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Journal articles on the topic 'Woolly mammoth'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Shoshani, Jeheskel, Jerold M. Lowenstein, Daniel A. Walz, and Morris Goodman. "Proboscidean origins of mastodon and woolly mammoth demonstrated immunologically." Paleobiology 11, no. 4 (1985): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300011714.

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Immunologically reactive protein substances were extracted from bone samples of an American mastodon (Mammut americanum), 10,200 yr old by radiocarbon dating, and from muscle samples of three woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius), 10,000, 40,000 and 53,000 yr old, respectively. The mastodon samples contained significant quantities of the amino acids hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline, both of which are usually found in collagens and not in albumins. Using these products and other comparable extracts, as well as sera and purified collagens from modern elephants and other living mammals, as test antigens, immunological comparisons were carried out with the following antisera: rabbit anti-mastodon bone; chicken anti-mammoth muscle; chicken anti-elephant muscle; rabbit anti-elephant albumin and rabbit anti-elephant collagen, as well as with rabbit antisera to purified albumins and collagens of other mammals. For the first time, mastodon bone was found to have elephant-like proteins, which elicited antibodies that reacted strongly with collagen and serum proteins of extant elephants. Mammoth muscle strongly reacted with anti-elephant collagen and anti-elephant albumin, but the concentrations of the recoverable mammoth collagen and albumin decreased with increasing chronological age of the mammoth specimens. Nevertheless, in the immunological comparisons, the mammoth was closer to Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants than to the mastodon; in turn, the mastodon was closer to these elephantid species than to mammals outside the order Proboscidea.

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2

Vartanyan, Sergey L., Khikmat A. Arslanov, Juha A. Karhu, Göran Possnert, and Leopold D. Sulerzhitsky. "Collection of radiocarbon dates on the mammoths (Mammuthus Primigenius) and other genera of Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia, Russia." Quaternary Research 70, no. 1 (July 2008): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.03.005.

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AbstractWe present and discuss a full list of radiocarbon dates for woolly mammoth and other species of the Mammoth fauna available from Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia, Russia. Most of the radiocarbon dates are published here for the first time. Of the124 radiocarbon dates on mammoth bone, 106 fall between 3700 and 9000 yr ago. We believe these dates bracket the period of mammoth isolation on Wrangel Island and their ultimate extinction, which we attribute to natural causes. The absence of dates between 9–12 ka probably indicates a period when mammoths were absent from Wrangel Island. Long bone dimensions of Holocene mammoths from Wrangel Island indicate that these animals were comparable in size to those on the mainland; although they were not large animals, neither can they be classified as dwarfs. Occurrence of mammoth Holocene refugia on the mainland is suggested. Based on other species of the Mammoth fauna that have also been radiocarbon on Wrangel Island, including horse, bison, musk ox and woolly rhinoceros, it appears that the mammoth was the only species of that fauna that inhabited Wrangel Island in the mid-Holocene.

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3

Andreeva, M. V., I. S. Pavlov, L. N. Vladimirov, A. V. Protopopov, G. N. Machakhtyrov, and V. A. Machakhtyrova. "Paleoparasitological studies of the woolly mammoth (<i>Mammutus primigenus</i> (Blumenbach, 1799))." Arctic and Subarctic Natural Resources 29, no. 2 (June 29, 2024): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31242/2618-9712-2024-29-2-259-267.

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Mammoth fauna found in the permafrost in Yakutia are usually well-preserved, with up to 90% of unique discoveries, including those with soft tissues and fossil animals with intact biological fluids. Despite the exceptional preservationconditions in the deep permafrost, the remains of woolly mammoth have not been used in paleoparasitological research. This article introduces the initial findings of a paleoparasitological investigation conducted on thawed samples obtained from a woolly mammoth. The research material consisted of the gastrointestinal contents of a woolly mammoth found in the Bulunsky district on the Bykovsky Peninsula in 2022. The mammoth’s remains were discovered in permafrost and were consistently frozen until sampling, maintaining their shape well. Traditional helminthological methods, such as native smear and the Fulleborn method, were used. For the first time, eggs and larvae of helminths from the Nematoda class, including the Ascaris eggs from the Ascaridata suborder, family Ascarididae Baird, 1853 were identified in frozen-thawed samples of the woolly mammoth. A total of 13 eggs were found, showcasing excellent preservation that allowed for visualization of eggs at various developmental stages and measurement of eggshell size and thickness. The diameter of the Ascaris eggs from the woolly mammoth (Mammutus primigenus (Blumenbach, 1799)) was 73.25 ± 1.47 microns, with a shell thickness of 4.10 ± 0.20 microns. Additionally, four varieties of whole larvae and larvae fragments of the Nemathelminthes type within the Nematoda class were identified for the first time. These discoveries contribute to our knowledge of ancient fossil animals parasites and require further exploration.

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4

Chernova, O. F., I. V. Kirillova, G. G. Boeskorov, F. K. Shidlovskiy, and M. R. Kabilov. "Architectonics of the hairs of the woolly mammoth and woolly rhino." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 319, no. 3 (September 25, 2015): 441–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2015.319.3.441.

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SEM studies of hairs of two individuals of the woolly rhinoceros (rhino) Coelodonta antiquitatis and six individuals of the woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius, and hairs of matted wool (“wads”) of a possible woolly mammoth and/or woolly rhinoceros (X-probe) showed that coloration and differentiation of the hair, hair shaft shape, cuticle ornament and cortical structure are similar in both species and in the X-probe. The cortex has numerous longitudinal slits, which some authors misinterpret as medullae. In both species, the medulla is degenerative and does not affect the insulation properties of the hairs. Nevertheless its architectonics, occasionally discernible in thick hairs, is a major diagnostic for identification of these species. The hair structure of rhino is similar to that of the vibrissae of some predatory small mammals and suggests increased resilience. The X-probe contained numerous the woolly mammoth hairs, a few hairs of the woolly rhino and ancient bison Bison spp. The morphological identification of these mammals hairs is confirmed by genomic sequencing. The multi-layered long fur (not the architectonic of hairs) was a major adaptation of the woolly mammoth and woolly rhino to a cold climate.

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5

Orlova, Lyobov A., Vasily N. Zenin, Anthony J. Stuart, Thomas F. G. Higham, Pieter M. Grootes, Sergei V. Leshchinsky, Yaroslav V. Kuzmin, Aleksander F. Pavlov, and Evgeny N. Maschenko. "Lugovskoe, Western Siberia: A Possible Extra-Arctic Mammoth Refugium at the End of the Late Glacial." Radiocarbon 46, no. 1 (2004): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200039667.

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Eleven woolly mammoth bone samples from Lugovskoe (central West Siberian Plain, Russia) were radiocarbon dated in 3 laboratories: Institute of Geology, Novosibirsk; Oxford University, Oxford; and Christian Albrechts University, Kiel. Each laboratory used its own protocol for collagen extraction. Parallel dating was carried out on 3 samples in Novosibirsk and Oxford. Two results are in good agreement. However, there is a major discrepancy between 2 dates obtained for the third sample. The dates obtained so far on the Lugovskoe mammoths range from about 18,250 BP to about 10,210 BP. The Lugovskoe results thus far confirm the possibility of woolly mammoth survival south of Arctic Siberia in the Late Glacial after about 12,000 BP, which has important implications for interpreting the process of mammoth extinction. The site has also produced the first reliable traces of human occupation from central Western Siberia at the Late Glacial, including unique direct evidence of mammoth hunting.

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6

McGovern, Anthony. "Woolly mammoth spawns bureaucrats." Nursing Standard 8, no. 12 (December 8, 1993): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.8.12.41.s51.

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7

Robson, David. "Woolly mammoth genome sequenced." New Scientist 200, no. 2683 (November 2008): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(08)62930-9.

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8

Enk, Jacob, Alison Devault, Regis Debruyne, Christine E. King, Todd Treangen, Dennis O'Rourke, Steven L. Salzberg, Daniel Fisher, Ross MacPhee, and Hendrik Poinar. "Complete Columbian mammoth mitogenome suggests interbreeding with woolly mammoths." Genome Biology 12, no. 5 (2011): R51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2011-12-5-r51.

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9

Nadachowski, Adam, Grzegorz Lipecki, Mateusz Baca, Michał Żmihorski, and Jarosław Wilczyński. "Impact of climate and humans on the range dynamics of the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) in Europe during MIS 2." Quaternary Research 90, no. 3 (August 14, 2018): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.54.

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AbstractThe woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) was widespread in almost all of Europe during the late Pleistocene. However, its distribution changed because of population fluctuations and range expansions and reductions. During Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 2 (MIS 2), these processes were highly dynamic. Our analyses of 318 radiocarbon dates from 162 localities, obtained directly from mammoth material, confirmed important changes in mammoth range between ~28.6 and ~14.1 ka. The Greenland stadial 3 interval (27.5–23.3 ka) was the time of maximum expansion of the mammoth in Europe during MIS 2. The continuous range was soon fragmented and reduced, resulting in the disappearance of Mammuthus during the last glacial maximum from ~21.4 to ~19.2 ka in all parts of the North European Plain. It is not clear whether mammoths survived in the East European Plain. The mammoth returned to Europe soon after ~19.0 ka, and for the next 3–4 millennia played an important role in the lifeways of Epigravettian societies in eastern Europe. Mammoths became extinct in most of Europe by ~14.0 ka, except for core areas such as the far northeast of Europe, where they survived until the beginning of the Holocene. No significant correlation was found between the distribution of the mammoth in Europe and human activity.

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10

Haynes, Gary, Janis Klimowicz, and Piotr Wojtal. "A comparative study of woolly mammoths from the Gravettian site Kraków Spadzista (Poland), based on estimated shoulder heights, demography, and life conditions." Quaternary Research 90, no. 3 (August 16, 2018): 483–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.60.

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AbstractThis article interprets the life conditions of woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius) from the Upper Paleolithic archaeological site Kraków Spadzista in Poland. We propose that the mammoths’ irregular mortality profile (also known as age profile) was shaped over several decades by major death events, which serially depleted the youngest cohorts. Taphonomic data and comparisons with other Eurasian archaeological and nonarchaeological sites provide context for hypothesizing that the mammoth-bone assemblage was accumulated at least partly through opportunistic human hunting of the most vulnerable animals in mixed herds. Humans exploited heightened mammoth vulnerability during climatic stress periods, killing and butchering most of the animals, although some mammoths in the assemblage may have died from natural causes. The evidence for environmental stress affecting the mammoths includes paleoecological data about local climatic conditions, the abundant signs of mammoth-bone abnormalities in the assemblage, the relatively smaller size of adult female mammoths compared with those from the similarly dated archaeological site Milovice I (Czech Republic), and the unusually high proportion of juvenile mammoths in the assemblage.

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11

Serdyuk, N. V., and E. N. Maschenko. "Parasitic diseases of woolly mammuth (Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach, 1799)." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 322, no. 3 (September 26, 2018): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2018.322.3.306.

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Paleontological studies are basically the studies of skeletal remains of organisms. However, the discovery of frozen mummies of Pleistocene mammals with preserved soft tissues and internal organs makes it possible to identify some features of animal biology that are inaccessible to the study of skeletons. Fossil frozen mummies become a valuable source of information on diet, seasons of death, migration and ecology, diseases, including parasitic diseases. The cases of detection of fossil parasites in the remains of Pleistocene mammals are always rare and random. Until recently there have been no dedicated effort to search for fossil parasites. Parasites of the Indigirka ground squirrel, the Egorov narrow-skull vole, the Pleistocene steppe bison, the Lena horse (Equus lenensis Russanov, 1968), and the woolly mammoth are known at the moment. This paper presents an overview of parasite finds in woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799). For two centuries of studies of this species, a large volume of diverse data have been accumulated. The aim of this work was a making the review of cases of detection of parasites in mammoth. We discuss the specific cases of mammoth mummy studies, namely the Berezovka mammoth, the Shandrin mammoth, the Kirgilyakh mammoth, the Sopochnaya Karga Mammoth. As a result, the presence of following ectoparasites of the order Diptera was established: Cobboldia (Mamontia) russanovi Grunin, 1973, and Protophormia terraenovae Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. The stomach botfly Cobboldia (Mamontia) russanovi is highly specific ectoparasite of woolly mammoth. Also helminths of classes Nematoda and Cestoda were found in the mammoth mummies. At the present, it is not possible to reliably determine the species-specific endoparasite of woolly mammoth.

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12

Sedwick, Caitlin. "What Killed the Woolly Mammoth?" PLoS Biology 6, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): e99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060099.

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13

Grundy, Dominick. "Return of the Woolly Mammoth." Contemporary Psychoanalysis 35, no. 2 (April 1999): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107530.1999.10747041.

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14

Callaway, Ewen. "Resurrected: woolly mammoth blood protein." New Scientist 206, no. 2759 (May 2010): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(10)61103-7.

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15

Deborah Stevenson. "Woolly Mammoth (review)." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 63, no. 7 (2010): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.0.1560.

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16

Roca, Alfred L. "Evolution: Untangling the woolly mammoth." Current Biology 33, no. 16 (August 2023): R870—R872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.026.

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17

Orlova, Lyobov A., Yaroslav V. Kuzmin, and Vyacheslav N. Dementiev. "A Review of the Evidence for Extinction Chronologies for Five Species of Upper Pleistocene Megafauna in Siberia." Radiocarbon 46, no. 1 (2004): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200039618.

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A review of the radiocarbon chronology of some late Upper Pleistocene mammals from Siberia is presented. Previously published data has been supplemented by new 14C dates for 5 species (woolly mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, bison, horse, and muskox) to reconstruct chronological extinction patterns. The final extinction of woolly rhinoceros and bison in Siberia can be dated to approximately 11,000–9700 BP, but some megafaunal species (woolly mammoth, horse, and muskox) survived into the Late Holocene, about 3700–2200 BP.

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18

Heindel, Sharon K. "Can Mammoths Go to School? No, But Schools can Go to the Mammoth Site!" Paleontological Society Papers 2 (October 1996): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600003223.

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The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, South Dakota, Inc. is the largest accumulation of Columbian Mammoths discovered in their primary context in the world. The site was found in 1974, during excavation for a housing project. Over one million visitors from all over the world have come to see the bone remains of 48 Columbian and 3 Woolly mammoths, plus 25 species of other animals that lived together 26,000 years ago.

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19

Wooller, Matthew J., Clement Bataille, Patrick Druckenmiller, Gregory M. Erickson, Pamela Groves, Norma Haubenstock, Timothy Howe, et al. "Lifetime mobility of an Arctic woolly mammoth." Science 373, no. 6556 (August 12, 2021): 806–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg1134.

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Little is known about woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) mobility and range. Here we use high temporal resolution sequential analyses of strontium isotope ratios along an entire 1.7-meter-long tusk to reconstruct the movements of an Arctic woolly mammoth that lived 17,100 years ago, during the last ice age. We use an isotope-guided random walk approach to compare the tusk’s strontium and oxygen isotope profiles to isotopic maps. Our modeling reveals patterns of movement across a geographically extensive range during the animal’s ~28-year life span that varied with life stages. Maintenance of this level of mobility by megafaunal species such as mammoth would have been increasingly difficult as the ice age ended and the environment changed at high latitudes.

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20

Baygusheva, V. S., I. V. Foronova, and S. V. Semenova. "To the 100th anniversary of Vadim Evgen’evich Garutt (October 12, 1917 – March 28, 2002)." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 322, no. 3 (September 26, 2018): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2018.322.3.205.

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The article contains a biography of the famous Russian paleontologist V.E. Garutt (1917–2002), the oldest research worker of the Zoological institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, who studied the Pleistocene elephants of Northern Eurasia. He published more than 70 scientific papers on the origin and evolution of elephants of mammoth line, the morphology, changeability and features of the development of ancient proboscides. V.E. Garutt suggested two subfamilies Primelephantinae and Loxodontinae. He is the author of several taxa of fossil elephants of the generic, specific and subspecific levels. On his initiative, the skeleton of the Taimyr mammoth was adopted as the neotype of the woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius. He actively defended the independence of the genus Archidiskodon. A number of famous and important for the science paleontological specimens (skulls and skeletons of southern elephants, trogontherine and woolly mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses and elasmotherium) were restored and mounted by V.E. Garutt. They adorn a number of museums and institutes in Russia (St. Petersburg, Stavropol, Pyatigorsk, Azov, Rostov-on-Don) and abroad (Tbilisi, Vilnius, Edersleben, Sangerhausen). In addition, V.E. Garutt was an active popularizer of paleontological science. He collected a scientific archive on the remains of elephants from many regions of the former Soviet Union and some countries of Western Europe, which is now stored in the Azov museum-reserve (Azov). Several grateful pupils began their way in paleontology under the leader ship of V.E. Garutt. And they continue active work nowadays.

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21

Harington, C. R., and Allan C. Ashworth. "A mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) tooth from late Wisconsin deposits near Embden, North Dakota, and comments on the distribution of woolly mammoths south of the Wisconsin ice sheets." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e86-092.

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A well-preserved third molar of a woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) was recovered from sand and gravel forming the highest (Herman) prominent strandline of Lake Agassiz near Embden in western Cass County, North Dakota. The Herman strandline is estimated to have formed about 11 500 years BP, and presumably the tooth is of similar age. Perhaps the animal lived in a tundra-like area near the Lake Agassiz shoreline.Additional evidence suggests that woolly mammoths occupied a tundra-like range south of the Wisconsin ice sheets extending from southern British Columbia to the Atlantic continental shelf off Virginia.

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22

Deng, Tao, Xiaoming Wang, Mikael Fortelius, Qiang Li, Yang Wang, Zhijie J. Tseng, Gary T. Takeuchi, Joel E. Saylor, Laura K. Säilä, and Guangpu Xie. "Out of Tibet: Pliocene Woolly Rhino Suggests High-Plateau Origin of Ice Age Megaherbivores." Science 333, no. 6047 (September 1, 2011): 1285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1206594.

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Ice Age megafauna have long been known to be associated with global cooling during the Pleistocene, and their adaptations to cold environments, such as large body size, long hair, and snow-sweeping structures, are best exemplified by the woolly mammoths and woolly rhinos. These traits were assumed to have evolved as a response to the ice sheet expansion. We report a new Pliocene mammal assemblage from a high-altitude basin in the western Himalayas, including a primitive woolly rhino. These new Tibetan fossils suggest that some megaherbivores first evolved in Tibet before the beginning of the Ice Age. The cold winters in high Tibet served as a habituation ground for the megaherbivores, which became preadapted for the Ice Age, successfully expanding to the Eurasian mammoth steppe.

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23

Noguchi, Hiroki, Kevin L. Campbell, Chien Ho, Satoru Unzai, Sam-Yong Park, and Jeremy R. H. Tame. "Structures of haemoglobin from woolly mammoth in liganded and unliganded states." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 68, no. 11 (October 18, 2012): 1441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0907444912029459.

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The haemoglobin (Hb) of the extinct woolly mammoth has been recreated using recombinant genes expressed inEscherichia coli. The globin gene sequences were previously determined using DNA recovered from frozen cadavers. Although highly similar to the Hb of existing elephants, the woolly mammoth protein shows rather different responses to chloride ions and temperature. In particular, the heat of oxygenation is found to be much lower in mammoth Hb, which appears to be an adaptation to the harsh high-latitude climates of the Pleistocene Ice Ages and has been linked to heightened sensitivity of the mammoth protein to protons, chloride ions and organic phosphates relative to that of Asian elephants. To elucidate the structural basis for the altered homotropic and heterotropic effects, the crystal structures of mammoth Hb have been determined in the deoxy, carbonmonoxy and aquo-met forms. These models, which are the first structures of Hb from an extinct species, show many features reminiscent of human Hb, but underline how the delicate control of oxygen affinity relies on much more than simple overall quaternary-structure changes.

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Fry, Erin, Sun K. Kim, Sravanthi Chigurapti, Katelyn M. Mika, Aakrosh Ratan, Alexander Dammermann, Brian J. Mitchell, Webb Miller, and Vincent J. Lynch. "Functional Architecture of Deleterious Genetic Variants in the Genome of a Wrangel Island Mammoth." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 3 (February 7, 2020): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz279.

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Abstract Woolly mammoths were among the most abundant cold-adapted species during the Pleistocene. Their once-large populations went extinct in two waves, an end-Pleistocene extinction of continental populations followed by the mid-Holocene extinction of relict populations on St. Paul Island ∼5,600 years ago and Wrangel Island ∼4,000 years ago. Wrangel Island mammoths experienced an episode of rapid demographic decline coincident with their isolation, leading to a small population, reduced genetic diversity, and the fixation of putatively deleterious alleles, but the functional consequences of these processes are unclear. Here, we show that a Wrangel Island mammoth genome had many putative deleterious mutations that are predicted to cause diverse behavioral and developmental defects. Resurrection and functional characterization of several genes from the Wrangel Island mammoth carrying putatively deleterious substitutions identified both loss and gain of function mutations in genes associated with developmental defects (HYLS1), oligozoospermia and reduced male fertility (NKD1), diabetes (NEUROG3), and the ability to detect floral scents (OR5A1). These data suggest that at least one Wrangel Island mammoth may have suffered adverse consequences from reduced population size and isolation.

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Repin, V. E., O. S. Taranov, E. I. Ryabchikova, A. N. Tikhonov, and V. G. Pugachev. "Sebaceous Glands of the Woolly Mammoth, Mammothus primigenius Blum.: Histological Evidence." Doklady Biological Sciences 398, no. 1-6 (September 2004): 382–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:dobs.0000046662.43270.66.

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26

Veltre, Douglas W., David R. Yesner, Kristine J. Crossen, Russell W. Graham, and Joan B. Coltrain. "Patterns of faunal extinction and paleoclimatic change from mid-Holocene mammoth and polar bear remains, Pribilof Islands, Alaska." Quaternary Research 70, no. 1 (July 2008): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.03.006.

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Abstract Cave, a lava tube cave on St. Paul Island in the Pribilofs, has recently produced a mid-Holocene vertebrate faunal assemblage including woolly mammoth, polar bear, caribou, and Arctic fox. Several dates on the mammoth remains converge on 5700 14C yr BP. These dates, ~ 2300 yr younger than mammoth dates previously published from the Pribilof Islands, make these the youngest remains of proboscideans, and of non-extinct Quaternary megafauna, recovered from North America. Persistence of mammoths on the Pribilofs is most parsimoniously explained by the isolation of the Pribilofs and the lack of human presence in pre-Russian contact times, but an additional factor may have been the local existence of high-quality forage in the form of grasses enriched by nutrients derived from local Holocene tephras. This interpretation is reinforced by stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values obtained from the mammoth remains. The endpoint of mammoth survival in the Pribilofs is unknown, but maybe coterminous with the arrival of polar bears whose remains in the cave date to the Neoglacial cold period of ~ 4500 to 3500 14C yr BP. The polar bear record corroborates a widespread cooling of the Bering Sea region at that time.

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27

Rummer, J. L. "HOW WOOLLY MAMMOTH BLOOD CHEATED THE COLD." Journal of Experimental Biology 213, no. 15 (July 16, 2010): v. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.036624.

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28

Baigusheva, Vera S., and Vadim V. Titov. "Late Middle—Early Late Pleistocene Mammoths from the Lower Don River Region (Russia)." Quaternary 4, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat4010005.

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The remains of “early” mammoths from a number of localities of the late Middle—early Late Pleistocene on the territory of the South of European Russia (the basin of the Don River, Rostov Region) are described. The description of the teeth and bones of a postcranial skeleton is given. Teeth characteristics (number of plates, lamellar frequency and enamel thickness) allow determining the finds as Mammuthus intermedius, described from the territory of France but known from other regions of Western Europe and Western Siberia as well. In Eastern Europe, this form was a typical representative of the Khazarian theriocomplex and existed during the MIS 5–7 interval. This mammoth taxon differs noticeably from the typical woolly mammoth M. primigenius, which appeared in continental Europe during MIS 4.

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29

Kirillova, I. V., E. A. Markova, A. V. Panin, J. Van der Plicht, and V. V. Titov. "ON SMALL CONTINENTAL MAMMOTHS AND DWARFISM." Зоологический журнал 102, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): 1280–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044513423100045.

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In the evolution of proboscideans, the appearance of dwarf and semi-dwarf forms occurred repeatedly, in different territories and at different times, due to a lack of resources caused by geographic isolation on islands and by landscape isolation on the mainland. Despite a significant amount of information on the insular forms of mammoths and elephants, the question of the relationship between a decrease in body size and morphological changes in the dental system remains a matter of debate. Some data show that dwarfism was accompanied by a decreasing number of plates (lophs) and by tooth enamel thickening. Other data show that changes in the dental system on the islands indicate that the number of plates could either decrease or remain unchanged, or even increase. Taking into account the importance of the number of plates as a diagnostic feature in the species identification of proboscidean taxa and the lack of a consensus on the stability of the trend towards a decrease in the number of plates from large continental ancestors to insular dwarf descendants, we (1) summarize the data on the records of small tooth-mammoths of the genus Mammuthus with a reduced number of plates in sites across northern Eurasia, (2) provide new radiocarbon dates, and (3) consider the number of plates as a possible sign of dwarfization in continental mammoths. The small teeth of the last generation of M. primigenius from the coastal part of northeastern Siberia and a comparison with data from other regions show that the posterior sections of mammoth cheek teeth are the most variable and represent a reduction complex. For the woolly mammoth, reduction primarily affects that part of the crown which became more complex by the gradually increasing number of plates during the phyletic evolution in the Middle to Late Pleistocene. The rapid loss of the evolutionary achievements through reduction is not a unique feature of woolly mammoth teeth. This has been observed in other mammals as well. Similar reduction complexes are observed for the cheek teeth of proboscideans and rodents of the subfamily Arvicolinae, as is shown by a decrease in the number of serially homologous crown elements: plates in proboscideans and pairs of prisms in voles. A comparison of the number of plates with the size of the teeth of M. primigenius suggests that a decrease in the number of dental plates, while retaining other specific features of the tooth, can be used as a criterion for separating semi-dwarf and small specimens of the woolly mammoth. The largest decrease in size of mainland mammoths is observed during warming periods, which also showed significant transformations of landscapes in a reduction of available resources.

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Graham, Russell W., Soumaya Belmecheri, Kyungcheol Choy, Brendan J. Culleton, Lauren J. Davies, Duane Froese, Peter D. Heintzman, et al. "Timing and causes of mid-Holocene mammoth extinction on St. Paul Island, Alaska." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 33 (August 1, 2016): 9310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604903113.

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Relict woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) populations survived on several small Beringian islands for thousands of years after mainland populations went extinct. Here we present multiproxy paleoenvironmental records to investigate the timing, causes, and consequences of mammoth disappearance from St. Paul Island, Alaska. Five independent indicators of extinction show that mammoths survived on St. Paul until 5,600 ± 100 y ago. Vegetation composition remained stable during the extinction window, and there is no evidence of human presence on the island before 1787 CE, suggesting that these factors were not extinction drivers. Instead, the extinction coincided with declining freshwater resources and drier climates between 7,850 and 5,600 y ago, as inferred from sedimentary magnetic susceptibility, oxygen isotopes, and diatom and cladoceran assemblages in a sediment core from a freshwater lake on the island, and stable nitrogen isotopes from mammoth remains. Contrary to other extinction models for the St. Paul mammoth population, this evidence indicates that this mammoth population died out because of the synergistic effects of shrinking island area and freshwater scarcity caused by rising sea levels and regional climate change. Degradation of water quality by intensified mammoth activity around the lake likely exacerbated the situation. The St. Paul mammoth demise is now one of the best-dated prehistoric extinctions, highlighting freshwater limitation as an overlooked extinction driver and underscoring the vulnerability of small island populations to environmental change, even in the absence of human influence.

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Seuru, Samuel, Sergey Leshchinskiy, Patrick Auguste, and Nikita Fedyaev. "Woolly mammoth and Man at Krasnoyarskaya Kurya site, West Siberian Plain, Russia (excavation results of 2014)." Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 188, no. 1-2 (2017): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2017005.

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Detailed paleobiological and taphonomic analyses were carried out on the bone accumulations discovered during the 2014 excavations at the Krasnoyarskaya Kurya site, southeastern part of western Siberia (Russia). The fossiliferous site contains three bone-bearing horizons. Mammal remains are rare in the upper level and they were not found during the 2014 excavation. The middle and lower levels yielded exclusively remains of the woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius. The middle level (stratigraphic layer 5) is a result of an in situ accumulation in alluvial sediments. At least three individuals are identified: a juvenile (< 6-10 years old in AEY) of 1.8 m shoulder height and weighing 1 ton; a young adult (ca. 24 years old in AEY) and an old mammoth (> 43 years old in AEY) of 2.9 m of shoulder height and 3.8 t. Their remains were buried in conditions similar to those of a floodplain scroll/natural levee or an islet. Bones stayed on the subsurface for a long time, allowing thus carnivores to reach them easily. The lower level (stratigraphic layer 6) is composed of at least four animals: two juveniles (< 6-10 years old in AEY) and two adults (> 11-13 years old in AEY). The material only enables to determine that one juvenile is 1.5 m at shoulder height and weighs ca. 610 kg, while a young adult should have a body mass of ca. 1,600 kg. No human artefacts or any cut-marks on bones were found in either of these two levels during the 2014 excavation. However, the excavations carried out during the years 2007 to 2010 had allowed the discovery of Palaeolithic artefacts in the lower level, which was formed in alluvial-lacustrine conditions. This indicates that humans had visited this a priori in situ mammoth assemblage. It is likely that at the beginning of spring, the oxbow lake had trapped woolly mammoths. Humans and carnivores had then sorted out and taken away any useful remains. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the mammoth died at the early phase of the Last Glacial Maximum, at about 14C – 20 000 BP (~ 24 000 years cal BP). Isotopic analyses of the collagen from the mammoth remains argue that the animal was living at the time in a steppe landscape, which was dominated by grass-like vegetation.

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Pick, David, Paull Weber, Julia Connell, and Louis Andre Geneste. "Theorising creative industry management: rebooting the woolly mammoth." Management Decision 53, no. 4 (May 18, 2015): 754–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-02-2015-0045.

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Ishida, Yasuko, Alfred L. Roca, Stephen Fratpietro, and Alex D. Greenwood. "Successful Genotyping of Microsatellites in the Woolly Mammoth." Journal of Heredity 103, no. 3 (January 10, 2012): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esr139.

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34

Lister, A. M. "The Origin and Evolution of the Woolly Mammoth." Science 294, no. 5544 (November 2, 2001): 1094–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1056370.

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35

Nielsen, Erik, C. S. Churcher, and G. E. Lammers. "A woolly mammoth (Proboscidea, Mammuthus primigenius) molar from the Hudson Bay Lowland of Manitoba." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e88-092.

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The first fossil mammal from the Hudson Bay Lowland of Manitoba, a molar from the woolly or Siberian mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius, is described from near Bird. A lophar index of 9.0 and an enamel thickness of 1.5–2.3 mm allow the tooth to be assigned to an early form of the species. Although in situ provenance of the molar is unknown, it is likely that the molar derives from Early Wisconsinan or Sangamon sediments that outcrop in the area. A boreal steppe or steppe–tundra environment is indicated by the presence of woolly mammoth, supporting a depositional environment north of the then tree line previously established for the Nelson River sediments.

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Arzyutov, Dmitry V. "Environmental encounters: Woolly mammoth, indigenous communities and metropolitan scientists in the Soviet Arctic." Polar Record 55, no. 3 (May 2019): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000299.

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AbstractThis article investigates how in the Soviet Arctic researchers and indigenous communities searched and understood the mammoth before and during the Cold War. Based on a vast number of published and unpublished sources as well as interviews with scholars and reindeer herders, this article demonstrates that the mammoth, as a paleontological find fusing together features of extinct and extant species, plays an in-between role among various environmental epistemologies. The author refers to moments of interactions among these different actors as “environmental encounters”, which comprise and engage with the physical, political, social and cultural environments of the Arctic. These encounters shape the temporal stabilisations of knowledge which enable the mammoth to live its post-extinct life. This article combines approaches from environmental history and anthropology, history of science and indigenous studies showing the social vitality of a “fossil object”.

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Lopatin, A. V. "Yuka the Mammoth, a Frozen Mummy of a Young Female Woolly Mammoth from Oyogos." Paleontological Journal 55, no. 11 (December 2021): 1270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0031030121110046.

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Kirillova, I. V., and F. K. Shidlovskiy. "Aberrant woolly mammoth remains in the collection of the Ice Age Museum." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 322, no. 3 (September 26, 2018): 285–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2018.322.3.285.

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The largest private natural history museum dedicated to the last stage of the Cenozoic history of northeastern Russia, the Ice Age Museum stores and studies the remains of fossil and modern Arctic mammals. Its funds include skeletons, isolated bones and teeth. A special place in the collection is occupied by the remains of a mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799), with unusual and rarely encountered morphological features. The aberrant specimens are divided into three groups: skeletal remains, bones and teeth. The most expressive of them are characterized. Abnormalities found on the skeleton of a mammoth female from the Taimyr Peninsula (displacement of teeth m2 and m3 transversely to the mandibular bone, lifetime fractures of the ribs and incomplete fusion of the neural arc of the atlas), we attribute to individual characteristics. Growth of thoracic vertebrae tissues due to ligamentos and ostephitos, considerable deformations of cervical and thoracic vertebrae are pathologies that hampered the life of mammoths and led to death. The most frequent of them, according to our materials, is the bend of the posterior part of the crown (varying degrees of intensity) and the development of horizontal furrows parallel to the level of the chewing surface and the lysis of the outer cement as a result of the action of the oral microorganisms. The most frequent deviations in the structure of the buccal teeth, according to our materials, are two: 1) the bend of the posterior part of the crown (varying degrees of intensity); 2) the dissolution lines on the cement of the crown parallel to the chewing surface as a result of the vital activity of microorganisms in the oral cavity. New cases of tusks’ aberrations are described: dentinal clots in the wall of the tusk alveoli and at the base of the tusk, annular constrictions fixing the growth retardation, deviations in the formation of annual cone-shaped increments. The aberrant remains illustrate the life history of a fossil elephant.

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Martin, Paul S., and Anthony J. Stuart. "Mammoth Extinction: Two Continents and Wrangel Island." Radiocarbon 37, no. 1 (1995): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200014739.

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A harvest of 300 radiocarbon dates on extinct elephants (Proboscidea) from the northern parts of the New and Old Worlds has revealed a striking difference. While catastrophic in North America, elephant extinction was gradual in Eurasia (Stuart 1991), where straight-tusked elephants (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) vanished 50 millennia or more before woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius). The range of the woolly mammoths started shrinking before 20 ka ago (Vartanyan et al. 1995). By 12 ka bp, the beasts were very scarce or absent in western Europe. Until the dating of Wrangel Island tusks and teeth (Vartanyan, Garrutt and Sher 1993), mammoths appeared to make their last stand on the Arctic coast of Siberia ca. 10 ka bp. The Wrangel Island find of dwarf mammoths by Sergy Vartanyan, V. E. Garrut and Andrei Sher (1993) stretched the extinction chronology of mammoths another 6 ka, into the time of the pharaohs.

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Miller, Webb, Daniela I. Drautz, Aakrosh Ratan, Barbara Pusey, Ji Qi, Arthur M. Lesk, Lynn P. Tomsho, et al. "Sequencing the nuclear genome of the extinct woolly mammoth." Nature 456, no. 7220 (November 2008): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07446.

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41

Hulick, Jeannette. "How to Wash a Woolly Mammoth by Michelle Robinson." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 67, no. 5 (2014): 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2014.0043.

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42

Nadachowski, Adam, Grzegorz Lipecki, Piotr Wojtal, and Barbara Miękina. "Radiocarbon chronology of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) from Poland." Quaternary International 245, no. 2 (December 2011): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.011.

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43

Harington, C. R., Dick Mol, and Johannes van der Plicht. "The Muirkirk Mammoth: A Late Pleistocene woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) skeleton from southern Ontario, Canada." Quaternary International 255 (March 2012): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.038.

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Palkopoulou, Eleftheria, Mark Lipson, Swapan Mallick, Svend Nielsen, Nadin Rohland, Sina Baleka, Emil Karpinski, et al. "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 11 (February 26, 2018): E2566—E2574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720554115.

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Elephantids are the world’s most iconic megafaunal family, yet there is no comprehensive genomic assessment of their relationships. We report a total of 14 genomes, including 2 from the American mastodon, which is an extinct elephantid relative, and 12 spanning all three extant and three extinct elephantid species including an ∼120,000-y-old straight-tusked elephant, a Columbian mammoth, and woolly mammoths. Earlier genetic studies modeled elephantid evolution via simple bifurcating trees, but here we show that interspecies hybridization has been a recurrent feature of elephantid evolution. We found that the genetic makeup of the straight-tusked elephant, previously placed as a sister group to African forest elephants based on lower coverage data, in fact comprises three major components. Most of the straight-tusked elephant’s ancestry derives from a lineage related to the ancestor of African elephants while its remaining ancestry consists of a large contribution from a lineage related to forest elephants and another related to mammoths. Columbian and woolly mammoths also showed evidence of interbreeding, likely following a latitudinal cline across North America. While hybridization events have shaped elephantid history in profound ways, isolation also appears to have played an important role. Our data reveal nearly complete isolation between the ancestors of the African forest and savanna elephants for ∼500,000 y, providing compelling justification for the conservation of forest and savanna elephants as separate species.

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Poinar, Hendrik N., Carsten Schwarz, Ji Qi, Beth Shapiro, Ross D. E. MacPhee, Bernard Buigues, Alexei Tikhonov, et al. "Metagenomics to Paleogenomics: Large-Scale Sequencing of Mammoth DNA." Science 311, no. 5759 (December 20, 2005): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1123360.

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We sequenced 28 million base pairs of DNA in a metagenomics approach, using a woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) sample from Siberia. As a result of exceptional sample preservation and the use of a recently developed emulsion polymerase chain reaction and pyrosequencing technique, 13 million base pairs (45.4%) of the sequencing reads were identified as mammoth DNA. Sequence identity between our data and African elephant (Loxodonta africana) was 98.55%, consistent with a paleontologically based divergence date of 5 to 6 million years. The sample includes a surprisingly small diversity of environmental DNAs. The high percentage of endogenous DNA recoverable from this single mammoth would allow for completion of its genome, unleashing the field of paleogenomics.

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46

Bertling, Markus, Doris Döppes, and Wilfried Rosendahl. "Everything is a question of time – age of important Quaternary palaeontological finds from Westphalia." Fossil Imprint 73, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2017): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2017-0023.

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Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was used to establish the age of three mammal specimens from the Quaternary of the Münsterland, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The dated samples represent regionally important finds: The woolly mammoth from Ahlen with an age of 41 ka BP and the musk-ox from Herne with an age of 24 ka BP are typical representatives of the so-called mammoth steppe. The European Bison from Gladbeck with an age of 9.2 ka BP confirms the Early Holocene appearance of this species in Europe.

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Krzemińska, Alina, Krzysztof Stefaniak, Joanna Zych, Piotr Wojtal, Grzegorz Skrzypek, Anna Mikołajczyk, and Andrzej Wiśniewski. "A Late Pleistocene woolly mammoth from Lower Silesia, SW Poland." Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia - Series A: Vertebrata 53, no. 1 (July 26, 2010): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3409/azc.53a_1-2.51-64.

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48

Palkopoulou, Eleftheria, Love Dalén, Adrian M. Lister, Sergey Vartanyan, Mikhail Sablin, Andrei Sher, Veronica Nyström Edmark, et al. "Holarctic genetic structure and range dynamics in the woolly mammoth." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1770 (November 7, 2013): 20131910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1910.

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Ancient DNA analyses have provided enhanced resolution of population histories in many Pleistocene taxa. However, most studies are spatially restricted, making inference of species-level biogeographic histories difficult. Here, we analyse mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in the woolly mammoth from across its Holarctic range to reconstruct its history over the last 200 thousand years (kyr). We identify a previously undocumented major mtDNA lineage in Europe, which was replaced by another major mtDNA lineage 32–34 kyr before present (BP). Coalescent simulations provide support for demographic expansions at approximately 121 kyr BP, suggesting that the previous interglacial was an important driver for demography and intraspecific genetic divergence. Furthermore, our results suggest an expansion into Eurasia from America around 66 kyr BP, coinciding with the first exposure of the Bering Land Bridge during the Late Pleistocene. Bayesian inference indicates Late Pleistocene demographic stability until 20–15 kyr BP, when a severe population size decline occurred.

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Nogués-Bravo, David, Jesús Rodríguez, Joaquín Hortal, Persaram Batra, and Miguel B. Araújo. "Climate Change, Humans, and the Extinction of the Woolly Mammoth." PLoS Biology 6, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): e79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060079.

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Capelli, Cristian, Ross D. E. MacPhee, Alfred L. Roca, Francesca Brisighelli, Nicholas Georgiadis, Stephen J. O’Brien, and Alex D. Greenwood. "A nuclear DNA phylogeny of the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40, no. 2 (August 2006): 620–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.015.

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