Academic literature on the topic 'Woody trees'
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Journal articles on the topic "Woody trees"
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Gauci, Vincent, Sunitha Rao Pangala, Alexander Shenkin, et al. "Global atmospheric methane uptake by upland tree woody surfaces." Nature 631, no. 8022 (2024): 796–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07592-w.
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AbstractMethane is an important greenhouse gas1, but the role of trees in the methane budget remains uncertain2. Although it has been shown that wetland and some upland trees can emit soil-derived methane at the stem base3,4, it has also been suggested that upland trees can serve as a net sink for atmospheric methane5,6. Here we examine in situ woody surface methane exchange of upland tropical, temperate and boreal forest trees. We find that methane uptake on woody surfaces, in particular at and above about 2 m above the forest floor, can dominate the net ecosystem contribution of trees, resulting in a net tree methane sink. Stable carbon isotope measurement of methane in woody surface chamber air and process-level investigations on extracted wood cores are consistent with methanotrophy, suggesting a microbially mediated drawdown of methane on and in tree woody surfaces and tissues. By applying terrestrial laser scanning-derived allometry to quantify global forest tree woody surface area, a preliminary first estimate suggests that trees may contribute 24.6–49.9 Tg of atmospheric methane uptake globally. Our findings indicate that the climate benefits of tropical and temperate forest protection and reforestation may be greater than previously assumed.
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Azuma, David. "The Effects of a Western Spruce Budworm Outbreak on the Dead Wood Component in Relation to Ownership in Forests of Eastern Oregon." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 25, no. 4 (2010): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/25.4.176.
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Abstract Forest Inventory and Analysis data were used to investigate the effects of a severe western spruce budworm outbreak on the dead wood component of forests in 11 counties of eastern Oregon for two time periods. The ownership and the level of damage (as assessed by aerial surveys) affected the resulting down woody material and standing dead trees. The pattern of coarse woody debris with respect to ownership and management intensity remained consistent into the next 10-year period. Harvesting tended to lower the amount of coarse woody debris on private forests. Federally managed forests had more standing dead trees than private lands, with more in the reserved than nonreserved areas. There was a reduction in the number of standing dead trees between the two periods.
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Storozhenko, V. G. "The balance of the woody fraction of the indigenous spruce forests’ biomass in the European Russia’s taiga." Лесоведение, no. 1 (August 8, 2024): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0024114824010022.
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The study of the structural features of indigenous taiga’s woody fractions allows us to evaluate the balance process of accumulation and decomposition of woody biomass in forest communities. The purpose of the research is to study, using the example of European taiga’s spruce forests, the processes and organisms involved in forming the balance of biomass of woody fractions in indigenous ecosystems of different ages and with different dynamic characteristics. The research objects were located in the spruce forests of the northern, middle and southern taiga of European Russia. On permanent study plots (PSP), the diameters of trunks and the age of trees were determined, age series were put together by generations, and the total volumes of trees, forest stands and woody waste were calculated. Within the generations of the aforementioned age series and the forest stands overall, infestations by wood-decaying fungi (WDF) of biotrophic and xylotrophic complexes were determined. Indigenous spruce forests of the taiga have a complex multi-aged structure, differing in volume and trees infestation rate by WDF of the biotrophic complex within both the generations and the forest stands as a whole. It determines the different phase position of ecosystems. The trend of increasing tree infestation rate from younger to older generations is interpreted as a pattern. To calculate the balance of woody fractions biomass in a forest ecosystem, it is necessary to combine within a single time process the woody fractions of the forest stand and woody waste — dead wood and the current woody waste. The main factor in the formation of the biomass balance of a spruce community is the rate of wood accumulation and decomposition processes. In native spruce forests of different ages in the taiga zone, the rate of xylolysis of wood waste by WDF is several times higher than the rate of biomass accumulation in the forest stand. The balance of the biomass accumulation and decomposition processes intensity is presented as the balance coefficient of the spruce community’s woody fractions biomass, showing how much does the rate of the woody waste decomposition process performed by the xylotrophic complex fungi exceeds the rate of the biomass accumulation process in the living part of the forest stand. Possessing an enormous xylolytic activity, the WDF of the xylotrophic complex decompose woody waste at a rate exceeding the rate of woody biomass accumulation by the phytocenosis, thereby maintaining the balance of the biomass of the forest community and its stability.
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Telewski, Frank W. "Intra-Annual Spiral Compression Wood: A Record of Low-Frequency Gravitropic Circumnutational Movement in Trees." IAWA Journal 9, no. 3 (1988): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001076.
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The majority of detailed studies on circumnutational growth movements have focused on herbaceous plants or on the primary growth of woody plant seedlings, ignoring completely secondary growth in woody plants. The relatively rapid movement in herbaceous tissues consists of two components: an autonomous growth rhythm and a gravitropic response. Since there is a gravitropic component to circumnutational movement and a gravitropic stimulus can induce compression wood formation, the formation of a compression wood spiral may be expected if there is a circumnutational movement of a woody stern. It is suggested here, that observed spirals of compression wood within annual growth rings in Pinus taeda L. and Abies concolor (Gord. ' Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. represents an annual record of a slower circumnutational growth movement. Data derived from observations of greenhouse- grown 3-year-old Pinus taeda seedlings indicate that there are two distinct circumnutational patterns of different rotation al frequency present in woody plants associated with primary and secondary tissues.
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Fazan, Laurence, Yi-Gang Song, and Gregor Kozlowski. "The Woody Planet: From Past Triumph to Manmade Decline." Plants 9, no. 11 (2020): 1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9111593.
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Woodiness evolved in land plants approximately 400 Mya, and very soon after this evolutionary invention, enormous terrestrial surfaces on Earth were covered by dense and luxurious forests. Forests store close to 80% of the biosphere’s biomass, and more than 60% of the global biomass is made of wood (trunks, branches and roots). Among the total number of ca. 374,000 plant species worldwide, approximately 45% (138,500) are woody species—e.g., trees, shrubs or lianas. Furthermore, among all 453 described vascular plant families, 191 are entirely woody (42%). However, recent estimations demonstrate that the woody domination of our planet was even greater before the development of human civilization: 1.4 trillion trees, comprising more than 45% of forest biomass, and 35% of forest cover disappeared during the last few thousands of years of human dominance on our planet. The decline in the woody cover of Planet Earth did not decelerate during the last few centuries or decades. Ongoing overexploitation, land use and climate change have pushed ten thousand woody species to the brink of extinction. Our review highlights the importance, origin and past triumph of woody species and summarizes the unprecedented recent decline in woody species on our planet.
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Eskelson, Bianca N. I., Vicente J. Monleon, and Jeremy S. Fried. "A 6 year longitudinal study of post-fire woody carbon dynamics in California’s forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 5 (2016): 610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0375.
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We examined the dynamics of aboveground forest woody carbon pools — live trees, standing dead trees, and down wood — during the first 6 years following wildfire across a wide range of conditions, which are characteristic of California forest fires. From repeated measurements of the same plots, we estimated change in woody carbon pools as a function of crown fire severity as indicated by a post-fire index, years since fire, pre-fire woody carbon, forest type group (hardwood vs. softwood), elevation, and climate attributes. Our analysis relied on 130 U.S. national forest inventory plots measured before and 1 year after fire, with one additional remeasurement within 6 years after fire. There was no evidence of net change in total wood carbon, defined for this study as the wood in standing trees larger than 12.7 cm diameter at breast height and down wood larger than 7.6 cm in diameter, over the post-fire period in any of the three severity classes. Stands that burned at low severity exhibited considerable shifts from live to standing dead and down wood pools. In stands that burned at moderate severity, live wood decreased significantly whereas no net change was detected in standing dead or down wood. High severity fire burning resulted in movement from standing dead to down wood pools. Our results suggest that the carbon trajectories for stand-replacing fires may not be appropriate for the majority of California’s forest area that burned at low to moderate severities.
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Li, Zihao, Wenxin Liu, Xinyu Xue, et al. "The Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Trees on the Diversity of Forest Communities Worldwide Are Greater than Those of Ectotrophic Mycorrhiza Trees." Diversity 16, no. 9 (2024): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16090587.
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The interaction between woody plants and mycorrhizal fungi is an important biological interaction; however, the driving factors behind the diversity of mycorrhizal trees formed through the symbiosis of mycorrhizal fungi and woody plants remain unclear. In this study, we collected and compiled the woody plant data of 34 forest dynamic plots containing 3350 species from habitats around the world and divided them into AM and EcM trees. We tested the contribution of AM and EcM trees to tree diversity and its components in forest communities worldwide. Our results showed that AM trees rather than EcM trees affect the tree diversity of forest communities, and that the diversity of AM trees has a significant latitudinal gradient pattern. Climate variables, especially temperature, are strongly correlated with the diversity patterns for AM trees rather than EcM trees. Topography is the most significant factor affecting the diversity of EcM trees. Our findings highlight the importance of AM trees for the tree diversity of forest communities worldwide. Our findings have important implications for understanding the response of complex woody plant communities with different types of mycorrhizal symbiosis to climate change.
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Jankovský, L., D. Lička, and K. Ježek. "Inventory of dead wood in the Kněhyně-Čertův mlýn National Nature Reserve, the Moravian-Silesian Beskids." Journal of Forest Science 50, No. 4 (2012): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4612-jfs.
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In four permanent experimental plots, dead wood was inventory under conditions of mountain forest ecosystems of the Kněhyně-Čertův ml&yacute;n National Nature Reserve, the Moravian-Silesian Beskids. Down woody material, standing dead trees as well as living trees were recorded. Data obtained were used to determine partial and summarized volumes of dead wood and its proportion in a living stand. Each of the surveyed areas was described not only from the viewpoint of mensuration but also with respect to subsequently carried out studies of biodiversity of wood mycoflora, succession of decomposition processes, natural regeneration on the dead wood etc. Mean volume of dead wood and a share in the total standing volume reaches 132 m<sup>3</sup>/ha(40%), of this 86 m<sup>3</sup>/hais down woody material and 46 m<sup>3</sup>/havolume of standing dead trees. Mean total standing volume per ha amounted to 332 m<sup>3</sup>/ha in the region of the Kněhyně-Čertův ml&yacute;n NNR.
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Blinkova, Olena, and Oleksandra Ivanenko. "Communities of woody vegetation and wood destroying fungi in natural and semi-natural forests of kyiv city, Ukraine." Central European Forestry Journal 64, no. 1 (2018): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2017-0030.
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AbstractSelected forestry parameters were investigated in the system of trees and wood-destroying fungi in the natural forests of the Kyiv city on a gradient of recreational transformation. We investigated the vitality, age compositions, and health condition of woody plants (11 species), and species, systematic, trophic and spatial compositions of xylotrophic fungi (51 species, 224 findings of xylotrophs representing 34 genera, 20 families, 7 orders of divisions Basidiomycota; class Agaricomycetes). The results showed that communities of woody vegetation and xylotrophic fungi in forests depend on the degree of recreational transformation of the environment. Vitality, age compositions and health condition of trees altered species composition of xylotrophs.
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Robison, E. George, and Robert L. Beschta. "Identifying Trees in Riparian Areas That Can Provide Coarse Woody Debris to Streams." Forest Science 36, no. 3 (1990): 790–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/36.3.790.
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Abstract The natural fall of trees into mountain streams provides coarse woody debris that can improve fish habitat and influence stream morphology. Geometric and empirical equations, based on tree size and distance from the stream, were used to determine the conditional probability of a tree's adding coarse woody debris to a stream. Additional equations were developed to relate this probability to basal area factor. For conditions in the Pacific Northwest, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) was selected to illustrate how the equations can be used for varying tree sizes and probabilities. After selecting a probability and determining basal area factor by these equations, resource managers can use prisms or wedge devices before timber harvesting in riparian areas to identify specific trees that can potentially add woody debris to the stream. For. Sci. 36(3):790-801.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Woody trees"
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Prothero, John. "Ring Width and Ring Diameter as Functions of Ring Number in Suppressed Maples and Oaks." Tree-Ring Society, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/262379.
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Phipps showed that the cross-sectional area of successive tree rings in suppressed red maples and chestnut oaks, sampled at three-foot intervals above the base, is approximately constant. I show that this invariance in cross-sectional area is consistent with ring width varying as the inverse square root of ring number and with mean ring diameter and trunk diameter each scaling as the square root of ring number. These results may be useful in formulating growth rules for tree trunks of selected species, under constant environmental conditions, in terms of a single independent variable. For example, if elastic similarity holds, trunk height is proportional to the two-thirds power of trunk diameter. This relation implies that trunk height scales as the cube root of ring number. Thus, trunk height and trunk diameter may, in principle, both be expressed in terms of one independent variable, ring number.
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Telewski, Frank W. "Determining the Germination Date of Woody Plants: A Proposed Method for Locating the Root/Shoot Interface." Tree-Ring Society, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/262369.
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A method for determining the germination dates of trees is based on wood anatomical characteristics and dendrochronology. This procedure requires destructive sampling of the tree for an extensive analysis of the zone between the roots and the trunk of the tree (root/shoot interface). The method is applicable to forest ecology and woody plant life history studies.
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Riitters, Kurt H. "Analysis of Biweight Site Chronologies: Relative Weights of Individual Trees over Time." Tree-Ring Society, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/261911.
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The relative weights on individual trees in a biweight site chronology can indicate the consistency of tree growth responses to macroclimate and can be the basis for stratifying trees in climate-growth analyses. This was explored with 45 years of ring-width indices for 200 trees from five even-aged jack pine (Pints banksiana Lamb.) stands. Average individual-tree relative weights were similar, but most trees had at least one transient occurrence of low relative weight. The standard deviations of individual-tree relative weights suggested that some trees had mom variable growth responses than others. The trees were classified by the average and standard deviation of their relative weights, and biweight site chronologies were then calculated for these subgroups. Chronologies derived from trees with low average weights, and from trees with high standard deviation of weights, sometimes appeared to be different from chronologies derived from the remaining trees.
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Biondi, Franco. "Development of a Tree-Ring Network for the Italian Peninsula." Tree-Ring Society, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/262358.
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This article describes the analysis of tree-ring collections from standing trees of sixteen species at twenty sites distributed throughout the Italian Peninsula. Visual and numerical crossdating among ring widths allowed the computation of standard and residual tree-ring chronologies. Relationships among chronologies were identified by Spearman's coefficient of rank correlation, using Bonferroni's inequality to adjust significance level. The oldest living tree sampled to date is a 963-year old palebark pine (Pinus leucodermis Ant.) at Parco del Pollino. Individuals more than two centuries old were identified at eleven sites for eight species. The tree-ring network so far consists of twenty-two chronologies for nine species at nineteen sites. Seven conifer species account for ten chronologies and two angiosperm species account for the remaining twelve chronologies. The most represented species is Fagus sylvatica L., with eleven chronologies distributed over the entire peninsula and highly correlated with one another. The order of autoregressive models fitted to the data never exceeded two. In particular, the order of autoregressive models fitted to Fagus sylvatica chronologies decreased with decreasing age of sampled trees. Based on the significant coefficients of rank correlation, residual chronologies of Fagus sylvatica could be separated into northern, central, and southern groups. This points to the existence of broad regions distributed along a latitudinal gradient, corresponding to large-scale climatic regimes over the Italian Peninsula.
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Grissino-Mayer, Henri D. "An Updated List of Species Used in Tree-Ring Research." Tree-Ring Society, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/262378.
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During the past 100 years, researchers have investigated the potential of hundreds of tree and shrub species for use in applications of tree-ring research. Although several lists of species known to crossdate have been published, investigated species that do not crossdate are rarely included despite the usefulness of this information for future research. This paper provides a list of the Latin and common names of 573 species that have been investigated in tree-ring research, information on species known to crossdate, and information on species with measurement and/or chronology data in the International Tree-Ring Data Bank. In addition, a measure of the suitability of a species for future tree-ring applications, the Crossdating Index (CDI), is developed and proposed for standard usage.
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Ngamyeesoon, Nualphan. "Studies of viruses and virus-like agents infecting woody ornamentals." Thesis, University of Bath, 1989. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329558.
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R, Villalba, Jose A. Boninsegna, and Richard L. Holmes. "Cedrela Angustifolia and Juglans Australis: Two New Tropical Species Useful in Dendrochronology." Tree-Ring Society, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/261332.
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Dendrochronological problems in dating tropical tree species are responsible for a large gap in global dendroclimatic reconstructions. Study of Cedrela and Juglans in the low-latitude forests of northern Argentina and Bolivia has resulted in development of four chronologies. These genera have good tree-ring characteristics, and statistics indicate that they have good potential for dendroclimatology. Longer series should be obtained from older stands.
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Akachuku, A. E. "Intra-Annual Variation in Wood Density in Gmelina Arborea from X-Ray Densitometry and its Relationship with Rainfall." Tree-Ring Society, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/261361.
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The variation in wood density within growth rings was determined from X-ray negative images of wood samples of Gmelina arborea. The within-tree and between-tree comparisons showed that no two growth rings had exactly similar patterns of variation in the radial direction. The proportions of wood in four within-ring density classes were estimated. The variations in the proportions of wood in the four classes with age were nonlinear. On the average, the proportion of low density wood decreased with increasing age, while the proportion of high density wood increased with age. Regression analysis testing different curvilinear models showed that 37 to 99 per cent of the variations in the proportions of wood were associated with variations in age. Maximum and minimum ring density were negatively correlated with dry season rainfall. Variations in the proportion of high density wood and mean ring density were not associated with corresponding variation in dry season rainfall. The proportions of low and high density wood, mean ring density, maximum ring density and minimum ring density were not determined by annual rainfall.
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Yamaguchi, David K., and F. Craig Brunstein. "Special Sanding Films and Sandpapers for Surfacing Narrow-Ring Increment Cores." Tree-Ring Society, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/262318.
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Special sanding films (400 grit to 23 micron) and fine sandpapers (1200-1500 grit) can be used to surface increment cores containing narrow rings (e.g., >50 rings per cm) so that rings are clearly visible for microscopy and photography.
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Fairchild-Parks, James A., and Thomas P. Harlan. "Tree-Ring Dating of Two Log Buildings in Central Texas, USA." Tree-Ring Society, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/262368.
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Tree-ring dating was used to develop construction scenarios for two log structures, the Draper and the Fuller buildings. in the Edwards Plateau region of Texas. The Draper building was constructed in 1902-3, and added onto in 1906. The dating of the Fuller building is less certain, but the structure probably was built in the 1860s or 1870s.
Books on the topic "Woody trees"
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Jain, S. Mohan, and Katsuaki Ishii, eds. Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits. Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0125-0.
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Mohan, Jain S., and Ishii Katsuaki, eds. Micropropagation of woody trees and fruits. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
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Kozlowski, Theodore Thomas. Physiology of woody plants. 2nd ed. Academic Press, 1997.
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NATO, Advanced Research Workshop on Woody Plant Biotechnology (1989 Placerville Calif ). Woody plant biotechnology. Plenum Press, 1991.
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T, Bonner F., Karrfalt Robert P, and United States Forest Service, eds. The woody plant seed manual. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2008.
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Palmer, Stanley J. Palmers manual of trees, shrubs & climbers. Lancewood Pub., 1990.
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Nixon, Elray S. Trees, shrubs & woody vines of east Texas. B.L. Cunningham Productions, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Woody trees"
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Williams, R. R. "Some Australian Ornamental Woody Species." In Trees II. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61535-1_24.
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Von Aderkas, P., and M. D. Dawkins. "Haploid embryogenesis in trees." In Micropropagation of Woody Plants. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8116-5_4.
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Dhawan, Vibha. "Micropropagation of nitrogen-fixing trees." In Micropropagation of Woody Plants. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8116-5_18.
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Gupta, Pramod K., and Mary Kreitinger. "Synthetic seeds in forest trees." In Micropropagation of Woody Plants. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8116-5_7.
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Llewellyn, Danny J. "Herbicide Tolerant Forest Trees." In Molecular Biology of Woody Plants. Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2313-8_20.
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Khan, Aisha Saleem. "Woody Plants with Possible Anti-HIV Activity." In Medicinally Important Trees. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56777-8_5.
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Rodríguez, Humberto Gonzaález, Ratikanta Maiti, and Ch Aruna Kumari. "Chemical Composition of Wood in Woody Plants." In Experimental Ecophysiology and Biochemistry of Trees and Shrubs. Apple Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429322266-21.
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McCown, Brent H. "Genetic Transformation of Trees via Direct Gene Transfer." In Woody Plant Biotechnology. Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7932-4_22.
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Ahuja, M. R. "Gene Transfer in Forest Trees." In Genetic Manipulation of Woody Plants. Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1661-9_2.
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Rodriguez, Adriana Pinheiro Martinelli, and Wagner Aparecido Vendrame. "Micropropagation of Tropical Woody Species." In Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits. Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0125-0_6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Woody trees"
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Szabo, Veronika, Dora Judit Kukk, and Ildiko Kohut. "SOME ECOLOGICAL SERVICES OF THE FIRST, 4-YEARS OLD, HUNGARIAN MIYAWAKI-FOREST IN TABAN, BUDAPEST." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024v/4.2/s18.30.
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Miyawaki-forest is a well-known method to create small forest quickly in urban conditions. It works with native woody species that are densely (4-5 pcs/m2) planted together after topsoil changing in a quite small area. The first Hungarian Miyawaki-forest was introduced in Taban, 2021. It planted with 9 native species (Acer platanoides, Acer campestre, Carpinus betulus, Crataegus monogyna, Euonymus europaeus, Pyrus pyraster, Ulmus laevis, Sorbus torminalis and Quercus robur). The area is 40 m2. Soil was changed up to 50 centimeters before planting. 120 individuals were planted and the surface was mulched with straw about 20 cm thick to retain water in the soil. This planting arrangement provides an excellent opportunity to study the ecological services of Miyawaki forests, including the capabilities of species under low maintenance conditions. We examined some ecological services such as CO2-fixation (daily maximum photosynthetic activity), evaporation (water vapor emission) and dust deposition (mg/m2 leaf area) for more or less 4 years. Daily maximum photosynthetic activity (g CO2/m2 leaf area) and water vapor emission (l/m2 leaf area) were measured on trees twice a year in 2021, from 2022 to 2024 mostly monthly from May to October with a portable infrared gas analyzer. The data were recorded between 11 and 13 h. From 2022, dust deposition is also measured on each species. Leaf samples were collected, washed with distilled water and scanned for leaf area. The CO2-fixation and evaporation show seasonal and species changes. Dust deposition mostly influenced by weather.
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Straupe, Inga, Patriks Kikusts, Diana Jansone, and Aris Jansons. "VEGETATION OF SMALL-LEAVED LIME TILIA CORDATA MILL. FOREST STANDS IN LATVIA." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024v/3.2/s13.43.
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Broadleaved forest distribution in Europe and in Latvia is relatively small. Small-leaved lime Tilia cordata Mill. stands are even rarer, so it is important to study and protect them, as well as to assess their biodiversity and future potential. The aim of research is to investigate and assess the vegetation in lime forest stands. In total, 12 plots have been established for long-term monitoring of lime stands. In the sample plots, the survey of growing trees, dead wood, the inventory of vegetation species and the determination of the projective cover were carried out. The natural regeneration of lime was also investigated. During the research it was found out that stock of growing trees does not differ significantly by research objects. It varies from 169 to 446 m3 ha-1. The amount of dead wood in the objects is 0.06 to 56.6 m3 ha-1. The objects mainly contain debris of the II and III degrees of decomposition. The number of vegetation species found in the research objects varies from 21 to 35 species. A total of 26 species characteristic of European broad-leaved forests can be found in the objects. The projective cover of the tree, shrub and herb layers does not differ significantly from measurements in 2018. Small-leaved lime stands are stable and have continuous regeneration of lime trees under forest canopy.
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Khujadze, Nodar, and Lia Matchavarian. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOREST." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s14.40.
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This study aimed to investigate carbon storage dynamics in pure pine, oak, and mixed forests within a one-hectare area. Tree samples were collected to measure their weight, size, and density. Each type of forest was estimated how much carbon is hold per hectare. The findings revealed significant differences in carbon storage capacities among them. Pure oak forests emerged as the top carbon reservoirs, with 57% of their trees' mass comprising carbon. Pure pine forests followed closely with 51% carbon storage. Interestingly, mixed forests, hosting both pine and oak trees, exhibited a considerable carbon storage potential of about 53%. This finding highlights the ecological advantages of mixed forests over pure ones. Mixed forests stand out for their biodiversity, benefiting from the complementary strengths of multiple tree species. While oak trees tend to store more carbon in their dense wood, pine trees excel in capturing carbon through their rapid growth and expansive root systems. This diverse composition creates a synergistic effect, enhancing carbon capture and storage capabilities within mixed forests. The superiority of mixed forests in carbon storage has significant implications for forest management and climate change mitigation efforts. Protecting and promoting mixed forests can maximize carbon sequestration potential while fostering resilient and sustainable ecosystems. Recognizing the value of mixed forests, policymakers, conservationists, and land managers can prioritize conservation efforts and implement strategies to safeguard these invaluable carbon sinks. In summary, this research highlights the significance of forest composition in carbon storage dynamics. By emphasizing the ecological benefits of mixed forests over pure ones, our study contributes to informed decision-making and sustainable forest management practices aimed at preserving and enhancing carbon sequestration in natural landscapes.
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Diasamidze, Inga, Gia Bolkvadze, Natela Varshanidze, and Nana Zarnadze. "MACROMYCETES OF BEECH FOREST IN MTIRALA NATIONAL PARK, GEORGIA." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s14.44.
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This review provides an overview of the diversity of macromycetes (fungi with visible fruiting bodies) in Mtirala national park beech forests, highlighting their ecological roles and significance within these ecosystems. Mtirala National Park is a protected area in Adjara region, Western Georgia. It is part of the Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Mtirala National Park Colchic broad-leaved and mixed forests include sweet chestnut and Oriental beech woods. Mount Mtirala is one of the most humid areas in the country. The fungal community in beech forests encompasses a wide range of taxa, including edible mushrooms, wood-decay fungi, mycorrhizal associates, and decomposers. Hypsizygus tessellatus (Beech Mushroom), Armillaria mellea (Honey Fungus), and Fomes fomentarius (Tinder Fungus) are among the common species found in these forests, contributing to nutrient cycling and decomposition processes. Furthermore, mycorrhizal fungi such as Ganoderma spp. (Reishi Mushrooms) and Phellinus spp. (Cracked-cap Polypore) form symbiotic relationships with beech trees, enhancing their nutrient uptake and overall health. The presence of Laetiporus sulphureus (Chicken of the Woods) and Xylaria polymorpha (Dead Man's Fingers) on decaying wood further highlights the dynamic interactions between fungi and their substrates in beech forests. Understanding the diversity and ecological roles of macromycetes in beech forests is crucial for conservation efforts and sustainable forest management practices. Continued research into these fungi will provide valuable insights into the functioning and resilience of beech forest ecosystems in the face of environmental changes and anthropogenic disturbances.
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Sisenis, Linards, Irina Pilvere, Baiba Jansone, Dace Brizga, and Edgars Dubrovskis. "ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF LODGEPOLE PINE GROWN IN THE WESTERN PART OF LATVIA." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s14.42.
Full textAbstract:
The research aims to examine the pace of growth of lodgepole pine, the amount of damage caused by biungulates and the quality of trunks for lodgepole pine provenances growing in the western part of Latvia in the areas around Ugale and Kuldiga, identifying the most damage-resistant and promising provenances for cultivation in Latvia. In Latvia, foresters and plant breeders have been working for years to increase the quality and productivity of local tree species, while assessing various forest stand management patterns and trying to reduce the rotation period of stands. Nowadays, because of climate change, i.e. with the climate becoming warmer, it is clear that in the future in Latvia not only a management strategy for the dominant tree species have to be changed but also the possibilities of introducing new tree species suitable for the conditions in Latvia need to be considered to reduce the forest rotation period. At the same time, introducing new tree species requires considering that the tree species must have economic potential, i.e. the wood has prospects for being processed and consumed (e.g. construction) in the local region, as carbon is sequestrated during the growth of the trees and stays in Latvia. Lodgepole pine is one of the tree species that could have prospects for cultivation on an industrial scale in plantations, which was introduced in Latvia at the beginning of the last century. Based on the experience of Swedish foresters in growing lodgepole pine on an industrial scale in the 1980s, experimental lodgepole pine plantations were established in Latvia by using both domestic seeds and those from the natural range in Canada and the United States, as well as from Sweden. The research analysed the following tree inventory data collected from the experimental plantations of lodgepole pines at the ages of 27 and 43 years in the western part of Latvia: the height and diameter of the trees and compared the data for Scots pine grown in identical conditions. In addition, the proportions of trees damaged by deer etc. as well as the proportions of trees with multiple tops and branch-to-stem attachments because these defects significantly reduce the chances of producing quality roundwood assortments in the future were analysed for both species. The data were processed using parametric methods. In an experimental plantation in the area near Ugale, 43-year-old lodgepole pines demonstrated a performance similar to that of Scots pines, with average heights of 18.2 and 18.4 meters and diameters of 19.1 and 19.0 cm, respectively, i.e. the differences were insignificant. In the plantation near Kuldiga, the differences were found significant, as the average height difference between the species was 1.3 m, while the diameter difference was 1.3 cm. It was concluded that lodgepole pines had lower trunk quality and were more damaged by deer. It was also found that the least productive lodgepole pine provenances were more damaged by deer.
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STRAUPE, Inga, and Līga LIEPA. "AN ASSESSMENT OF RETENTION TREES IN HYLOCOMIOSA FOREST TYPE IN SOUTHERN LATVIA." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.111.
Full textAbstract:
In Latvia the forest legislation requires that at least five living trees must be retained per hectare after clear-cutting. It is known that retention trees significantly increase the biodiversity in production forest landscape. After clear-cutting retention trees function as habitats for various lichens, mosses, insects, fungi and birds. Over time retention trees are incorporated into the young forests stand and provide presence of old trees, which is necessary for many endangered and rare species. After the death, these trees turn into coarse woody debris which is an essential habitat and feeding source for many taxa. However, the conservation and mortality of the retention trees has not been studied extensively because this approach has been established recently. The aim of this study was to evaluate development of the retention trees in Hylocomiosa type of forests in Southern Latvia. In total 12 young forest stands were surveyed in 2009 and 2015. The total area – 13.7 ha, on average forest stand size varies from 0.5 to 3.0 ha. All the studied sites were harvested in 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008. All measurements of tree species, height, and diameter and defoliation class assessed and the status of tree (growing tree, coarse woody debris – snags, stems and downed logs) was indicated. Results show that after the studied period of seven years 24 retention trees died. Average level of the tree mortality is 15 %. The mortality level of Scots pine retention trees is 5.8 %, for aspen – 50 % and that for birch – 92.3 %. An average it is 8.5 green retention trees per 1 ha of young stand (22.9 m3 ha-1). On average 2.3 pieces coarse woody debris are per 1 ha of young stand (3.52 m3 ha-1), mostly - aspen wood (2.4 m3 ha-1). Woody debris of the young stands is divided to the first 4 decay levels according to classification (Stokland et al., 2001). 50 % of the listed woody debris is related to the 3rd decay level which means that woody debris is moderately decomposed.
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Lisitsyn, Viktor, N. Matveev, and Natal'ya Evsikova. "DETRITUS CONTENT IN WOODY PLANTS." In PHYSICAL BASIS OF SCIENCE-INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGIES. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2024. https://doi.org/10.58168/pbst_5-9.
Full textAbstract:
In the conventional sense, woody detritus contains woody remains, which usually retain some parts of the tree form and consist of snags, logs, stumps, dry branches of living trees, dead roots, as well as remains buried in the soil stratum. This is an ecologically important component of the forest stand, influencing the biodiversity of species in the forest ecosystem. However, there is an exergetic view of the concept of detritus as a kind of reference level in calculating ecosystem exergy. The exergy reflects the degree of development or complexity of the ecosystem centered on the exergy weighting factor. In this case, the energy content of detritus is important. Traditionally, for organic matter, it is assumed to be 18.7 kJ/g. In the presented work, an attempt has made to obtain the energy content of detritus based on the calorific value of wood. Using the example of a pine stand, it has shown that specific exergy can be obtained by the way that is alternative to traditional methods, where the exergy weighting factor is calculated based on the information content of the genome expressed during the life cycle of the organism.
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Tomenko, D., E. Aksenov, and Lyudmila Novikova. "PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OF CONIFEROUS TREES." In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_351-356.
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The paper discusses the classification, structure and properties of natural phenolic compounds found in conifers wood species of Russia. The reasons for the variety of detected phenolic compounds (more than 2000) are considered, including the type and conditions of plant growth, environmental factors, as well as methods for extraction of substances. Coniferous extractives include monomeric, dimeric and polymeric phenolic compounds in bound and free form, and their content differs significantly for various species and parts of a woody plant. Depending on the polarity of the solvent used (water, petroleum ether, dimethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, etc.), the yield, chemical composition and structure of the extracted phenolic compound change. It was shown that bark extracts of Larch and Fir contain the most phenolic acids and extractive substances than Pine, Cedar and Spruce, while the content of polar substances is higher in needles, and non- polar substances in plant shoots. Phenolic compounds are secondary plant metabolites, exhibiting fungicidal, virucidal and strong antioxidant effects, that make them a valuable basis for the creation of drugs.
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Boutheyna, Touafchia, Kadi Zahia, Redjaimia Lilia, and Rached-Kanouni Malika. "STRUCTURAL AND FLORISTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE OULED BECHIH FOREST (ALGERIA)." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b2/v3/22.
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The objective of this study is the rational management of forest ecosystems for sustainable conservation of floristic biodiversity. Two types of analysis are carried out: structural analysis and analysis of the main species. A total of 22 families were identified, divided among 32 species. The dominant woody species are Quercus suber and Quercus canariensis. Fagaceae is the most represented family. The average values of species richness and Shannon diversity index are 4 ± 1.8 and 0.9 ± 0.30 species/plot respectively. The average density of woody species in the Oueld Bechih forest was 158 ± 28 tree/ha with an average basal area of 32.67 ± 0.74m²/ha. The height structure shows that trees in height classes is ≥ 6 has very high density, evidence of almost no natural regeneration. The total structure indicates that larger trees are more abundant. In effect, this work provides a database for the forest, but it represents only one facet to be considered in protecting and restoring it.
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Luka, Andreas, and Yong Guo. "Approach to Digital Twins of Woody Vegetation (Trees and Shrubs)." In Design Computation Input/Output 2022. Design Computation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47330/dcio.2022.mujm9015.
Full textReports on the topic "Woody trees"
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Rajarajan, Kunasekaran, Alka Bharati, Hirdayesh Anuragi, et al. Status of perennial tree germplasm resources in India and their utilization in the context of global genome sequencing efforts. World Agroforestry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp20050.pdf.
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Tree species are characterized by their perennial growth habit, woody morphology, long juvenile period phase, mostly outcrossing behaviour, highly heterozygosity genetic makeup, and relatively high genetic diversity. The economically important trees have been an integral part of the human life system due to their provision of timber, fruit, fodder, and medicinal and/or health benefits. Despite its widespread application in agriculture, industrial and medicinal values, the molecular aspects of key economic traits of many tree species remain largely unexplored. Over the past two decades, research on forest tree genomics has generally lagged behind that of other agronomic crops. Genomic research on trees is motivated by the need to support genetic improvement programmes mostly for food trees and timber, and develop diagnostic tools to assist in recommendation for optimum conservation, restoration and management of natural populations. Research on long-lived woody perennials is extending our molecular knowledge and understanding of complex life histories and adaptations to the environment, enriching a field that has traditionally drawn its biological inference from a few short-lived herbaceous species. These concerns have fostered research aimed at deciphering the genomic basis of complex traits that are related to the adaptive value of trees. This review summarizes the highlights of tree genomics and offers some priorities for accelerating progress in the next decade.
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Pérez, N., D. Criollo, and S. Ospina. Wood density and vessel traits of woody species in Colombian seasonal dry lands as an adaptation to, and resilience mechanism for, livestock systems. Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.poster.2019.5.
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In Colombia, as well as in South America, dry seasonal tropics have drought periods that can last for six months with less than 10% of mean annual rainfall (900-1150 mm). For livestock systems, this situation generates constraints in the quantity and quality of forage affecting productivity, protability and causing damage to natural resources (Figure 1). Within vegetative genetic resources, fodder trees are recognized for their adaptation to climate change and because they are a source of nutrients for herbivores, they are a topic that waits for improving knowledge about their contribution to mitigation. This study explores the range and variability patterns of xylem vessel traits and wood density of 24 woody forage species (Table 1) which occur within pastures and semi-natural grasslands in dry seasonal areas of the Tolima and Huila departments of Colombia.
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Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, et al. Retrieving data. Wait a few seconds and try to cut or copy again. Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228673.
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Saperda candida (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is native to the eastern USA and southeastern Canada. It was detected in Germany in 2008, where eradication efforts were undertaken. This beetle primarily infests woody hosts within the Rosaceae family, with Cydonia, Malus and Pyrus being significant cultivated hosts in North America. The larvae cause severe damage by girdling the trunks of young trees, leading to tree death. Improved pest management in the mid-20th century reduced its impact in orchards. Despite being an EPPO A1 Pest and an EU A1 quarantine pest, no classical biological control has been attempted. Potential natural enemies include 5 hymenopterous parasites (Cenocoelius saperdae, Echthrus niger, Monogonogastra agrili, Xylophrurus nubilipennis luctuosus and Sarcophaga sp.), which are not present in the EPPO region. Additional predators such as spiders, ants, click beetles, carabid beetles and several woodpecker species also contribute to natural control.
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Савосько, Василь Миколайович, Юлія Віліївна Бєлик, Юрій Васильович Лихолат, Герман Хайльмейер, and Іван Панасович Григорюк. Macronutrients and Heavy Metals Contents in the Leaves of Trees from the Devastated Lands at Kryvyi Rih District (Central Ukraine). КДПУ, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4151.
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The relevance of these studies was due to the need to clarify the biogeochemical characteristics of woody plant species that grow naturally on devastated lands. The object of this paper: to carry out a comparative analysis of macro nutrients and heavy metals contents in the leaves of trees spontaneously sprouting on the devastated lands at the Kryvyi Rih District. This research was performed at Petrovsky waste rock dump, the Central part of the Kryvyi Rih iron-ore & metallurgical district (Dnipropetrovsk region, Ukraine). The macronutrients (K, Ca, Mg, P and S) and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) contents in the leaves of three species of the trees (Ash-leaved Maple Acer negundo L., Silver Birch Betula pendula Roth. and Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia L.) that were collected on devastated lands were assessed. It was established that trees which grow on the Petrovsky dump take place under evident shortage of nutrients (especially K and P) and excess of metals (especially Fe, Mn and Zn). Taking into account the revealed values of macronutrients optimal concentrations and revealed the heavy metals lowest content in the leaves, we assume that Ash-leaved maple and Black locust (compared to the Silver Birch) are more resistant to the geochemical conditions of devastated lands.
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Abasse, Tougiani, Moussa Massaoudou, Habou Ribiou, Soumana Idrissa, and Dan Guimbo Iro. Farmer managed natural regeneration in Niger: the state of knowledge. Tropenbos International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55515/byiz5081.
Full textAbstract:
Faced with environmental degradation and strong land pressure, farmers in south-central Niger have intensified their agricultural production systems. Since the 1980s, farmers in the regions of Zinder, Maradi and Tahoua have increased the number of trees and shrubs on their fields, creating new agroforestry parklands over about 5 million hectares. This regreening is not based on tree planting, however, but on farmers protecting and managing natural regeneration of woody species on their crop lands. This has been well documented over the years, but until now, there has not been a thorough review of all of the published peer-referenced as well as grey literature. This report presents the first comprehensive state of knowledge of farmer managed natural regeneration (FMNR) in Niger. Studies show the scale and dynamics of FMNR as well as its multiple impacts. It has increased crop yields (+31 kg/ha to +350 kg/ha), and that supports family food security even in drought years. FMNR has increased the income of all social categories, even the most vulnerable women, men and youth, through the sale of fuelwood and service wood. The pruning of trees in fields has also reduced the distances travelled by women to collect fuelwood. FMNR increased the availability of fodder from trees to farmers and agropastoralists, with households practising FMNR harvesting 30-45 kg of fodder per day. Economists have not calculated all the multiple impacts in monetary terms, but studies on the costs and benefits all indicate that it is economically rational for farmers to invest their labour in FMNR. The costs are modest (no equipment and little labour), and the benefits are substantial, also helping smallholder farmers adapt to climate change, while sequestering millions of tonnes carbon. As a consequence of FMNR, tree cover has been sustained without external incentives (e.g. food or cash-for-work), an outcome that distinguishes this farmer-driven practice from large-scale tree planting projects where farmers’ stewardship ended when the external incentives ended. Agroforestry landscapes are thus being created at scale due to decisions made by hundreds of thousands of individual farmers. It is hoped that information in this report that shows the clear benefits of FMNR in Niger will encourage policy makers in Africa’s drylands to invest in the promotion of FMNR. This foundational practice must form the backbone of landscape wide initiatives if the ambitious targets of the Great Green Wall, AFR100 and similar ambitious restoration initiatives are to be achieved. FMNR is a low cost sustainable land use management practice with a considerable potential for scaling, which can and must be adopted and scaled immediately.
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Leis, Sherry. Vegetation community monitoring at Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: 2011–2019. National Park Service, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284711.
Full textAbstract:
Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial celebrates the lives of the Lincoln family including the final resting place of Abraham’s mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Lincoln’s childhood in Indiana was a formative time in the life our 16th president. When the Lincoln family arrived in Indiana, the property was covered in the oak-hickory forest type. They cleared land to create their homestead and farm. Later, designers of the memorial felt that it was important to restore woodlands to the site. The woodlands would help visitors visualize the challenges the Lincoln family faced in establishing and maintaining their homestead. Some stands of woodland may have remained, but significant restoration efforts included extensive tree planting. The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network began monitoring the woodland in 2011 with repeat visits every four years. These monitoring efforts provide a window into the composition and structure of the wood-lands. We measure both overstory trees and the ground flora within four permanently located plots. At these permanent plots, we record each species, foliar cover estimates of ground flora, diameter at breast height of midstory and overstory trees, and tree regeneration frequency (tree seedlings and saplings). The forest species composition was relatively consistent over the three monitoring events. Climatic conditions measured by the Palmer Drought Severity Index indicated mild to wet conditions over the monitoring record. Canopy closure continued to indicate a forest structure with a closed canopy. Large trees (>45 cm DBH) comprised the greatest amount of tree basal area. Sugar maple was observed to have the greatest basal area and density of the 23 tree species observed. The oaks characteristic of the early woodlands were present, but less dominant. Although one hickory species was present, it was in very low abundance. Of the 17 tree species recorded in the regeneration layer, three species were most abundant through time: sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red bud (Cercis canadensis), and ash (Fraxinus sp.). Ash recruitment seemed to increase over prior years and maple saplings transitioned to larger size classes. Ground flora diversity was similar through time, but alpha and gamma diversity were slightly greater in 2019. Percent cover by plant guild varied through time with native woody plants and forbs having the greatest abundance. Nonnative plants were also an important part of the ground flora composition. Common periwinkle (Vinca minor) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) continued to be the most abundant nonnative species, but these two species were less abundant in 2019 than 2011. Unvegetated ground cover was high (mean = 95%) and increased by 17% since 2011. Bare ground increased from less than 1% in 2011 to 9% in 2019, but other ground cover elements were similar to prior years. In 2019, we quantified observer error by double sampling two plots within three of the monitoring sites. We found total pseudoturnover to be about 29% (i.e., 29% of the species records differed between observers due to observer error). This 29% pseudoturnover rate was almost 50% greater than our goal of 20% pseudoturnover. The majority of the error was attributed to observers overlooking species. Plot frame relocation error likely contributed as well but we were unable to separate it from overlooking error with our design.
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Peitz, David, and Tani Hubbard. Bird monitoring at Effigy Mounds National Monument, Iowa: Status report 2009?2022. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303731.
Full textAbstract:
In 2009, the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network initiated bird surveys on Effigy Mounds National Monument to monitor changes in bird community composition and abundance and improve our understanding of relationships between breeding birds and their habitat and the effects of management actions on those relationships. This information helps park staff plan management objectives and assess the effectiveness of management alternatives. We evaluated park breeding bird trends in the context of trends observed within the North American Bird Conservation Initiative?s Prairie Hardwood Transition Bird Conservation Region where the park is located. This allows us to assess the influence of park habitat management on bird populations with an understanding of regional population trends that are outside the influence of natural resource management activities at the park. In 14 years (2009?2022) of monitoring, 111 bird species have been recorded on the park, 93 of which are considered breeding species (permanent or summer residents). Eight of these are species of concern for the Prairie Hardwood Transition Bird Conservation Region. Thirty-eight species were observed in sufficient numbers to calculate annual abundances and trends with some degree of statistical confidence. The American Redstart, American Robin, Baltimore Oriole, Eastern Wood-pewee, and Red-eyed Vireo were the most abundant and widespread species on the park. Regional trends (2009?2019; Sauer et al. 2020) were similar to those seen on the park with a few exceptions. American Robin, Brown-headed Cowbird, Common Grackle, and White-breasted Nuthatch were declining within the region but increasing within the park. Diversity, richness, and evenness in distribution of individuals across species in the breeding bird community on the park were unchanged over the 14 years. When sampled, habitats on the plots at Effigy Mounds National Monument consisted primarily of the woodland type, with lesser amounts of other types present. Canopy cover averaged 61 to 89% on plots with cover provided exclusively by hard?wood trees. Basal area of hardwood trees averaged between 12 and 22 m2/ha, and canopy height averaged between 20 and 23 m. Tree species from 14 different families contrib?uted to the canopy cover and basal area of plots. Plots were primarily unvegetated at ground level, with deciduous litter and woody debris common and bare soil exposed. Total foliar cover at ground level on plots consisted primarily of forbs.
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Boyle, Maxwell. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Canaveral National Seashore: 2022 data summary. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303291.
Full textAbstract:
The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program. The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and monitoring is conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks? natural vegetation. 2022 marked the first year of conducting this monitoring effort at Canaveral National Seashore (CANA). Fourteen vegetation plots were established throughout the park in April. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Canaveral National Seashore in 2022. Data were stratified across two dominant broadly defined habitats within the park, Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. Noteworthy findings include: 176 vascular plant taxa were observed across 14 vegetation plots, including seven species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands: saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), dune greenbrier (Smilax auriculata), Elliott?s milkpea (Galactia elliottii), myrtle oak (Quercus myrtifolia), Chapman oak (Quercus chapmanii), and southern evergreen blueberry (Vaccinium myrsinites). Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: live oak (Quercus virginiana), muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia var. rotundifolia), saw palmetto, cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto), dune greenbrier, and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia). Four non-native species categorized as invasive by the Florida Invasive Species Council (FISC 2019) were encountered within Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots during this monitoring effort. These included Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolia), cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), common lantana (Lantana strigocamara), and caesarweed (Urena lobata). There were no invasive species observed in Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodland plots. Two species listed as Endangered by the state of Florida (FDACS 2021) were encountered on the park during this monitoring effort and included hand fern (Cheiroglossa palmata) and Atlantic Coast Florida lantana (Lantana depressa var. floridana). Hand fern was observed in 30%of Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots, while lantana was observed in one (10%) of Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots. An additional five vascular species categorized as Commercially Exploited by the state of Florida (FDACS 2021) were also observed in these vegetation plots. Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) or South Florida slash pine (Pinus densa) and sand live oak (Quercus geminata) were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands within the park; cabbage palmetto and live oak were the most dominant species of Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands, although 11 other species large enough to be measured as trees (i.e., more than 1.37 meters (4.5 ft) in height and greater than or equal to 10 centimeters (3.9 in) in diameter at breast height (DBH) were also present within these plots. Based on these baseline findings, the most immediate threat to vegetation resources within Upland Open Woodlands of Canaveral National Seashore is related to exclusion of fire and an altered natural fire regime. These factors have likely led to a reduction of canopy species (pines) across all woody stem strata?tree, sapling, seedling?and an increase in abundance of woody shrub species (e.g., saw palmetto). These characteristics (low canopy species density and high woody shrub abundance) were observed in monitoring plots of this habitat type. The most immediate threat to Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat within the park is from potential expansion of non-native, invasive plant species, like Brazilian peppertree and cogongrass. All plots are scheduled to be resampled during the summer of 2026.
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Sanders, Suzanne, Jessica Kirschbaum, Suzanne Sanders, and Jessica Kirschbaum. Forest vegetation monitoring protocol (version 2.1): Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2305281.
Full textAbstract:
Forest vegetation provides an integrated measure of terrestrial ecosystem health by expressing information about the collective suite of drivers and stressors which act upon it. These include climate, disturbance, browse, and invasive species. We developed a comprehensive forest monitoring protocol to detect change in the nine Great Lakes Network parks. Monitoring is conducted on a nine-year rotation, with each of the parks sampled over the course of one summer, once every nine years. Site locations were selected to ensure that they are random, but also spatially balanced throughout the parks. At each sampling site, we collect extensive data on trees (including saplings and seedlings), shrubs, herbs, coarse woody material, and browse. We also carry out assessments of tree health. Data are housed in a Microsoft Access database, and appropriate metadata are generated annually. Quality control measures include both on site assessments of accuracy, as well as extensive data checking via automated parsing routines. Finally, reports from monitoring are produced on a regular basis and include internal National Park Service technical reports and externally reviewed manuscripts for publication in peer-reviewed journals. All data are publicly available.
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Leis, Sherry. Vegetation community monitoring trends in restored tallgrass prairie at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield: 2008–2020. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293117.
Full textAbstract:
Plant community monitoring at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield (NB) focused on the restored tallgrass prairie community. Six monitoring sites were visited four times and observations of plant species and ground cover were made. In addition to those observations, we included two environmental factors in this report—precipitation and recent fire history—to help understand the vegetation data status and trends. Precipitation data (standardized vegetation index) indicated drought conditions in 2012 and some dry periods in 2016. Although prairies are adapted to drought, we found that species richness at the site and community scales (alpha and gamma diversity) were reduced in dry years. Fire management also plays an important role in shaping the plant communities. Prescribed fire occurrence became less frequent through the monitoring period. Also, additional treatments, including herbicide and mowing, likely shaped the prairie community. Tree regeneration and nonnative plants in particular may have been affected by these techniques. The prairie plant community continues to be moderately diverse despite recent increases in tree seedlings and small saplings. Species richness varied over time and was correlated with precipitation; diversity indices (H′ and J′) were similar across monitored years. Species guilds (also known as functional groups) demonstrated differing patterns. Woody plants, long a concern at the park, were abundant and statistically similar across years. Many guilds were quite variable across the sites, but nonnative forbs declined, and nonnative grasses increased. Overstory trees and canopy cover, measured for the first time in 2020, have likely influenced the composition of one site. The composition of this site points to a shrubland-savanna community. Four of the sites tended towards shrubland rather than tallgrass prairie. The vegetation monitoring protocol experienced some changes between 2008 and 2020. A key difference was a shift from sampling twice during the field season to sampling only once in a monitoring year. An anticipated decline in species richness was observed in 2012 and 2016, but we were unable to isolate sample design as the cause. Additionally, we remedied inconsistencies in how tree regeneration was recorded by tallying seedlings and saplings in the field. Our quality assurance procedures indicated that our observer error from pseudoturnover was 20.2%, meeting our expectations. Cover class estimates agreed 73% of the time, with all disagreements within one cover class. Coordinating management actions to achieve plant community goals like structure and composition of tallgrass prairie will be critical to the survival of the prairie species at the park. Fire and nonnative plant treatments along with the reduction of woody cover including trees are needed to arrest the transition to savanna and woodland community types. Frequent prescribed fire is an integral process for this community and there is no equivalent substitute. Continued focus on management for the desired tallgrass prairie community will also provide needed habitat for imperiled pollinators such as the monarch butterfly. Best management practices for pollinators on federal lands specify that treatments (prescribed fire, mowing or haying) should not occur during the blooming season or when pollinator breeding, egg, larval or pupal stages are present.