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1
Semple, K. E., R. B. Cunningham, and P. D. Evans. "Cement Hydration Tests Using Wood Flour may not Predict the Suitability of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita for the Manufacture of Wood-Wool Cement Boards." Holzforschung 53, no. 3 (May 10, 1999): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.1999.053.
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Summary Wood-wool cement boards (WWCBs) are manufactured in many tropical countries which have extensive eucalypt and acacia plantations. Wood from such plantations could act as a potential raw material for WWCBs, but the suitability of most tropical eucalypts and acacias for the manufacture of such products is unknown. This study was undertaken to assess whether the standard laboratory test for wood-cement compatibility, which measures heat of hydration in wood flour-cement mixtures, is an appropriate method for screening tropical eucalypts and acacias for their compatibility with cement and suitability for the manufacture of WWCBs. Wood samples from a tropical eucalypt (E. pellita) and a tropical acacia (A. mangium) were tested in two forms, i. e. flour and wool, for their compatibility (expressed by maximum hydration temperature and CA-factor) with Portland cement. Form significantly influenced the effect of the wood on cement hydration, resulting in a different species compatibility ranking for flour and wool. As the heartwood content of wood-wool-cement hydration test samples increased, Tmax. and CA factor increased whereas the opposite occured for those containing wood flour. Tests using wood flour ranked E. pellita as being more compatible with cement than A. mangium whereas the ranking was reversed when wood-wool was used. Furthermore at low wood levels the compatibility of samples containing wood-wool or wood flour with cement was similar whereas at high wood levels, samples containing wood-wool were much more compatible with cement than those containing wood flour. Laboratory tests designed to screen eucalypts and acacias for their compatibility with cement should use wood in a coarser form with a lower surface-to-volume ratio than flour. Caution should be exercised if using results from wood flour-cement hydration tests to estimate the suitability of wood species for the manufacture of WWCBs and possibly other wood-cement composites.
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Chari, Desi M. "Regulatory Road Map for Formaldehyde Emissions and other Hazardous Air Pollutants in Fiberglass Insulation Materials in the United States." International Nonwovens Journal os-14, no. 1 (March 2005): 1558925005os—14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925005os-1400106.
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This paper provides a perspective of air pollution control regulations in the United States that affect the Wool Fiberglass Manufacturing Industry. In addition, it analyzes regulations specifically targeted towards formaldehyde emissions from these operations and evaluates what lies ahead under existing Clean Air Act requirements. This paper addresses only the regulatory climate in the United States. However, based on history, other countries such as Canada and European Union tend to mirror US laws that are eventually followed by other developing countries.
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Adams, N. R., and P. B. Cronjé. "A review of the biology linking fibre diameter with fleece weight, liveweight, and reproduction in Merino sheep." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 1 (2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02059.
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There is increasing economic pressure on the Merino industry to grow finer wool and at the same time to turn off more sheep meat. Fleece weight generally decreases with finer fibre diameters, so theoretically, finer wool sheep should be able to partition more nutrients to reproduction and muscle growth. However, complex and often indirect mechanisms appear to prevent this in practice. This review summarises the available data on genetic and phenotypic relationships between wool fibre diameter and fleece weight, liveweight, fatness, and reproductive performance, and develops mechanistic hypotheses for these relationships that could be tested experimentally.Selection for reduced fibre diameter may decrease liveweight, fatness, and reproductive performance. These characteristics are also affected by the availability of nutrients, and finer fibre diameter may affect nutrient metabolism through 2 adaptations that tend to maintain fleece weight: an increase in follicle density and/or an increase in relative fibre length. These act in different ways. Follicle density may affect final body size through linkages established during fetal development. Increased fibre growth rate requires an increase in protein synthesis rate in the skin, which in turn may affect whole-body protein turnover rate and the sensitivity of tissues to insulin. Other pathways potentially affected by fibre diameter include the control of feed intake, prenatal programming of insulin sensitivity, and a reduced responsiveness of tissues to nutrient supply. However, none of these mechanisms accounts for the reports of an increased proportion of dry ewes in fine wool sheep, particularly if run in environments that experience periods of low quality pasture.Although associations between fibre diameter and growth rate, fatness, and reproduction rate are repeatable, there are not yet enough data for such associations to be realistically accounted for in breeding goals. More experimentation and a better knowledge of the causative relationships will facilitate development of finer wool sheep for environments where sheep turnoff normally provides a significant proportion of income from the sheep enterprise. Such mechanistic understanding will facilitate the development of molecular techniques for targetted selection, and the identification of more useful attributes for a quantitative genetics approach to improving simultaneously the profitability from both wool and meat.
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Hynd, P. I. "The nutritional biochemistry of wool and hair follicles." Animal Science 70, no. 2 (April 2000): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800054655.
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AbstractThe rôle of various classes of nutrients (energy substrates, vitamins, minerals, amino acids) in the production of wool and hair from follicles, is considered for a variety of animal species. The wool and hair follicle have evolved a number of interesting features of carbohydrate metabolism including glutaminolysis, aerobic glycolysis, significant activity of the pentose phosphate pathway, and storage and mobilisation of glycogen. Presumably the necessity to continue to produce fibre despite fluctuations in the supply of oxygen and nutrients has resulted in some of these unique features, while others reflect the high level of DNA and protein synthesis occurring in the follicle. While it is considered that energy does not normally limit fibre growth, the relative contributions of aerobic and anerobic metabolism will greatly influence the amount of ATP available for follicle activity, such that energy availability may at times alter fibre growth. Alopecia and deficient fibre growth are consistent outcomes of deficiencies of biotin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folate and pantothenic acid, but the precise rôles of these vitamins in follicle function await elucidation. Folate, in particular appears to play an important rôle in wool production, presumably reflecting its involvement in methionine metabolism. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D) significantly alters fibre growth in cultured follicles; vitamin D receptors are located in the outer root sheath, bulb, and dermal papilla of the follicle; and alopecia occurs in humans with defects in the vitamin D receptor. Retinol (vitamin A), too, appears to influence follicle function by altering keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, with direct effects on the expression of keratin genes. The receptors for the retinoids are present in the keratogenous zone, the outer root sheath, the bulb, and the sebaceous glands. Vitamin A may also act indirectly on follicle function by influencing the activity of the insulin-like and epidermal growth factors and by altering vitamin D activity. At present there is little evidence implicating alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) or phytylmenaquinone (vitamin K) in follicular events. Of the minerals, only copper and zinc have been shown to have direct effects on follicle function, independent of effects on food intake. Copper has direct effects on the activity of an unidentified enzyme on oxidation of thiol groups to form disulphide linkages. Wool produced by copper-deficient sheep lacks crimp, is weak and lustrous. Copper is also necessary for the activity of tyrosinase and the tyrosinase-related proteins involved in melanin synthesis. Zinc, like copper, is required for the normal keratinization of fibres but again, the precise rôle has yet to be elucidated. While the importance of amino acid supply for wool growth has long been established, there are still some unaswered questions such as; what are the effects of amino acids on fibre growth in animals other than sheep; what are the characteristics of the amino acid transport genes and proteins operating in the wool and hair follicle; and what are the specific rôles for amino acids in follicle function.
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Kim, Y. C., S. Han, and S. Hong. "A feasibility study of magnetic separation of magnetic nanoparticle for forward osmosis." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 2 (July 1, 2011): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.566.
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It was recently reported that a UK company has developed a naturally non-toxic magnetoferritin to act as a draw solute for drawing water in forward osmosis process. The gist of this technology is the utilization of the magnetic nanoparticle and high-gradient magnetic separation for draw solute separation and reuse. However, any demonstration on this technology has not been reported yet. In this study, a feasibility test of magnetic separation using magnetic nanoparticle was therefore performed to investigate the possibility of magnetic separation in water treatment such as desalination. Basically, a magnetic separation system consisted of a column packed with a bed of magnetically susceptible wools placed between the poles of electromagnet and Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticle was used as a model nanoparticle. The effect of nanoparticle size to applied magnetic field in separation column was experimentally investigated and the magnetic field distribution in a magnet gap and the magnetic field gradient around stainless steel wool wire were analyzed through numerical simulation. The amount of magnetic nanoparticle captured in the separator column increased as the magnetic field strength and particle size increased. As a result, if magnetic separation is intended to be used for draw solute separation and reuse, both novel nanoparticle and large-scale high performance magnetic separator must be developed.
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De Oliveira Martinez, Juan Pinheiro, Guiqin Cai, Matthias Nachtschatt, Laura Navone, Zhanying Zhang, Karen Robins, and Robert Speight. "Challenges and Opportunities in Identifying and Characterising Keratinases for Value-Added Peptide Production." Catalysts 10, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10020184.
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Keratins are important structural proteins produced by mammals, birds and reptiles. Keratins usually act as a protective barrier or a mechanical support. Millions of tonnes of keratin wastes and low value co-products are generated every year in the poultry, meat processing, leather and wool industries. Keratinases are proteases able to breakdown keratin providing a unique opportunity of hydrolysing keratin materials like mammalian hair, wool and feathers under mild conditions. These mild conditions ameliorate the problem of unwanted amino acid modification that usually occurs with thermochemical alternatives. Keratinase hydrolysis addresses the waste problem by producing valuable peptide mixes. Identifying keratinases is an inherent problem associated with the search for new enzymes due to the challenge of predicting protease substrate specificity. Here, we present a comprehensive review of twenty sequenced peptidases with keratinolytic activity from the serine protease and metalloprotease families. The review compares their biochemical activities and highlights the difficulties associated with the interpretation of these data. Potential applications of keratinases and keratin hydrolysates generated with these enzymes are also discussed. The review concludes with a critical discussion of the need for standardized assays and increased number of sequenced keratinases, which would allow a meaningful comparison of the biochemical traits, phylogeny and keratinase sequences. This deeper understanding would facilitate the search of the vast peptidase family sequence space for novel keratinases with industrial potential.
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Tripathi, Meenakshi, Subhash K. Khanna, and Mukul Das. "A Novel Method for the Determination of Synthetic Colors in Ice Cream Samples." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 87, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/87.3.657.
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Abstract A simple method has been developed for the extraction, separation, and determination of synthetic colors in ice cream samples. The process involves the breakdown of emulsion by neutral detergents (Triton X-100 and Tween 20) followed by extraction with petroleum ether for removal of fat. The aqueous colored solution obtained is treated with 5% acetic acid, and the uptake of color is carried out by a wool-dyeing technique. The color is eluted from the wool with 5% ammonia solution, the solution is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in 60% ethanol for paper chromatography using trisodium citrate–ammonia–water (2 + 5 + 95, w/v/v) as the mobile phase. The colored spots from the paper chromatogram are cut and eluted with 60% ethanol, and the absorbance is measured at the respective λ maximum corresponding to the Rf value of the appropriate standard. The recoveries of 6 colors, including sunset yellow FCF (SSYFCF), tartrazine, carmoisine, ponceau 4R, brilliant blue FCF (BBFCF), and fast green FCF from spiked samples with either detergent were found to be >90%. However, recoveries of erythrosine were 21 and 65% with Triton X-100 and Tween 20, respectively. Indigo carmine could not be recovered at all because of its fugitive property in 5% ammonia solution, which is used to strip the color from the wool. The sensitivity of the method with the use of Tween 20 is 1 ppm (1 μg/g) for the colors in spiked ice cream samples. With this method, we analyzed samples of 20 branded colored ice cream. The results showed the presence of tartrazine (8.4–43.3 ppm), SSYFCF (23.5–117.6 ppm), carmoisine (traces–53.2 ppm), erythrosine (3.5 ppm), and BBFCF (4.1 ppm) in the ice cream samples. Apart from 2 samples of tuttifruity, all of the ice cream samples showed the presence of permitted synthetic colors below the permissible level of 100 ppm established by the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act of India.
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Prakash, D., and P. Ravikumar. "Transient Analysis of Heat Transfer Across the Residential Building Roof with Pcm and Wood Wool- A Case Study by Numerical Simulation Approach." Archives of Civil Engineering 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2013-0026.
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Abstract In this paper, transient analysis on heat transfer across the residential building roof having various materials like wood wool, phase change material and weathering tile is performed by numerical simulation technique. 2-dimensional roof model is created, checked for grid independency and validated with the experimental results. Three different roof structures are included in this study namely roof with (i). Concrete and weathering tile, (ii). Concrete, phase change material and weathering tile and (iii). Concrete, phase change material, wood wool and weathering tile. Roof type 3 restricts 13% of heat entering the room in comparison with roof having only concrete and weathering tile. Also the effect of various roof layers’ thickness in the roof type 3 is investigated and identified that the wood wool plays the major role in arresting the entry of heat in to the room. The average reduction of heat is about 10 % for an increase of a unit thickness of wood wool layer.
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Fox, Elizabeth. "Making Cashmere, Making Futures." Inner Asia 17, no. 1 (April 21, 2015): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340034.
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This paper draws on fieldwork carried out in a cashmere factory in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Beginning my analysis as the raw wool enters the factory, I explore the factory as site in which multiple dreams come to exist and act on one other, focusing on the divide between management visions of the factory of the future and workers’ engagements in secondary economies. I then follow how attention to the trajectories of cashmere and the dreams of the factory articulate with the contrasting hopes of young and old female factory employees as they find ways simultaneously to manufacture cashmere and nurture their own dreams of the future: projects that not only rely on the factory as a place that brings people together in dynamic and creative ways, but also work to deny the containment of its walls. By following the cashmere, I interweave analyses on a number of scales, rejecting the separation of the material into that of the micro or macro, and instead demonstrating how the making of cashmere is also a matter of making futures.
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Li, Hechuan, Jianying Yu, Shaopeng Wu, Quantao Liu, Yuanyuan Li, Yaqi Wu, and Haiqin Xu. "Investigation of the Effect of Induction Heating on Asphalt Binder Aging in Steel Fibers Modified Asphalt Concrete." Materials 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071067.
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Induction heating is a valuable technology to repair asphalt concrete damage inside. However, in the process of induction heating, induced particles will release a large amount of heat to act on asphalt binder in a short time. The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of induction heating on asphalt binder aging in steel fibers modified asphalt concrete. The experiments were divided into two parts: induction heating of Dramix steel fibers coated with asphalt binder (DA) and steel wool fibers modified asphalt concrete. After induction heating, the asphalt binders in the samples were extracted for testing aging indices with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), and Four-Components Analysis (FCA) tests. The aging of asphalt binder was analyzed identifying the change of chemical structure, the diversification of rheological properties, and the difference of component. The experiments showed that the binder inside asphalt concrete began aging during induction heating due to thermal oxygen reaction and volatilization of light components. However, there was no peak value of the carbonyl index after induction heating of ten cycles, and the carbonyl index of DA was equivalent to that of binder in asphalt concrete after three induction heating cycles, which indicated the relatively closed environment inside asphalt concrete can inhibit the occurrence of the aging reaction.
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Hutchinson, I. V., W. H. Barber, and P. J. Morris. "Specific suppression of allograft rejection by trinitrophenyl (TNP)-induced suppressor cells in recipients treated with TNP-haptenated donor alloantigens." Journal of Experimental Medicine 162, no. 5 (November 1, 1985): 1409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.162.5.1409.
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Suppressor T cells, activated by injection of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid in DA rats, prevented rejection of LEW kidney allografts in a donor-specific manner when adoptively transferred into syngeneic recipients along with trinitrophenyl (TNP)-haptenated LEW alloantigen. TNP-haptenated third-party alloantigen was ineffective in this system. The donor-specific suppression was dependent, too, on the haptenic portion of the chemically modified alloantigen. Hence, fluorescein isothiocyanate-donor antigen did not lead to suppression in the presence of TNP-reactive suppressor cells. There is, however, some crossreaction between DNP- and TNP-haptenated alloantigens so that TNP-reactive cells and DNP-donor antigen suppressed rejection whereas DNP-reactive cells and TNP-donor antigen did not prevent graft rejection. The suppressor cells were sensitive to cyclophosphamide and radiation but were resistant to hydrocortisone. They appear to be T cells of the OX8 (suppressor/cytotoxic) phenotype since they are positive for the pan T cell antigen W3/13, are Ig negative, and do not carry the W3/25 (T helper cell) marker. However, these suppressor cells are adherent to nylon wool. They are found mainly in the spleen, are detected there within 2 d of TNBS injection, and can persist for up to 12 wk. We propose that these cells are first-order T suppressor (Ts1) cells that act in the afferent phase of the response to a renal allograft.
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HUANG, LIMEI, LAIMA LUO, XIAOYU DING, XIANG ZAN, YU HONG, JIGUI CHENG, YUCHENG WU, GUANGNAN LUO, and LIU ZHU. "PREPARATION OF ULTRAFINE W–Cu COMPOSITE POWDER USING ULTRASONIC-ASSISTED ELECTROLESS PLATING." Modern Physics Letters B 27, no. 19 (July 25, 2013): 1341004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984913410042.
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W – Cu ultrafine/nanocomposite powders have high sintering activity, so ultrafine/nanotechnology of W – Cu composite powders is one of the main methods to obtain fully dense, high-performance W – Cu composite materials. Cu -coated ultrafine W composite powders were synthesized by ultrasonic-assisted electroless plating process with non-noble metal activation pretreatment at room temperature in this paper. The growth mechanism of Cu layers and surface morphologies and composition of initial ultrafine W powders, pretreated W powders and Cu -coated W powders were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy dispersion spectrometry (EDS). The results show that the uniformly Cu coated W composite powder is successfully synthesized without conventional sensitization and activation steps by ultrasonic-assisted electroless plating at room temperature. The Cu layers on the ultrafine W powders had cell structure with dense, uniform distribution. The growth mechanism of Cu layers appears as follows: the surfaces of pretreated W powders appear linear-like and lamellar-like surface defects which act as activated sites. The reactants in the plating solution were adsorbed on catalytic activity surfaces of powders and happened oxidation–reduction reaction. The growth and aggregation mechanisms of Cu particles after nucleation are stripy Cu -cells grew up, bend, bifurcated, and aggregated, then wounding into a cellular structure, like "wrapping wool clusters" in the life. Finally, Cu cells grow up and merge into a layer.
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Ra, Jong-Bum. "Evaluation of Soil Contamination by Copper Depleted from ACQ-Treated Wood." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 43, no. 4 (July 25, 2015): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2015.43.4.504.
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McGrath, S. R., R. Behrendt, M. A. Friend, and A. D. Moore. "Utilising dual-purpose crops effectively to increase profit and manage risk in meat production systems." Animal Production Science 61, no. 11 (2021): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20495.
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Dual-purpose cropping (sowing crops with the intention of both grazing them during vegetative growth and harvesting grain thereafter) has become a widespread farming practice in southern Australia. This synopsis paper integrates research from a multi-institutional research project conducted at three nodes located near Hamilton (south-western Victoria), Wagga Wagga (southern NSW) and Canberra (ACT), and sets out 11 principles for the effective utilisation of dual-purpose crops in meat production systems to increase profit and manage risk. Dual-purpose crops can be used to overcome feed quality gaps in late summer–autumn or feed quantity gaps in late autumn/winter. They provide large quantities of high-quality forages for grazing in summer, autumn and winter and can provide a substantial contribution to the annual number of grazing days on a farm. Utilisation of the high-quality dry matter provided by dual-purpose crops is most effective when directed at young growing stock for sale or future reproduction rather than reproducing adult ewes. For example, sale weight of yearlings per ewe was increased by 16% in systems at the Canberra node when dual-purpose crops were prioritised for grazing by weaners. Wool production was also increased in systems that included grazing of dual-purpose crops. Grazing crops in winter does not necessarily reduce supplementary feeding costs for winter or spring lambing. Modelling suggests that inclusion of dual-purpose crops does not substantially change the optimum time of lambing for sheep meat systems. Financial analysis of the experimental data from the Canberra node showed that although cash expenses per hectare were increased in the crop-grazing systems, the overall profitability of those systems over the life of the experiment was greater by AU$207/ha.year than that of the pasture-only system. Factors driving improved profitability included income from grain, higher income from meat and wool, and lower supplementary feeding costs. However, increasing the area sown to crop from 10% to 30% of the farm area in this Southern Tablelands system appeared to increase risk. In south-western Victoria, spring-sown canola carried risk similar to or less than other options assessed to achieve ewe-lamb mating weight. It is likely that at least part of the reduction in risk occurs through the diversification in income from the canola produced as part of the system. It was concluded that the grazing of cereal and canola crops for livestock production can be profitable and assist in managing risk.
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Lee, Jong-Shin, and Gwang-Sik Choi. "Adsorption Characteristics of Alkaline Copper Quat Preservative Components in Wood." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 42, no. 4 (July 25, 2014): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2014.42.4.491.
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Lee, Jong Shin, Kyoung Tae Kim, and Gwang Sik Choi. "Prediction of Alkaline Copper Quat (ACQ) Wood Preservative Concentration by Turbidity." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 44, no. 5 (September 25, 2016): 743–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2016.44.5.743.
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Strohm, Paul. "Trade, Treason, and the Murder of Janus Imperial." Journal of British Studies 35, no. 1 (January 1996): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386094.
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The written record begins with the discovery of a body and the supposition of an unsolved crime. “It happened,” in the laconic words of the coroner's inquest, “that a certain Janus Imperial of Genoa lay slain.” The murder had occurred the night before, on August 26, 1379, in St. Nicholas Acton Lane, before Imperial's London residence. Arriving to view the body, the coroner and sheriffs gathered a jury from among men of Langbourne and adjacent wards and set about to determine how and in what way this foreign merchant met his death.The jury's inquest was only the first step in an inquiry that would ultimately involve the mayor of London, the court of the king's bench, a second jury, the king and his council, and Parliament itself. So, too, did questions of motive and interest spool out from this seemingly random act to embrace the ambitions of London's mercantile elite, vicissitudes of royal finance, and the future and locus of the international wool trade. Starting with an apparent insufficiency of evidence, this investigation eventually found itself knee-deep in pertinent information, plausible motives, and likely suspects. Although it finally stumbled to a sort of stopping point, it never really achieved a satisfactory end.The original investigation offers suggestive analogies to the task of historical reconstruction. The would-be historian is, like the crime's contemporaries, challenged to arrange known details into a coherent narration—and, as new elements emerge, into revised renarrations. The historian's location outside the crime's own participatory pattern is one of weakness and strength.
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Lee, Hyun-Mi, Dong-Heub Lee, and Won-Joung Hwang. "Penetration of ACQ Treatment and its Effect of Degradation on Wood Tissues (Structure)." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 41, no. 6 (November 25, 2013): 576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2013.41.6.576.
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Zhang, Qing-Xun, Ye Wang, Ying Li, Shu-Yi Han, Bo Wang, Guo-Hui Yuan, Pei-Yang Zhang, et al. "Vector-Borne Pathogens with Veterinary and Public Health Significance in Melophagus ovinus (Sheep Ked) from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau." Pathogens 10, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020249.
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Melophagus ovinus (sheep ked) is a hematophagous ectoparasite that mainly parasitizes sheep. In addition to causing inflammation, wool loss, and skin damage to the animal hosts, M. ovinus also serves as a vector for a variety of pathogens and is highly likely to participate in the life and transmission cycle of pathogenic organisms. Herein, we investigated the presence and molecular characterization of vector-borne pathogens in M. ovinus from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. A total of 92 M. ovinus pools collected from the Qinghai province of China were screened for the presence of selected vector-borne pathogens. The overall positive rate of A. ovis, A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum, and T. ovis in M. ovinus was 39.1%, 17.4%, 9.8%, and 89.1%, respectively. All of the samples were negative for Border disease virus (BDV), other Anaplasma species, Babesia spp., Rickettsia spp., and Borrelia spp. Co-infection of different Anaplasma species and T. ovis occurred in 51.2% of all samples with T. ovis. The positive rates of A. ovis, A. bovis, and A. phagocytophilum in different regions and altitudes of the sampling sites were significantly different. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of target genes confirmed their identity with corresponding pathogens. Our results elucidate the occurrence and molecular characterization of Anaplasma spp. and Theileria spp. in M. ovinus, which could act as potential zoonotic reservoirs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the detection of A. bovis and A. phagocytophilum DNA in M. ovinus. This study gives the first extensive molecular survey of vector-borne pathogens with veterinary and public health significance in M. ovinus from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China.
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McGrath, Shawn R., Cesar S. Pinares-Patiño, Scott E. McDonald, Richard J. Simpson, and Andrew D. Moore. "Utilising dual-purpose crops in an Australian high-rainfall livestock production system to increase meat and wool production. 2. Production from breeding-ewe flocks." Animal Production Science 61, no. 11 (2021): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20433.
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Context The use of dual-purpose crops (for grazing and grain) has increased in the high-rainfall zone in southern Australia. Aim A systems experiment examined the impact on livestock production and supplementary feeding when dual-purpose crops were incorporated into a production system based on Merino ewes producing yearling lambs for sale. Methods The experimental site near Canberra, ACT, was subdivided into nine experimental units (‘farmlets’) with three replicate farmlets for each of three production-system treatments. Each farmlet was managed as a self-contained unit with six Merino ewes and their progeny during 2013–16 (4 years). Ewes were joined in February, lambed in July and shorn in spring; the original cohort of ewes (born 2009) was replaced by a new cohort (born 2012) at the midpoint of the experiment. Six weaners were retained after weaning in each farmlet and sold as yearlings. Control farmlets were sown to pasture based on phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and comprised sub-paddocks to allow rotational grazing. Farmlets in treatments that included dual-purpose crops comprised six sub-paddocks (0.231 ha), with two sown to permanent pasture, and four supporting a rotation of pasture–pasture–dual-purpose canola (Brassica napus L.)–dual-purpose wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In one of the crop–pasture production system treatments, crop-grazing was prioritised for ewes (ECG treatment); in the other, crop-grazing was prioritised for their progeny weaners (WCG treatment). Key results Greasy fleece weight from ECG (5.3 kg) and WCG (5.1 kg) ewes was higher (P < 0.001) than from control ewes (4.7 kg) averaged over the 4 years. The final sale weight of yearling weaners from the WCG system (44.3 kg) was higher (P < 0.001) than from the control (39.2 kg) or ECG (39.1 kg) systems when averaged over the 4 years. The benefit was predominantly due to greater weight gain during the period when weaners grazed the crop during late autumn and winter. Sale weight of lamb per hectare was higher (P = 0.003) in the WCG treatment (216 kg) compared with the ECG treatment (186 kg) when averaged over the 4 years of the experiment but did not differ (P > 0.05) to the control (201 kg). Meat production over the 4 years was higher (P < 0.001) in the WCG system (226 kg/ha) than other treatments when weight gain from wethers in 2014 was included. The impact of including dual-purpose crops on supplementary feeding was variable and depended on seasonal conditions. Conclusions Incorporation of dual-purpose crops into the high-rainfall production system can increase meat and wool production, with the highest meat production being obtained when crop grazing was prioritised for young carry-over livestock. Implications Prioritising dual-purpose crops for young growing livestock can increase meat production from the system while allowing other livestock classes (wethers or ewes) to graze the crops in better seasons when there was excess forage that would otherwise have been under-utilised.
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Begum, Anjum. "Comparative study of anti-inflammatory property of calcium channel blocker and aspirin in albino rats." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 8, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20185157.
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Background: Calcium channel blockers are being used in the treatment of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cardiac arrhythmias etc. They act by blocking the slow calcium channels. Influx of calcium is an essential step in the release of histamine and 5HT from mast cells and in the synthesis and release of prostaglandins. They are the main mediators in the process of inflammation. The aim of the present study was to compare anti-inflammatory properties of calcium channel blockers and aspirin in albino rats.Methods: Present study was prospective intervention study carried out to compare anti-inflammatory properties of calcium channel blockers and aspirin in albino rats. Total 30 albino rats were used, and they were divided into 5 groups of 6 each. First group of rats was control group where normal saline was used. Second group was standard group where aspirin was used. Remaining three groups were test groups and given nifedipine, amlodipine and diltiazem respectively. Effects were observed and compared between the groups.Results: In carrageenan method, the anti-inflammatory response of Aspirin was significantly higher. Nifedipine response was <aspirin but >diltiazem. The response of amlodipine was not significantly > that of control percent inhibition. In histamine method, the anti-inflammatory response of aspirin was significantly highest. Anti-inflammatory response of nifedipine was < aspirin but > diltiazem. Diltiazem response was < nifedipine but > amlodipine. In formaldehyde method, aspirin inhibition was highest at 96.2% followed by nifedipine (90.7%), diltiazem (75.9%) and amlodipine (3.7%). In cotton wool pellet granuloma, the mean dry granuloma weight was least for aspirin and percent anti-inflammatory activity was significantly high.Conclusions: Calcium channel blockers (nifedipine, diltiazem) have shown comparable anti-inflammatory property with that of aspirin. Further clinical studies are required for confirmation.
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Hackney, Fiona, Clare Saunders, Joanie Willett, Katie Hill, and Irene Griffin. "Stitching a sensibility for sustainable clothing: Quiet activism, affect and community agency." Journal of Arts & Communities 10, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2020): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jaac_00004_1.
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Fast fashion has become notorious for its environmental, social and psychological implications. This article reports on some of the work undertaken as part of the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC)-funded ‘S4S: Designing a sensibility for sustainable clothing’ project, which sought to combine social science and participatory arts-based research methods to explore how processes of ‘making together’ in community textiles groups might generate a new ethic, or sensibility, among consumers to equip them to make more sustainable clothing choices. The study develops a novel methodology that responds to the complex demands of participatory working. It required careful management of the combinations of methods, which included various different making workshops; wardrobe audits; interviews; films and journal keeping. The project also raises the question of using multi-modal formats, which generate rich data, but also add to the complexity, highlighting a need for multi-disciplinary teams. The article focuses on participant responses from two series of five-day workshops that explored: (1) hand-making fabrics by spinning, dyeing and weaving thread; and (2) deconstructing and reconstructing knitted garments. The embodied encounters offered in the workshops encouraged participants to reflect on the fluidity of garments, by which we mean coming to view clothing not as fixed objects but rather as open and full of potentiality for change. For example, a jumper might be unravelled and the wool used for a different piece of clothing, or a dress unpicked and the fabric used for some entirely different garment. The resultant affective responses ranged from a deeper engagement with the materialities of the clothing industry to an awareness of the amount of time incorporated in the process of making clothes as participants started to re-imagine clothing through the embodied act of re-making.
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Rubeziene, Vitalija, Julija Baltusnikaite-Guzaitiene, Ausra Abraitiene, Audrone Sankauskaite, Paulius Ragulis, Gilda Santos, and Juana Pimenta. "Development and Investigation of PEDOT:PSS Composition Coated Fabrics Intended for Microwave Shielding and Absorption." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 1191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081191.
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This study presents the investigation of the electromagnetic properties and resistance performance of electrically conductive fabrics coated with composition containing the conjugated polymer system poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The developed fabrics were intended for electromagnetic radiation (EMR) shielding in microwave range and for absorbing microwaves in radar operating range, so as to act as radar absorbing materials (RAM). The measurements of reflection and transmission of the developed fabrics were performed in a frequency range of 2–18 GHz, which covers the defined frequencies relevant to the application. Four types of fabrics with different fiber composition (polyamide; polyamide/cotton; wool and para-aramid/viscose) were selected and coated with conductive paste using screen printing method. It was found that EMR shielding effectiveness (SE) as well as absorption properties depend not only the amount of conductive paste topped on the fabric, but also resides in the construction parameters of fabrics. Depending on such fabric structural parameters as density, mass per unit area, type of weave, a layer of shield (or coating) just sticks on the fabric surface or penetrates into fabric, changing the shield thickness and herewith turning SE results. Meanwhile, the fiber composition of fabrics influences mostly bonding between fibers and polymer coating. To improve the resistance performance of the developed samples, a conventional textile surface modification technique, atmospheric plasma treatment, was applied. Initially, before plasma treatment and after treatment the fabrics were evaluated regarding an aqueous liquid repellency test, measuring the contact angles for the water solvent. The influence of plasma treatment on resistance performance of coated fabrics was evaluated by subjecting the plasma treated samples and untreated samples to abrasion in the Martindale abrasion apparatus and to multiplex washing cycles. These investigations revealed that applied plasma treatment visibly improved abrasion resistance as a result of better adhesion of the coating. However, washing resistance increased not so considerably.
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El-Salem, Rugaia M. A., Abdulhafeez Khan, and Eman Z. Younis. "Cystic Echinococcosis in Slaughtered Animals in Libya: A Review." Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences 20, no. 1 (May 18, 2021): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.51984/jopas.v20i1.1239.
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Unilocular Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), in livestock is caused by the larval cystic stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Hydatid cysts in domestic animals lead to protein and economic losses, because of the condemnation of slaughtered animals infected viscera as well as reducing the quality and quantity of the livestock other productions such as milk, wool and meat. In Libya, hydatid disease infects a wide range of domestic animals (sheep, goats, cattle and camels) act as intermediate hosts E. granulosus. Prevalence of cystic hydatidosis based on available abattoirs data in livestock is hyper endemic in Libya and infection rates in all domestic slaughtered animals reached almost 50%. Many abattoir investigations in Libya have revealed that hydatid cyst is a disease, which infect a wide range of animal species with variable rates of infection, for example, sheep (1.6 to 40%), goats (5.6 to 70%), cattle (2.7 to 56%) and camels (2.7 to 48%) in different cities of Libya. Population of stray dogs and its worm burden infection of E. granulosus, socio-economic development, socio- economic agricultural practices, common traditional animal husbandry practices and the practices of slaughtering of domesticated animals continued the transmission of cystic hydatidosis in the various cities of Libya. Importance of echinococcosis given on human health and domestic animals industry, it is necessary to implement monitoring and control measures in this regard in Libya. This requires public health education and awareness about the dangers of the disease and its transmission and preventive routes, education on the appropriate ways of washing and disinfecting of vegetables and fruits, education on the correct ways of animal slaughtering, prevention on feeding dogs by viscera of home-slaughtered animals, prevention on direct contact by dogs faeces, enforce legislation on meat inspection and improve veterinary services in both government as well as private abattoirs in Libya.
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Kim, Min-Ji, Yong-Seok Choi, and Gyu-Hyeok Kim. "Evaluation of Pretreatment Moisture Content and Fixation Characteristics of Treated Wood for Pressure Treatment of Yellow Poplar Skin Timber with ACQ, CUAZ and CuHDO." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 43, no. 6 (November 25, 2015): 810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2015.43.6.810.
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Choi, Yong-Seok, Se-Min Oh, and Gyu-Hyeok Kim. "Evaluation of Pretreatment Moisture Content and Fixation Characteristics of Treated Wood for Pressure Treatment of Japanese Red Pine and Japanese Larch Skin Timber with ACQ, CUAZ and CuHDO." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 39, no. 6 (November 25, 2011): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2011.39.6.481.
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Bridegam, Patrick, and Ivan Eastin. "The effects of the 2008 Lacey Act amendment on international trade in forest products." Forestry Chronicle 90, no. 05 (October 2014): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2014-129.
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Despite international efforts, illegal logging continues on a scale that is of global concern, with significant volumes of illegally harvested wood entering into international trade flows. Recently, major importers of forest products have implemented timber legality legislation prohibiting the possession and/or importation of wood and wood products that are of illegal origin. Drawing on bilateral trade data and using a quantitative, regression-based comparative case study methodology, the effects of the 2008 Lacey Act amendment on the international trade of forest products were evaluated. A data-driven method was used to create aggregate control groups for comparisons with countries affected by the policy. If the policy has been effective in reducing the volume of illegally harvested forest products being imported into the U.S., we would expect to see some unique differences in post-policy U.S. imports of wood and wood products from areas with high levels of suspicious wood in their supplies. Results from these analyses show few substantial differences in post-policy imports of wood products of suspicious origins into the U.S. However, the results suggest that the policy may be affecting wood imports by major exporters of finished wood products to the U.S.
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Kumar, A., J. S. Mehta, A. Kumar, and G. N. Purohit. "107 Administration of antioxidants improves serum total antioxidant capacity, testosterone, and seminal quality of Magra rams." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab107.
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Oxidative stress is one of the most important factors responsible for poor quality of semen, and it is defined as an imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS, including hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, and hydrogen peroxide) and antioxidant capacity of semen. Antioxidants act as a powerful defence system against ROS attack in sperm cells by decreasing oxidative stress and they improve semen quality, which could be useful in the management of male infertility. Magra is a dual-purpose (wool and meat) hardy sheep breed that originated in the eastern and southern parts of the Bikaner district of Rajasthan, India. The present study evaluated the effects of the administration of vitamin E with selenium or vitamin C on serum antioxidants, testosterone, and seminal quality of Magra rams. Twenty-one Magra rams, aged between 1.5 and 2.5 years, were randomly assigned to treatment at weekly intervals with administration of either 1mL of vitamin E (tocopherol, 50mg mL−1) and selenium (1.5mg sodium selenite; n=7; VES), 8mL of vitamin C (250mg mL−1 sodium ascorbate; n=7; VC), or 1mL of saline (n=7; control) subcutaneously for 5 consecutive weeks. After the fourth week, semen and blood were collected twice a week for 5 consecutive weeks and assayed for seminal quality parameters, serum testosterone, and serum antioxidants. Data obtained were analysed statistically using te SPSS software (version 25.0; IBM Corp.). Mean values were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test. The semen parameters sperm motility, sperm concentration, live sperm percentage, and% HOST (hypo-osmotic swelling test)-positive sperm were significantly elevated, whereas reaction time and percentage of abnormal sperm were lower in both the treated groups compared with controls (P<0.05). Seminal pH declined significantly in the VES group (P<0.05), whereas it was not different between the VC and control groups of rams (P>0.05). Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity concentrations were higher in serum and seminal plasma of treated rams (P<0.05). Serum testosterone concentrations were significantly elevated in VES and VC groups (P<0.05). We concluded that the administration of vitamin E and selenium or vitamin C improves the serum testosterone production and seminal quality of rams.
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Kumar, A., J. S. Mehta, A. Kumar, and G. N. Purohit. "107 Administration of antioxidants improves serum total antioxidant capacity, testosterone, and seminal quality of Magra rams." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab107.
Full textAbstract:
Oxidative stress is one of the most important factors responsible for poor quality of semen, and it is defined as an imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS, including hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, and hydrogen peroxide) and antioxidant capacity of semen. Antioxidants act as a powerful defence system against ROS attack in sperm cells by decreasing oxidative stress and they improve semen quality, which could be useful in the management of male infertility. Magra is a dual-purpose (wool and meat) hardy sheep breed that originated in the eastern and southern parts of the Bikaner district of Rajasthan, India. The present study evaluated the effects of the administration of vitamin E with selenium or vitamin C on serum antioxidants, testosterone, and seminal quality of Magra rams. Twenty-one Magra rams, aged between 1.5 and 2.5 years, were randomly assigned to treatment at weekly intervals with administration of either 1mL of vitamin E (tocopherol, 50mg mL−1) and selenium (1.5mg sodium selenite; n=7; VES), 8mL of vitamin C (250mg mL−1 sodium ascorbate; n=7; VC), or 1mL of saline (n=7; control) subcutaneously for 5 consecutive weeks. After the fourth week, semen and blood were collected twice a week for 5 consecutive weeks and assayed for seminal quality parameters, serum testosterone, and serum antioxidants. Data obtained were analysed statistically using te SPSS software (version 25.0; IBM Corp.). Mean values were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test. The semen parameters sperm motility, sperm concentration, live sperm percentage, and% HOST (hypo-osmotic swelling test)-positive sperm were significantly elevated, whereas reaction time and percentage of abnormal sperm were lower in both the treated groups compared with controls (P<0.05). Seminal pH declined significantly in the VES group (P<0.05), whereas it was not different between the VC and control groups of rams (P>0.05). Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity concentrations were higher in serum and seminal plasma of treated rams (P<0.05). Serum testosterone concentrations were significantly elevated in VES and VC groups (P<0.05). We concluded that the administration of vitamin E and selenium or vitamin C improves the serum testosterone production and seminal quality of rams.
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Ashford, Chris. "Jenny Watson and Michael Woolf, Human Rights Act toolkit." Law Teacher 43, no. 3 (November 27, 2009): 325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03069400903371908.
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Lu, Ziyi, Indroneil Ganguly, and Ivan Eastin. "Changes in Chinese wood-based exports to the U.S.: Post Lacey Act amendment." Forestry Chronicle 90, no. 05 (October 2014): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2014-131.
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The recent adoption of timber legality legislation in the U.S. (the Lacey Act 2008 amendment) requiring timber imports be sourced from legally harvested wood could have profound impacts on China's re-exports of manufactured wood products to the U.S. This study examines empirically how Chinese wood manufacturers’ sales to the U.S. have changed in response to the Lacey Act. A sample of 225 Chinese wood manufacturers was drawn from two trade shows in Shanghai, China in 2013. The results reveal that Chinese companies’ awareness of the Lacey Act has played an important role in their decision to export to the U.S. over the last five years. The companies who are less familiar with the Lacey Act tend to withdraw from the U.S. market and focus on domestic market. Also the smaller Chinese companies were more likely to withdraw from the U.S. market in the aftermath of the Lacey Act as compared to their larger counterparts. Finally, the Chinese companies that have increased their imports of raw materials from the U.S. were found to have increased their sales to the U.S. market over the last five years.
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Kiyak, Emine Kara. "A New Nonpharmacological Method in Fibromyalgia: The Use of Wool." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 15, no. 4 (April 2009): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0456.
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Masterman, Roger. "Human Rights Act Toolkit20041Jenny Watson and Mitchell Woolf. Human Rights Act Toolkit. Legal Action Group, 2003." International Journal of Public Sector Management 17, no. 4 (June 2004): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513550410539848.
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Terregino, Carol A., Archana Pradhan, Joyce Afran, Meigra M. Chin, H. Liesel Copeland, Robert Lebeau, Diana Glendinning, Siobhan A. Corbett, Sarang Kim, and Paul F. Weber. "Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School." Academic Medicine 95, no. 9S (September 2020): S322—S326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000003436.
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Barsano, Charles P., Zafar Iqbal, Gordon L. Pullen, B. Elena Muñoz, and Sant P. Singh. "Tissue-specific differences in the compartmentalization of rat nuclear triiodothyronine receptors." Acta Endocrinologica 122, no. 2 (February 1990): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1220181.
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Abstract In addition to the recognized rat liver nuclear T3 receptor extractable with hypertonic salt, recent studies have described nucleoplasmic receptors extractable with isotonic KCl and salt-resistant receptors localized to the nuclear matrix. A method was developed for the determination of intra-nuclear receptor distribution 1in small samples of nuclei dispersed within glass wool matrices. After in vitro labelling with 6 nmol/l [125I]T3, dispersed nuclei were sequentially extracted with 0.15 mol/l KCl (yielding nucleoplasmic receptors), 0.4 mol/l KCl, and 2 mol/l KCl (the latter two concentrations yelding hypertonic salt-extractable receptors). The salt-resistant receptors were retained within the glass wool columns. The intra-nuclear distribution of in vivo labelled receptors was very similar to that obtained by in vitro labelling. The equilibrium association constants for L-T3 binding among the receptor pools ranged from 0.6 × 109 to 1.0 × 109 l/mol. The distribution of total nuclear receptors within each nuclear compartment was (percentage of nucleoplasmic, hypertonic salt-extractable, and salt-resistant receptors): Cerebrum: 23.6, 52.2, 24.2; Liver: 25.2, 57.2, 17.5; Kidney: 45.9, 33.5, 20.6; Testis: 65.5, 14.7, 19.7; and Spleen: 66.7, 18.7, 14.6. The rank order of percentage of hypertonic salt-extractable receptors approximates the rank order of thyroid hormone-responsiveness by traditional criteria. The inverse is true for the percentage of nucleoplasmic receptors. The percentage of salt-resistant receptors was very similar in all of the tissues.
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Wurtz, Tricia L., and Anthony F. Gasbarro. "A brief history of wood use and forest management in Alaska." Forestry Chronicle 72, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc72047-1.
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The Native peoples of Alaska used wood for fuel, for the construction of shelters, and for a variety of implements. Explorers, fur traders, gold miners, and settlers also relied on Alaska's forest resource. The early 20th century saw the creation of the Tongass and Chugach National Forests in coastal Alaska, where large-scale harvesting began shortly after World War II. By 1955, two 50-year contracts had been signed, committing 13 billion board feet of sawlogs and pulpwood. The commercial forest land base in Alaska has been dramatically reduced by a variety of legislative acts, including the Statehood Act of 1959 and the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980. Key words: forest history, Alaska, aboriginal use of forests, fuelwood, stemwheeled riverboats, gold mining, land classification, National Forests, Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
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Furtak, K. "Assessment of Shear Stresses from Shrinkage and Thermal Deformation in Wood-Concrete Bridge Beams." Archives of Civil Engineering 65, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0045.
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AbstractThe aim of the paper is to assess the values of shear (delaminating) stress in the composition plane between the concrete (RC) deck slab and wood girder from concrete shrinkage, and shrinkage and swelling of wood, as well as difference in temperature between the wood web and concrete slab.
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Obara, P. "Verification of Orthotropic Model of Wood." Archives of Civil Engineering 64, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0027.
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AbstractThe paper is dedicated to the discussion of elastic coefficients of wood. Parameters for wood presented in the literature are critically evaluated and discussed. The orthotropic mathematical model, with nine different elastic parameters, is one of the most often used models of wood. However, mathematical limitations on these parameters for the correct model are not well known. Based on these limitations, the verification of orthotropic elastic parameters for different species of wood is presented. The analysis shows that the published data are often unclear and sometimes wrong. The attempt to relate experimental results to the mean values specified in the standards is the second aspect considered in this paper. The designer, a user of these standards, should have clear information that the given parameters are specified for specific mathematical model and species of wood. This paper attempts to propose such a classification.
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Maguire, James H. "Selected One-Act Plays of Horton Foote ed. by Gerald C. Wood." Western American Literature 24, no. 4 (1990): 372–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wal.1990.0025.
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Prapruddivongs, Chana, and Narongrit Sombatsompop. "Effect of Wood Flour on Structural and Thermal Properties and Antibacterial Activity of PLA Filled with Triclosan." Advanced Materials Research 410 (November 2011): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.410.67.
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Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) were compounded with wood flour and triclosan. The wood/PLA composites were then characterized using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and the antibacterial activity was also assessed via plate count agar (PCA) under a wide range of contact times using Escherichia coli (E.coli) as the testing bacteria. The characterization results suggested that the addition of wood flour produced two melting peaks behaviour which resulted in an enlargement of degree of crystallinity (Xc) in the wood/PLA composites. These two metling peaks were probably related with re-crystallization of the PLA by the presence of wood. The antibacterial efficiency of triclosan/PLA was improved considerably by the presence of wood flour, suggesting that the wood particles could act as “anti-bacterial promoter” for the PLA.
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Duwadi, Sheila Rimal, Michael A. Ritter, and Edward Cesa. "Wood in Transportation Program: An Overview." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1696, no. 1 (January 2000): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1696-32.
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Research and demonstration bridge projects to further develop wood for transportation structures increased substantially in the United States in 1988 under a legislative action by the U.S. Congress known as the Timber Bridge Initiative. This program, renamed the Wood in Transportation Program, continues today and is administered by the Forest Service. FHWA became involved in timber bridge research in 1990. The FHWA program increased substantially under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). From 1992 to 1997, ISTEA authorized significant funding for timber bridge research, technology transfer, and demonstration bridges. The current transportation authorization, the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st century, does not contain a program for timber bridges similar to that of ISTEA; however, there are provisions under the fiscal year 1999 Transportation Appropriations Bill for advancing engineered wood and composites technology through research and demonstration projects to further develop the use of wood for transportation structures. As a result of these combined efforts, a large number of research projects have been initiated, and a number of demonstration bridges have been built under both programs. An overview of the research and the demonstration timber bridge programs is provided here.
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Zisi, Angeliki. "Forest Wood through the Eyes of a Cultural Conservator." Forests 12, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081001.
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If prehistoric and historical time were placed into the time span of the existence of our universe, then the act of archaeology could be defined as the act of digging up what was only buried yesterday. So, conservation is about preserving a moment that has just become past time, yet significant. It is a moment of human creativity and ingenuity. It is not strange that forest wood has become the material to convey such moments. Forest wood is a living, everlasting source growing without human intervention, within reach, easy to use and shape thinking both great and small. It does not have to be a wooden ship; it can be a mere piece of charcoal. For it is what surrounded humans in the past which archaeologists seek and use to weave human history, and what conservators bring back to context by reviving it. This work presents forest wood as an artefact and its preservation challenges as such. It touches on its natural degradation processes through burial, compromised properties and eventual conservation. Both dry and waterlogged wood are included. The overarching aim of this paper is to pay tribute, preserve and inspire the long-standing, open dialog and fruitful collaboration between cultural conservators and forest and wood scientists.
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Ward, Carolyn Widner, and Joseph Roggenbuck. "Understanding Park Visitors’ Response to Interventions to Reduce Petrified Wood Theft." Journal of Interpretation Research 8, no. 1 (April 2003): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109258720300800106.
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This study examined why theft of petrified wood at Petrified Forest National Park occurred and how designed interventions worked to inhibit the performance of that behavior. This evaluation was based on semi-structured interviews with observed thieves and non-thieves. Subjective responses revealed that theft was not a thoughtless act, but instead occurred because thieves rationalized that their particular act of theft was acceptable. The primary rationalization given by thieves was that their piece of stolen wood was so small that taking it would not hurt anything. It appeared as though anti-theft messages were received by all of those interviewed, but that thieves only applied these messages to the larger pieces of wood. In addition, most thieves did not view taking a little chip as stealing. There was not one primary message from the interventions processed by respondents, but instead many different messages were received and may have been impacting behavior.
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Morgan, Jonathan. "TUMULTUOUS CONTROVERSY: POLICE LIABILITY FOR RIOTING." Cambridge Law Journal 74, no. 3 (October 30, 2015): 398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197315000811.
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THE Riot (Damages) Act 1886 rarely looms large in the legal imagination. It is brief and apparently straightforward. Section 2(1) of the Act obliges police authorities to compensate owners whose property has been damaged by “persons riotously and tumultuously assembled together” in their area. There is, notably, no requirement to show that the police were at fault. Two appellate cases on the Act arose from disturbances at the Yarl's Wood detention centre in 2002 (see D.J. Feldman [2010] C.L.J. 433). The London (and nationwide) riots of 2011 have occasioned further consideration.
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Brown, Bill. "The Dark Wood of Postmodernity (Space, Faith, Allegory)." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 120, no. 3 (May 2005): 734–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081205x63831.
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As a way of restaging certain questions about postmodernity (is it marked by rupture or repetition, or is it all illusory?), this essay imagines Fredric Jameson's iconic disorientation at the Bonaventure Hotel as a reenactment of Dante's crisis in the selva oscura. That imaginative act allows one to see how a nonmodern measure makes postmodernism visible (the concept of “cognitive mapping,” for instance, derives from Kevin Lynch's appreciation of the urban fabric of Florence). And it allows one to perceive how Jameson's response to our contemporary condition assumes a Dantean cast, becoming an incorporative act of totalizing, manifest stylistically and conceptually, that deploys allegory to trans-code phenomena into the terms of the dominant system. To what degree does the internalization of such a hermeneutic enterprise (a medieval Christian legacy) render religion as such imperceptible, compelling us to perceive acts committed in the name of Islam as merely a displacement of (proper) politics?
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Mikkonen, Kirsi S. "Strategies for structuring diverse emulsion systems by using wood lignocellulose-derived stabilizers." Green Chemistry 22, no. 4 (2020): 1019–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc04457d.
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Wood cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses are abundant bioresources that can be valorized as sustainable emulsion stabilizers. The lignocellulose-derived stabilizers may act as surface-active compounds, Pickering particles, or viscosity enhancers.
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Bruns, E. A., M. Krapf, J. Orasche, Y. Huang, R. Zimmermann, L. Drinovec, G. Močnik, et al. "Characterization of primary and secondary wood combustion products generated under different burner loads." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 5 (March 12, 2015): 2825–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2825-2015.
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Abstract. Residential wood burning contributes to the total atmospheric aerosol burden; however, large uncertainties remain in the magnitude and characteristics of wood burning products. Primary emissions are influenced by a variety of parameters, including appliance type, burner wood load and wood type. In addition to directly emitted particles, previous laboratory studies have shown that oxidation of gas-phase emissions produces compounds with sufficiently low volatility to readily partition to the particles, forming considerable quantities of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). However, relatively little is known about wood burning SOA, and the effects of burn parameters on SOA formation and composition are yet to be determined. There is clearly a need for further study of primary and secondary wood combustion aerosols to advance our knowledge of atmospheric aerosols and their impacts on health, air quality and climate. For the first time, smog chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of wood loading on both primary and secondary wood combustion products. Products were characterized using a range of particle- and gas-phase instrumentation, including an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). A novel approach for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) quantification from AMS data was developed and results were compared to those from GC-MS analysis of filter samples. Similar total particle mass emission factors were observed under high and average wood loadings; however, high fuel loadings were found to generate significantly higher contributions of PAHs to the total organic aerosol (OA) mass compared to average loadings. PAHs contributed 15 ± 4% (mean ±2 sample standard deviations) to the total OA mass in high-load experiments, compared to 4 ± 1% in average-load experiments. With aging, total OA concentrations increased by a factor of 3 ± 1 for high load experiments compared to 1.6 ± 0.4 for average-load experiments. In the AMS, an increase in PAH and aromatic signature ions at lower m / z values, likely fragments from larger functionalized PAHs, was observed with aging. Filter samples also showed an increase in functionalized PAHs in the particles with aging, particularly oxidized naphthalene species. As PAHs and their oxidation products are known to have deleterious effects on health, this is a noteworthy finding to aid in the mitigation of negative wood burning impacts by improving burner operation protocols.
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Saurer, M., A. S. H. Prévôt, J. Dommen, J. Sandradewi, U. Baltensperger, and R. T. W. Siegwolf. "The influence of traffic and wood combustion on the stable isotopic composition of carbon monoxide." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 9 (May 15, 2009): 3147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3147-2009.
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Abstract. Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere is originating from various combustion and oxidation processes. Recently, the proportion of CO resulting from the combustion of wood for domestic heating may have increased due to political measures promoting this renewable energy source. Here, we used the stable isotope composition of CO (δ13C and δ18O) for the characterization of different CO sources in Switzerland, along with other indicators for traffic and wood combustion (NOx-concentration, aerosol light absorption at different wavelengths). We assessed diurnal variations of the isotopic composition of CO at 3 sites during winter: a village site dominated by domestic heating, a site close to a motorway and a rural site. The isotope ratios of wood combustion emissions were studied at a test facility, indicating significantly lower δ18O of CO from wood combustion compared to traffic emissions. At the village and the motorway site, we observed very pronounced diurnal δ18O-variations of CO with an amplitude of up to 8‰. Solving the isotope mass balance equation for three distinct sources (wood combustion, traffic, clean background air) resulted in diurnal patterns consistent with other indicators for wood burning and traffic. The average night-time contribution of wood-burning to total CO was 70% at the village site, 49% at the motorway site and 29% at the rural site based on the isotope mass balance. The results, however, depend strongly on the pure source isotope values, which are not very well known. We therefore additionally applied a combined CO/NOx-isotope model for verification. Here, we separated the CO emissions into different sources based on distinct CO/NOx emissions ratios for wood combustion and traffic, and inserted this information in the isotope mass balance equation. Accordingly, a highly significant agreement between measured and calculated δ18O-values of CO was found (r=0.67, p<0.001). While different proxies for wood combustion all have their uncertainties, our results indicate that the oxygen isotope ratio of CO (but not the carbon isotope ratio) is an independent sensitive tool for source attribution studies.
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Elsasser, M., M. Crippa, J. Orasche, P. F. DeCarlo, M. Oster, M. Pitz, J. Cyrys, et al. "Organic molecular markers and signature from wood combustion particles in winter ambient aerosols: aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and high time-resolved GC-MS measurements in Augsburg, Germany." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 14 (July 16, 2012): 6113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6113-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The impact of wood combustion on ambient aerosols was investigated in Augsburg, Germany during a winter measurement campaign of a six-week period. Special attention was paid to the high time resolution observations of wood combustion with different mass spectrometric methods. Here we present and compare the results from an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and gas chromatographic – mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysed PM1 filters on an hourly basis. This includes source apportionment of the AMS derived organic matter (OM) using positive matrix factorisation (PMF) and analysis of levoglucosan as wood combustion marker, respectively. During the measurement period nitrate and OM mass are the main contributors to the defined submicron particle mass of AMS and Aethalometer with 28% and 35%, respectively. Wood combustion organic aerosol (WCOA) contributes to OM with 23% on average and 27% in the evening and night time. Conclusively, wood combustion has a strong influence on the organic matter and overall aerosol composition. Levoglucosan accounts for 14% of WCOA mass with a higher percentage in comparison to other studies. The ratio between the mass of levoglucosan and organic carbon amounts to 0.06. This study is unique in that it provides a one-hour time resolution comparison between the wood combustion results of the AMS and the GC-MS analysed filter method at a PM1 particle size range. The comparison of the concentration variation with time of the PMF WCOA factor, levoglucosan estimated by the AMS data and the levoglucosan measured by GC-MS is highly correlated (R2 = 0.84), and a detailed discussion on the contributors to the wood combustion marker ion at mass-to-charge ratio 60 is given. At the end, both estimations, the WCOA factor and the levoglucosan concentration estimated by AMS data, allow to observe the variation with time of wood combustion emissions (gradient correlation with GC-MS levoglucosan of R2 = 0.84). In the case of WCOA, it provides the estimated magnitude of wood combustion emission. Quantitative estimation of the levoglucosan concentration from the AMS data is problematic due to its overestimation in comparison to the levoglucosan measured by the GC-MS.
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Nakano, T. "Effects of Cell Structure on Water Sorption for Wood." Holzforschung 57, no. 2 (February 27, 2003): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2003.031.
Full textAbstract:
Summary Contributions of the cell structure of wood to water sorption were examined using the chemical potential change induced by restrained swelling. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that this potential was proportional to the product of moisture content and the bulk modulus of the restraining region in the wood. The modulus of the restricting region, which was calculated from isotherm curves of wood powder and block samples by using the thermodynamically derived relationship, was near that obtained from the swelling strain and stress in the cross section for whole wood. These results demonstrated that S1 and S3 layers in the cell wall, where thin crystal threads called microfibrils are wound helically in the circumference, act to resist swelling so that the isotherm curve of the block sample was lower than that of wood powder.