constituted only 6% of the total nitrogren content. The major amino acids observed in pine, spruce and lime were aspartic acid, glutamine and arginine. Soil burial studies undertaken highlighted the problems encountered when trying to mimic natural wood of high nutrient status. Test blocks impregnated with soluble sugars and amino acids displayed loss of these added nutrients on emplacement in soil, and the effect of added substrates could not be evaluated individually. The results of soil burial studies using CCA treated wood which was also impregnated with amino acids, showed that the latter influenced wood decay and preservative stability in lime. Weight losses in preserved lime were shown to correlate with increasing arginine and glutamine concentrations. A substantial copper loss was recorded in hardwoods and softwoods treated at sub-toxic levels with CCA and also treated with glutamine. Soluble sugars incorporated into preserved wood did not influence wood decay or preservative efficacy.
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Tascioglu, Cihat. "Impact of Preservative Treatments and Fungal Exposure on Phenolic Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composite Material Utilized in Wood Reinforcement." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/TasciogluC2002.pdf.
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Neto, Carlito Calil. "Madeira Laminada Colada (MLC): controle de qualidade em combinações espécie-adesivo -tratamento preservativo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-19042011-171909/.
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A Madeira Laminada Colada (MLC) é um produto engenheirado que requer precisão de fabricação em todos os seus estágios. O produto acabado pode somente ser testado em condições laboratoriais, entretanto é necessário o controle de qualidade na sua produção para assegurar que suas propriedades sejam conformes aos requisitos especificados para o produto de acordo com as normas vigentes. Considerando que no Brasil ainda não existe uma norma específica de qualificação para a MLC e o potencial que esse material tem de ocupar espaço no mercado futuro, este trabalho tem por finalidade propor recomendações metodológicas para os ensaios de controle de qualidade de elementos estruturais de MLC, tendo como pontos de partida as Normas Canadenses CSA 0177-2006, Estadunidenses AITC A190.1-2007, Européia EM 386-2001 e Chilena NCh2148.cR2010, com ênfase principal no sistema de controle de qualidade dos materiais empregados na produção de MLC. Para a avaliação do método proposto foram realizados ensaios com três combinações de espécie-adesivo-tratamento, os mesmos utilizados no projeto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento da ANEEL/EESC: \"PD220-07 - CABEÇA DE SÉRIE DA CRUZETA VERDE DE MLC\". Os resultados mostram que o método proposto é adequado e de suma importância no estudo de MLC estrutural em função da sensibilidade de combinação espécie-adesivo-tratamento.<br>The Glued Laminated Wood is an engineered product that requires precision manufacturing in all its stages. The finished product can only be tested in laboratory conditions, however it is necessary to quality control in their production to ensure that the properties of the MLC are appropriate to the requirements specified for the product in accordance with the standards. Considering that in Brazil there is still no specific standard of qualification for the manufacturers of Glulam and the promising future market, this paper aims to propose some methodological recommendations for quality control testing of structural elements of Glulam-based Canadian Standards CSA 0177 - 2006, AITC A190.1-2007 American, European and Chilean NCh2148.cR2010 AT 386-2001, with primary emphasis on the control system of quality of materials used in the production of Glulam. For the evaluation of the proposed trials were conducted with combinations of three species - adhesive - treatment that were used in the design of Research and Development ANEEL/EESC \"PD220-07 - HEAD OF SERIES CROSSHEAD MLC\". The results show that the proposed method is suitable and of paramount importance in the study of structural MLC according to the sensitivity of species combination - adhesive - treatment.
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Holden, Paul. "A case study of Fort Whyte Centre's rehabilitation of the Transcona Domtar wood preservative treatment site, lessons for non-government organization involvement in brownfield rehabilitation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57546.pdf.
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Gustavsson, Jenny. "Metodutveckling för analys av klorfenoler i jord samt analys av förorenad jord från ett sågverk." Thesis, Linköping University, The Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10047.
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<p>In this final thesis, an existing method for analysis of chlorophenols (CP) in bottom sediments has been updated and adjusted for analysis of chlorophenols in soil. The covalent bonds between the chlorophenols and the soil matrix were broken through basic hydrolysis and the chlorophenols were then separated from the water phase through addition of sulphuric acid followed by ether extraction. The chromatography was improved through extractive acetylation of the chlorophenols.</p><p>The updated method was then applied on soil samples from a contaminated area (a former sawmill in Hyttsjö, Östergötland, Sweden).</p><p>The analyse was preformed by GC/MS with respect to 2-MonoCP, 4-MonoCP, 2,4-DiCP, 2,6-DiCP, 2,4,6-TriCP, 2,3,4,6-TetraCP and pentachlorophenol (PCP).</p><p>Contamination of chlorophenols in nature can be explained by the former use of wood preservative chemicals based on chlorophenols. In the 1960s and the 1970s these chemicals were used in Sweden, but due to their toxicity they were banned by the Swedish government in 1978.</p><p>In Hyttsjö a pentachlorophenol-based product named Santobrite was used for several years. The concentration of PCP in the soil samples from Hyttsjö varied from 0.2->1.8 ng/mg dry substance. 2,3,4,6- Tetrachlorophenol was also detected in some of the soil samples.</p>
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Junior, Sergio Matias Pereira. "Determinação de cobre, cromo e arsênio em madeira preservada (Eucalyptus sp.) pelas espectrometrias de fluorescências de raios X." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-09022015-095042/.
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O Brasil produz cerca de 2,2 milhões de metros cúbicos de madeira preservada para atender à demanda anual nos setores de transporte ferroviário, elétrico, rural e de construção civil. As espécies de madeiras mais usados são do eucalipto (Eucalyptus sp.) e pinus (Pinus sp.). A madeira preservada, utilizada para postes, dormentes, mourões e nas construções em madeira, deve estar em conformidade com as especificações exigidas pelas normas brasileiras quanto ao seu tratamento preservativo. No Brasil, os preservativos de madeira mais utilizados e regulamentados são CCA (arseniato de cobre cromatado) e o CCB (sal de cobre cromo e boro). As técnicas analíticas como espectrometria de absorção atómica de chama (FAAS) e espectrometria de emissão de plasma acoplado (ICPOES) e espectrometria de fluorescência de raios x (XRFS) são utilizadas para a avaliação desses processos. Neste trabalho, as amostras de madeira foram obtidas de árvores de eucalipto (Eucalyptus sp.), provenientes de áreas de plantação do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Amostras de madeira de eucalipto foram submetidas a diferentes concentrações de solução de CCA, sob pressão, atingindo retenções de 3,9; 6,7; 9,1; 12,4 e 14,0 kg de CCA por m-³ de alburno. A partir dos blocos tratados foram obtidos amostras em forma de cilindros e serragem. A determinação de cobre, cromo e arsênio foi realizada pela espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X de energia dispersiva (EDXRF), espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X portátil (PXRF), FAAS e IAAN. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados métodos de análise, sensibilidade e precisão, exatidão das técnicas analíticas relacionadas.<br>Brazil produces around 2.2 millions of cubic meters of treated wood to meet the annual demand of railway, electric, rural and construction sectors. The most used wood species are eucalyptus (Eucalyptus ssp.) and pine (Pinus ssp.).The treated woods used for poles, sleepers, fence posts and plywoods should be according to Brazilian norms requirements. The most usual wood preservative products used in Brazil are CCA (chromated copper arsenate) and CCB (copper chromium and boron salt). The analytical methods, such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), plasma inductively coupled optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRFS) have been used for the analytical control of those treatment processes. In this work, the eucalyptus trees (Eucalyptus ssp) samples was obtained from Minas Gerais State, Brazil, cut plantation areas. Under pressure, eucalyptus wood samples were submitted to different concentration of CCA solution reaching 3.9, 6.7, 9.1, 12.4 and 14.0 kg of CCA by m-³ sapwood retentions. Samples in cylinders and sawdust forms were obtained from treated wood samples. Copper, chromium and arsenic determination was performed using the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRFS), portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (PXRFS), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and instrumental neutron activation analysis. In this work, the method of analysis, sensitivity, precision and accuracy performances of the related techniques were outlined.
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Ait, Rabai Youssef. "Etude de la libération du pentachlorophénol (PCP) dans l'eau par du bois spécialement traité avec une faible quantité de PCP : effet des cycles condensation-évaporation de l'eau." Saint-Etienne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STET4005.
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Le pentachlorophénol (PCP) est l'un des produits chimiques les plus utilisés pour protéger le bois contre les champignons. De sérieux inconvénients peuvent apparaitre avec la libération de ce produit dans l'eau conduisant à une pollution dangereuse. Dans cette étude, nous avons élaboré une méthode permettant de réduire la quantité de PCP dans le bois ainsi que le temps de l'opération d'immersion tout en gardant un haut gradient de concentration à la surface du bois. A la fin du processus de libération du PCP dans l'eau, une quantité considérable du produit chimique reste localisée dans les échantillons de bois permettant ainsi la protection du bois contre les champignons. Les échantillons de bois préalablement traités par imprégnation dans une solution méthanoïque de PCP sont soumis à plusieurs cycles de condensation-évaporation de l'eau comparables aux cycles jours-nuits. Ces cycles ne modifient pas les cinétiques de libération du PCP dans l'eau et par suite ne changent pas les profils de concentration du PCP dans le bois. Au cours du processus de libération du PCP dans l'eau, les résultats obtenus expérimentalement et par calcul en utilisant un modèle numérique sont en bonne concordance. Le modèle peut donc être utilisé quelque soit les dimensions des échantillons. Ces échantillons de bois ainsi traités libèrent dans l'eau de pluie des quantités faibles de PCP, beaucoup plus faible que le bois avec une concentration uniforme de PCP. Ainsi, ce traitement participe à la protection de l'environnement et à la réduction des coûts
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Xie, Changshi. "Fixation mechanism of ammoniacal copper wood preservatives." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/3521.
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This thesis describes the first comprehensive study of the chemistry of ammoniacal copper based wood preservatives, including the fixation of copper and nitrogen in treated wood; and the identification of the cause of the black color in treated Douglas-fir heartwood. The effects of enhanced nitrogen content in ammoniacal copper solution treated wood on the decay by three rotting fungi were investigated.
Taxifolin, a Douglas-fir heartwood extractive was isolated and identified using
ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass
spectrometry (MS). It was confirmed that taxifolin reacted with ammoniacal
copper solutions to form a black copper-nitrogen-taxifolin complex.
Nitrogen fixation in ammonium hydroxide treated wood was studied through the
reaction of ammonium hydroxide solution with wood and its components. It was
found that carbonyl and carboxylic groups in lignin and hemicelluloses can react
with ammonia to fix nitrogen in wood.
The fixation mechanism of copper and nitrogen in ammoniacal copper treated
wood was studied through the reaction of vanillin, a lignin mode l compound, with an ammoniacal copper solution. The green copper complex formed was
extensively studied using infrared (IR), electron spin resonance (ESR) elemental
analysis an d X-ray single crystallography an d identified to be a vanillin-copper ammonia complex. An X-ray structural analysis of a single crystal of the complex enabled the structure to be known. In the complex both the methoxy and phenolic oxygen atoms of guaiacyl units were coordinated to the copper, together with nitrogen from ammonia forming a six coordinated complex. This was first
determination of a crystal structure of copper-lignin model complex which may
describe important bond formations occurring during the fixation of copper and
nitrogen from ammoniacal copper wood preservatives.
The effect of enhanced nitrogen in ammoniacal copper treated wood on the decay
was studied. Wood treated with higher concentrations of ammonium hydroxide
solution showed an increased decay resistance to both P. placenta and a slightly
enhanced resistance to T. versicolor fungus. However, for G. trabeum the weight
losses of the ammonium hydroxide treated-wood was slightly increased relative to
the control. Ammoniacal copper treated wood with low copper retention showed
increased decay resistance to both T. versicolor and G. trabeum. The nitrogen in
the complex can not be used by fungi for their growth. However, the ammoniacal
copper treated wood with low copper retention was easily attacked by P. placenta
due to its ability to form insoluble copper oxalate in copper treated wood.
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Waldron, Levi. "Diffusion modeling of the leaching of inorganic wood preservatives from pressure-treated wood." 2005. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=232748&T=F.
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Huang, Shih-Pin, and 黃識頻. "Potential of Wood Tars from Cryptomeria japonica and Acacia confusa as Wood Preservatives." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14934914813016636831.
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碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>熱帶農業暨國際合作系<br>101<br>Increasing the value and efficacy of utilization for the tree species in Taiwan’s forest is an important issue in the development of sustainable forest management. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the potential of wood tars, obtained respectively from Cryptomeria japonica and Acacia confusa, as wood preservatives to increase their utilization and value. Wood tars were produced by carbonization of pyrolysis from the woods of C. japonica and A. confusa, and their different soluble fractions (n-Hexane, Ethyl acetate, and water) were partitioned by liquid-liquid chromatography. In this study, two white-rot fungi (Lenzites betulina and Trametes versicolor) and three brown-rot fungi (Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomitopsis pinicola, and Gloeophyllum trabeum) were used in the anti-fungal agar assay and soil-block decay test. Anti-fungal activity was carried out by agar plate assay, and wood decay resistance was evaluated by the soil-block decay test according to the Chinese National Standard (CNS 6717) and the American Society for Testing and Materials standard (ASTM D1413-07). Leachability was assessed on treated woods by measuring their chemical retention and chemical loss percentages after a 14 day leaching test. Dimensional stability was analyzed by the change of equilibrium moisture content and volumetric swelling in a 27°C and 90% relative humidity chamber for 32 days. Results of the anti-fungal agar assay indicated that both wood tars exhibited high inhibition against L. betulina at 1750 μg/mL. The results of anti-fungal activities for soluble fractions showed that n-Hexane soluble fractions of C. japonica and A. confusa performed better than those of Ethyl acetate soluble fractions on all wood decay fungi, while all water soluble fractions revealed no anti-fungal effect. Furthermore, results of the soil-block decay test indicated that wood (C. japonica) treated with 4.0% C. japonica and A. confusa wood tars inhibited G. trabeum growth with only 2.89% and 3.40% weight loss, respectively, while the weight loss of its control group was 35.89%. Similarly, woods treated with 4.0% C. japonica and A. confusa wood tars revealed respective weight loss of 3.26% and 2.98% against L. sulphureus, which were lower than its control group (32.38%). Moreover, a concentration dependency was observed between weight loss and treatment; the higher the concentration of the treatment, the lower the weight loss percentage of the treated wood. The leaching test results showed that the chemical retention of wood treated with C. japonica, and A. confusa wood tars, and their n-Hexane fractions increased as the concentration increased. On the other hand, a decrease in the chemical loss of treated wood was observed as the concentration increased. According to the dimensional stability test, the significant decrease of equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and volumetric swelling (VS) indicated that C. japonica, and A. confusa wood tars, and their n-Hexane acetate soluble fractions could increase the dimensional stability of treated wood. As a result, wood tars of C. japonica and A. confusa, as well as their n-Hexane soluble fraction, demonstrated excellent performance on wood decay resistance, leachability and dimensional stability, suggesting great potential to be developed as wood preservatives in the future.
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TIAN, XIAN-LU, and 田賢祿. "Studies on the efficiency of wood preservatives on the weathering and decay resistance of wood." Thesis, 1986. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65887783320103690383.
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Li, Wei-Chen, and 李委蓁. "Penetration Properties of Wood Preservatives Currently Used in Taiwan and Molding Phenomena of Their Treated Wood." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66117446758891577164.
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碩士<br>國立宜蘭大學<br>森林暨自然資源學系碩士班<br>101<br>In order to extend the service life of wood in use, various methods, such as modification or preservation treatments, are applied. Five preservative chemicals, Alkaline Copper Quaternary(ACQ-1), Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA), Micronized Copper Azole (MCA), Micronized Copper Quaternary (MCQ), and Boron compounds (Timbor), which are currently used for commercial wood treatment in Taiwan and a laboratory prepared ACQ-3, were tested for their penetration and other properties according to CNS 6717 "Wood preservative performance benchmarks ", to evaluate the performance of these six wood preservatives.
Mold growth on wood preservative treated wood is not an uncommon problem in Taiwan, therefore, mold growth resistance tests were also carried on wood specimens treated by these six preservatives to reveal the molding situation and the factors that influence molding phenomenon.
In addition, the penetration property of these six preservatives and the moisture absorption property of their treated wood specimens were also evaluated. Other experiments such as iron corrosion, fungal decay and termite resistances were performed on ACQ-1 and ACQ-3 treated wood specimens to make comparisons between these two preservatives.
Results obtained from penetration tests displayed that preservative injection volumes calculated from specimens before and after treatment can not represent the amount of preservative absorbed by treated woods because of pharmaceutical characteristics of preservatives and the different characteristics of wood species. A difference in color changed areas of treated specimens caused by preservative coloring chemical agents detected between naked eyes and image analysis software were observed but is not statistically significant. Conservation programs of wood specimens after treatment affect the distribution of the active ingredients of preservatives.
Comparing between the test results that followed CNS 6717 and a simplified process used in this study, more test time is needed by the CNS 6717 process, but the test results have no difference by the simplified process, which indicates that after treatment, penetration status may be correctly obtained from the slightly-surface-dried specimens.
Results from mold growth resistance tests show that the relative humidity is the most important influencing factor. Degree of mold growth and the time to reach the highest mold growth rating are positively relate to the initial moisture content of the test materials and the relative humidity of the test environment. At 100% relative humidity environment, it’s easy that make mold happen, if the initial moisture content of test materials higher than the wood equilibrium moisture content in this environment about 28% ; at 75% relative humidity environment, the initial moisture content of the test materials will tend to be the wood equilibrium moisture content about 15%, so if we want to delay the mold happen, we can dry treated wood according to different store place.
The fungal decay test results show that ACQ-3 protects its treated wood from fungal decay, however, the ACQ-1 treated ones preformed better according to the weight loss percentages of the test specimens. The iron corrosion results show that the ACQ-3 nails mass loss rate caused by ACQ-3 treated wood specimens were higher than that of the ACQ-1 treated. The leaching results show no matter in southern yellow pine or sweetgum specimens treated with ACQ-3, the leaching rate were higher than those treated with ACQ-1. The termite resistance test results show that ACQ-1 and ACQ-3 both have the effect of resistance to termites. The moisture absorption results show that the southern yellow pine specimens treated with ACQ-3 and Timbor, do not meet the requirement specified in CNS 6717, while other treatment combinations do.