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Journal articles on the topic 'Wooden boxes'
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1
R. K. Goyal, Dilip Kumar, Himanshu Walia, and Pushpinder Kumar. "Effect of long distance transport on farm fresh tomatoes." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 42, no. 2 (June 30, 2005): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2005422.1125.
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Fresh tomatoes of Avinash-2 variety at pink and breaker stage were transported for distance of 400 km. Three types of packaging mediums namely Plastic crates, Corrugated fibre board boxes and wooden boxes were used. The cushioning materials used were grass, paper and straw. The overall minimum damage was recorded in Tj (Breaker: Plastic crate: Grass) i.e. 3.93% followed by T. (Breaker: Wooden: Paper) i.e. 4.10% and T. (Breaker: Wooden: Straw) i.e. 4.38%. The overall mean damage (%) for wooden box was significantly lesser than plastic crates (9.83%) ·and corrugated fibreboard box (10.98%).
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Chikoye, Mungule D. "924 PB 473 EFFECT OF PACKAGING ON POSTHARVET LOSSES OF TOMATOES DURING TRANSPORTATION TO THE MARKET IN ZAMBIA." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 566e—566. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.566e.
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A two year study was conducted in the high tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), production area of the country (Central and Lusaka Provinces). Tomatoes for the market are packed in wooden boxes, open metal basins and grass baskets. Approx. 5-10% and 20-30% of the fruits packed in wooden boxes, basins and baskets respectively got damaged in transit from site of production to the market. Damage of fruits in wooden boxes was mainly due to the transportation in vehicles of overipe fruits on bumpy roads. Regarding the other containers damage was caused by stacking the containers, on top of each other as well as having different types of produce on top. Most of the damaged fruits could not be sold as the tomato processing industry is not yet well developed.
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CARECHE, MERCEDES, RAUL GARCÍA, and JAVIER BORDERÍAS. "Anchovy Shelf Life as Affected by Different Chilling Methods during Distribution." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.2.353.
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Anchovies are a very labile fish and deteriorate fast under chilling conditions. In the South of Spain, fishing boats land their catches in wooden boxes with ice (12 to 14 kg). For some years now, fish processors have prepared this species for market distribution by placing about 7 kg fish in expanded polystyrene (EPS) boxes containing water and ice. Then, in the distribution market, boxes are dewatered and re-iced. Transportation of the fish in EPS boxes containing water and ice was recently forbidden on the grounds that boxes for transportation of fish in ice must have holes to let melted ice drain away. In this paper, the effect of preserving the anchovy in water and ice from landing to the distribution market was studied and compared with the more traditional methods of storing the fish in ice in either wooden or EPS boxes. Physical, chemical, microbiological, and sensory analyses were carried out over three different storage trials to account for the effect of seasonality. Little differences were found among lots, but some of the parameters showed that fish transported in water and ice did present less spoilage than fish stored in ice, especially when compared to the wooden boxes. According to these results, chilling of this fish in water and ice can be used as an alternative preserving method during transport.
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RUSHMORE, MARGARET E., TODD J. UNDERWOOD, and WILLIAM P. BROWN. "WOODEN VERSUS INSULATED METAL NESTBOXES: A COMPARISON OF REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS AND USE BY SONGBIRDS." Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 86, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0069.
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ABSTRACT We compared reproductive success of Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) and House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) nests in wooden nestboxes to insulated metal nestboxes to determine if a new insulated metal nestbox design is a safe alternative to wooden nestboxes. We also examined the preference of four species of cavity-nesting birds to nest in wooden versus metal nestboxes. No significant differences were found among clutch size, hatching success, and the number of fledglings produced in Tree Swallow and House Wren nests between the two types of nestboxes. Therefore, insulated metal nestboxes appear to be a safe alternative to wooden nestboxes. Metal nestboxes were preferred by Tree Swallows to wooden nestboxes (χ2 = 6.5, n = 25, p = 0.01). However, wooden nestboxes were preferred to metal nestboxes as a first choice for nesting 77.1% of the time for all four species. House Wrens, Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis), and House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) all preferred wooden to metal nestboxes (Fisher's Exact Tests, all p < 0.001). Thus, insulated metal boxes are safe, but may not attract desirable species, such as Eastern Bluebirds, when compared to traditional wooden Peterson-style boxes.
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Malhi, C., and Amandeep Kaur. "Evaluating Potential of Artificial (Wooden) Nest Boxes as alternate nestings for managing bird populations." Indian Journal of Forestry 30, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2007-rr29fi.
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Artificial (Wooden) nest boxes were successfully adopted by Spotted Owlet (Athene brama) and Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) which accomplished egg laying in 9.80 and 74.50% boxes, out of total 51 boxes, installed at eight different sites at one location. Egg laying by Common Myna was accomplished repeatedly for second and third time in 23.53 and 3.92% nest boxes respectively after successfully raising the previous brood. Breeding success of 35.71 and 77.86% was achieved in Spotted Owlet and Common Myna. None of the birds adopted and accomplished breeding in 33 boxes installed at two different sites, 15 and 18 boxes at each site, at another location owing to the dominance of Barn Owl, Tyto alba and Tree mouse, Vandeleuria oleracea dumeticola at the respective sites. Timing and site of installation served as contributing factors while predation and parasitism acted as limiting factors in nest box breeding. Higher breeding performance of Common Myna was recorded in artificial nest boxes than in natural cavity nesting.
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Wu, Zi Yuan, Zhong Ji, Ren Liu, and Guo Fang Zhang. "Web-Based CAD System for Wooden Box." Applied Mechanics and Materials 200 (October 2012): 502–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.200.502.
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Wooden box designing is usually carried out in SolidWorks or such general CAD systems. By secondary development on general CAD system using high level programming language such as Visual Basic, we can create a dedicated CAD system for wooden box. However these dedicated systems are mostly local computer based and not easy for sharing on Internet. In this paper, a web-based CAD system for wooden box has been established by combining PHP language and MySQL database with a localized dedicated CAD system for wooden box. With this system, we can design wooden boxes on the webpages without the installation of any CAD software in local computers, thus sharing the design system and results on Internet.
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Patty, Alfred. "ANALISIS SIFAT FISIK BIJI KAKAO PADA BERBAGAI METODE FERMENTASI DAN KONSENTRASI FERMIPAN." JURNAL HUTAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jhppk.2019.3.1.13.
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This research was done to analyze physical properties of fermented cocoa beans using various fermentation methods and fermipan concentrations. The aim of this study was to identify effective fermentation methods to produce quality cocoa beans. For each trial 10 kg of fresh cocoa beans were treated with fermipan in concentrations 0.5% w/v and 1% w/v. Fermentation trials were conducted in wooden boxes, plastic baskets and in heaps without turning the materials. The trials were conducted aerobically at room temperature for the next 6 days (144 hours). The results showed that the cocoa bean temperature increased significantly the 24th hour of fermentation and then slowly decreased until the end of the fermentation period except for the beans in heaps. The highest temperature of 42oC was found in beans in wooden boxes using the 1% w/v fermipan concentration. During fermentation, the pH of the pulp increased according to the period of fermentation and reached a peak at 144 hour. The highest pH was 7.02 found in beans placed in plastic baskets with 1% w/v of fermipan concentration. Overall the cocoa beans which fermented in wooden boxes with 1% w/v of fermipan gave the best quality with shell content of 15.05 %, brown color intensity of 90%, unfermented beans 2%, insect infestation 1.14% and beans germinated 1.90%.
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Sutton, Pat. "Glimpses of the Past from Portable Wooden Mineral Cases." Historical Records of Australian Science 27, no. 2 (2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr15020.
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This study briefly describes two wooden mineral cases that were found at the Bendigo campus of La Trobe University and the Central Deborah mine, Bendigo. It outlines their contents and provenances, traces the contributions to mineralogy of the original distributors of the boxes, and notes some aspects of late 19th century gold mining in Australia, and Bendigo in particular.
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Masuku, Mustamin Anwar, Syamsul Bahri, Nurjanna Albaar, and Irwan Makarunggala. "The Effect of Container Type and Fermentation Period Towards Cocoa Beans Quality in Tidore Island." Techno Jurnal Penelitian 11, no. 2 (October 30, 2022): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33387/tjp.v11i2.5205.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of wooden box containers on the quality of fermented cocoa beans. The experimental design used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor, namely the length of fermentation consisting of each treatment repeated 3 times so that 9 experiments were obtained. The results obtained are analyzed for variance and if there is a significant difference between treatments, the Dancen test will be carried out. By the results of the treatment and discussion, it can be concluded that after fermenting cocoa beans using wooden boxes, the results obtained were an increase in the fermentation index of dry cocoa beans on the 3rd to 5th days (0.243, 1.147 and 2.027). This number indicates a change in color from purple to brown. Furthermore, the yield of dry cocoa beans, the content of moldy beans, and the skin content were at quality levels B and C and the water content and fat content still met the requirements of SNI-2323-2008. Polyphenols as antioxidants are in the range of 0.06 - 0.08. Based on this research it is also recommended that the fermentation process of beans use wooden boxes because it meets the requirements of the Indonesian National Standard for Cocoa Quality Number 2323-2008.
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Sangrutsamee, Vachira, and Tanut Sripanom. "Investigating Influence of Different Materials on Window Thermal Performance." Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies (JARS) 12, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.56261/jars.v12i2.53099.
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This study is an experimental research study in order to find the effectiveness of the heat transfer and to compare the temperature behaviors of the windows with different layers made of various materials. The windows were divided into four types: 1) clear glass window with aluminum frames, 2) clear glass window with wooden frames, 3) wooden window, and 4) double layered window with a clear glass and aluminum sliding window (the inner layer) and a wooden louvered window (the outer layer). In this study, the heat transfer values of the materials were analyzed. The temperatures of the air and material surfaces were checked. The size of the created prototype was 1.00 x 0.50 meters installed in the test box that had foam insulation on its five sides. Data were recorded for 24 hours. The results show that the heat resistance of the wooden materials was approximately 1.4 times higher than the glass materials. The air temperatures inside all test boxes were higher than that of the surrounding air. The highest air temperatures inside the test boxes were 36.5 - 56.7 °C during 01.00 p.m. – 02.40 p.m. The lowest air temperature was 25 °C at 06.00 a.m. The clear glass window with aluminum frames had the highest temperature in the test box and the highest difference between the temperatures at day and night. The double layered window had the lowest difference. Finally, it can be concluded that the double layered window could effectively protect heat transferring into the buildings, reduce the cooling load, and facilitate energy conservation
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Sachan, Deepak, K. V. V. Raju, and Subrata Biswas. "Application of RFID for Tracking Metallic Items Packed in Wooden Boxes." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 33, no. 6 (March 25, 2016): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v33p256.
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Carrión, Yolanda, and Pablo Rosser. "Revealing Iberian woodcraft: conserved wooden artefacts from south-east Spain." Antiquity 84, no. 325 (September 1, 2010): 747–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00100201.
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Six wells at Tossal de les Basses in Spain captured a large assemblage of Iberian woodworking debris. The authors' analysis distinguishes a wide variety of boxes, handles, staves, pegs and joinery made in different and appropriate types of wood, some – like cypress – imported from some distance away. We have here a glimpse of a sophisticated and little known industry of the fourth century BC.
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Dr. Zubair Ahmad Bhat. "USE OF INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN HORTICULTURE: A CASE STUDY OF SOPORE." International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research and Technology (IJSET) 2, no. 7 (June 30, 2023): 554–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54443/ijset.v2i7.216.
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Kashmir Valley has got the potential to produce different varieties of fresh apple crop which contributes state gross domestic product and foreign exchange. Apple fruit is one of the important fresh fruits which alone account 44.10 per cent of area and 90 per cent of production in the union territory. Every year millions of apple boxes are being exported to various parts of country and to some neighbouring countries like Bangladesh from various parts of region. To pick, pack and carry the Apples, every year millions of trees were cut down for the manufacturing of wooden crates. With the introduction of cardboard and plastic crates the grower find some relief as it is cheaper and easy to carry from traditional wooden crates. The present paper will try to find out the benefits and usage of cardboard crates in place of traditional wooden crates for marketing of apple.
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Kora, C., M. R. McDonald, and G. J. Boland. "Occurrence of fungal pathogens of carrots on wooden boxes used for storage." Plant Pathology 54, no. 5 (October 2005): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01189.x.
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Seamans, Thomas W., Bradley F. Blackwell, and Laura A. Tyson. "Low Occupancy Rates of Artificial Nest Cavities by European Starlings." Ohio Journal of Science 115, no. 2 (November 9, 2015): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/ojs.v115i2.4943.
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European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) are known for their generalist ecological requirements and compete for available cavity nest sites with native species. Our purpose was to revisit recent findings with regard to Starling selection of artificial nest structures. In previous studies involving Starling use of wooden nest boxes in northern Ohio, USA, Starling occupancy across sites ranged from 67% to 100%; use by native species was minimal. In this study, we made available 25 wooden boxes and 25 PVC nest tubes for Starling nesting, but we were forced to forego planned treatments because of low Starling occupancy rates. We found a maximum occupancy rate of 40% for Starlings, whereas Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis) and Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) had a combined minimal occupancy rate of 52%. We speculate that an increase in availability of dead ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) due to damage by the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), as well as a potential increase in natural cavities due to an increasing Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus) population might explain our findings. With potentially fewer Starlings selecting artificial structures native species might now exploit these artificial nest sites.
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SOLOVYEV, S. A. "STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY ANALYSIS BASED ON P-BOXES." Building and reconstruction 92, no. 6 (2020): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2020-92-6-51-58.
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The article describes a method for reliability (probability of non-failure) analysis of structural elements based on p-boxes. An algorithm for constructing two p-blocks is shown. First p-box is used in the absence of information about the probability distribution shape of a random variable. Second p-box is used for a certain probability distribution function but with inaccurate (interval) function parameters. The algorithm for reliability analysis is presented on a numerical example of the reliability analysis for a flexural wooden beam by wood strength criterion. The result of the reliability analysis is an interval of the non-failure probability boundaries. Recommendations are given for narrowing the reliability boundaries which can reduce epistemic uncertainty. On the basis of the proposed approach, particular methods for reliability analysis for any structural elements can be developed. Design equations are given for a comprehensive assessment of the structural element reliability as a system taking into account all the criteria of limit states.
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Lorenzon, Maria Cristina Affonso, Rodolfo Gonçalves Cidreira, Edmundo Henrique Ventura Rodrigues, Milton Sérgio Dornelles, and Geraldo Pereira Jr. "Langstroth hive construction with cement-vermiculite." Scientia Agricola 61, no. 6 (December 2004): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162004000600002.
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Exfoliated vermiculite is a light-weight and cheap product that, because of its thermal resistance, has become a valuable insulating material. With regard to its use in beekeeping, this research tested whether the box for honey bees constructed with cement-vermiculite mortar (CVM) presents physical characteristics similar to those of wood. The experiment was carried out at Seropédica, RJ, Brazil, for eight months. The cement-vermiculite mortar was compared with a control material (pinewood), in the construction of Langstroth boxes and boards, in a completely randomized design, with respect to thermal control, thermal conductivity and its capacity to absorb and lose water. The production cost for a CVM box was estimated. There were no internal temperature differences between CVM and wooden boxes. Thermal conductivity values for CVM and pinewood were similar. CVM absorbed more water and lost water faster than pinewood. Since CVM boxes can be easily constructed, at a low cost and with similar characteristics as traditional boxes, made of wood, the material can be recommended for use in non-migratory beekeeping.
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Heberer, Carina, Bettina Koppmann-Rumpf, and Karl-Heinz Schmidt. "How big is best? Various nest box sizes and their acceptance by Muscardinus avellanarius (Rodentia: Gliridae)." Lynx, new series 49, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lynx-2018-0005.
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Abstract The hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) can be found in nest boxes intended for birds and dormice throughout its distributional range. To minimize competition with other potential nest box inhabitants such as the edible dormouse (Glis glis) and hole-nesting passerines like the blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), we successfully tested nest boxes with a 21 mm entrance hole in previous studies. The only competing species still able to pass through the entrance hole were the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) and possibly the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis). To further optimize the nest boxes we tested whether their internal space might be important for selection by the hazel dormouse. Starting in 2015, we set up groups of four wooden nest boxes varying in base area (50×50 mm, 60×60 mm, 70×70 mm and 80×80 mm, respectively) with 21 mm entrance holes. The nest boxes were placed in an identical array at 15 stations spaced at intervals of 30 m along a hedgerow. By doing regular nest box checks and documenting all species found we investigated which nest box types were used most often by the hazel dormouse in order to detect possible preferences. So far, the data show a more intensive use of the nest boxes that provided the largest internal space, i.e. 80×80 mm.
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López-Gálvez, Francisco, Laura Rasines, Encarnación Conesa, Perla A. Gómez, Francisco Artés-Hernández, and Encarna Aguayo. "Reusable Plastic Crates (RPCs) for Fresh Produce (Case Study on Cauliflowers): Sustainable Packaging but Potential Salmonella Survival and Risk of Cross-Contamination." Foods 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061254.
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The handling of fresh fruits and vegetables in reusable plastic crates (RPCs) has the potential to increase the sustainability of packaging in the fresh produce supply chain. However, the utilization of multiple-use containers can have consequences related to the microbial safety of this type of food. The present study assessed the potential cross-contamination of fresh cauliflowers with Salmonella enterica via different contact materials (polypropylene from RPCs, corrugated cardboard, and medium-density fiberboard (MDF) from wooden boxes). Additionally, the survival of the pathogenic microorganism was studied in cauliflowers and the contact materials during storage. The life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used to evaluate the environmental impact of produce handling containers made from the different food-contact materials tested. The results show a higher risk of cross-contamination via polypropylene compared with cardboard and MDF. Another outcome of the study is the potential of Salmonella for surviving both in cross-contaminated produce and in contact materials under supply chain conditions. Regarding environmental sustainability, RPCs have a lower environmental impact than single-use containers (cardboard and wooden boxes). To exploit the potential environmental benefits of RPCs while ensuring food safety, it is necessary to guarantee the hygiene of this type of container.
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Zhang, Rongzhuo, Yuhang He, Assima Dauletbek, Zhaoyu Shen, Yuhao Zhou, and Zheng Wang. "Design and manufacture of laminated veneer lumber packaging boxes and pallets and evaluation of their mechanical properties." BioResources 17, no. 4 (October 24, 2022): 6910–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.4.6910-6925.
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Wooden packaging boxes and pallets are used in a wide range of applications. In this work, LVL from the same source and batch were used as the base material. After dynamic detection and grading, they were divided into two grades (A and B), according to their differences in elastic modulus. The packaging boxes and pallets of the same specifications were designed and manufactured as the research objects. Four mechanical properties studies and related analyses were performed. The three mechanical tests showed different deflection values of the two packaging boxes A and B, and the maximum error was 6.93%. In the rotational edge drop test, the edges of the nether end rails of the two grades of LVL boxes were damaged to varying degrees. Additionally, the nails at the connection between the middle longitudinal beam and the bottom plate also appeared to be pulled out, and the parts made of B-grade LVL were more obvious. The results show that the dynamic detection and quality grading for LVL can effectively distinguish the material grade. The grading results were consistent with the mechanical properties of the LVL packaging boxes and pallets of corresponding grades, which are suitable for use in production lines.
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Reeploeg, Silke. "Reading Material Culture in the North Atlantic: Traditional Wooden Boxes as Intercultural Objects." Journal of the North Atlantic 2013, sp4 (October 1, 2013): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3721/037.004.sp417.
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., Aakash Todakar. "DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AUTOMATION FOR STAPLING OF WOODEN SUPPORTS TO CORRUGATED BOXES." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 03, no. 11 (November 25, 2014): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0311058.
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Druzhinina, Inga, Olga Druzhinina, Alexandra Golyeva, and Victor Chkhaidze. "APPLICATION OF MICROBIOMORPHIC AND TOTAL PHOSPHORUS ANALYSES TO THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE SREDNY ZELENCHUK TEMPLE, NIZHNY ARKHYZ HILLFORT." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik 23, no. 1 (April 9, 2024): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2024.1.8.
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The article presents the results of the first geoarchaeological study of the materials of Christian burials identified in the interior of the Middle Zelenchuk temple of the 10th century in the Nizhne-Arkhyz ancient settlement (Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia). The results of microbiomorphic (phytolith) and total phosphorus content analyses allowed us to reveal previously unknown features of the funeral rites of the multicultural and multi-ethnic Christian population of one of the largest cities of the North Caucasus in the Middle Ages. The differences in funerary practices between the 11th and 13th centuries became evident when studying even a small group of funerary complexes in which people of the same social group – representatives of the social elite of Western Alania – were buried. The geoarchaeological study showed an abundance of plant and animal organic matter in the burials. The complex analysis of archaeological materials and data obtained during the microbiomorphic study allowed us to conclude that members of the urban Christian community had several burial traditions: in stone boxes (tombs), in wooden frames, and a mixed ritual when a wooden structure was placed in a stone box. The presence of wooden bark particles in the burials seems to be related not so much to the material from which the burial structures were made as to the presence in the graves of bark or bast objects (bast caskets or boxes, birch bark amulets, toys, etc.). The tradition known from pagan Alanian burials of placing the head of the deceased on a “stone cushion” (more typical for male burials) was preserved in early Christian burials. In one of the four women’s graves studied, the analysis showed the presence of a “hay pillow.” Probably, before the burial, a ritual of washing the deceased was performed, as evidenced by the presence of diatoms and sponge spicules in the samples.
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Streule, Stefanie, Susette Freimüller Leischtfeld, Martina Galler, Dominik Motzer, Monja Poulose-Züst, and Susanne Miescher Schwenninger. "Variations in Ecuadorian Cocoa Fermentation and Drying at Two Locations: Implications for Quality and Sensory." Foods 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2023): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13010137.
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In Ecuador, various processes are applied during cocoa post-harvesting. This study, therefore, explored fermentation parameters across two locations with 2–7 independent runs, focusing on temperature, microbial counts, pH during fermentation and drying, and their impact on cocoa bean quality. Factors including fermentation devices (jute bags, plastic bags, and wooden boxes), pre-drying, turning during fermentation, fermentation duration, and drying temperature were investigated. Fermenting in plastic bags without pre-drying or turning and fermenting in jute bags for only 40 ± 2.0 h yielded low maximal fermentation temperatures Tmax (31.1 ± 0.4 °C and 37.6 ± 1.8 °C), leading to bitter, astringent, woody, and earthy cocoa liquor. Longer fermentation (63 ± 6 h) in wooden boxes with turning (Wt) and in jute bags with pre-drying and turning (Jpt) achieved the highest Tmax of 46.5 ± 2.0 °C, and a more acidic cocoa liquor, particularly in Wt (both locations) and Jpt (location E). Therefore, it is recommended to ferment for a minimum duration from day 1 to 4 (63 ± 6 h), whether using plastic bags (with mandatory pre-drying) or jute bags (with or without pre-drying or turning). Furthermore, this study underscores the risks associated with excessively high drying temperatures (up to 95.2 ± 13.7 °C) and specific dryer types, which can falsify cut-tests and introduce unwanted burnt-roasted off-flavors in the cocoa liquor.
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Chaiphongpachara, Tanawat, Ploypailin Bunyuen, and Kitthisak Khlaeo Chansukh. "Development of a More Effective Mosquito Trapping Box for Vector Control." Scientific World Journal 2018 (August 1, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6241703.
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Mosquito-borne diseases are a major public health issue in nearly all tropical and subtropical countries, making vector control imperative. The mosquito trapping box is one type of mosquito traps that is popular in some areas because it is affordable, environmentally friendly, and easy to produce. This research investigated whether the effectiveness of the mosquito trapping box could be increased through the addition of various physical factors, including a wooden frame, black cotton cloth, a fan, carbon dioxide (CO2), and heat, by testing a range of box designs in the Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand, between December 2016 and January 2017. We found that trapping boxes constructed with Pinus kesiya wood caught more mosquitoes than those constructed with two other types of wood or aluminum. We also found that mosquito trapping boxes were more effective when more factors were added, although these differences were only significant for black cotton cloth and CO2. These findings will guide the future development of mosquito trapping boxes for effective mosquito control in other areas, helping to reduce the incidence of mosquito-borne diseases.
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Meaney, Kelly M., David E. Peacock, David Taggart, and James Smith. "Rapid colonisation, breeding and successful recruitment of eastern barn owls (Tyto alba delicatula) using a customised wooden nest box in remnant mallee cropping areas of southern Yorke Peninsula, South Australia." Wildlife Research 48, no. 4 (2021): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr20021.
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Abstract ContextThe introduced house mouse (Mus domesticus) causes significant economic damage to Australia’s agricultural enterprises. As part of the Marna Banggara Rewilding Project on the southern Yorke Peninsula (SYP), the present study focused on the eastern barn owl (Tyto alba delicatula) as a potential bio-controller of mice, by providing nesting spaces where natural hollows are limited. AimsTo design an appropriate pole-mounted wooden nest box, and to enhance barn-owl-breeding and house-mouse-hunting capacity on farmland adjacent to remnant native vegetation. MethodsA prototype nest box was collaboratively designed with a nest box manufacturer using data from previous barn owl studies and anecdotal reports. Eleven pole-mounted wooden boxes with platforms were installed at distances >1.4km apart on properties near Warooka, southern Yorke Peninsula (SYP), and monitored over a 6-month period using external trail cameras. Key resultsOf the 11 nest boxes installed, 55 percent were colonised within a month after establishment, and 82 percent were colonised within 7 months. Occupied nest boxes were actively used by paired owls for mating, breeding and rearing of chicks, which resulted in up to 35 fledgling owlets. ConclusionsThe nest box design successfully supported eastern barn owl colonisation and reproduction on the SYP. The inclusion of the platform not only provided easy, minimally invasive monitoring of barn owl activity and prey intake by researchers, but also increased usable space for barn owl behaviours, such as copulation and wing flapping. ImplicationsThe important nest box design elements featured in this paper, such as the platform, high entrance hole, predator-proof pole and rear door access, can be implemented in barn owl conservation, research and on farms where alternative nesting sites are limited.
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Shanahan, Maggie, Michael Simone-Finstrom, Philip Tokarz, Frank Rinkevich, Quentin D. Read, and Marla Spivak. "Thinking inside the box: Restoring the propolis envelope facilitates honey bee social immunity." PLOS ONE 19, no. 1 (January 31, 2024): e0291744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291744.
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When wild honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) nest in hollow tree cavities, they coat the rough cavity walls with a continuous layer of propolis, a substance comprised primarily of plant resins. Studies have shown that the resulting “propolis envelope” leads to both individual- and colony-level health benefits. Unfortunately, the smooth wooden boxes most commonly used in beekeeping do little to stimulate propolis collection. As a result, most managed bees live in hives that are propolis-poor. In this study, we assessed different surface texture treatments (rough wood boxes, boxes outfitted with propolis traps, and standard, smooth wood boxes) in terms of their ability to stimulate propolis collection, and we examined the effect of propolis on colony health, pathogen loads, immune gene expression, bacterial gene expression, survivorship, and honey production in both stationary and migratory beekeeping contexts. We found that rough wood boxes are the most effective box type for stimulating propolis deposition. Although the use of rough wood boxes did not improve colony survivorship overall, Melissococcus plutonius detections via gene expression were significantly lower in rough wood boxes, and viral loads for multiple viruses tended to decrease as propolis deposition increased. By the end of year one, honey bee populations in migratory rough box colonies were also significantly larger than those in migratory control colonies. The use of rough wood boxes did correspond with decreased honey production in year one migratory colonies but had no effect during year two. Finally, in both stationary and migratory operations, propolis deposition was correlated with a seasonal decrease and/or stabilization in the expression of multiple immune and bacterial genes, suggesting that propolis-rich environments contribute to hive homeostasis. These findings provide support for the practical implementation of rough box hives as a means to enhance propolis collection and colony health in multiple beekeeping contexts.
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Simpson, St John. "Of boxes in the Bronze Age: exotic imports, skeuomorphs and local crafts from Central Asia to Sumer." Archaeological News 32 (2021): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2021-32-119-132.
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This paper briefly reviews some of the excavated evidence for decorated boxes found at sites from Mesopotamia to Central Asia in the late 3rd millennium BC, and concludes that one published from an Akkadian grave at Nippur is a Harappan import. Similar types of box found at Gonur depe were used to contain mirrors, and this also provides a new explanation for the Nippur box. Remains of other types of decorated box are also known from elite graves at Gonur and Ur, some of a size consistent with trunks or chests, but others much smaller and employing iconogra- phy peculiar to their cultural context. This paper draws attention to the fact that the boards for the “Game of Twenty Squares” were originally hollow in order to hold the pieces, and that the so-called “Standard of Ur” was also a box, rather than the solid object it has been reconstructed and known as. In other regions, such as southeast Arabia and Iran, small compartmented boxes were also carved from chlorite but larger examples were probably also made of wood. The fired clay boxes also known from eastern Iran and southwest Central Asia may well have had wooden counterparts which have not survived. In short, a much greater variety of boxes of different types and sizes were used at this period than is generally acknowledged.
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Vacek, František. "Deset let s petrografickou sbírkou Národního muzea." Journal of the National Museum (Prague), Natural History Series 191, no. 1 (2022): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/jnmpnhs.2022.007.
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This article provides a brief history of the National museum rock collection that was formally established in 1823. In the recent period it was relocated from the museum Historical building to a modern repository in Horní Počernice. This is when the author started to work there in 2013. Over the period of the following ten years the collection was unpacked from wooden boxes and deposited in drawers, organized according to petrological and regional geological system. Subsequently its electronic inventory was created and maintained until present, including recent acquisitions.
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Valverde, Mary Paz Alvarez, Laszlo Horvath, and John Bouldin. "Wood pallet performance analysis with palletized drums in distribution and warehousing." BioResources 17, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 1836–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.1836-1854.
Full textAbstract:
As an integral part of the supply chain, wooden pallets are produced in large quantities, with 849 million new and recycled wooden pallets being manufactured annually in the industry. Pallets are currently designed using a uniformly distributed load to determine the load capacity. This highly generalized approach often leads to overdesign and increased material utilization. Due to a phenomenon called load bridging, when discrete packages such as corrugated boxes or industrial drums are shipped on a pallet, the weight of the load tends to distribute unevenly. This can lead to an increased load capacity for the pallet. Industrial drums are commonly used to transport large amounts of liquids and chemicals; however, their load bridging effect has not been previously researched. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 55-gallon drums on the pressure distribution and deflection of stringer class wooden pallets using multiple support conditions and pallet designs. Results of the study indicated that loading pallets with drums significantly reduces the deflection of the pallet in all support conditions when compared to a uniformly distributed load. It was also observed that plastic and metal drums distributed their load to the pallets differently, which resulted in significantly different load bridging effects for each drum type.
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Zabłotni, Agnieszka, Adam Kaliński, Michał Glądalski, Marcin Markowski, Joanna Skwarska, Jarosław Wawrzyniak, and Jerzy Bańbura. "Nest Box Bacterial Loads Are Affected by Cavity Use by Secondary Hole Nesters." Animals 13, no. 18 (September 21, 2023): 2989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13182989.
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Among the environmental factors that affect bird nesting in nest boxes, the influence of microbial communities is relatively poorly understood. In this study, nest boxes used for breeding by secondary cavity nesters were sampled before the start of the breeding season to assess the bacterial loads of the nest box in relation to their previous year status. Different parts of the wooden nest box offer variable conditions for the development of bacteria. During the breeding season, the nest box entrance hole is wiped out by birds, delivering bacteria to their bodies, but during winter, it is exposed to unfavourable external conditions. The interior of the nest box, in turn, is also wiped by birds, but the conditions during winter are more stable there. Therefore, samples from the entrance hole and the interior of the nest box were taken at two different study sites: an urban parkland and a natural forest. We predicted that both the occupancy of the nest boxes during the previous breeding season by birds and the nesting sites would influence the bacterial load of the nest box. To verify this prediction, two categories of nest boxes were sampled at both study sites: nest boxes occupied by any of the two tit species (Great Tit or Blue Tit) in the previous season for breeding and nest boxes that had remained empty that year. The interior bacterial load of the nest box was higher in the nest boxes occupied in the previous breeding season, but only in the forest area. Furthermore, the bacterial load of both the entrance hole of the nest box and the interior was significantly higher in the forest study area in both occupied and unoccupied nest boxes. Our results show that the bacterial load of the nest box is positively related to the presence of nests in the previous breeding season and can vary between different sites.
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D’Orazio, Dario, Giulia Fratoni, Anna Rovigatti, and Massimo Garai. "A virtual orchestra to qualify the acoustics of historical opera houses." Building Acoustics 27, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1351010x20912501.
Full textAbstract:
Italian Historical Opera Houses are private or public spaces built around a cavea, with tiers of boxes on the surrounding walls. At the early age – from 16th to 18th century – boxes were private properties of the richest class, typically the financial responsible of the whole building. The stalls hosted the middle class, that gradually increased its social position and for this reason the wooden seats were progressively replaced by chairs. The gallery was reserved to lower classes. Does this social division correspond to a different acoustic comfort? The present work tries to answer this question using subjective preference models provided by scholars. With this aim, the room criteria defined by different authors and in distinct times are lined up with the ISO 3382 standards and analysed depending on the acoustic peculiarities of an Italian Historical Opera House selected as case study. Calibrated impulse responses were handled through the numerical simulations of a whole orchestra of virtual sound sources in the pit.
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CARSTENS, KATE F., RESHMA KASSANJEE, ROB M. LITTLE, PETER G. RYAN, and PHIL A. R. HOCKEY. "Breeding success and population growth of Southern Ground Hornbills Bucorvus leadbeateri in an area supplemented with nest-boxes." Bird Conservation International 29, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 627–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270919000108.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThe provision of artificial nests can improve the conservation status of threatened bird species that are limited by nest-site availability. The shortage of natural cavity nesting sites is one factor limiting the population growth of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri. In an 1,800 km2 study area in north-eastern South Africa, 31 wooden nest-boxes were installed during 2002–2015. We investigated the relationships between nests, as well as environmental and social factors, with breeding. Generalised linear mixed models were fitted to the observational data and identified positive relationships between breeding attempts and each of home range size and the previous year’s rainfall; as well as positive relationships between breeding success (amongst the groups that attempt breeding) and each of earlier breeding, nest height and thickness of the nest cavity wall. The provision of nest-boxes increased the number of breeding groups and although breeding success also increased initially, it later declined as the density of breeding groups increased above 20 groups. Although nest-boxes alone did not increase overall breeding success, they are an effective conservation tool to enhance the population of Southern Ground Hornbills if spaced optimally, to enhance reproductive output in areas where suitable nest-sites are scarce or lacking.
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Bačurin, Marko, Saša Bogdan, Ida Katičić Bogdan, and Krunoslav Sever. "Leaf Phenological Responses of Juvenile Beech and Oak Provenances to Elevated Phosphorus." Forests 14, no. 4 (April 18, 2023): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14040834.
Full textAbstract:
The few studies dealing with leaf phenological responses to elevated nutrients in forest trees have given ambiguous results, i.e., while some reported delayed leaf-out and autumn leaf senescence, others reported advanced leaf phenology caused by increased nutrition. This study aimed to determine the effects of experimentally increased phosphorus (+P treatment) on the leaf phenologies of two juvenile provenances of common beech and sessile oak. Other objectives were to determine whether there were interspecific differences as well as intraspecific variations. Saplings were excavated in two mixed beech–oak stands and transplanted into four wooden boxes filled with a commercial soil substrate. Phosphorus fertilizer was added to two of the boxes, while the remaining boxes served as controls. Both species responded to +P treatment with advanced autumn leaf senescence in the first year of the experiment. Leaf senescence in common beech began significantly earlier, while in both species, the process was accelerated compared to that in the control. In the second year, the leaf senescence response to +P treatment was even more pronounced in both species. The +P effect on leafing phenology was absent in both common beech provenances and in an oak provenance. However, the other oak provenance showed advanced leafing, indicating the existence of intraspecific differences.
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Olson, Ted. "The Sacred Harp Singing Tradition of Calhoun County, Mississippi." Prospects 24 (October 1999): 261–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300000375.
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It was a warm, dry Sunday in October, nearing noon. I parked my vehicle by the remote Calhoun County road in front of Bailey Memorial Methodist Church, in the tiny hamlet of Loyd, Mississippi; then I saw a woman with a large box in her arms walking toward the brick church's wooden doors. She introduced herself as Sarah Bailey. I asked her if I might help carry in the other boxes sitting on the hood of her car. “Thanks,” she replied. As soon as Sarah opened the doors, voices resounded — the Sacred Harp singing I had come to hear.
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CARMINATI, D., A. PERRONE, E. NEVIANI, and G. MUCCHETTI. "Influence of Traditional Brine Washing of Smear Taleggio Cheese on the Surface Spreading of Listeria innocua." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 1353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.10.1353.
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The influence of a traditional procedure of washing of smear Taleggio cheese on surface spreading of Listeria innocua was studied. This practice is carried out during ripening to remove molds, to select the surface microflora, and to control the ripening process. One cheese, both of 2 (i) and 4 (ii) weeks of ripening, was surface-inoculated with approximately 3 log CFU of L. innocua per entire cheese surface. The inoculated cheeses and others of the same age were weekly washed with brine solution. Listeria was spread both on the surface of the inoculated cheese and on the other cheeses, and it was also found in the brines and on the wooden boxes where the cheeses were ripened. The time of ripening when contamination occurs influenced the behavior of Listeria. At the moment of contamination, the smear surface microflora of (i) cheese was ∼2 log CFU/g higher than of (ii) cheese. Listeria inoculated on 2-week-ripened cheese was able to colonize the entire surface of the cheese and to cross-contaminate the other cheeses. On the contrary, Listeria inoculated on a 4-week-ripened cheese was partially spread on the surface of the originally inoculated cheese, and the transfer of contamination by the washing procedure was restrained. Because a random distribution of Listeria on cheese surface was observed, the importance of the mode of sampling was discussed. Because of the lack of critical control points during ripening of Taleggio cheese, the Listeria hazard needs to be controlled by taking appropriate control measures to break off the contamination cycle (cheese → brine → wooden boxes → cheese).
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Timoshchenko, A. A., O. A. Mitko, A. A. Morozov, V. S. Zubkov, A. I. Poselyanin, Ya V. Frolov, Yu V. Teterin, R. V. Davydov, and I. S. Polovnikov. "Excavations of the Tesin and Tashtyk Graves at the Sagayskaya Protoka 2, 5 and 8 Burial Yards." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 1020–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.1020-1027.
Full textAbstract:
In 2021, the Sagai archaeological team of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS excavated four funerary and memorial complexes in the construction zone of the «Second track on the Chаrtykovsкy - Kamyshta stretch of the Krasnoyarsk railway». Mound 2 of the Sagayskaya protoka 2 burial ground contained 11 graves. Traces of diverse funeral rites were noted: intact corpses and partial burials of adults and infants in stone boxes and ground pits without stone structures. The grave inventory is poor - vessels and two iron objects (a knife and a buckle). Petroglyphic images were noted on the slabs of the boxes. Among them, there is a composition of the battle of two warriors, one of whom is on skis. At the site of the “Single kurgan Sagayskaya protoka 5”, Tesinsky graves 1 and 3 were made in the stone ceiling of the Saragash grave. In grave 1, two adults were buried. A partial burial (grave 2) was found at some distance. The burials are tentatively dated to the range of the 1st century BC - 1st century AD. In addition to the burials, an excavation trench was established revealing cultural layer containing roughly made stone tools from river pebbles, fragments of animal bones and ceramic vessels with ornaments typical for the Tashtyk pottery. In the areas associated with burial mound 6 (burial site Sagayskaya protoka 2) and burial mounds 1 and No. 2 (burial ground Sagayskaya protoka 8), 39 cult sites were recorded. By their construction, the sites can be classified into several groups: ground pits with animal bones and vessels under the stone work ceiling; ground pits with the remains of wooden posts; ground pits filled with rubble stones; slabs with the edge dug in the ground or tumbled down. The features of the ceramics make it possible to attribute the graves to the Tashtyk culture.
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Idnan, Muhammad, Hafiz Muhammad Jamil, Arshad Javid, Muddasir Hassan Abbasi, Muhammad Altaf, Asif Shahzad, and Asma Naeem. "Studies on the Reproduction and Growth of Hoopoe (Upupa epops) in District Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan." RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37962/jbas.v10i2.225.
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Background: Hoopoe, Upupa epops belongs to the family Upupidae. It is found across Asia, Europe and Africa. Its habitat includes grasslands, savannas, wooded steppes, and forests. Main threats to the survival of the Hoopoe are habitat loss and climate changes.
Objectives: The present study was planned in district Gujrat (32.7037°N, 73.9585°E), Punjab Pakistan. Due to habitat loss and cutting of Sheesham tree (Dalbergia sissoo), the natural nesting sites was very scarce.
Methodology: Thirty three nested sites of Hoopoe were spotted and checked for chick’s presence regarding timing and breeding at the interval of one week. Egg size was measured using Dial clipper and weighed with electrical weighing balance.
Results: The percentage clutch size 7.04 ± 0.64, brood size 1.76 ± 0.70 and nesting success of 81% was recorded. The following trees provided the nesting sites as hole/cavities Ficus benghalensis (Barh) (23.5%), Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham) (35.2%), Acacia nilotica (Kikar) (11.7%), Ficus religiosa (Peepal) (14.7%), Mangifera indica (Mango) (8.8%).
Conclusion: More trees should be planted and wooden nest boxes should be provided at the human dwellings so that they can coexist with man.
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M.C., Uwazie, Obijiaku J.C., Onukwuli O.D., Babayemi A.K, and Umeuzuegbu J.C. "REMEDIATION ABILITY OF MELON GRASS IN A CRUDE OIL POLLUTED SOIL IN A TROPICAL REGION." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 7, no. 6 (June 20, 2020): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v7.i6.2020.527.
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The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of a chosen grass (plant) in the remediation of soil contaminated by crude oil. Lemon grass was used in this study to remediate the polluted soil because of its perceived ability to do so. Five wooden boxes were fabricated, and 150kg of soil were introduced to each of them. Four of the boxes were contaminated with different concentrations of crude oil, while two out of these four boxes were amended with cow dung. One of the boxes that served as control was neither contaminated nor amended. Lemon seeds were then planted in all the boxes and allowed to grow for the period of 12 weeks. Analysis were done at the beginning, during and after the plant growth in order to determine the rate of remediation, with particular interest in the TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbon), and few other heavy metals; copper, magnesium, aluminum. Two concentrations of contamination were artificially made (75g and 150g). The TPH, Pb, Zn and Ni contents of the 75g crude oil contaminated soil were 6.784µg/g, 0.485mg/kg, 0.867mg/kg and 0.030mg/kg respectively. It reduced to 6.356µg/g, 0.058mg/kg, 0.560mg/kg and 0.043mg/kg respectively after remediation. The TPHPb, Zn and Nicontents of the 150g crude oil contaminated soil were 9.109µg/g, 0.699mg/kg, 0.851mg/kg and 0.032mg/kg respectively. It reduced 7.713µg/g, 0.059mg/kg, 0.506mg/kg and 0.057mg/kg respectively after remediation. An interesting observation was that, amending the contaminated soil with cow dung gave a favourable result in remediating the contaminants. It took about 80months to remediate TPH to an acceptable level of 0.013µg/g, but over 150months to do the same for an unamended soil. This finding can be applicable in the estimation of time requirement for the remediation of crude oil polluted soil by concerned stake holders.
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Zamorska, Iryna, and Olena Rybchak. "Weight loss and commodity evaluation of pear fruits during storage depending on the packaging method." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: New solutions in modern technologies, no. 4 (10) (December 30, 2021): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2413-4295.2021.04.11.
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Pear fruits have a high biological and nutritional value; however, they are perishable products, storage of which is accompanied by certain difficulties. You can preserve the quality of fresh pears through the use of various packaging methods, among which the use of polyethylene liners is effective. The article presents the results of studies of weight loss and yield of pears during storage, depending on the variety and method of packaging. Conferencia, Noiabrska, and Osnovianska pears of the highest and first commodity varieties were pre-cooled and packed in wooden boxes №3, with a capacity of up to 25 kg (“control” option) and in boxes with a plastic bag liner inserted inside the package 45–50 μm followed by sealing (option “box with a polyethylene liner”). Pear fruits were stored for four months at a temperature of 0 ... + 3 ± 1 ºС and relative humidity of 92% ± 2%. Fruit weight losses were determined by the method of weighing fixed samples, the yield of marketable products - according to DSTU 8326:2015. It was found that during the storage period of pear fruits, their weight loss was 2.3–5%, depending on the variety and method of packaging. In terms of pomological varieties, according to average data, the highest weight loss was pears of the Osnovianska variety – 2.6%. The use of polyethylene liners during the storage of pears helped to reduce losses by 0.5–2.3% depending on the variety and duration of storage. It was found that in the conditions of free air access the share of standard products was 78.6–88.3% with the minimum value in the fruits of Conference and the maximum in the fruits of Noiabrska Moldova. It is proved that packing pear fruits in wooden boxes with polyethylene inserts caused an increase in the yield of marketable products to 90.2–98.4%, a decrease in the share of non-standard products to 1.6–7.0%, and waste to 2.8%. The weight loss of pear fruits of the Noiabrska Moldova variety was 0.3–1.5 lower compared to similar indicators of other varieties. The fruits of the same variety recorded a higher yield of marketable products – 88.3–98.4% depending on the method of storage.
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GARCÍA, RAUL, and MERCEDES CARECHE. "Influence of Chilling Methods on the Quality of Sardines (Sardina pilchardus)." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 1024–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.6.1024.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to determine for sardines (Sardina pilchardus) the effect of (i) chilling in ice and water in small expanded polystyrene boxes during distribution and in ice thereafter and (ii) chilling in ice and water for the entire storage period. These storage methods were compared with storage of the fish in ice in wooden boxes or in expanded polystyrene boxes. Three storage experiments were performed to take into account the variability in handling conditions and seasonality. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in the results of some of the sensory, physical, chemical, and microbiological analyses performed that showed that the fish were of better quality when preserved in water and ice than when preserved in ice alone. The effects of dewatering of the fish after transport and subsequent storage in ice were also significantly different (P < 0.05) from those of storage in ice, with the former storage method resulting in better sensory and microbial indices. However, oxidative rancidity, as measured by thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances, was higher for the dewatered fish than for fish preserved in water and ice throughout the storage period. It is concluded that for sardines, storage in water and ice, either only during transport or throughout the storage period, can be useful as an alternative preservation method during distribution and retail sale.
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Chen, Chen-Po. "The effects on bamboo paper from wood materials used in the conservation of Chinese wooden boxes." Journal of the Institute of Conservation 40, no. 3 (September 2, 2017): 212–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19455224.2017.1365740.
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Krasowski, M. J., and J. N. Owens. "Morphological and physiological attributes of root systems and seedling growth in three different Picea glauca reforestation stock." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1669–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-093.
Full textAbstract:
The relationship between certain morphological characteristics of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) planting stock (STK) and post-planting seedling performance was evaluated. Root system size at planting, its expansion, and its capacity to conduct water during the first post-planting weeks were determined. These characteristics were related to the performance of STK planted on two forest sites and measured for three growing seasons and to the performance of seedlings grown in large wooden boxes buried in the soil outdoors for one growing season (grown without competition from other vegetation). The compared STK were (i) polystyroblock grown, (ii) polystyroblock grown with chemical root pruning, and (iii) peat-board grown with mechanical root pruning. After three growing seasons on forest sites, seedlings with mechanically pruned roots grew more above ground than did seedlings from polystyroblock containers. This difference in seedling growth performance was even more significant for seedlings grown in wooden boxes. Of these, the mechanically pruned seedlings grew more not only above the ground but they also produced larger root systems by the end of the first growing season. This was despite the initially significantly smaller root systems of mechanically pruned seedlings, compared with the other two STK. Early (5-7 weeks after planting) post-planting root expansion patterns in the three STK were significantly different, with the roots of mechanically pruned seedlings growing less than the roots in the other two STK. In spite of this, pressure-probe measured hydraulic conductivity and water flux through root systems increased during the first post-planting weeks in mechanically pruned seedlings while declining or changing little in the other two STK. It was concluded that root system size at planting and its early post-planting expansion did not relate well to the root system hydraulic properties or to the post-planting seedling growth performance.
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Collins, Bronwyn, Frank Zich, Jo Palmer, Gill Brown, Karina Knight, Ines Schönberger, Shelley James, and Emma Toms. "Containing the Spirits: Lessons learned from the Management of Australasian Herbarium Wet Collections." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (June 13, 2018): e26200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26200.
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Several herbaria in Australia and New Zealand have recently been required to implement changes to the way in which spirit (alcohol or wet) specimens are managed in their institutions in order to deal with various curatorial and staff health and safety challenges. We will present an overview of some of the key lessons learned from addressing issues such as mould, FAA (formalin-acetic acid and alcohol solution), inadequate housing and storage of our spirit specimens whilst also ensuring that best-practice curation standards are implemented along with appropriate work health and safety practices to protect staff. For example, the National Herbarium of New South Wales spirit collection was stored until 2017 in metal filing cabinets and open wooden shelving. Due to unstable air-conditioning resulting in high humidity and condensation, mould had formed on all of the bottles and on all wooden surfaces. The external surface of each bottle was cleaned with prior to removal from the dedicated spirit collection room, the wooden shelving was replaced with open metal shelving, and room cleaned and resealed prior to return of the collection. Monitoring of the environment and condition of the collection continues, and future actions include replacing the specimen vials, many of which have failing lids. The Western Australian Herbarium recently renovated its spirit storage area from specimens stored in boxes on fixed open shelving to individual bottles filed in metal drawers. Health and safety concerns for staff handling heavy boxes, often up ladders, combined with the inflexible and inefficient use of space on fixed shelving are now solved. Plenty of space is available for specimen expansion, and the ease of access to each specimen makes the collection simple to maintain. The next step for the collection is to protect it better by implementing climate control. FAA was used as a fixative and preservative for plant fruit, flowers and other parts pre-1992 at the Australian National Herbarium in Canberra and the Australian Tropical Herbarium in Cairns. In response to changes in the Hazardous Substance classification for Formaldehyde a program was developed that focused on worker safety during replacement of the solution in approximately 15,000 bottles by minimising exposure and managing the manual handling risks of the work, whilst also ensuring best-practice curatorial outcomes for the specimens. This is a presentation on behalf of the Managers of Australasian Herbarium Collections (MAHC), a network of herbarium Collection Managers in Australia and New Zealand.
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Bogdanov, E. S., A. S. Ivanova, and A. A. Timoshchenko. "2021 Excavations of the Tagar Mounds at the Uytag -3 Burial Ground (The Republic of Khakassia)." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 888–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0888-0894.
Full textAbstract:
In 2021, an excavation team from the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS carried out rescue excavations at the Uytag-3 burial ground (Askiz district of the Republic of Khakassia). Three burial mounds were examined according to technical requirements of the Preservation project of the archaeological heritage objects during the construction of the second railway line at the Kamyshta — Uytag section of the Krasnoyarsk railway. Five burial vaults in a row were located at the center of kurgan No. 4 fence and three children’s graves in stone boxes were found to the east. The aboveground structures of the main burials are represented by stone and wood overhead covers. Collective burials of adults and children were found in wooden log constructions inside the grave pits. The overhead wooden covers of all examined vaults bear signs of the integrity violations. Known facts allow us to suggest that this was a part of a certain burial ritual, that is the vaults could be in use for a fairly long period of time. The bones position and the preservation of the grave goods do not allow us to suppose that mounds were robbed. The unearthed collection of artefacts reflects the original composition of the grave goods complex precisely: ceramic dishes, bronze weapons, jewelry. Based on the construction elements and finds a preliminarily date for mound No. 4 could fit within chronological diapason of the 6th—4th centuries BC. One robbed burial of the Podgornovo time and 8 structures (tiered graves) of the Tesinsky time were studied in mound No. 6. The fence form and the assemblage allow the central burial to be dated to the 7th - 6th centuries BC. The tiered burials with burial goods complexes go back to the Tesinsky time and were left by the population arrived to the territory of the Minusinsk depression from Tuva and Altai.
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Kim, Saewhan, Laszlo Horvath, Jennifer D. Russell, and Jonghun Park. "Sustainable and Secure Transport: Achieving Environmental Impact Reductions by Optimizing Pallet-Package Strength Interactions during Transport." Sustainability 15, no. 17 (August 22, 2023): 12687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151712687.
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Increasing quantities of products are being transported across widely distributed supply networks; the sustainability of the packaging used to transport these goods, or unit loads, presents an area of potential concern. The most common type of unit load in the U.S. is wooden pallets supporting various configurations of stacked corrugated boxes. Research into unit load cost optimization revealed that increasing the stiffness of a pallet’s top deck can significantly affect the strength of the assembled, stacked corrugated boxes and provides opportunities to reduce the board grade required for accompanying corrugated boxes. However, there remains a knowledge gap regarding the environmental implications of this type of unit load optimization method. To address this, we conducted a life cycle analysis (LCA) to investigate the environmental implications of optimizing a unit load using this method. The environmental impacts of paired (pallet and box) unit load design scenarios (n = 108) were investigated using varied wood species, pallet top deck thicknesses, corrugated boxes sizes, corrugated flutes, and board grades. Initial and optimized unit load scenarios ensured that the unit loads offered equivalent performance. LCA results indicate that optimizing the unit load can reduce environmental impacts by up to 23%, with benefits accruing across most impact categories primarily due to the reduction in corrugated material used. Ozone depletion, the exception, was mainly affected by the increase in the amount of required pallet materials. This study provides minimum required conditions as preliminary guidance for determining the usefulness of unit load specific analysis, and a sensitivity analysis confirmed these values remain unchanged even with different transportation distances. Through the unit load optimization method, this study demonstrates that an effective way to reduce the overall environmental impact and cost of transported unit loads involves increasing the stiffness of the top decks and reducing the corrugated board grade.
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Fehres, Hubertus, and Ada Linkies. "A mechanized two-step cleaning and disinfection process strongly minimizes pathogen contamination on wooden potato storage boxes." Crop Protection 103 (January 2018): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.09.016.
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Stepanova, Alla, N. Davydenko, Olga Golub, and Elena Stepanova. "Effect of Storage Methods on Various Sorts of Siberian Turnip (Brassica rapa L.)." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 50, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2020-3-470-479.
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Introduction. Vegetables are an integral part of human diet. Specialists from many countries of the world develop and improve technologies for storing vegetables in order to ensure the safety, quality, and quantity of commercial products. Turnip is one of the most promising vegetables from the point of view of healthy nutrition. Its production has been revived in recent years. This root vegetable has a high nutritional value and contains a significant amount of physiologically active components. There are regulatory documents for the storage of potatoes, carrots, and cabbage. However, storage standards for turnip are still under development due to the variability of their chemical composition, place of growth, etc. As a result, any rationale for storage methods for fresh and ripened turnips of different varieties grown on farms in the Novosibirsk region is relevant.
Study objects and methods. The research featured fresh and ripened turnips of the “Kometa”, “Luna”, and “Orbita” varieties. Research methods were generally accepted and standard. The samples were stored at 0–1°C and relative humidity of 90–95% on pallets in opened plastic bags, board boxes with plastic liners, and board boxes without liners.
Results and discussion. After 6 months, the method with polymer materials showed the best results, regardless of the variety: the average yield of quality products was 88%. Storage in wooden boxes without plastic liners provided only 70% of standard products. The decrease in the mass during 6-month storage was about 2% when stored in opened plastic bags and board boxes with plastic liners, while in board boxes without liners it was 20.6%. After the latter storage method, 9.8% of root crops appeared affected by microbiological diseases. A similar trend was observed in the content of total sugars: an average loss of 2.7% was detected when using polymer materials and 3.6% – without them. The board boxes with plastic liners proved better in preserving vitamin C: the average loss was 22.3%, while it reached 30.3% for plastic bags and 37.3% for board boxes without liners. After 6 months of storage, all samples maintained satisfactory quality. The sensory properties ranged from 7.01 to 7.94 points. The points were discarded for decreased consistency of epithelial tissues, pulp, taste, and aroma.
Conclusion. The turnips of the “Kometa”, “Luna”, and “Orbita” varieties grown in the Novosibirsk region should be stored at 0–1°C and a relative humidity of 90–95% in plastic bags or board boxes with plastic liners placed on pallets.
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Czarnecka, Katarzyna. "Luxurious caskets of the Przeworsk culture." Acta Archaeologica Carpathica 55 (2020): 39–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/00015229aac.20.003.13508.
Full textAbstract:
Among the wooden caskets with metal locks (a characteristic element of the furniture of graves of women in barbaricum) there is a distinguished group of finds with outstanding decoration made of large sheets of bronze covered with rich set of various punched motifs, fixed with vast amount of decorative, dome headed bronze nails. These caskets, similar in style, are known exclusively from the Przeworsk culture area (cemeteries in Opatów, Chmielów Piaskowy, Zamiechów, Kraków-Płaszów, and from the Tisa group cemetery in Badon “Doaşte”, in Romania). Fragments of bronze plates with similar motifs are known from a few other sites. They are dated to phase B2/C1 – C1 and can be treated as a very homogenous group, maybe even works of one craftsmen or workshop. The described ornamented caskets were found in graves with rich, however not outstanding, furniture. They can be treated as an attempt to imitate of wooden boxes with bronze decorative mounts known from the Roman Empire, however the motifs are deeply rooted in the local “barbarian” tradition. The ornamented caskets could have been a sign of special social status. Most interesting and really mysterious are figures on the plates from Kraków Płaszów presenting stylised complete human and animal representations.
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Susanti, Susi, and Diyah Yumeina. "Analysis of Physcho-Chemical Changes and Mechanical Damage of Tomato (Licopersicum Esculentum L.) During the Transportation." BIO Web of Conferences 96 (2024): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20249602005.
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Quality analysis on tomatoes must always be done to maintain the shelf life and physical, chemical and mechanical damage of a product. However, generally the initial damage to tomatoes occurs in the post-harvest handling process during the transportation of tomatoes for distribution to marketing areas. Damage often occurs due to the distribution process with improper selection of packaging containers. This study aims to analyze the physical, chemical and mechanical changes due to the transportation process of various types of packaging during the distribution of tomato fruit so that it can be known which type of packaging container is able to maintain the quality of tomato fruit during the distribution process. This research method uses three treatments, namely tomatoes packed in plastic bags, wooden boxes and styrofoam during the transportation process. Data analysis was carried out by measuring parameters, namely weight loss, color, percentage of defects and total soluble solids. Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the type of wooden box packaging has the most changes in weight shrinkage, mechanical damage, and Total Soluble Solid (TSS) and styrofoam packaging can minimize the occurrence of weight shrinkage, mechanical damage and Total Soluble Solid (TSS).