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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Woodland birds'

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1

Berry, Lainie 1975. "Nest predation in some Australian forest, woodland and shoreline-breeding birds." Monash University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9088.

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Baker, Helen. "Habitat use by the crested tit Parus cristatus in Scottish pinewoods." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306964.

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3

Malan, G., E. Meyer, and MD Panagos. "Riparian-zone rehabilitation in pine plantations: Grassland woodland for plants and birds?" South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000857.

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The study compared plant and avian diversity and species composition between four habitats to review the potential implications of two distinct management practices on a forestry estate, namely to rehabilitate riparian zones to grasslands or woodlands as the two habitats that historically occurred on the property.The study habitats were Plantation (Pinus trees in riparian zone), Bushland (recently harvested), Grassland (cleared of broadleaf plants), and Woodland (control). At seven sampling sites per habitat, a vegetation assessment was conducted, while birds were caught with mist nests. Plant
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4

Creegan, Helen P. "Modelling the effects of changing habitat characteristics and spatial pattern on woodland songbird distributions in West and Central Scotland." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/48.

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This study investigated bird distributions in relation to local habitat and landscape pattern and the implications which habitat fragmentation may have for woodland birds. There were two sections to the research: an experimental study investigating bird gap crossing behaviour across distances of five to 120m; and an observational study modelling woodland bird distributions in relation to local habitat and landscape scale variables in two study areas (East Loch Lomond and the Central Scotland Forest). In the experimental study it was hypothesised that bird willingness to cross gaps will decreas
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5

Whytock, Robin C. "Optimising habitat creation for woodland birds : the relative importance of local vs landscape scales." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/27298.

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Global land-use change and industrialisation has driven biodiversity declines and impaired ecosystem functioning. Recently, there have been large-scale efforts to not only halt habitat loss but create and restore habitat on formerly managed (e.g. agricultural) land. However, although the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on biodiversity are well understood, our understanding of how biodiversity responds to habitat created in a patchy configuration is not. In particular, little is known about the relative importance of local (e.g. patch size) vs landscape scales (e.g. amount of habitat
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Nikolakaki, Pantoula. "Landscape ecology as a framework for woodland creation in Sherwood Forest using geographic information systems." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327621.

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7

Flesch, Aaron D., Sanchez Carlos Gonzalez, and Amarillas Javier Valenzuela. "Abundance and habitat relationships of breeding birds in the Sky Islands and adjacent Sierra Madre Occidental of northwest Mexico." WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621225.

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The Sierra Madre Occidental and neighboring Madrean Sky Islands span a large and biologically diverse region of northwest Mexico and portions of the southwestern United States. Little is known about the abundance and habitat use of breeding birds in this region of Mexico, but such information is important for guiding conservation and management. We assessed densities and habitat relationships of breeding birds across Sky Island mountain ranges in Mexico and adjacent portions of the Sierra Madre from 2009 to 2012. We estimated densities at multiple spatial scales, assessed variation in densitie
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8

Colles, Frances M. "Population structure and dynamics of Campylobacter populations carried by wild birds and chickens reared in a free-range woodland environment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3dc7cdfb-29f6-4681-b8db-cb71129cd946.

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Ingestion of contaminated chicken meat is a major cause of Campylobacteriosis in Europe and the USA. The environment, including wild birds, is considered to be an important reservoir for chicken colonization. The aims of this study were to determine the population structure of Campylobacter amongst chicken and wild bird sources on a single farm, and to establish the extent to which genotypes flow between them and ultimately infect humans, using MLST and antigen sequence typing. A pilot study amongst farm animals and wild birds in Lancashire demonstrated that Campylobacter genotypes from human
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9

Doherty, Paul F. "The effects of forest fragmentation on the species diversity, distribution, and demography of permanent-resident temperate-zone woodland birds /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488195154359351.

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10

Haslem, Angie, and angie haslem@deakin edu au. "Landscape Pattern, Countryside Heterogeneity and Bird Conservation in Agricultural Environments." Deakin University. Life and Environmental Sciences, 2008. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20090114.101341.

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Agricultural environments are critical to the conservation of biota throughout the world. This is due both to the limited extent of current reserve systems and the large, and still expanding, proportion of terrestrial environments already dominated by agricultural land-uses. Consequently, there is a growing call from scientists around the world for the need to maximise the conservation value of agricultural environments. Efforts to identify key influences on the conservation status of fauna in agricultural landscapes have taken complementary approaches. Many studies have focussed on the role o
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11

Evans, Darren J., and n/a. "The influence of exotic shrubs on birds or urban yellow box-blakly's red gum (E. melliodora-E. blakelyi) woodland in Canberra." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060707.144146.

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This study considered the influence of exotic shrubs on birds in urban patches of Yellow Box- Blakely's Red Gum (E. melliodora-E. blakelyi) woodlands in the Australian Capital Territory, Canberra. The aim of this research was to identify native and exotic birds that have their abundance influenced by exotic shrubs. The purpose of this work was to provide more information to managers of this woodland about the potential impacts of weed control on birds living in woodland reserves adjacent to suburban areas. Birds were sampled between 1996 and 1998 using the twenty minute area-search method to d
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12

Winspear, Richard John. "A study of the distribution of bird species in fragmented woodland." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305824.

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13

Baltzinger, Marie. "Political ecology des engrillagements de Sologne - Tentative de défragmentation du paysage écologique, politique et disciplinaire." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/16002/1/Carrelet_Baltzinger.pdf.

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Quoi de plus naturel qu’une clôture ? Parmi les images d’Epinal qui nous viennent spontanément à l’esprit, le bocage avec ses haies bien ordonnées, évoque une relation apaisée, rationnelle, arcadienne avec une nature nourricière et bienveillante. Pourtant, la prolifération des clôtures en milieu rural depuis un siècle a suscité la curiosité de nombreux chercheurs dans des disciplines variées. Qu’il s’agisse de protéger la nature de dégradations engendrées par les populations humaines - dans le cas d’espaces protégés -, ou à l’inverse de protéger les humains contre des dangers « naturels » - co
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14

McCollin, D. "The relationship between bird community structure and habitat requirements in North Humberside woodlands." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379824.

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15

Basey, Gary L. "Relative abundance and habitat characteristics of woodland hawks in east-central Indiana." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1115728.

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This study investigates the status and habitat characteristics of the Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperi), the Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus), the Broadwinged Hawk (Buteo platvpterus), and the Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo 'amaicensis) in East-central Indiana to provide information useful for the conservation of these species. Surveys of hawks were conducted using taped Great-horned Owl broadcasts at 350 points between April and July, 1995 and 1996. The relative abundance was estimated using the proportion of area occupied technique. Estimates of the proportion of area occupied by each species ra
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Francis, Clinton D. "Breeding ecology of birds in pinon-juniper woodlands and the influence of gas well compressor noise." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1442917.

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17

Peck, Kirsi Marianne. "Tree species preferences for foraging site and ways in which the preferences affect the distribution, abundance and species composition of arboreal woodland avifauna." Thesis, Durham University, 1989. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6730/.

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The tree species preferences by six arboreal bird species and their role in structuring the bird communities in woodland were investigated in two sites in County Durham. Each bird species showed a preference or avoidance for most of the tree species in both study sites. The patterns of tree preference were different for each bird species, and were the basis for efficient partitioning of the foraging niches in woodland. Bird species showed significantly less overlap in tree species choice than in any of the other four niche dimensions examined, making it the most important dimension of the fora
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18

Groom, Jeremiah D. "Distribution, territorial limitations, and patch colonization dynamics of bird species in a fragmented temperate-zone woodland landscape." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1060694203.

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19

Van, Rensberg Thomas M. "The Spanish dehesas : an ecological economic analysis of Holm oak (Quercus ilex) woodlands and bird diversity." Thesis, University of York, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399245.

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20

Corcuera, Martinez Del Rio Pablo. "The influence of food and vegetation on bird distribution in tropical deciduous forest and dry oak woodland in western Mexico." Thesis, Durham University, 1996. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5296/.

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Bird species densities, richness and diversity were estimated on 11 7 plots in a dry forest and oak woodland in western Mexico. The counts were performed during autumn 1990 and 1991 and spring 1991 and 1992. The plant composition and stratification were measured on each plot. Arthropod densities were estimated for most trees and shrubs during the two autumns. The relationship between bird species diversity and the plant associations was inspected by means of a canonical ordination. The plant variables explaining the species richness, diversity, total density and evenness were obtained by means
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21

Correia, Ricardo. "Effects of climate and land management changes on conservation : of mediterranean cork oak woodlands and their bird communities." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/50549/.

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Cork oak woodlands are a keystone habitat for Mediterranean biodiversity but are currently undergoing a global decline and widespread management changes driven by social, economic and climatic factors. I examine the effects of both climate and land management changes on cork oak woodlands and their bird communities across the western Mediterranean Basin. Future climatic scenarios indicate that up to 60% of current cork oak woodlands may become unsuitable by 2080, especially in southern areas where they will be restricted to microclimatic refugia sites. Increasing aridity, particularly in drier
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22

Correia, Ricardo. "Effects of climate and land management changes on conservation : of mediterranean cork oak woodlands and their bird communities." Doctoral thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/16152.

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Tese de doutoramento (co-tutela), Biologia (Biologia da Conservação), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, 2014<br>Cork oak woodlands are a keystone habitat for Mediterranean biodiversity but are currently undergoing a global decline and widespread management changes driven by social, economic and climatic factors. I examine the effects of both climate and land management changes on cork oak woodlands and their bird communities across the western Mediterranean Basin. Future climatic scenarios indicate that up to 60% of cu
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23

Allan, Joel Richard. "Habitat reconstruction guidelines for woodland birds: a detailed, focussed, bird-orientated approach." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/102382.

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Habitat reconstruction is needed to reverse severe declines in biodiversity, but opportunities will be limited and many species are facing imminent extinction. Hence, there is a need to ensure reconstructed habitat is successful in every possible opportunity, and this will ultimately depend on the ability of guidelines provided by research to reflect all the habitat requirements of the species concerned. Current assessments of habitat requirements for habitat reconstruction have been successful in identifying a range of important features, but they are based on human-defined sampling using ran
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24

Belder, Donna. "Breeding and persistence of woodland birds in restoration plantings." Phd thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/203266.

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Habitat loss and fragmentation are major influences on the distribution and composition of ecological communities, and are also linked to a loss of agricultural productivity due to ecosystem degradation. As such, there is increasing impetus for the implementation of revegetation in fragmented agricultural landscapes worldwide. Restoration plantings are often intended to provide habitat for threatened fauna and restore ecosystem health. In Australia, loss of temperate woodland habitat has caused the decline of many woodland bird species. There have been numerous studies investigating how bird c
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25

Beggs, Richard. "Declining small woodland birds: is removing noisy miners the answer?" Phd thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/205784.

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Overabundant native species are a growing problem globally, in part due to anthropogenic landscape modification. They are organisms whose abundance exceeds the ecological or cultural carrying capacity of a given social-ecological system and may require management interventions to reset ecological or cultural equilibrium. An overabundant species with major ecological impacts in Australia is the endemic noisy miner, Manorina melanocephala, a colonial species with a preference for fragmented woodland landscapes. Noisy miners aggressively exclude all smaller woodland birds from colonized territory
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Romano, Alex B. "Behavioural ecology and thermal energetics of roosting by woodland birds." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:51342.

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Most birds are active during the day and rest at night. What birds do during their resting phase is important because it affects their risk of predation and starvation, yet this aspect of their ecology is rarely studied in Australian woodland birds. I have used temperature sensitive transmitters to find the roosting site and measure the body temperature of two common Australian woodland birds, the noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala) and superb fairy-wren (Malurus cyaneus). Noisy miners were studied during summer and winter months, with superb fairy-wrens only being studied in the winter with
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Rayner, Laura. "Conserving woodland birds : the need for population data in evidence-based planning." Phd thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151096.

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Arresting biodiversity loss is integral to protecting the intrinsic value of natural areas and the ecological services that are critical for human well-being. The important role that birds play in supporting a suite of ecosystem functions underpins the need to identify processes that drive long-term change in populations of this group. Indices of population change are frequently used to communicate important trend patterns for species. However, for such indices to assist the objectives of biological conservation and human development, a deeper understanding of the processes that drive populati
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Youkey, Donald E. "Bird and rodent nesting in excavated cavities in Pinon-juniper woodland, southeastern Colorado." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37636.

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I studied bird and rodent nesting in woodpecker-excavated cavities in pifion-juniper (Pinus edulis-Juniperus monosperma) (P-J) woodland in southeastern Colorado during the spring and summer of 1987 and 1988. Two related investigations were conducted: one described characteristics of habitat used by birds and rodents nesting in woodpecker-excavated cavities and the other evaluated whether or not birds and rodents were competing for the nest-cavity resource. Seven species of birds and 4 species of rodents were included in the study: American kestrel (Falco sparverius), western screech-owl (Otus
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Moise, Dragos. "Ecology and behaviour of Pachycephala rufogularis and P. inornata (Aves: Pachycephalidae) in woodlands of South Australia." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/58580.

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Since European settlement, the woodlands and associated habitats, especially in the temperate zones of Australia, have been extensively cleared and converted to arable land and pastures. Much of the remaining vegetation in the agricultural zone occurs as small isolated patches prone to disturbance and degradation. Apart from habitat loss and fragmentation, altered fire regimes, periods of intense drought, and the introduction of exotic plants and animals, have contributed to the deterioration of most of the natural habitats across Australia, with a negative impact on the native wildlife, inclu
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Curson, David R. "Nest predation and brood parasitism of passerine birds in pinyon-juniper woodland in northeast New Mexico." 1996. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/36668003.html.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1996.<br>Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.
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31

Okada, Sachiko. "Effects of surrounding land use change on nesting success of small-bodied birds in Eucalyptus woodland remnants." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/205427.

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Land has been extensively modified in response to human needs for thousands of years. In recent times, the change in land use from agricultural areas to tree plantations has been expanding worldwide to satisfy the increasing demands for wood/paper products. In Australia, some areas of cleared agricultural land have been transformed into exotic pine plantations, particularly in New South Wales (NSW). Species occurring in fragments of remnant native vegetation, including birds, may be influenced by the effects of new forms of surrounding land use dominated by exotic Radiata Pine (Pinus radiata)
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Bain, GC. "Science to inform habitat restoration for woodland bird communities of the Tasmanian Midlands." Thesis, 2019. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/32535/1/Bain_whole_thesis.pdf.

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Agricultural intensification over the last 50 years has been a major cause of global biodiversity decline and continues to result in habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation. The agriculture sector must increase production to feed a rapidly growing human population but, to be sustainable, must also maintain the ecosystem services provided by the biodiversity on which it relies. Just how to achieve this is the current focus of much scientific debate. What is clear, is that the world’s current estate of protected areas is no longer sufficient to conserve healthy wildlife populations. Ecologic
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33

Gomes, Marisa Isabel da Silva. "Birds in interface riparian vegetation-woodland matrix: their habitat use and role in ecosystem processes and ecological services." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/79610.

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Tese de doutoramento em Biociências, na especialidade de Ecologia, apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra<br>Riparian ecosystems are critical in maintaining biodiversity on a regional scale, which is particularly important for open agroforestry systems. These ecosystems, among the most important and vulnerable habitats, have relatively high biodiversity offering refuge and source areas for prey and predators and consequently providing corridors for migration. These areas provide many fruit resources and attract many anim
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Pereira, Pedro Miguel Filipe. "The role of birdsong and foraging behaviour in mediating the interspecific competition between two sympatric woodland passerine birds: the Robin and the Blackcap." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/42797.

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Tese de doutoramento em Biociências, na especialidade de Ecologia, apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra<br>A competição interespecífica é um importante mecanismo controlador da evolução das espécies, uma vez que pode moldar o comportamento dos indivíduos e, em última instância, afectar as suas dinâmicas populacionais. Espécies com uma longa história de coevolução, que sejam potenciais competidoras, desenvolveram alguns mecanismos que permitiram a sua coexistência especial, tal como a partição dos recursos ecológicos ut
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Hodder, Grace Violet. "The Impact of Habitat Alteration on the Population Dynamics of a Declining Woodland Bird in the Mount Lofty Ranges." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/126624.

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Biotic invasions are among the main drivers of ecosystem change and contribute to species declines. In the southern hemisphere, perennial native understorey plants have been largely outcompeted by fast-growing annual crop grasses and herbs. This significant compositional change has altered patterns of seed production. Granivores such as the diamond firetail (Stagonopleura guttata) are likely to be affected by such alterations. This species has been declining nationally since large-scale land-clearance prior to 1980. Focussed, species-specific research is required to identify the threats and th
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Wilson, Anne-Marie. "Linking science, policy and practice in the conservation of woodland birds in a rural landscape : a case study in the South-West Slopes, New South Wales, Australia." Phd thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148277.

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Yong, Ding Li. "Assessing biodiversity in farming landscapes: a cross-taxonomic approach to conservation planning." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/135763.

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Surrogates of biodiversity are necessary tools for guiding the effective conservation of biodiversity. One of the best known approaches to assessing biodiversity is cross-taxonomic surrogacy, which is underpinned by the hypothesis that selected taxa (i.e. the surrogate) can provide useful and commensurate information on other components of biodiversity (i.e. the target). In this thesis, I examined the effectiveness of cross-taxonomic surrogacy by assessing cross-taxonomic patterns of congruence among ecologically important vertebrate and invertebrate taxa, and with respect to time and differen
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Schlossberg, Scott R. "Ecology and conservation of birds of pinyon-juniper woodlands /." 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3242986.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-11, Section: B, page: 6167. Adviser: Jeffrey D. Brawn. Includes bibliographical references. Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
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Martins, Ana Isabel Camoez Leal da Encarnação 1979. "Birds in cork oak woodlands : improving management for biodiversity." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/6335.

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Tese de doutoramento, Biologia (Ecologia), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2012<br>Cork oak woodlands (montados) are agro-forestry-pastoral systems that, in general, conciliate social and economical value with a rich biodiversity, representing remarkable components of Mediterranean landscapes. The overall goal of this thesis was to investigate the effects on biodiversity of management practices widely used in montados. Passerine birds were used as models, since they are a prominent group in montados, occupy a broad diversity of ecological niches, and are strongly responsive to c
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Leavesley, Adam. "The response of birds to the fire regimes of mulga woodlands in central Australia." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151592.

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Howland, Brett William Allen. "Managing kangaroo grazing for the conservation of grassland and grassy woodland fauna." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/109139.

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Large mammalian grazers are ecosystem engineers that alter the resources available to other species through selective consumption of plant matter, redistribution of nutrients and trampling. While some level of grazing is considered critical for maintaining species diversity, alteration to natural grazing regimes can have a severe impact on native biodiversity. Restoration of grazing regimes which promote conservation of biodiversity is a priority in many protected areas. However, the ability to achieve this goal is limited by a lack of unders
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Lee, Peter Sang-Hoon. "Predicting bird habitat resources in temperate woodlands using remotely sensed data : case study in the Great Western Woodlands, southwestern Australia." Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150319.

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Scant data exist that can inform conservation planners in the Great Western Woodlands (GWW). Yet this extensive area of temperate woodland in southwestern Western Australia is vital for the conservation of many woodland bird species. In this thesis, a modelling approach was developed for predicting the potential distribution of woodland bird habitat functional groups in GWW as a function of their habitat resource use. This model was generated from remotely sensed data-based inputs in conjunction with published bird habitat resource information. Habitat resource information was collected from p
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Ceia, Ricardo Rafael dos Santos. "Insect predation by birds in Mediterranean oak woodlands and its importance in the control of defoliator pests." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/30464.

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Tese de doutoramento em Biociências, na especialidade de Ecologia, apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra<br>As aves insectívoras foram o objecto desta investigação sistemática realizada no montado com o propósito de determinar a sua importância no controlo de pragas de sobreiro (Quercus suber) e azinheira (Q. rotundifolia), nomeadamente desfolhadores. Numa revisão bibliográfica focada na dieta e ecologia alimentar das aves reprodutoras, invernantes e residentes no sudoeste da Península Ibérica foram identificadas vint
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Le, Fort PA. "The relationship between woodland remnant size and bird diversity in an urban landscape in southern Tasmania." Thesis, 2002. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/15803/1/LeFort_whole_thesis.pdf.

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There has been much research which relates reduction of habitat to reduction in biodiversity anq often birds are chosen as the best indicators of these changes. In Australia studies in this area have largely focused on the effects on birds in changing rural or forested, rather than urban, landscapes. There has been little research in this area in Tasmania, yet this State has perhaps the highest proportion of original natural habitat remaining of any State in Australia. This study compared the avifauna of adjacent urban and dry sclerophyll woodland sites in the urban fringe of Hobart and
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