Journal articles: 'Word frequency lists'

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Keller, Howard H. "Word Frequency and Pedagogical Value: Contrasting Textbook Vocabulary Lists with Word Frequency Counts." Slavic and East European Journal 35, no. 2 (1991): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/308316.

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Coniam, David. "Word-Processing “Efficiency”—By Means of Personalized Word-Frequency Lists." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 31, no. 2 (April 2001): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/jpe7-hh4d-yxtx-wgjf.

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Culligan, Brent. "Evaluating Corpora with Word Lists and Word Difficulty." Vocabulary Learning and Instruction 8, no. 1 (2019): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7820/vli.v08.1.culligan.

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This study examines the application of an IRT analysis of words on lists including the General Service List (GSL), New General Service List (NGSL), Academic Word List (AWL), New Academic Word List (NAWL), and TOEIC Service List (TSL). By comparing line graphs, density distribution graphs, and boxplots for the average difficulty of each word list to related lists, we can get a visualization of the data’s distribution. Japanese EFL students responded to one or more of 84 Yes/No test forms compiled from 5,880 unique real words and 2,520 nonwords. The real words were analyzed using Winsteps (Linacre, 2005) resulting in IRT estimates for each word. By summing the difficulties of each word, we can calculate the average difficulty of each word list which can then be used to rank the lists. In effect, the process supports the concurrent validity of the lists. The analysis indicates the word family approach results in more difficult word lists. The mean difficulties of the GSL and the BNC_COCA appear to be more divergent and more difficult particularly over the first 4000 words, possibly due to the use of Bauer and Nation’s (1993) Affix Level 6 definition for their compilation. Finally, just as we should expect word lists for beginners to have higher frequency words than subsequent lists, we should also expect them to be easier with more words known to learners. This can be seen with the gradual but marked difference between the different word lists of the NGSL and its supplemental SPs.

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Yorkston, Kathryn M., Kathleen Smith, and David Beukelman. "Extended Communication Samples of Augmented Communicators I." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 55, no. 2 (May 1990): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5502.217.

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Vocabulary selection for linguistically intact augmented communicators is a growing clinical concern. The purpose of this study as to compare and contrast the relative benefits of word lists that were individualized for these augmented subjects to word lists selected from standard vocabulary sources. Communication samples were collected for 14 consecutive days from 10 subjects who used augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices. These samples were analyzed to determine the frequency of single word occurrence, and the results were compared with those obtained from analysis of standard vocabulary lists. The conclusions of the study were (a) that when vocabulary lists are individually created, based on the frequency of word occurrence natural communication samples, relatively short lists can represent a large proportion of the total communication sample; (b) that individualized word lists are more efficient than standard vocabulary lists, if efficiency is defined as a large proportion of the total sample represented by a small list; and (c) that if used in their entirety, standard lists are not efficient because they contain large number of words that are rarely used.

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Dang, This Ngoc Yen, and Stuart Webb. "Evaluating lists of high-frequency words." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 167, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 132–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.167.2.02dan.

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This study compared the lexical coverage provided by four wordlists [West’s (1953) General Service List (GSL), Nation’s (2006) most frequent 2,000 British National Corpus word families (BNC2000), Nation’s (2012) most frequent 2,000 British National Corpus and Corpus of Contemporary American-English word families (BNC/COCA2000), and Brezina and Gablasova’s (2015) New-GSL list] in 18 corpora. The comparison revealed that the headwords in the BNC/COCA2000 tended to provide the greatest average coverage. However, when the coverage of the most frequent 1,000, 1,500, and 1,996 headwords in the lists was compared, the New-GSL provided the highest coverage. The GSL had the worst performance using both criteria. Pedagogical and methodological implications related to second language (L2) vocabulary learning and teaching are discussed in detail.

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Neath, Ian, and Philip T. Quinlan. "The item/order account of word frequency effects: Evidence from serial order tests." Memory & Cognition 49, no. 6 (March 30, 2021): 1188–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13421-021-01144-7.

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AbstractAccording to the item/order hypothesis, high-frequency words are processed more efficiently and therefore order information can be readily encoded. In contrast, low-frequency words are processed less efficiently and the focus on item-specific processing compromises order information. Most experiments testing this account use free recall, which has led to two problems: First, the role of order information is difficult to evaluate in free recall, and second, the data from free recall show all three possible patterns of results: memory for high-frequency words can be better than, the same as, or worse than that for low-frequency words. A series of experiments tested the item/order hypothesis using tests where the role of order information is less ambiguous. The item/order hypothesis predicts better performance for high- than low-frequency words when pure lists are used in both immediate serial recall (ISR) and serial reconstruction of order (SRO) tests. In contrast, when mixed (alternating) lists are used, it predicts better performance for low- than for high-frequency words with ISR tests, but equivalent performance with SRO tests. The experiments generally confirm these predictions, with the notable exception of a block order effect in SRO tasks: When a block of low-frequency lists preceded a block of high-frequency lists, a high-frequency advantage was observed but when a block of high-frequency lists preceded a block of low-frequency lists, no frequency effect was observed. A final experiment provides evidence that this block order effect is due to metacognitive factors.

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Lohnas, Lynn J., and Michael J. Kahana. "Parametric effects of word frequency in memory for mixed frequency lists." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 39, no. 6 (2013): 1943–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0033669.

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Helmbold, Bruce. "Words We Would Want: Comparison of Three Pre-programmed Vocabulary Sets With Frequently Used Words in English." Perspectives on Augmentative and Alternative Communication 17, no. 4 (December 2008): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/aac17.4.156.

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Abstract In this descriptive study, three pre-programmed vocabulary sets—Picture WordPower 45 location (Inman Innovations), Unity 45 Full vs. 4.06 (Prentke-Romich Company), and Gateway 60 vs. 1.06.18 (Dynavox Technologies)—were examined for word-based vocabulary content and keystrokes per word. The vocabulary contents of the each set were then compared to the thousand most common words as identified by two different listings apiece, that published in Word Frequencies in Written and Spoken English based on the British National Corpus (BNC), and Wiktionary TV/Movie Frequency Lists (2006). The pre-programmed vocabulary set best representing these frequency lists was Unity 45 Full, followed by Gateway 60 and Picture WordPower. The vocabulary sets using the fewest average keystrokes per word, based on frequency lists, were Picture WordPower and Gateway 60 followed by Unity 45 Full. Results provide an aid for evaluating the comparative merits of pre-programmed vocabulary sets, such as inclusion of frequently used English words and relative keystroke savings.

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Calhoon, J. Anne, and Lauren Leslie. "A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Word Frequency and Rime-Neighborhood Size on Beginning Readers' Rime Reading Accuracy in Words and Nonwords." Journal of Literacy Research 34, no. 1 (March 2002): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15548430jlr3401_2.

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Beginning readers' rime reading accuracy was assessed over three years to examine the influence of word frequency and rime-neighborhood size (the number of single syllable words with the same rime) on words presented in lists and stories. Twenty-seven 1st- and 2nd- grade students read 54 words and 27 nonwords containing rimes from different size neighborhoods. In Year 1, children showed effects of neighborhood size in high frequency words read in stories and in low frequency words read in lists and stories. In Year 2, rimes from large neighborhoods were read more accurately than rimes from medium and small neighborhoods in high- and low-frequency words. In Year 3, no effects of rime-neighborhood size were found for high-frequency words, but effects on low-frequency words continued. These results support Leslie and Calhoon's (1995) developmental model of the effects of rime-neighborhood size and word frequency as a function of higher levels of word learning.

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Stuart, Morag, Maureen Dixon, Jackie Masterson, and Bob Gray. "Children's early reading vocabulary: Description and word frequency lists." British Journal of Educational Psychology 73, no. 4 (December 2003): 585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000709903322591253.

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Stubbs, Michael. "Two quantitative methods of studying phraseology in English." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2002): 215–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.7.2.04stu.

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Word frequency lists are a standard resource for many theoretical, descriptive and applied questions. However, due to severe problems of definition, there are no equivalent lists which give the frequency of phrases. This paper proposes two independent methods of studying the frequent phraseology of English. First, using a data-base of the most frequent collocations between word-forms in a 200-million word corpus, the strength of attraction between pairs of content words is discussed. Second, using a corpus of 2.5 million words, some of the most frequent phrases, in the sense of strings of uninterrupted word-forms, are identified, and their lexical, grammatical and semantic features are discussed.

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Bontrager, Terry. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORD FREQUENCY LISTS PRIOR TO THE 1944 THORNDIKE‐LORGE LIST." Reading Psychology 12, no. 2 (April 1991): 91–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0270271910120201.

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Lu, Cailing, and Averil Coxhead. "Vocabulary in Traditional Chinese Medicine." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 171, no. 1 (April 2, 2019): 34–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.18020.lu.

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Abstract This article reports on a corpus-based study of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) vocabulary. It first provides a vocabulary profile of English-medium Traditional Chinese Medicine textbooks and journal articles using Nation’s (2012) British National Corpus/Corpus of Contemporary American English (BNC/COCA 25,000) frequency word lists and supplementary word lists of proper nouns, abbreviations, and compounds. Then, it categorizes items outside Nation’s BNC/COCA into Chinese loan words (e.g., qi, yang) and medical lexis (e.g., cinnamomi, rehmanniae), which cover 5.93% of the TCM Corpora in total. The next analysis focuses on Schmitt and Schmitt’s (2014) high, mid, low-frequency vocabulary framework and how it differs from Western medicine. Finally, a vocabulary load analysis shows that to reach 98%, 13,000 word families plus four supplementary lists and two TCM-specific lists are needed. Together, these analyses provide us with a rounded picture of TCM vocabulary. Implications for pedagogy and suggestions for future research follow.

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Weinberg, Bella Hass. "Index structures in early Hebrew Biblical word lists." Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing: Volume 22, Issue 4 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.2001.22.4.5.

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The earliest Hebrew Masoretic Bibles and word lists are analyzed from the perspective of index structure. Masoretic Bibles and word lists may have served as models for the first complete Biblical concordances, which were produced in France, in the Latin language, in the 13th century. The thematic Hebrew Biblical word lists compiled by the Masoretes several centuries earlier contain concordance-like structures - words arranged alphabetically, juxtaposed with the Biblical phrases in which they occur. The Hebrew lists lack numeric locators, but the locations of the phrases in the Bible would have been familiar to learned people. The indexing methods of the Masoretes are not known, but their products contain many structures commonly thought to date from the modern era of information systems, among them word frequency counts, distinction of homographs, positional indexing, truncation, adjacency, and permuted indexes. It is documented that Hebrew Bibles were consulted by the Latin concorders; since Masoretic Bibles had the most accurate text, they were probably the editions consulted. This suggests the likely influence of Masoretic lists on the Latin concorders.

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Martynenko, G. Ya, and Yu D. Grigoriev. "Concentration indices for measuring and comparing of word frequency lists." Vestnik NSU. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 15, no. 1 (2017): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2017-15-1-41-53.

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Wu, Shang-Yu, Shanju Lin, Rei-Jane Huang, and I.-Fang Tsai. "High Frequency Words Produced by Typically Developing Mandarin-Speaking Children Between 3 and 6 Years of Age." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 215824402110361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211036109.

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The purpose of this study was to provide high frequency word lists for Mandarin-speaking children between 3 and 6 years of age and to explore the differences between each part of speech (POS) category among different age groups. Participants were 209 typically developing native Mandarin speakers aged between 3 and 6 years, born in Taiwan, and recruited from Mandarin-language preschools in Taipei, New Taipei City, and Miaoli. Language samples were collected through conversations, free play, and story retelling. The researchers then transcribed the samples, segment utterances, and words, tagging the POS corresponding to each word. The frequencies of word occurrences were then analyzed and ranked to generate a high frequency word list. The mean frequency of each POS category was calculated to identify significant differences between age groups. The results showed high frequency word lists, including the corresponding POS tagging. Significant differences were found in 10 of the 11 POS categories among age groups. The results of this study presented preliminary information concerning high frequency words produced by Mandarin-speaking children aged between 3 and 6 years and the development of their use of each POS category.

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Thompson, Paul, and Sarah Nasser Alzeer. "A Survey of Issues, Practices and Views Related to Corpus-based Word Lists for English Language Teaching and Learning." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 8, no. 6 (November 30, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.8n.6p.43.

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Word lists have been recognized as a valuable pedagogical resource that can be used by language teachers and learners, materials developers and syllabus designers to identify vocabulary that needs attention. The increase in the accessibility of electronic corpora and the recent advances in corpus software tools has led to a proliferation of various types of corpus-based word lists informed by frequency counts, in some cases combined with other measures. However, there is a lack of research into how word lists are used in real pedagogical contexts. This exploratory study explores current practices and views related to the exploitation, construction, and evaluation of corpus-based word lists for English language teaching and learning purposes. The survey results indicate that word lists are used for a variety of purposes and in different settings, and that the context and goals for use of the word list should determine the nature of the list. Furthermore, while word lists are thought to be useful, several factors need to be considered to ensure successful implementation of lists into pedagogical contexts. Finally, the survey captured misuses and misconceptions of word lists that practitioners need to be aware of.

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East, Martin. "Calculating the lexical frequency profile of written German texts." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.27.1.03eas.

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Abstract Measures of lexical richness aim at quantifying the degree to which L2 writers are using a varied and large vocabulary. One method for calculating lexical richness is the Lexical Frequency Profile, or LFP (Laufer & Nation, 1995). The LFP, calculated by a computer programme, provides a detailed picture of vocabulary use measured against several frequency lists of words. This paper reports on a small-scale study to investigate the effectiveness of calculating the LFP of written texts of German. This study formed part of a larger study to investigate the impact of dictionaries on students’ writing. Six subjects completed two timed writing tasks in examination conditions, one with and one without a bilingual dictionary. It was envisaged that the LFP might be helpful in determining if the presence of the bilingual dictionary made a difference to students’ lexical sophistication. A calculation of the LFP was carried out using two context-specific lists. Figures were calculated for the number of word tokens and word families. It was concluded that, although using the computer programme with German texts presented some difficulties not present when using the software with English frequency lists, the LFP showed itself to be a valuable diagnostic tool that was able to differentiate between proficiency levels in German and to provide useful information about lexical richness in German texts.

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Verhoeven, Ludo, R. H. Baayen, and Robert Schreuder. "Orthographic constraints and frequency effects in complex word identification." Written Language and Literacy 7, no. 1 (July 30, 2004): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.7.1.06ver.

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In an experimental study we explored the role of word frequency and orthographic constraints in the reading of Dutch bisyllabic words. Although Dutch orthography is highly regular, several deviations from a one-to-one correspondence occur. In polysyllabic words, the grapheme E may represent three different vowels: /ε /, /e/, or /œ /. In the experiment, skilled adult readers were presented lists of bisyllabic words containing the vowel E in the initial syllable and the same grapheme or another vowel in the second syllable. We expected word frequency to be related to word latency scores. On the basis of general word frequency data, we also expected the interpretation of the initial syllable as a stressed /e/ to be facilitated as compared to the interpretation of an unstressed /œ /. We found a strong negative correlation between word frequency and latency scores. Moreover, for words with E in either syllable we found a preference for a stressed /e/ interpretation, indicating a lexical frequency effect. The results are discussed with reference to a parallel dual-route model of word decoding.

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Rathna Kumar, S. B., Panchanan Mohanty, Pranjali Anand Ujawane, and Yash Rajeev Huzurbazar. "Conventional speech identification test in Marathi for adults." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 2, no. 4 (September 26, 2016): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20163467.

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Background: The present study aimed to develop conventional speech identification in Marathi for assessing adults by considering word frequency, familiarity, words in common use and phonemic balancing.Methods: A total of four word lists were developed with each word list consisting of 25 words out of which 60% are monosyllabic words in CVC structure, and 40% are disyllabic words in CVCV structure. Equivalence analysis and performance-intensity function testing was carried out using four word lists on native speakers of Marathi belonging to different regions of Maharashtra (i.e. Vidarbha, Marathwada, Khandesh and Northern Maharashtra, Konkan and Pune) who were equally divided into five groups based on above mentioned regions. Results: The results revealed that there was no statistically significant difference (p >0.05) in the speech identification performance between groups for each word list, and between word lists for each group. The performance-intensity (PI) function curve showed semi-linear function, and the groups’ mean slope of the curve indicated an average slope of 4.5% increase in speech identification score per dB for four word lists. Although, there is no data available on speech identification tests for adults in Marathi, most of the findings of the study are in line with the findings of research reports on other Indian languages.Conclusions: The four word lists developed were found to be equally difficult for all the groups and can be used interchangeably. Thus, the developed word lists were found to be reliable and valid materials for assessing speech identification performance of adults in Marathi.

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Kant, Anjali R., and Arun A. Banik. "Analysis of post implantation speech recognition abilities of children with hearing impairment using cochlear implants." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 3, no. 3 (June 24, 2017): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20171572.

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Background: As per census’2011, in India, there are 15, 94,249 children with hearing impairment below 18 years of age. A current method in treating children with hearing impairment is cochlear implantation. The use of cochlear implants aids in improving auditory detection, discrimination, identification and speech recognition. Although, speech recognition is a primary outcome measure in cochlear implantees, there is a paucity of word lists or tests to assess speech recognition abilities, both in local languages in general and Hindi in particular. Methods: In order to construct word lists comprising of monosyllabic and multisyllabic, easy and hard words, language samples from children (3 - 5 years of age, n = 120) were collected in order to create a database to select stimuli from. The frequency of occurrence and neighborhood density for the words selected from this database was then computed and word lists were constructed. These newly constructed Hindi word lists were administered to 45 cochlear implantees (4.1 to 9 years of age); one year post implantation. Subjects were instructed to listen to the words and repeat them. Responses were scored as number of words correctly repeated. Results: Cochlear implantees were able to show lexical effects of difficulty, i.e. they achieved higher scores for easy words than those for hard words. However, they were not able to show the same effect for word type. Conclusions: The newly constructed Hindi word lists appear to be valid lists in assessment of speech recognition abilities of children with hearing impairment using cochlear implants.

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Studebaker, Gerald A., and Robert L. Sherbecoe. "Frequency-Importance and Transfer Functions for Recorded CID W-22 Word Lists." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 34, no. 2 (April 1991): 427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3402.427.

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Frequency-importance and transfer functions for the Technisonic Studios’ recordings of the CID W-22 word test are reported. These functions may be used to calculate Articulation Index (Al) values or to predict scores on the W-22 test. The functions were derived from the word recognition scores of 8 normal-hearing listeners who were tested under 308 conditions of filtering and masking. The importance function for the W-22 test has a broader frequency range and a different shape than the importance function used in the current ANSI standard on the Articulation Index (ANSI, 1969). The transfer function is similar in slope to to the ANSI transfer function for 256 PB-words, but is shifted to the right of that function by 0.05 Al.

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Miller, Leonie M., and Steven Roodenrys. "Serial recall, word frequency, and mixed lists: The influence of item arrangement." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 38, no. 6 (2012): 1731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028470.

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Troshina, Anna, and Nikolay Ershov. "Development of a word frequency lists and textscorpus of russian pre-reform language." System Analysis in Science and Education, no. 3 (2020) (September 30, 2020): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37005/2071-9612-2020-3-31-42.

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The paper is devoted to the development of the Russian language corpus in pre-reform spelling and the development of a frequency word list based on this corpus of the Russian language of the 18th - early 20th centuries. Existing approaches to solving this problem are considered and analyzed, including an overview of a number of the most popular electronic national corpuses – Russian, British and Czech. The model of the internal organization of the electronic frequency word list and its functionality are formulated. The software implementation of the Russian pre-reform language corpus and the frequency word list based on it is described using the programming languages Python and Javascript and the Mongo DB database. The issues of web application implementation for access to the developed electronic dictionary are considered.

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Pack, Daniel, and Louis Pons. "Correlation between Two Indices of Commonality and of Repetition in Free Word-Association Responses." Psychological Reports 56, no. 3 (June 1985): 931–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.56.3.931.

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Two samples of subjects, one French ( n = 50) and one American ( n = 29), were given free word-association tests consisting of two successive presentations of the same list of stimulus words separated by a 15-min. interval. Both the frequency of “most common responses” (as defined by Palermo and Jenkins' word association norms for the Americans and a reference sample for the French) and the frequency of repeated responses (responses repeated on successive presentations) remained consistent for individual subjects tested on separate occasions with two different lists of 20 words. There was also a significant correlation between these two parameters for individual subjects.

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Stark, Rachel E., and James W. Montgomery. "Sentence processing in language-impaired children under conditions of filtering and time compression." Applied Psycholinguistics 16, no. 2 (April 1995): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400007050.

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ABSTRACTNineteen language-impaired (LI) and 20 language-normal (LN) children participated in an on-line word-monitoring task. Words were presented in lists and in sentences readily comprehended by younger children. The sentences were unaltered, tow-pass filtered, and time- compressed. Both groups had shorter mean response times (MRTs), but lower accuracy, for words in sentences than words in lists. The LI children had significantly longer MRTs under sentence conditions and lower accuracy overall than the LN children. Filtering had an adverse effect upon accuracy and MRT for both subject groups. Time compression did not, suggesting that the reduction in high-frequency information and the rate of presentation exert different effects. Subject differences in attention, as well as in linguistic competence and motor control, may have influenced word-monitoring performance.

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Denison, G., and I. Custance. "Vocabulary Learning Using Student-Created Class Vocabulary Lists." Vocabulary Learning and Instruction 9, no. 2 (2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7820/vli.v09.2.denison.custance.

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In this article, we describe the pedagogical basis for class vocabulary lists (CVLs) and their implementation using Google Sheets. CVLs allow students to collaborate and build “notebooks” of vocabulary that they feel is important to learn. CVL choices of students (N = 53) in three classes of mixed non-English majors and one informatics class were compared against frequency-based lists (British National Corpus/Corpus of Contemporary American English Word Family Lists [BNC/COCA], New General Service List [NGSL], Test of English for International Communication [TOEIC] Service List [TSL]) using the Compleat Web Vocabulary Profiler (Web VP) to determine the usefulness of the selected vocabulary. An information technology keywords list, constructed using AntConc and AntCorGen, was compared against the informatics group’s CVL to determine if those students were choosing field-appropriate vocabulary. Results suggest that when given autonomy to choose vocabulary, students generally select useful and relevant words for their contexts (e.g, simulation, virtual, privacy, artificial, denuclearization, aftershock, heatstroke) and that CVLs supplement frequency-based lists in beneficial ways.

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Hintzman, Douglas L., Tim Curran, and David A. Caulton. "Scaling the Episodic Familiarities of Pictures and Words." Psychological Science 6, no. 5 (September 1995): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00516.x.

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Most current memory theories assume that judgments of past occurrence are based on a unidimensional familiarity signal In a test of this hypothesis, subjects studied mixed lists of pictures and words that occurred up to three times each They then were given two tests a forced-choice frequency discrimination test including all pairs of conditions (e g, picture seen twice vs word never seen) and a numerical frequency judgment test on individual items Forced-choice proportions for all pairings (picture-picture, word-word, and picture-word) were well fit by a one-dimensional scaling solution, suggesting a common basis of recognition and frequency judgments for both pictures and words Both forced-choice and numerical judgment data indicated that familiarities of pictures started lower than those of words but increased more rapidly with repetition Results are discussed in connection with the distinction between familiarity and recall, and the possible role of rescaling in the mirror effect

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Wang, Ping. "A Corpus-based Study of English Vocabulary in Art Research Articles." Journal of Arts and Humanities 6, no. 8 (September 7, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/journal.v6i8.1255.

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The learning of English as a foreign language is an additional burden for art majors. This study aimed to examine high frequency words in art research articles to improve the efficiency of art majors’ English learning, especially their academic reading and writing. For this aim, the study built a corpus, analyzed data from art research articles and compared data with three base word lists. We found that the General Service List (GSL) and the Academic Word List (AWL) had a high coverage in our corpus, and there was a different high frequency word order in the Art Research Article Corpus (ARAC). These findings provide some implications for teaching English for art majors.

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Lohnas, Lynn J., and Michael J. Kahana. ""Parametric effects of word frequency in memory for mixed frequency lists": Correction to Lohnas and Kahana (2013)." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 39, no. 6 (2013): 1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0034164.

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Ferrand, Ludovic, and Jonathan Grainger. "Phonology and Orthography in Visual Word Recognition: Evidence from Masked Non-Word Priming." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 45, no. 3 (September 1992): 353–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724989208250619.

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Three lexical decision experiments in French investigated the effects of briefly presented forward-masked non-word primes on latencies to phonologically and/or orthographically related targets. At 64-msec prime presentation durations, primes that are pseudohomophones of the target produced facilitatory effects compared to orthographic controls, but these orthographically similar non-word primes did not facilitate target recognition compared to unrelated controls. These results were obtained independently of target word frequency and independently of the presence or absence of pseudohomophone targets in the experimental lists. With a 32-msec prime duration, on the other hand, pseudohomophone and orthographic primes had similar effects on target recognition, both producing facilitation relative to unrelated controls. The results are discussed in terms of the time course of phonological and orthographic code activation in the processing of pronounceable strings of letters.

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Gilner, Leah, and Frank Morales. "Corpus-Based Frequency Profiling: Migration To A Word List Based On The British National Corpus." Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics 1 (June 22, 2010): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/bjll.v1i0.3.

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The selection and assessment of ELT materials involve multiple criteria. The use of frequency word lists to profile the vocabulary makeup of a text is one such criterion. It provides a quantifiable characterization and classification of lexical material in terms of corpus-based frequency measures. The process of vocabulary profiling is not without challenges, first among which is the identification of a word list adequate for ELT. The choice will determine the amount of information, if any, that can be derived from a text. This paper provides an appraisal of a frequency word list based on the British National Corpus (BNC) and shows the benefits that can be gained by profiling with this list rather than with the long-established General Service List (West, 1953).

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Gabrielsson, Alf, Bo N. Schenkman, and Björn Hagerman. "The Effects of Different Frequency Responses on Sound Quality Judgments and Speech Intelligibility." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 31, no. 2 (June 1988): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3102.166.

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Four speech programs and two music programs were reproduced using five different frequency responses: one flat and the others combinations of reductions at lower frequencies and/or increases at higher frequencies. Twelve hearing impaired (HI) and 8 normal hearing (NH) subjects listened monaurally to the reproductions at comfortable listening level and judged the sound quality on seven perceptual scales and a scale for total impression. Speech intelligibility was measured for phonetically balanced (PB) word lists and for sentences in noise. Significant differences among the reproductions appeared in practically all scales. The most preferred system was characterized by a fiat response at lower frequencies and a 6 dB/octave increase thereafter. There were certain differences between the NH and HI listeners in the judgments of the other systems. The intelligibility of PB word lists did not differ among the systems, and the S/N threshold for the sentences in noise only distinguished the flat response as worse than all others for the HI listeners. There was little correspondence between intelligibility measures and sound quality measures. The latter provided more information and distinctions among systems.

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Webb, Stuart. "A corpus driven study of the potential for vocabulary learning through watching movies." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 15, no. 4 (October 29, 2010): 497–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.15.4.03web.

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In this corpus driven study, the scripts of 143 movies consisting of 1,267,236 running words were analyzed using the RANGE program (Heatley et al. 2002) to determine the number of encounters with low frequency words. Low frequency words were operationalized as items from Nation’s (2004) 4th to 14th 1,000-word BNC lists. The results showed that in a single movie, few words were encountered 10 or more times indicating that only a small number of words may be learned through watching one movie. However, as the number of movies analyzed increased, the number of words encountered 10 or more times increased. Twenty-three percent of the word families from Nation’s (2004) 4th 1,000-word list were encountered 10 or more times in a set of 70 movies. This indicates that if learners watch movies regularly over a long period of time, there is the potential for significant incidental learning to occur

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Park, Jinkyoung, and Yuah V. Chon. "EFL Learners’ Knowledge of High-frequency Words in the Comprehension of Idioms: A Boost or a Burden?" RELC Journal 50, no. 2 (April 20, 2018): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033688217748024.

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Single word items have usually been the unit of analysis for measuring L2 learners’ vocabulary size, for designing word lists and for estimating word coverage of reading texts. However, what is lost in these estimates is the consideration of multiword expressions, such as idioms. To empirically test the assertion that the knowledge of single word items will not lead to automatic comprehension of multiword items, a two-part test was conducted on 124 Korean middle school learners of English: One was a test on idioms composed of the top 1,000 words in English; the second tested single word items of the exact same words in the idiom test. Results indicated that the learners’ knowledge of idioms was lagging behind that of single word items even when the learners knew most of the words that constituted the idioms. Differences between the learners’ actual comprehension and reported comprehension level also indicated that the learners were overestimating their comprehension of the items. The comprehension strategies used to decode the meaning of idioms also indicated that guessing from context was the most effective strategy. Implications are discussed in the light of learning the idioms.

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Jeep, John M. "Alliterating Word-Pairs in Old High German: Approaching a Rhetorical Evaluation." American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 8, no. 1 (1996): 33–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1040820700001712.

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A survey of the Old High German texts provides a number of significant finds relating to the early use, frequency, and distribution of alliterating word-pairs. In the presentation and analysis of selected data, parameters for addressing a more complete rhetorical evaluation of the phraseologisms as they appear in the texts are outlined, with consideration of issues such as transmission, source influence, genre, and dialect. Contours of the early history of the alliterating word-pair in German are presented, while perspectives for further research are sketched. An appendix lists the entire corpus of Old High German alliterating word-pairs.

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Pathan, Habibullah, Rafique A. Memon, Shumaila Memon, Syed Waqar Ali Shah, and Aziz Magsi. "Academic Vocabulary Use in Doctoral Theses: A Corpus-Based Lexical Analysis of Academic Word List (AWL) in Major Scientific Disciplinary Groups." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 4 (May 2, 2018): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n4p282.

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Since the development of academic word list (AWL) by Coxhead (2000), multiple studies have attempted to investigate its effectiveness and relevance of the included academic vocabulary in the texts or corpora of various academic fields, disciplines, subjects and also in multiple academic genres and registers. Similarly, this study also aims at investigating the text coverage of Coxhead’s (2000) AWL in Pakistani doctoral theses of two major scientific disciplinary groups (Biological & health sciences as well as Physical sciences); furthermore the study also analyses the frequency of the AWL word families to extract the most frequent word families in the theses texts. In order to achieve this goal, a pre-built corpus of Pakistani doctoral theses (PAKDTh) (Aziz, 2016) comprises of 200 doctoral theses from two major scientific disciplinary groups was used as textual data. Using concordance software AntConc version 3.4.4 (Anthony, 2016), computer-driven data analysis revealed that in total 8.76% (496839 words) of the text in Pakistani doctoral thesis corpus is covered by the AWL words. Further distributing the analysis per sub-lists, shows that the first three sub-lists of AWL accounted for almost 57% of the whole text coverage. An attempt was made to further analyze the AWL text coverage by considering the frequency of occurrences in terms of word families. The findings showed that among 570- word families of Coxhead’s (2000) AWL, 550-word families with the sum of 96.49% are found to occur more than 10 times in PAKDTh corpus, which are taken as word families used in the corpus. This study concludes that Coxhead’s (2000) AWL is proved effective for the writing of theses. On the basis of the findings, further possible academic implications are discussed in detail.

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Yan, Guoli, Zhu Meng, Nina Liu, Liyuan He, and Kevin B. Paterson. "Effects of irrelevant background speech on eye movements during reading." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 6 (January 1, 2018): 1270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1339718.

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The irrelevant speech effect (ISE) refers to the impairment of visual information processing by background speech. Prior research on the ISE has focused on short-term memory for visually presented word lists. The present research extends this work by using measurements of eye movements to examine effects of irrelevant background speech during Chinese reading. This enabled an examination of the ISE for a language in which access to semantic representations is not strongly mediated by phonology. Participants read sentences while exposed to meaningful irrelevant speech, meaningless speech (scrambled meaningful speech) or silence. A target word of high or low lexical frequency was embedded in each sentence. The results show that meaningful, but not meaningless, background speech produced increased re-reading. In addition, the appearance of a normal word frequency effect, characterised by longer fixation times on low- compared to high-frequency words, was delayed when meaningful or meaningless speech was present in the background. These findings show that irrelevant background speech can disrupt normal processes of reading comprehension and, in addition, that background noise can interfere with the early processing of words. The findings add to evidence showing that normal reading processes can be disrupted by environmental noise such as irrelevant background speech.

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Pinchbeck, Geoffrey. "Validating the Construct of Readability in EFL Contexts: A Proposal for Criteria." Vocabulary Learning and Instruction 8, no. 1 (2019): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7820/vli.v08.1.pinchbeck.

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This article examines how English as a foreign language learners might be better matched to reading texts using automatic readability analysis. Specifically, I examine how the lexical decoding component of readability might be validated. In Japan, readability has been mostly determined by publishers or by professional reading organizations who only occasionally publish their lists of readability ratings for specific texts. Without transparent readability methods, candidate texts cannot be independently evaluated by practitioners. Moreover, the reliance on centralized organizations to curate from commercially available texts precludes the evaluation of the multitudes of free texts that are increasingly available on the Internet. Previous studies that have attempted to develop automatic readability formulas for Japanese learners have used surface textual features of texts, such as word and/or sentence length, and/or they have used word-frequency lists derived from large multi- register corpora. In this article, I draw upon on the findings of a study that examines how such word-lists might be validated for use in matching Japanese learners to texts (Pinchbeck, manuscript in preparation). Finally, I propose a list of general criteria that might be used to evaluate the components of readability formulas in general.

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Fajardo, Arnel C., and Yoon-joong Kim. "Test Of Vowels In Speech Recognition Using Continuous Density Hidden Markov Model And Development Of Phonetically Balanced-Words In The Filipino Language." Balkan Region Conference on Engineering and Business Education 1, no. 1 (August 15, 2014): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cplbu-2014-0092.

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AbstractAn Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) converts the speech signals into words. The recognized words can be the final output or it can be an input for a natural language processing. In this paper, vowel recognizer using Continuous density HMM and Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) were used for feature extraction for its development, and phonetically balanced words (PBW) in Filipino were developed. Thus, this study is a preparation for Filipino Language ASR using HMM. For vowel recognizer, forty speakers were trained (20 male and 20 female speakers). An average accuracy rate of 94.5% was achieved for speaker-dependent test and 90.8% for speaker independent test. For PBW, 2 word lists were developed consisting of 257 words for the 2-syllable Filipino PBW word list and 212 words for the 3-syllable Filipino PBW word list.

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Wibawa, Aji Prasetya, Hidayah Kariima Fithri, Ilham Ari Elbaith Zaeni, and Andrew Nafalski. "Generating Javanese Stopwords List using K-means Clustering Algorithm." Knowledge Engineering and Data Science 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um018v3i22020p106-111.

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Stopword removal necessary in Information Retrieval. It can remove frequently appeared and general words to reduce memory storage. The algorithm eliminates each word that is precisely the same as the word in the stopword list. However, generating the list could be time-consuming. The words in a specific language and domain must be collected and validated by specialists. This research aims to develop a new way to generate a stop word list using the K-means Clustering method. The proposed approach groups words based on their frequency. The confusion matrix calculates the difference between the findings with a valid stopword list created by a Javanese linguist. The accuracy of the proposed method is 78.28% (K=7). The result shows that the generation of Javanese stopword lists using a clustering method is reliable.

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Browne, Charles. "The NGSL Project: Building Wordlists and Resources to help EFL Learners (and Teachers) to Succeed." JALTCALL Publications PCP2020, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltsig.call2020.1.

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During my JALTCALL 2020 Plenary Address, I explained about the importance of high frequency and special purpose (SP) vocabulary for second language learners of English, and then went on to introduce our New General Service List Project, a collection of 7 open-source, corpus-based word lists offering the highest coverage in each of their specific genres, as well as the large and growing number of free apps and online tools we have either developed or utilized to help learners, teachers, researchers and materials developers to better be able to utilize our lists. This chapter is a very brief summary of this project.

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SMITS, ERICA, DOMINIEK SANDRA, HEIKE MARTENSEN, and TON DIJKSTRA. "Phonological inconsistency in word naming: Determinants of the interference effect between languages." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 12, no. 1 (January 2009): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728908003465.

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Dutch–English participants named words and nonwords with a between-language phonologically inconsistent rime, e.g., GREED and PREED, and control words with a language-typical rime, e.g., GROAN, in a monolingual stimulus list or in a mixed list containing Dutch words. Inconsistent items had longer latencies and more errors than typical items in the mixed lists but not in the pure list. The consistency effect depended on word frequency, but not on language membership, lexicality, or instruction. Instruction did affect the relative speed and number of errors in the two languages. The consistency effect is the consequence of the simultaneous activation of two sublexical codes in the bilinguals' two languages and its size depends on the activation rate of the associated lexical representations (high-frequency words versus low-frequency words and nonwords) and on the decision criteria that monitor the response conflict at the decision level: the timing for responding (time criterion) in each language depends on the composition of the stimulus list and the likelihood of responses in either language.

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Rudziński, Grzegorz. "Statystyka pojęć z kręgu znaczeniowego wojny w edukacyjnych materiałach pomocniczych dla maturzystów." Oblicza Komunikacji 8 (August 10, 2018): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-5345.8.7.

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Supporting materials on Polish history for graduates have been examined from the statistic side. Counting was not the individual parts of speech, but the word-forming bases of autosemantic words. In the material studied, relatively high frequency of concepts connected with the phenomenon of war was observed. Common concepts are war, fighting, army. On the other hand, related to the notion of war, rare words form long lists in the layer of hapax legomena. It allows to interpret some historical narrations intended for high school students as focused on the phenomenon of war.

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CUETOS, FERNANDO, and PAZ SUÁREZ-COALLA. "From grapheme to word in reading acquisition in Spanish." Applied Psycholinguistics 30, no. 4 (October 2009): 583–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716409990038.

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ABSTRACTThe relationship between written words and their pronunciation varies considerably among different orthographic systems, and these variations have repercussions on learning to read. Children whose languages have deep orthographies must learn to pronounce larger units, such as rhymes, morphemes, or whole words, to achieve the correct pronunciation of some words. However, children whose languages have transparent orthographies need only learn to pronounce graphemes to be able to read any word. In this study, the reading evolution of Spanish-speaking children was investigated for the purpose of discovering when and for what types of stimuli lexical information is used in Spanish. Five- to 10-year-old children were presented with lists of stimuli in which lexicality, frequency, and length were manipulated. The results in terms of reading accuracy and speed showed that the influence of stimulus length is great in the early grades and later diminishes, and just the opposite is the case for lexicality and frequency. These data suggest that reading acquisition in Spanish constitutes a continuum that ranges from phonological recoding to the use of lexical strategies, and that this transition is made at a very early stage, at least for the most frequent words.

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Cervera, Teresa, and Julio González-Alvarez. "Lists of Spanish Sentences with Equivalent Predictability, Phonetic Content, Length, and Frequency of the Last Word." Perceptual and Motor Skills 111, no. 2 (October 2010): 517–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/28.pms.111.5.517-529.

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Poirier, Marie, and Jean Saint-Aubin. "Memory for Related and Unrelated Words: Further Evidence on the Influence of Semantic Factors in Immediate Serial Recall." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 48, no. 2 (May 1995): 384–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749508401396.

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A number of recent studies have explored the role of long-term memory factors in memory span tasks. The effects of lexicality, frequency, imageability, and word class have been investigated. The work reported in this paper examined the effect of semantic organization on the recall of short lists of words. Specifically, the influence of semantic category on immediate serial recall and the interaction of this variable with articulatory suppression was investigated in three experiments. Experiment 1 compared immediate serial recall performance when lists comprising items from the same semantic category were used (homogeneous condition) with a situation where lists held items from different semantic categories. Experiment 2 examined the same conditions with and without articulatory suppression during item presentation, and Experiment 3 reproduced these conditions with suppression occurring throughout presentation and recall. Results of all three experiments showed a clear advantage for the homogeneous condition. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that the homogeneous category advantage did not depend on the articulatory loop. Furthermore, error analysis indicated that this effect was mainly attributable to better item information recall for the homogeneous condition. These results are interpreted as reflecting a long-term memory contribution to the recall stage of immediate serial recall tasks.

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Brown, Dale. "Coverage-based Frequency Bands: A Proposal." Vocabulary Learning and Instruction 6, no. 2 (2017): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7820/vli.v06.2.brown.

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Second language vocabulary research makes much use of word frequency lists and their division into bands. In recent years, bands of 1,000 items have become conventional. However, there does not seem to be any firm basis or rationale for this. Conventional banding may be questioned since the utility of words varies greatly depending on frequency, because there are enormous differences in frequency within higher bands, and because the reliability of the placement of words in bands becomes progressively poorer at lower frequency levels. This article suggests an alternative approach: basing bands on coverage levels. Because of the frequency distribution of words, this means the highest frequency bands would contain very few words, while lower frequency bands would contain a great many words. The article shows how such bands can be constructed and presents a re-analysis of the results of a vocabulary test designed with conventional bands in terms of coverage-based bands. This re-analysis produces a very different profile of learners’ knowledge, and it is argued that the shape of this profile may be more useful in terms of guiding instruction in that it gives a clearer indication of which words should be targeted for a group of learners. It is further argued that the smaller number of words contained in coverage-based bands at higher frequency levels makes them a more feasible basis for instruction. The article thus concludes that coverage-based bands may be a fruitful avenue for researchers to explore.

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Higginbotham, G., I. Munby, and J. Racine. "A Japanese Word Association Database of English." Vocabulary Learning and Instruction 4, no. 2 (2015): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7820/vli.v04.2.higginbotham.et.al.

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In this paper, two word association (WA) studies are presented in support of recent arguments against the use of native-speaker (NS) norms in WA research. In Study 1, first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) WA norms lists were developed and compared to learner responses as a means of measuring L2 proficiency. The results showed that L2 norms provided a more sensitive measure of L2 lexical development than did traditional NS norms. Study 2 was designed to test the utility of native norms databases in predicting the primary WA responses of Japanese learners to high-frequency English cues. With the exception of only extremely frequent cues, it was shown that native norms were not successful in predicting learner responses. The results of both studies are discussed in terms of cultural and linguistic differences, geographic distance, and dissimilarities in word knowledge between respondent populations. Finally, a proposal is made for the construction of a Japanese WA database of English responses (J-WADE). The methods by which it will be developed, key features, and employment in future research are outlined.

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Petten, Cyma Van, Marta Kutas, Robert Kluender, Mark Mitchiner, and Heather McIsaac. "Fractionating the Word Repetition Effect with Event-Related Potentials." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3, no. 2 (April 1991): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1991.3.2.131.

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Word repetition has been a staple paradigm for both psycholinguistic and memory research; several possible loci for changes in behavioral performance have been proposed. These proposals are discussed in light of the event-related brain potential (ERP) data reported here. ERPs were recorded as subjects read nonfiction articles drawn from a popular magazine. The effects of word repetition were examined in this relatively natural context wherein words were repeated as a consequence of normal discourse structure. Three distinct components of the ERP were found to be sensitive to repetition: a positive component peaking at 200 msec poststimulus, a negative one at 400 msec (N400), and a later positivity. The components were differentially sensitive to the temporal lag between repetitions, the number of repetitions, and the normative frequency of the eliciting word. The N400 responded similarly to repetition in text as it has in experimental lists of words, but the late positivity showed a different pattern of results than in list studies.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Word frequency lists'

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