Relevant bibliographies by topics / Word division in Shona

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Word division in Shona'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Word division in Shona"

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Mañas, José A. "Word division in Spanish." Communications of the ACM 30, no. 7 (1987): 612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/28569.28571.

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Glickstein, Joan K. "A Word from the Division Coordinator." Perspectives on Gerontology 2, no. 1 (1997): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/gero2.1.1.

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Glickstein, Joan K. "A Word from the Division Coordinator." Perspectives on Gerontology 2, no. 2 (1997): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/gero2.2.1.

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Glickstein, Joan K. "A Word from the Division Coordinator." Perspectives on Gerontology 3, no. 1 (1998): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/gero3.1.1.

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Weinstein, Barbara E. "A Word from the Division Coordinator." Perspectives on Gerontology 4, no. 1 (1999): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/gero4.1.1.

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Pasternak, Nurit. "On word division in Judeo-Italian manuscripts." Gazette du livre médiéval 29, no. 1 (1996): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/galim.1996.1351.

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de Luca, Aldo. "A division property of the Fibonacci word." Information Processing Letters 54, no. 6 (1995): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-0190(95)00067-m.

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Hough, Carole Ann. "Freo man: A note on word division." Neophilologus 75, no. 4 (1991): 641–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00209905.

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Shivachi, Casper Shikali, Refuoe Mokhosi, Zhou Shijie, and Liu Qihe. "Learning Syllables Using Conv-LSTM Model for Swahili Word Representation and Part-of-speech Tagging." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 4 (2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3445975.

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The need to capture intra-word information in natural language processing (NLP) tasks has inspired research in learning various word representations at word, character, or morpheme levels, but little attention has been given to syllables from a syllabic alphabet. Motivated by the success of compositional models in morphological languages, we present a Convolutional-long short term memory (Conv-LSTM) model for constructing Swahili word representation vectors from syllables. The unified architecture addresses the word agglutination and polysemous nature of Swahili by extracting high-level syllable features using a convolutional neural network (CNN) and then composes quality word embeddings with a long short term memory (LSTM). The word embeddings are then validated using a syllable-aware language model ( 31.267 ) and a part-of-speech (POS) tagging task ( 98.78 ), both yielding very competitive results to the state-of-art models in their respective domains. We further validate the language model using Xhosa and Shona, which are syllabic-based languages. The novelty of the study is in its capability to construct quality word embeddings from syllables using a hybrid model that does not use max-over-pool common in CNN and then the exploitation of these embeddings in POS tagging. Therefore, the study plays a crucial role in the processing of agglutinative and syllabic-based languages by contributing quality word embeddings from syllable embeddings, a robust Conv–LSTM model that learns syllables for not only language modeling and POS tagging, but also for other downstream NLP tasks.
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Rahmat, Kamaluddin. "Pengaruh Endorser Yoshiolo Terhadap Brand Image Word Division." JKBM (JURNAL KONSEP BISNIS DAN MANAJEMEN) 6, no. 1 (2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jkbm.v6i1.2708.

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Word Division is a local shoe brand that uses endorsers in its promotion. One of the endorsers chosen was Yoshiolo but Yoshiolo was better known through promotional content for foreign brands. This study aims to determine the influence of Yoshiolo as an endorser of the Word Division brand image. This study uses this study using a survey approach using questionnaires as a basic data collection tool and generally uses statistical methods. The results of the analysis show that Yoshiolo as an endorser has a positive and significant influence on the Word Division brand image
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Word division in Shona"

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Mangan, M. Clare. "Choice of operation in multiplication and division word problems." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254212.

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Mheta, Gift. "A contextual analysis of compound nouns in Shona lexicography." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2459_1320660934.

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This research is in the area of lexicography and investigates the relationship between Shona terminology development and the culture of the language community for which the terminology is intended. It is a contextual analysis of compound nouns found in Shona terminological dictionaries. The study specifically explores how lexicographers together with health, music, language and literature specialists make use of their knowledge about Shona cultural contexts in the creation of compound nouns. Thus, this research foregrounds Shona socio-cultural contexts and meaning generation in terminology development. This study employs a quadruple conceptual framework. The four components of the framework that are utilised are the Traditional Descriptive Approach (TDA), Cognitive Approach (CG), Systemic Functional Approach (SFL), and Semiotic Remediation (SRM). TDA is used in the linguistic categorisation of Shona compound nouns. In addition, it provides the metalanguage with which to describe the constituent parts of Shona compound nouns. As TDA is mainly confined to the linguistic dimension, this research employs CG, SFL, and SRM to explore the cultural and socio-cognitive dimensions of terminology development.
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Vijfhuizen, C. "'The people you live with' gender identities and social practices, beliefs and power in the livelihoods of Ndau women and men in a village with an irrigation scheme in Zimbabwe /." Harare, Zimbabwe : Weaver Press, 2002. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/52525519.html.

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Okobi, Anthony O. (Anthony Obiesie) 1976. "Acoustic correlates of word stress in American English." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37963.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 2006.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-126).<br>Acoustic parameters that differentiate between primary stress and non-primary full vowels were determined using two-syllable real and novel words and specially constructed novel words with identical syllable compositions. The location of the high focal pitch accent within a declarative carrier phrase was varied using an innovative object naming task that allowed for a natural and spontaneous manipulation of phrase-level accentuation. Results from male native speakers of American English show that when the high focal pitch accent was on the novel word, vowel differences in pitch, intensity prominence, and amplitude of the first harmonic, H1 * (corrected for the effect of the vocal tract filter), accurately distinguished full vowel syllables carrying primary stress vs. non-primary stress. Acoustic parameters that correlated to word stress under all conditions tested were syllable duration, HI*-A3*, as a measurement of spectral tilt, and noise at high frequencies, determined by band-pass filtering the F3 region of the spectrum. Furthermore, the results indicate that word stress cues are augmented when the high focal pitch accent is on the target word.<br>(cont.) This became apparent after a formula was devised to correct for the masking effect of phrase-level accentuation on the spectral tilt measurement, Hi *-A3*. Perceptual experiments also show that male native speakers of American English utilized differences in syllable duration and spectral tilt, as controlled by the KLSYN88 parameters DU and TL, to assign prominence status to the syllables of a novel word embedded in a carrier phrase. Results from this study suggest that some correlates to word stress are produced in the laryngeal region and are due to vocal fold configuration. The model of word stress that emerges from this study has aspects that differ from other widely accepted models of prosody at the word level. The model can also be applied to improve the prosody of synthesized speech, as well as to improve machine recognition of speech.<br>by Anthony O. Okobi.<br>Ph.D.
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Arsenault, Clément. "Word division in the transcription of Chinese script in the title fields of bibliographic records." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ53736.pdf.

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Wallin, Moa. "Ambiguous synonyms : Implementing an unsupervised WSD system for division of synonym clusters containing multiple senses." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157622.

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When clustering together synonyms, complications arise in cases of the words having multiple senses as each sense’s synonyms are erroneously clustered together. The task of automatically distinguishing word senses in cases of ambiguity, known as word sense disambiguation (WSD), has been an extensively researched problem over the years. This thesis studies the possibility of applying an unsupervised machine learning based WSD-system for analysing existing synonym clusters (N = 149) and dividing them correctly when two or more senses are present. Based on sense embeddings induced from a large corpus, cosine similarities are calculated between sense embeddings for words in the clusters, making it possible to suggest divisions in cases where different words are closer to different senses of a proposed ambiguous word. The system output is then evaluated by four participants, all experts in the area. The results show that the system does not manage to correctly divide the clusters in more than 31% of the cases according to the participants. Moreover, it is discovered that some differences exist between the participants’ ratings, although none of the participants predominantly agree with the system’s division of the clusters. Evidently, further research and improvements are needed and suggested for the future.
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Wehner, Daniel T. "Phonological and semantic influences on auditory word perception in children with and without reading impairments using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG)." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39575.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 2007.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-135).<br>Children with dyslexia struggle with learning to read despite adequate intelligence, motivation, and schooling. Over the years, there has been a growing consensus about the role of phonological processing in reading disability. Poor readers typically do worse than their normal reading peers on tasks that require phonological processing which has been linked, directly or indirectly, to their speech perception abilities. The work in this thesis combined behavioral, MEG, and EEG methods to examine how normal and reading-impaired children, 7-13 years of age, perceive speech under varying degrees of phonological contrast (1 vs. 3 phonetic features). In a series of auditory word perception experiments, good and poor readers were found to do worse in accuracy and/or reaction times in phonologically similar (i.e., 1-feature contrast) than phonologically dissimilar (i.e., 2 or 3-feature contrast) conditions. Despite the similar behavioral performance and EEG responses for the two groups, a region of interest (ROI) based MEG approach revealed differences in the brain activation of the two groups in superior temporal regions at 140 to 300 ms.<br>(cont.) In the auditory word discrimination task, differences in activation were found in good readers but not poor readers, as a function of the degree of phonological contrast, reflecting poor readers' lack of sensitivity to the phonological characteristics of the word stimuli. In the sentence plausibility judgment task, the impaired phonological processing abilities of the poor readers may have led them to rely more on top-down sentence context to perceptually disambiguate phonologically confusing terminal words, thereby deceiving them into accepting the phonologically similar incongruent sentences as being congruent. This may account for the poor reader group's reduced brain activation in the phonologically demanding condition in the sentence task. The results of the experiments are consistent with a phonological view of reading disability according to which children with reading impairments have poorly defined phonological representations.<br>by Daniel T. Wehner.<br>Ph.D.
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Adamson, Brent Matthew. "Naturalistic versus formal foreign language learning : an analysis of upper-division German students' oral proficiency in nominal inflection and word order /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Пономарчук, Ю. В., та Y. V. Ponomarchuk. "Зависимость порядка слов в переводе от особенностей актуального членения предложения (на примере русских переводов романа Дж. Д. Сэлинджера «The Catcher in the Rye») : магистерская диссертация". Master's thesis, б. и, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/86609.

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This research is connected with syntax and comparative translation. It is about the problem of the dependence of the word order changing on the actual division of a sentence in translation of English literary text into Russian. The relevance of this work is connected with the insufficient knowledge of grammatical transformations and the actual division of sentences in modern translation studies, as well as with the lack of empirical material in comparative syntax. The object of the research is syntactic transformations, and the subject is the features of using syntactic transformations during translating from English into Russian. The purpose is the theme-rheumatic interpretation of syntactic transformations-permutations in the translation of J. D. Salinger's novel “The Catcher in the Rye” from English into Russian. The theme-rheumatic analysis of the original English text by J. D. Salinger and its Russian into English translations by R. Rait-Kovaleva and M. Nemtsov showed that during translating English monorems with rheme at the beginning of the sentence, the translator usually uses the transpositions: the transfer of rheme to the end of the sentence.<br>Данная работа выполнена на стыке синтаксиса и сопоставительного переводоведения. Она посвящена проблеме зависимости изменения порядка слов при переводе английского художественного текста на русский язык от актуального членения предложения. Актуальность данной работы заключается в недостаточной изученности грамматических трансформаций и актуального членения предложения в современном переводоведении, а также в нехватке эмпирического материала в сопоставительном синтаксисе. Объектом исследования являются синтаксические трансформации, а предметом – особенности использования синтаксических трансформаций при переводе с английского языка на русский. Цель исследования – тема-рематическая интерпретация синтаксических трансформаций-перестановок при переводе с английского языка на русский романа Дж. Д. Сэлинджера “The Catcher in the Rye”. Проведенный тема-рематический анализ исходного английского текста романа Дж. Д. Сэлинджера «The Catcher in the Rye» и его русскоязычных переводов, выполненных Р. Райт-Ковалевой и М. Немцовым, показал, что при переводе английских монорем, содержащих рему в начале высказывания, переводчиком устойчиво используется трансформация перестановки – перенос ремы в конец предложения.
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Villanova, Daniel Joseph Bodin. "Intuitive Numerical Information Processes in Consumer Judgment." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94318.

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Numerical information is ubiquitous in modern life. The prevalence of numerical information in the marketplace necessitates understanding how consumers handle and interpret that information, for both theoretical and practical reasons. Past research has largely focused on consumers’ encoding of numbers, calculative limitations, and usage of heuristics. This dissertation will contribute to this burgeoning literature in several ways. First, I identify a general tendency in how consumers calculate ratios based on an intuitive model of division. Specifically, consumers tend to divide larger numbers by smaller numbers. The intuitive model of division has marketing implications for both consumers’ evaluations of quantity offers and sensitivities to promotions. Next, I examine how consumers draw inferences from distributional information. In contrast to the assumption that consumers utilize means to assess central tendency, I demonstrate that consumers use the modal response to judge what is typical, with implications for consumers’ inferences about product ratings and other social distributions.<br>PHD
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Books on the topic "Word division in Shona"

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Multiplication and division word problems: No problem! Enslow Publishers, 2011.

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United States Government Printing Office. Word division: Supplement to Government Printing Office style manual. 8th ed. GPO, 1987.

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Big truck and car word problems starring multiplication and division. Enslow Publishers, 2009.

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Education, Ontario Ministry of. Business Studies: Senior Division : Business English. s.n, 1987.

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Education, Ontario Ministry of. Business studies: Business english : senior division, 1987. Ministry of Education, 1987.

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Education, Ontario Ministry of. Business studies: Organizational studies : senior division and OAC, 1987. Ministry of Education, 1987.

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Education, Ontario Ministry of. Business Studies: Senior Division and Oac 1987: Organizational Studies. s.n, 1987.

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Education, Ontario Ministry of. Business Studies: Economics : Intermediate and Senior Division and Oac : Economics. s.n, 1986.

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Karabuschenko, Pavel. Political hermeneutics. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/995431.

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The monograph is devoted to the problem of formation and development of this branch of the division of hermeneutics as a political hermeneutics. Considered as the very origins of this hermeneutic stemming directly from the history of classical hermeneutics (Chapter 1) and its methodological principles (Chapter 2) and application characteristics (Chapter 3). It is from this triad (history — theory — practice) by the author and displayed the Foundation of political hermeneutics, which seems to them as the "deep method" study of the essence of the political elites and elitism and is characterized as a methodological division of lithologie to uncover the political "backstage" as the main sphere of professional activity of non-public elites.&#x0D; In the formation of hermeneutical understanding, it is important to clarify the internal relationship of this triad as a "language — word — text". The author consistently reveals the idea that language is expressed in the word exactly the same as the word in the text, which in turn is designed for disclosure in another language and in another word &#x0D; (in the "I — don't-Ya").&#x0D; Designed for students and professionals; anyone interested in the problems of political consciousness and thinking of the elites.
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Agard, John. Shona, Word Detective. Barrington Stoke, Limited, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Word division in Shona"

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Butt, John, and Carmen Benjamin. "Spelling, accent rules, punctuation and word division." In A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish. Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8368-4_39.

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Sun, Ling, Wei Wang, and Meiqin Wang. "Automatic Search of Bit-Based Division Property for ARX Ciphers and Word-Based Division Property." In Advances in Cryptology – ASIACRYPT 2017. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70694-8_5.

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Hu, Xiaoting, Zhongping Qin, Yali Liu, and Qi Yang. "A Word-Oriented Modular Division Algorithm and Its Efficient Implementation Based on CSA." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8086-4_58.

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Barbiers, Sjef. "Word order variation in three-verb clusters and the division of labour between generative linguistics and sociolinguistics." In Syntax and Variation. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.265.14bar.

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Fukuda, Mari, Emmanuel Manalo, and Hiroaki Ayabe. "The Presence of Diagrams and Problems Requiring Diagram Construction: Comparing Mathematical Word Problems in Japanese and Canadian Textbooks." In Diagrammatic Representation and Inference. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86062-2_36.

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AbstractIt is generally considered beneficial for learners to construct and use appropriate diagrams when solving mathematical word problems. However, previous research has indicated that learners tend not to use diagrams spontaneously. In the present study, we analyzed textbooks in Japan and Canada, focusing on the possibility that such inadequacy in diagram use may be affected by the presence (or absence) of diagrams in textbooks, the kinds of diagrams that are included, and whether problems requiring the construction of diagrams are provided in those textbooks. One set each of Japanese and Canadian elementary school textbooks were analyzed, focusing on the chapters dealing with division. Results revealed that the Japanese textbooks contain worked examples and exercise problems accompanied by diagrams more than the Canadian textbooks. Furthermore, the Japanese textbooks often use line diagrams and tables that abstractly represent quantitative relationships and they include more problems that require students to use diagrams. However, to encourage students to use diagrams spontaneously, it may be necessary to include problems that scaffold the use of diagrams in a step-by-step manner in both the Canadian and the Japanese textbooks.
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"Word Division." In Robert Greene's Planetomachia (1585). Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315244037-13.

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"Division." In Thinking Through Math Word Problems. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203062777-6.

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"Textual Apparatus: Word-Division." In The Correspondence of Stephen Crane. Columbia University Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/wert90762-007.

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"Word Division In This Volume." In Early Tales and Sketches, Volume 1. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520905757-079.

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"Word Division in This Volume." In Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume 1. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520946996-009.

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Conference papers on the topic "Word division in Shona"

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Yuan, Xinhua. "Philosophical Foundation of Word Class Division." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-19.2019.285.

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Scholl, Christoph, Bernd Becker, and Thomas M. Weis. "Word-level decision diagrams, WLCDs and division." In the 1998 IEEE/ACM international conference. ACM Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/288548.289114.

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Gan, Xin-biao, Kui Dai, Li Shen, and Zhi-ying Wang. "Optimal Matrix Computing Using Vector Division with Sub-word Parallel." In 2008 International Symposium on Ubiquitous Multimedia Computing (UMC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/umc.2008.10.

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Ashour, Haytham, Mohamed Dessouky, and Khaled Sharaf. "Extended division range 2/3 chain frequency divider with dynamic control word." In 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS 2010. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2010.5537604.

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Chacón, Erick, Rubén Cordero, Luis Arturo Ureña-López, et al. "Cosmological Evolution of an Asymmetric DGP Brane Word Model." In VIII WORKSHOP OF THE GRAVITATION AND MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS DIVISION OF THE MEXICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3647544.

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Lubozheva, Lionella. "Motivation In The Division Of The Students Into Language Groups." In WUT 2018 - IX International Conference “Word, Utterance, Text: Cognitive, Pragmatic and Cultural Aspects”. Cognitive-Crcs, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.04.02.33.

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Shahidi, Parham, Steve C. Southward, and Mehdi Ahmadian. "Fuzzy Analysis of Speech Metrics to Estimate Conductor Alertness." In ASME 2009 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2009-18031.

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A Fuzzy Logic-based algorithm has been developed for processing a series of speech metrics with the ultimate goal of estimating train conductor alertness. The output is a single metric, which directly quantifies the alertness level of the conductor. The metrics were selected based on their correlation to alertness through processed speech, but without any interpretation of the spoken words or phrases. Metrics that are used include: speech duration, silence duration, word production rate and word intensity. The assessment of these metrics is an experience and human knowledge based task, which generates the need for a mathematical model to accommodate this special circumstance. The algorithm developed here uses Fuzzy Logic to cast the human knowledge base into a mathematical framework for the alertness estimation analysis. The core of this fuzzy system is a rule base consisting of fuzzy IF-THEN rules, which are derived from the existing knowledge about the effects of sleep deprivation on alertness such as Furthermore, the rules were inferred from actual voice recordings that were taken on board a train. This data was then used to create a classification scheme to determine which pattern in the speech indicates different levels of alertness from anxiety to fatigue. The simplicity of the underlying mathematical model in this approach enables this system to compute and output an alertness metric in real-time. The nature of this algorithm allows for the use of an arbitrary number of rules to classify the alertness level and therefore provides the ability to continuously develop and extend the rule base as new knowledge emerges. The resulting algorithm is a fast, multi-input, single-output system that is able to quantify the train conductor’s alertness level anytime speech is produced.
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Shimp, Samuel K., Steve C. Southward, and Mehdi Ahmadian. "Detecting Crew Alertness With Processed Speech." In ASME/IEEE 2007 Joint Rail Conference and Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc/ice2007-40101.

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This paper proposes a solution for improving the safety of rail and other mass transportation systems through operator alertness monitoring. A non-invasive method of alertness monitoring through speech processing is presented. Speech analysis identifies measurable vocal tract changes due to fatigue and decreased speech rate due to decreased mental ability. Enabled by existing noise reduction technology, a system has been designed for measuring key speech features that are believed to correlate to alertness level. The features of interest are pitch, word intensity, pauses between words and phrases, and word rate. The purpose of this paper is to describe the overall alertness monitoring system design and then to show some experimental results for the core processing algorithm which extracts features from the speech. The feature extraction algorithm proposed here uses a new and simple technique to parse the continuous speech signal coming from the communication signal without using computationally demanding and error-prone word recognition techniques. Preliminary results on the core feature extraction algorithm indicate that words, phrases, and rates can be determined for relatively noise-free speech signals. Once the remainder of the overall alertness monitoring system is complete, it will be applied to real life recordings of train operators and will be subjected to clinical testing to determine alert and non-alert levels of the speech features of interest.
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9

Shahidi, Parham, Reza A. Soltan, Steve C. Southward, and Mehdi Ahmadian. "Estimating Changes in Speech Metrics Indicative of Fatigue Levels." In ASME 2010 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2010-42010.

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In this paper, we are presenting a novel approach to estimate fatigue levels of train conductors, by analyzing the speech signal. An independent neural network joined with a Markov Model, will output the probability density, which illustrates the likelihood of the result of the first step to be accurate. Vigilance research has shown that, for most operators engaged in attention-intensive and monotonous tasks, retaining a constant level of alertness is almost impossible. Sleeping disorders, reduced hours of rest and disrupted circadian rhythms amplify this effect and lead to significantly increased fatigue levels. Increased fatigue levels manifest themselves in alterations of speech metrics, as compared to alert states of mind. To make a decision about the level of fatigue, we are proposing an alertness estimation system which uses speech metrics to generate a fatigue quotient indicative of the fatigue level. A speech pre-processor extracts metrics such as speech duration, word production rate and speech intensity from a continuous speech signal and uses a Fuzzy Logic algorithm to generate the fatigue quotient at any moment in time when speech is present. However, the nature of human interaction introduces levels of uncertainty, which make fatigue level recognition difficult. In other words, even with a perfectly trained neural network and Fuzzy Logic algorithm, we cannot make definite conclusions about the level of alertness. The reason being, that there is no guarantee that the estimated level of alertness is robust for a certain amount of time and didn’t come from drinking half a cup of coffee. Moreover, coming up with a perfect model of speech-fatigue (i.e. input-output) for humans, to train the Fuzzy algorithm is almost impossible. For this reason the study of “Risk and Uncertainty” is an integral part of this research. Motivated by the distinction between “risk” (randomness that can be fully captured by probability and statistics) and “uncertainty” (all other types of randomness), we propose a fine taxonomy: fully reducible, partially reducible, and irreducible uncertainty, that can explain some of the key differences between long term alertness and a short term change of state that makes the operator alert. An experimental study is conducted where a hyper articulated speech signal with three different levels of simulated fatigue is analyzed by the algorithm and a probability density function is assigned to the fatigue quotient to take the risk and uncertainty into account and make the overall result more reliable.
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10

Liao, Mengyuan, Takashi Yoshikawa, Akihiko Goto, Yuka Takai, and Tomoko Ota. "Development of Video Training Course Containing Human Kinematic Mechanism Analysis for Caregivers." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51401.

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A 30-minute of simple understanding video course was proposed, which included of normal movie comparison between expert and non-expert, corresponding body model motion simulation movie, transfer care process division and different mechanics of movement analysis results. Through video display in training course, nursing care staff could easily compare and catch the motion detail differences with expert and deeply imprinted in mind. In a word, the target of this paper was to give the feedback to elder nursing care occupational site by video training course development, help to improve and optimize beginner and non-expert’s care skill in a shorter cycle period.
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