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Journal articles on the topic 'Word order universals'

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Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Payne, Doris L., and John A. Hawkins. "Word Order Universals." Language 61, no. 2 (1985): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/414154.

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Aitchison, Jean. "Word order universals." Lingua 70, no. 2-3 (1986): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(86)90039-2.

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3

Rijkhoff, Jan. "Word Order Universals Revisited." Functional Explanations in Linguistics 1 (January 1, 1986): 95–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.1.05rij.

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4

Merlo, Paola. "Predicting Word Order Universals." Journal of Language Modelling 3, no. 2 (2015): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.15398/jlm.v3i2.112.

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5

Campbell, Lyle, Vit Bubenik, and Leslie Saxon. "Word Order Universals: Refinements and Clarifications." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 33, no. 3 (1988): 209–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100012962.

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Studies of word-order universals have had great impact in modern linguistics, thanks to Greenberg’s (1963) work and to Hawkins’s (1983) refinements. Greenberg’s conclusions were based on a sample of 30 languages “for more detailed information” and 142 languages “for certain limited cooccurrences of basic word order” (Hawkins 1983:xi; cf. Greenberg 1963:74–75). Hawkins expanded the 142 “to some 350 languages”, and for “between one-third and one-half of these supplementary data have been collected of the type that Greenberg listed in his 30-language sample” (Hawkins 1983:xi-xii). Hawkins propose
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Haspelmath, Martin, and Sven Siegmund. "Simulating the replication of some of Greenberg's word order generalizations." Linguistic Typology 10, no. 1 (2006): 74–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.830009.

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In this short contribution, we illustrate what a typological replicatio would look like by examining some of Greenberg’s (1963) word order generalizations in a range of different 30-language samples. This is not a real replication based on new data (which would have required a substantial amount of research, beyond the scope of this discussion note), but a “simulated” replication in that it is based on data gathered and published independently: Matthew Dryer’s word order data published as individual chapters of the <em>World Atlas of Language Structures </em>(<em>WALS). </em>Our little exercis
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Mulder, Jean. "The Viability of the Notion of Subject in Coast Tsimshian." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 34, no. 2 (1989): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100013281.

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The status of subject as a linguistic universals is commonly assumed. For example, the classification of the word order of a language as SVO, SOV, etc. presupposes the universal occurrence of subject; many language universale such as Mithun’s (1984) hierarchy for noun incorporation are stated in terms of subject; and, some theories such as Relational Grammar take subject as a primitive.
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Medeiros, David P. "Stack-Sorting Grammar." Nordlyd 48, no. 1 (2024): 59–91. https://doi.org/10.7557/12.7978.

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I propose that, within local domains corresponding to extended projections, typologically possible information-neutral word orders are limited to the stack-sortable (231-avoiding) permutations of a universal head-complement-specifier linear order. This proposal explains and unifies some well-known but previously unrelated word order universals, while successfully generating phenomena that challenge traditional approaches. Applications include Cinque’s revision of Greenberg’s Universal 20, the Final-Over-Final Condition, a modified Head Movement Constraint allowing attested Long Head Movement,
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Zverev, Alexander G. "Linguistic Universals in Legal Texts (English, French, and Russian)." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 5, no. 3 (2019): 66–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2019-5-3-66-83.

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This article describes a study of legal texts (in English, French, and Russian) to confirm J. Greenberg’s linguistic universals № 11 and 14. The linguistic universal № 14 refers to the ordering of subject, object, and verb in a conditional clause. Anna Wierzbicka refers the predicate “if” (which forms the conditional) to the number of semantic primitives. The linguistic universal № 11 asserts in declarative sentences with nominal subject and object, the predominant dominant order has the subject followed by the object. This study revises some of the most important provisions set forth by J. Gr
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Hahn, Michael, Dan Jurafsky, and Richard Futrell. "Universals of word order reflect optimization of grammars for efficient communication." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 5 (2020): 2347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910923117.

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The universal properties of human languages have been the subject of intense study across the language sciences. We report computational and corpus evidence for the hypothesis that a prominent subset of these universal properties—those related to word order—result from a process of optimization for efficient communication among humans, trading off the need to reduce complexity with the need to reduce ambiguity. We formalize these two pressures with information-theoretic and neural-network models of complexity and ambiguity and simulate grammars with optimized word-order parameters on large-sca
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11

Qian, Nairong. "An Investigation of Shanghai Dialect from the Perspective of Word Order Typology." Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 5, no. 2 (2011): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405478x-90000080.

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Based on the word order universals proposed by Greenberg and Dryer, this study examines word order in a series of sentence types found in Shanghai dialect, and demonstrates that pre-verbal patients are objects and not sub-topics. Shanghai dialect is therefore a language of non-canonical SOV order.
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12

Kuribayashi, Tatsuki. "Memoir: Emergent Word Order Universals from Cognitively-Motivated Language Models." Journal of Natural Language Processing 31, no. 4 (2024): 1786–91. https://doi.org/10.5715/jnlp.31.1786.

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13

Hawkins, John A., and Gary Gilligan. "Prefixing and suffixing universals in relation to basic word order." Lingua 74, no. 2-3 (1988): 219–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(88)90060-5.

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14

Achard, Michel. "Causative Structures in French: Word Order Following faire, laisser, and forcer." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 19, no. 1 (1993): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v19i1.1501.

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FERRER-I-CANCHO, RAMON. "SOME WORD ORDER BIASES FROM LIMITED BRAIN RESOURCES: A MATHEMATICAL APPROACH." Advances in Complex Systems 11, no. 03 (2008): 393–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525908001702.

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In this paper, we propose a mathematical framework for studying word order optimization. The framework relies on the well-known positive correlation between cognitive cost and the Euclidean distance between the elements (e.g. words) involved in a syntactic link. We study the conditions under which a certain word order is more economical than an alternative word order by proposing a mathematical approach. We apply our methodology to two different cases: (a) the ordering of subject (S), verb (V) and object (O), and (b) the covering of a root word by a syntactic link. For the former, we find that
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Sabir, Aneeqa. "A Comparative Study of Potwari and English Word Order: SOV vs SVO<sup> </sup>." Research Journal for Social Affairs 3, no. 5 (2025): 17–24. https://doi.org/10.71317/rjsa.003.05.0297.

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This study investigates the comparative syntactic structures of word order in Potwari, a regional Indo-Aryan language spoken in Pakistan, and English, a global language with Germanic roots. A number of studies are available on different languages word order but limited research is available on the word order of potwari language. Therefore by applying qualitative methodology focusing on the Universal Grammar framework and the Minimalist Program, the research examines how Potwari's Subject- Object-Verb (SOV) structure contrasts with English's Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) order. By analyzing declara
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Zhao, Yiyun, and Masha Fedzechkina. "Learners’ harmonic preferences are modulated by lexical retrieval difficulty." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (2020): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4758.

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Typological work has established the existence of language universals – features or combinations of features that (co-) occur in unrelated languages more frequently than expected by chance. The origins of language universals are a fundamental question in language sciences as these universals are considered a reflection of cognitive mechanisms underlying human language. In this study, we use a miniature artificial language learning paradigm to explore whether a well-known universal – a preference for harmonic word ordering between adpositional and verb phrases (i.e., placing the head in a consi
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18

Kristianto, T. M. A. "The Uniqueness of English Noun Phrase In Relation to Word Order Universals." Journal of English and Education 3, no. 2 (2016): 10–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/jee.vol3.iss2.art2.

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19

Dunn, Michael, Simon J. Greenhill, Stephen C. Levinson, and Russell D. Gray. "Evolved structure of language shows lineage-specific trends in word-order universals." Nature 473, no. 7345 (2011): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09923.

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20

Michalik, Jędrzej. "Wybrane uniwersalia językowe i ich rola w logopedii." Textus et Studia, no. 4(32) (June 5, 2023): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/tes.08402.

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Language universals, defined as common features, shared by most or all natural languages of the world, constitute a framework for these languages and are the effect of cognitive-social adaptation processes that occurred along with the evolution of homo sapiens. In order for humans to be able to speak, however, it was necessary for a series of anatomic adaptations to occur. The article focuses on the evolutionary processes that contributed to the development and formation of languages. It also presents the analysis of selected language universals and highlights their use in linguistic disorder
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Cristofaro, Sonia. "Towards a source-oriented approach to typological universals." Vilnius University Open Series 16 (July 26, 2021): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/sbol.2021.5.

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Typological universals are skewed distributional patterns whereby languages recurrently display certain grammatical patterns as opposed to others. Explanations for these patterns are usually based on their synchronic properties, not actual diachronic processes that shape the pattern cross-linguistically. The paper discusses diachronic evidence about the origins of some typological universals pertaining to word order and aspect/tense conditioned alignment splits. This evidence poses two general challenges for synchronically based explanations of typological universals. First, the relevant patte
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22

Clopton, Laura Dale. "Reflexivized motion verbs in Old Saxon: Semantics, syntax and semiotics." American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 4, no. 2 (1992): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1040820700000925.

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ABSTRACTThis paper examines four dative reflexive verbs of motion in Old Saxon:faran, gangan, kuman and giuuitan. The linguistic universals of GB syntax and the universal phenomenological categories of Peircean semiotics provide the theoretical framework for this paper. Various syntactic and semantic aspects of the dative reflexive verbs are targeted in the analysis: binding of the reflexive, word order patterns and subject types. The article suggests that a link exists between subject types, V1 syntactic configurations and the appearance of the dative reflexive — only human, animate subjects
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23

Lian, Yuchen, Arianna Bisazza, and Tessa Verhoef. "Communication Drives the Emergence of Language Universals in Neural Agents: Evidence from the Word-order/Case-marking Trade-off." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 11 (2023): 1033–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00587.

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Abstract Artificial learners often behave differently from human learners in the context of neural agent-based simulations of language emergence and change. A common explanation is the lack of appropriate cognitive biases in these learners. However, it has also been proposed that more naturalistic settings of language learning and use could lead to more human-like results. We investigate this latter account, focusing on the word-order/case-marking trade-off, a widely attested language universal that has proven particularly hard to simulate. We propose a new Neural-agent Language Learning and C
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Mantovan, Lara, and Carlo Geraci. "The syntax of nominal modification in Italian Sign Language (LIS)." Sign Language and Linguistics 20, no. 2 (2017): 183–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.00002.man.

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Abstract In this paper, we investigate structural aspects of nominal modification in Italian Sign Language (LIS), a language with a relatively flexible word order. In order to tackle the issue, this study combines different approaches, including generalizations from typological universals on word order, their formal counterparts, and a variationist approach to language facts. Data come from the largest corpus of LIS currently available. Despite the absence of categorical rules, our mixed approach shows that LIS data are consistent with the general tenets of nominal modification. Results from t
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Allassonnière-Tang, Marc, and One-Soon Her. "Numeral base, numeral classifier, and noun." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 21, no. 4 (2020): 511–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00069.all.

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Abstract Greenberg (1990a: 292) suggests that classifiers (clf) and numeral bases tend to harmonize in word order, i.e. a numeral (Num) with a base-final [n base] order appears in a clf-final [Num clf] order, e.g. in Mandarin Chinese, san1-bai3 (three hundred) ‘300’ and san1 zhi1 gou3 (three clf animal dog) ‘three dogs’, and a base-initial [base n] Num appears in a clf-initial [clf Num] order, e.g. in Kilivila (Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic), akatu-tolu (hundred three) ‘300’ and na-tolu yena (clf animal-three fish) ‘three fish’. In non-classifier languages, base and noun (N) tend to harmo
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VanPatten, Bill, and Megan Smith. "Word-order typology and the acquisition of case marking: A self-paced reading study in Latin as a second language." Second Language Research 35, no. 3 (2018): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658318785652.

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This article reports the findings of a study in which we investigated the possible effects of word order on the acquisition of case marking. In linguistic typology (e.g. Greenberg, 1963) a very strong correlation has been shown between dominant SOV (subject object verb) word order and case marking. No such correlation exists for SVO (subject verb object) languages. It is possible then that the mind is more likely to expect case marking when confronted with a language with SOV word order but not necessarily so if the language has SVO word order. We tested this hypothesis with 54 naive learners
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Yanaka, Hitomi, and Koji Mineshima. "Compositional Evaluation on Japanese Textual Entailment and Similarity." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 10 (2022): 1266–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00518.

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Abstract Natural Language Inference (NLI) and Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) are widely used benchmark tasks for compositional evaluation of pre-trained language models. Despite growing interest in linguistic universals, most NLI/STS studies have focused almost exclusively on English. In particular, there are no available multilingual NLI/STS datasets in Japanese, which is typologically different from English and can shed light on the currently controversial behavior of language models in matters such as sensitivity to word order and case particles. Against this background, we introduce JSI
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BENARD, Monday Emmanuel. "The Syntax and Semantics of Negative Markers in Idó̩mà and English: A Cross-Linguistic Investigation of Variation and Universals." Beyond Babel: A Publication of the Dept. of Languages and Literary Studies Babcock University, Ogun State, Nigeria 8, no. 2 (2024): 138–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14599947.

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<strong>Abstract </strong> Negative markers vary across human languages posing significant challenges to linguistic theory and language acquisition. Specifically, Id&oacute;̩m&agrave; and English display distinct differences in their negative marking systems, with implications for cross-linguistic teaching and learning. Existing studies focused mainly on the comparison of English and major Nigerian indigenous languages, neglecting Id&oacute;m&agrave;, being a minority and an understudied language. This paper, therefore, investigates the syntax and semantics of negative markers in Id&oacute;̩m&
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Shaba, Varteen Hanna. "Lexical Simplification: a Universal Feature of Translation." Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities 28, no. 3, 1 (2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.28.3.1.2021.20.

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The present paper explores simplification as one feature of translation universals from English into Arabic. It aims at investigating how much the translators were aware of lexical simplification as a universal feature in the translated texts and discovering to what extent the language of translation is simple in order to preserve the meaning and information to make the translated texts more reader-friendly .this study hypothesizes that the language of translation is assumed to be lexically simpler than that of non-translated target-language texts and characterized by a low level of informatio
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Shao, Shiyang. "Review of Beginning Syntax: An Introduction to Syntactic Analysis by Ian Roberts." Scholars International Journal of Linguistics and Literature 8, no. 06 (2025): 147–51. https://doi.org/10.36348/sijll.2025.v08i06.002.

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Beginning Syntax: An Introduction to Syntactic Analysis aims to present the basic concepts of syntactic theory to readers without requiring prior linguistic knowledge. Starting from the ideas of modern generative linguistics, the author systematically introduces basic concepts and the latest developments in linguistic theory in a step-by-step fashion. Topics covered include Phrase Structure Rules, X’-theory, Wh-movement Rules, Universal Grammar, Movement Parameters, and the Architecture of Grammar. The book explores multiple perspectives in natural languages, emphasizing the relationship betwe
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Dryer, Matthew S. "SVO languages and the OV: VO typology." Journal of Linguistics 27, no. 2 (1991): 443–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700012743.

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Greenberg (1963) formulated a number of implicational universals that refer to the order of various syntactic elements. He classified languages on the basis of their order of subject, object and verb into three types, which he labelled I, II and III, and which correspond to what are commonly known as VSO, SVO and SOV languages, respectively. Since that time, evidence for the existence of the three other logically possible orders, VOS, OVS and OSV, has been presented (see Keenan, 1978; Derbyshire &amp; Pullum, 1981, 1986), thus leaving us with a typology of six types. Lehmann (1973, 1978) and V
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Kazemi, Foroogh. "The Verb “ha” in Laki Language from the Perspective of the Head-complement Parameter; A Typological Approach." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 9 (2020): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1009.07.

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The present article examined the function of one of Greenberg's implicational universals in the Laki language from a typological point of view and studied the word order in sentences with adposition in this language. In data analysis, the unique function of the verb “ha” became the main focus of the research. The analyses illustrated that, unlike other verbs of this language, in the sentences with adposition, in some grammatical features, this verb has the character of verb-final. In order to study this phenomenon, the article first identified and determined different linguistic elements that
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Брукс, Е., and E. Bruks. "Cognitive Approach to Natural Science Terminology at EL Classes." Scientific Research and Development. Modern Communication Studies 7, no. 6 (2018): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5bf519b147b962.69940948.

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The purpose of this article was to conduct an analysis of scientific terminology in use. The analysis was based on the perception of the terminology in interlanguage contexts. Regarding the source of the study, a number of international terms were analyzed, which showed a specific ‘word usage’ in professional communication in order to prevent ‘false analogies’. In addition to its value for comparative linguistics, the study also reveals universals of lexical conceptual space. We present a typological study of terminology polysemy in order to construct a special perception on semantic similarit
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O'Krent, Michael. "Gaming Sinographs beyond the Ludic." Prism 20, no. 2 (2023): 367–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/25783491-10992760.

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Abstract This article rethinks the notion of the Sinophone through digital technology by using the Taiwanese videogame Word Game (Wenzi youxi, Team9, 2022) as a case study. The digital Sinophone sees Chineseness as an act of positive identification claimed by engaging with digital artifacts; it defines a single mass audience coterminous with the Sinophone cultural sphere. Word Game constructs a two-dimensional space in which all objects are composed of sinographs, requiring the player to possess extensive knowledge of the construction of and relationship between sinographs according to Chinese
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Leleka, Tetiana, Viktoriia Prykhodko, Natalia Plakhotniuk, Yuliia Stakhmych, and Tetiana Chukhno. "Peculiarities of translation of comparative constructions in English-language popular science discourse." Revista Amazonia Investiga 12, no. 61 (2023): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2023.61.01.34.

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The paper examines the grammatical phenomenon of comparative constructions in English on the examples of popular science discourse. The linguistic phenomenon of comparative constructions is analyzed in terms of correlation with the word order and sentence combination features and in a comparative way in the context of English/French. The chosen methodology made the following scientific hypotheses: comparative constructions are endowed with correlations with causal word order; the main types highlighted are: locative construction with subtypes, admission construction, and conjunction constructi
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Harré, Rom. "Discursive Psychology and the Boundaries of Sense." Organization Studies 25, no. 8 (2004): 1435–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840604046351.

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There are problems in applying the methodology of the natural sciences to problems in psychology. This has led to a rethinking of psychology as the study of discursive practices, including the semantics of working vocabularies and the rules governing orderly thought and action. This has an affinity with analytical philosophy. At the same time it suggests a reinterpretation of older psychological research. First-order experiments study psychological phenomena, but second-order experiments, now very common, study how people describe imaginary situations, and their reactions to them, so that it i
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Liu, Haiyong. "Word Order Change in Mandarin Chinese from the Perspective of Syntactic Typology and Universals - A Case Study of the Ba + Gei Structure." Journal of Universal Language 15, no. 2 (2014): 77–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.22425/jul.2014.15.2.77.

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Ianytska, Olena, and Vasyl Paliy. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN TRANSLATION FROM FRENCH, ITALIAN LANGUAGES INTO UKRAINIAN (MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTIC ASPECTS)." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 16(84) (2022): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2022-16(84)-50-54.

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Grammar is a system of objectively operating rules for changing words, their connections in word combinations and sentences. The grammatical structure of the language together with its basic vocabulary form the basis of the language. Differences in the grammatical structure of different languages often lead to the fact that during translation it is necessary to change the information contained in the original text. Even in the case of coincidence of grammatical categories in the original language and the language of translation, there is no complete correspondence between them, since the means
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Damouche, Ouahiba. "Bertrand Russell’s Philosophy and the Problem of Object: Logical Analysis versus Linguistic Analysis." Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 52, no. 3 (2025): 5353. https://doi.org/10.35516/hum.v52i3.5353.

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Objectives: This study discusses the content, the form, and the independence of the external objects. It also examines the object’s relationship to other linguistic and scientific issues. Perceiving the object is what the words means. While what words refer to is the logical object, material objects are what constitute a fact. The role of the concepts of subject, object, logical form, universals, particulars, and relations in the solution of the problem of scientific knowledge are identified for the purpose of justifying the scientific knowledge. Methods: A linguistic logical analysis method i
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Lee-Ellis, Sunyoung. "THE ELICITED PRODUCTION OF KOREAN RELATIVE CLAUSES BY HERITAGE SPEAKERS." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 33, no. 1 (2011): 57–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263110000537.

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In response to new theoretical claims and inconclusive empirical findings regarding relative clauses in East Asian languages, this study examined the factors relevant to relative clause production by Korean heritage speakers. Gap position (subject vs. object), animacy (± animate), and the topicality of head nouns (± topicalization) were manipulated as experimental variables, and factors that appear to have been confounded in previous studies (e.g., context, proficiency) were controlled for or measured. Data were collected from Korean native and heritage speakers using an elicited production ta
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Shakiryanov, Lev M. "Logical-semantic analysis of contrast (based on English economic terms)." Neophilology, no. 3 (2023): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2023-9-3-553-560.

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The study is based on English economic terms and is devoted to the logical-semantic analysis of contrast according to the following language criteria or elements: relationship type, nomination type, implementation method, word-formation properties, syntactic potential, part-of-speech, lexical-semantic features, combinatorial function. The theoretical significance of the study lies in determining the role of counterdiction at the language and psychology science intersection. The goal of study is a comprehensive theoretical and practical study of the properties of the difference between the econ
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Khan, Nuzhat, Mohamad Anuar Kamaruddin, Usman Ullah Sheikh, and Muhammad Paend Bakht. "Two-fold complex network approach to discover the impact of word-order in Urdu language." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 2 (2021): 1039–48. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i2.pp1039-1048.

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This work examines standard Urdu text to confirm impact of word order in the language structure. The complex network approach is used to obtain universal properties of two different word co-occurrence networks. Macro and micro scale two-fold examinations of networks are performed for structure discovery. While preserving the vocabulary size, two networks are generated from same text with and without standard word order. In addition, text networks are benchmarked with a random network to extract global features. Achieved outcomes indicate certain word order in Urdu structure for most of the sen
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Frost, Ram. "Towards a universal model of reading." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, no. 5 (2012): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11001841.

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AbstractIn the last decade, reading research has seen a paradigmatic shift. A new wave of computational models of orthographic processing that offer various forms of noisy position or context-sensitive coding have revolutionized the field of visual word recognition. The influx of such models stems mainly from consistent findings, coming mostly from European languages, regarding an apparent insensitivity of skilled readers to letter order. Underlying the current revolution is the theoretical assumption that the insensitivity of readers to letter order reflects the special way in which the human
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44

Culbertson, Jennifer, Paul Smolensky, and Géraldine Legendre. "Learning biases predict a word order universal." Cognition 122, no. 3 (2012): 306–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2011.10.017.

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45

Khan, Nuzhat, Mohamad Anuar Kamaruddin, Usman Ullah Sheikh, and Muhammad Paend Bakht. "Two-fold complex network approach to discover the impact of word-order in Urdu language." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 2 (2021): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i2.pp1039-1048.

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&lt;div&gt;This work examines standard Urdu text to confirm impact of word order in the language structure. The complex network approach is used to obtain universal properties of two different word co-occurrence networks. Macro and micro scale two-fold examinations of networks are performed for structure discovery. While preserving the vocabulary size, two networks are generated from same text with and without standard word order. In addition, text networks are benchmarked with a random network to extract global features. Achieved outcomes indicate certain word order in Urdu structure for most
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46

Liang, Yaobo, Quanzhi Zhu, Junhe Zhao, and Nan Duan. "Machine-Created Universal Language for Cross-Lingual Transfer." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, no. 17 (2024): 18617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i17.29824.

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There are two primary approaches to addressing cross-lingual transfer: multilingual pre-training, which implicitly aligns the hidden representations of various languages, and translate-test, which explicitly translates different languages into an intermediate language, such as English. Translate-test offers better interpretability compared to multilingual pre-training. However, it has lower performance than multilingual pre-training and struggles with word-level tasks due to translation altering word order. As a result, we propose a new Machine-created Universal Language (MUL) as an alternativ
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47

Dejter, Italo. "Universal updates of Dyck-nest signatures." Open Journal of Discrete Applied Mathematics 8, no. 1 (2025): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.30538/psrp-odam2025.0106.

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The anchored Dyck words of length \(n=2k+1\) (obtained by prefixing a 0-bit to each Dyck word of length \(2k\) and used to reinterpret the Hamilton cycles in the odd graph \(O_k\) and the middle-levels graph \(M_k\) found by M\"utze et al.) represent in \(O_k\) (resp., \(M_k\)) the cycles of an \(n\)- (resp., \(2n\)-) 2-factor and its cyclic (resp., dihedral) vertex classes, and are equivalent to Dyck-nest signatures. A sequence is obtained by updating these signatures according to the depth-first order of a tree of restricted growth strings (RGS's), reducing the RGS-generation of Dyck words b
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MARECKA, MARTA, JAKUB SZEWCZYK, ANNA JELEC, DONATA JANISZEWSKA, KAROLINA RATAJ, and KATARZYNA DZIUBALSKA-KOŁACZYK. "Different phonological mechanisms facilitate vocabulary learning at early and late stages of language acquisition: Evidence from Polish 9-year-olds learning English." Applied Psycholinguistics 39, no. 1 (2017): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716417000455.

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ABSTRACTTo acquire a new word, learners need to create its representation in phonological short-term memory (STM) and then encode it in their long-term memory. Two strategies can enable word representation in STM: universal segmentation and phonological mapping. Universal segmentation is language universal and thus should predict word learning in any language, while phonological mapping is language specific. This study investigates the mechanisms of vocabulary learning through a comparison of vocabulary learning task results in multiple languages. We tested 44 Polish third graders learning Eng
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Peodjosoedarmo, Soepomo. "TEORI TATA BAHASA UNIVERSAL." Kajian Linguistik dan Sastra 17, no. 2 (2017): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/kls.v17i2.4491.

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The main aim of this writing is to formulate the theory of universal grammar. The formulation made is taken form discussion on a close look at the universal grammar which of summary proposed by Greenberg and Hawkins. The items being searched are not about elements such as subject, predicate, object respectively in sentence, but the categories of words for example (N) (V) in forming a simple sentence.the result of discussing universal grammar shows that (1) Chomsky's model universal grammar; (2) Greenberg's model of universal grammar devides languages in the world into three types of universal
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Ehala, Martin. "The Word Order of Estonian: Implications to Universal Language." Journal of Universal Language 7, no. 1 (2006): 49–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22425/jul.2006.7.1.49.

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