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Journal articles on the topic 'Word semantics'
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Antoniová, Vesna Kalafus. "An onomasiological approach to nominal compound semantics." Word Structure 13, no. 3 (November 2020): 316–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2020.0174.
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This paper addresses the semantics of compounding from an onomasiological point of view. It reports on the results of a corpus-based study of 500 English N+N compounds, the primary goal of which is to delimit a set of onomasiological structure rules on the basis of the admissible and inadmissible combinations of cognitive categories at the onomasiological level. The question of the semantics of nominal compounds has been considered in a number of theoretical frameworks; nevertheless, the difficulties related to the interpretation of N+N compounds have not been satisfactorily clarified. The application of the onomasiological approach to nominal compound semantics proves powerful as it sheds more light on the meaning relationships between constituents of these units. At the same time, it allows for the identification of the tendencies for the coinage of N+N compounds based on their internal semantic structure and narrows down the number of possible combinations of semantic categories thereby increasing the meaning predictability of this compound type.
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Karttunen, Lauri. "Word Play." Computational Linguistics 33, no. 4 (December 2007): 443–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli.2007.33.4.443.
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This article is a perspective on some important developments in semantics and in computational linguistics over the past forty years. It reviews two lines of research that lie at opposite ends of the field: semantics and morphology. The semantic part deals with issues from the 1970s such as discourse referents, implicative verbs, presuppositions, and questions. The second part presents a brief history of the application of finite-state transducers to linguistic analysis starting with the advent of two-level morphology in the early 1980s and culminating in successful commercial applications in the 1990s. It offers some commentary on the relationship, or the lack thereof, between computational and paper-and-pencil linguistics. The final section returns to the semantic issues and their application to currently popular tasks such as textual inference and question answering.
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Rosenberg, Maria. "Semantic structure and meaning within agentive nominal compounds: Evidence from French and Swedish." Word Structure 3, no. 2 (October 2010): 181–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2010.0004.
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This study addresses agentive nominal compounds in French and Swedish containing N and V constituents. French has only one such compound, VN, whereas Swedish has at least four, NV-are, NV-a, NV and VN. The study explores the semantic characteristics of their constituents and their semantic structures. Formal aspects are also considered within a lexeme-based morphology. The analysis shows that, although French and Swedish compounds differ formally, they share more or less the same semantics. Their V constituent takes one or more arguments, and their N constituents display several semantic roles. Semantically, the compounds generally denote an Actor of verbs taking two arguments, and the N constituents denote an Undergoer, except in Swedish VN compounds, which denote an entity which fills the same role as that of the N constituent, generally an Actor. Non argumental interpretations, such as Place or Event, are less frequent. In conclusion, the study can have typological value for the semantics of agentive nominal compounds.1
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O. Anokhina, Tetiana, Olena M. Mashkina, Khrystyna B. Melko, Yuliia I. Poznikhirenko, and Natalia O. Teslenko. "Peripheral Semantics of the Word as a Marker of the National Picture of the World." Asian Journal of University Education 17, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i1.12692.
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Previous studies emphasized that there is a close connection between speech and thinking. The paper analyses the peripheral semantics of the German language's active vocabulary units to define how they represent the features of the national, linguistic picture of the world, namely, the mental traits of the German ethnos. Semantic methods and the extrapolation methods of typical secondary values on non-nonmental characteristics are used mainly; the comparative method was partially used. The contextual method was used as an auxiliary method for illustrating common ethical, aesthetic, and pragmatic guidelines (presuppositions) and stereotypes. The paper carried out: a) semantic analysis of peripheral lexical-semantic variants of arbitrarily and expediently selected notional parts of speech; b) comparison of peripheral semantics of similar words of German and Russian languages against the background of the Russian language; c) clarification of ethnoculturological connotation of individual Germanisms found in the Russian language. The article proves that peripheral semantics in its lexico-semantic, semasiological, and lexicographical understanding expresses key symptom complexes of German mentality, which can be expressed by concepts order, accuracy, family, wealth, quality, practicism and etc. It is found that the German linguistic picture of the world in comparison with the Russian one the material is marked by the minimalism of estimated values, practical orientation and is alluded to bookish style.
Keywords: Additional denotative meanings, Linguoculturology, Semantics, Stereotypes, Symptomatic complexes of mentality
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Koreneva, Yulia V. "Semantic volume of the word Conviction in the Words and Homilies of the Russian saints of the 20th century." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 10, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2019-10-3-665-672.
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For the first time the article analyzes the semantics of the word conviction in the words and teachings of Russian saints of the twentieth century. The material is extracted from symphonies in the works of saints and from collections of sayings of Russian elders of the twentieth century. The article analyzes the semantics of the use of this word in religious texts as the implementation of religious discourse in comparison with the codified meaning of modern dictionaries. It is shown that the lexeme conviction is included in the etymological-word formative nest of semantics of different words in the modern Russian language ( court, judge, condemn, reason, judgment, fate, judicial , etc.) of the Indo-European root *dhe- (: *-dh-o: *dh-i-) with the semantics of establishment, action, and in addition with the prefix su- , which means combining or mixing, has negative appraisal and is Church Slavism in the Russian language not only by phonetic and orthographic signs, but primarily by semantic signs. The semantic difference in the religious and non-religious use of this word in the Russian and Church Slavonic language element is in the significative side, since in the Orthodox concept-sphere and the Russian religious discourse, conviction is associated with a number of conceptual ideas about the inner life of a person. Conviction is semantized as a destructive state of a person, violating the integrity of his personality and alienating him from God (the article identifies at least three semantic-cognitive features). Such semantic content clearly differs from lexicographical data in modern language, therefore the meaning of a word in Church Slavonic text space is understood as basic, and modern usage is understood as a narrowing of the original semantics.
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Averina, A. "The Syntactic and Semantiс Properties of Modal Words in German." Philology at MGIMO 7, no. 1 (April 4, 2021): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2021-1-25-5-14.
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The aim of the article is to examine the semantic and syntactic properties of modal words in German. The paper analyzes the types of modal semantics which are encoded in modal words; the peculiarities of the syntactic use of modal words are shown; the relationship between the type of modal semantics and their syntactic use is revealed, and the question which words with evaluative semantics can be classified as modal is considered. The relevance of this kind of work is determined by the following circumstances: firstly, it is necessary to describe the syntax and the semantics of modal words and their grammar features; secondly, it is important to reveal the relationship between modality and evaluativity and, thirdly, to define the conditions under which modal words can encode not one but several modal meanings. By using the transformation method and the method of component analysis the following groups of modal words were identified: modal words with alethic semantics; modal words with epistemic semantics; modal words with evidential semantics. Some modal words build separate groups: The modal word angeblich has evidential semantics, because it indicates the third person as a source of information; the modal word wahrscheinlich can have epistemic or evidential or alethic and evidential semantics; the modal word leider is able to express an emotional attitude of the speaker. The identification of different types of modal words is possible through the research of their syntactic properties, namely: the usage in dependent object clauses with the epistemic and factive predicate in the matrix clause; in conditional sentences as well as the ability to have independent usage as an answer to a question without a question word.
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Bär, Jochen A. "Methoden historischer Semantik am Beispiel Max Webers – Teil 2." Glottotheory 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/glot-2015-0001.
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AbstractThe paper discusses methods of historical semantics (word semantics and conceptual semantics). The example of the concept ‹Geist› of Max Weber will show means by which the linguistic description of complex semantic phenomena (transcending the level of single words) can be captured and described. Based on the original works of Max Weber, the concept ‹Geist› will be approached in three steps: investigation of the single word (the lexeme)
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Lapesa, Gabriella, Lea Kawaletz, Ingo Plag, Marios Andreou, Max Kisselew, and Sebastian Padó. "Disambiguation of newly derived nominalizations in context: A Distributional Semantics approach." Word Structure 11, no. 3 (November 2018): 277–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2018.0131.
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One of the central problems in the semantics of derived words is polysemy (see, for example, the recent contributions by Lieber 2016 and Plag et al. 2018 ). In this paper, we tackle the problem of disambiguating newly derived words in context by applying Distributional Semantics ( Firth 1957 ) to deverbal -ment nominalizations (e.g. bedragglement, emplacement).We collected a dataset containing contexts of low frequency deverbal -ment nominalizations (55 types, 406 tokens, see Appendix B) extracted from large corpora such as the Corpus of Contemporary American English. We chose low frequency derivatives because high frequency formations are often lexicalized and thus tend to not exhibit the kind of polysemous readings we are interested in. Furthermore, disambiguating low-frequency words presents an especially difficult task because there is little to no prior knowledge about these words from which their semantic properties can be extrapolated.The data was manually annotated according to eventive vs. non-eventive interpretations, allowing also an ambiguous label in those cases where the context did not disambiguate. Our question then was to what extent, and under which conditions, context-derived representations such as those of Distributional Semantics can be successfully employed in the disambiguation of low-frequency derivatives.Our results show that, first, our models are able to distinguish between eventive and non-eventive readings with some success. Second, very small context windows are sufficient to find the intended interpretation in the majority of cases. Third, ambiguous instances tend to be classified as events. Fourth, the performance of the classifier differed for different subcategories of nouns, with non-eventive derivatives being harder to classify correctly. We present indirect evidence that this is due to the semantic similarity of abstract non-eventive nouns to eventive nouns. Overall, this paper demonstrates that distributional semantic models can be fruitfully employed for the disambiguation of low frequency words in spite of the scarcity of available contextual information.1
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Shajalal, Md, and Masaki Aono. "Semantic textual similarity between sentences using bilingual word semantics." Progress in Artificial Intelligence 8, no. 2 (March 9, 2019): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13748-019-00180-4.
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Relander, Kristiina, Pia Rämä, and Teija Kujala. "Word Semantics Is Processed Even without Attentional Effort." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 8 (August 2009): 1511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21127.
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We examined the attentional modulation of semantic priming and the N400 effect for spoken words. The aim was to find out how the semantics of spoken language is processed when attention is directed to another modality (passive task), to the phonetics of spoken words (phonological task), or to the semantics of spoken words (word task). Equally strong behavioral priming effects were obtained in the phonological and the word tasks. A significant N400 effect was found in all tasks. The effect was stronger in the word and the phonological tasks than in the passive task, but there was no difference in the magnitude of the effect between the phonological and the word tasks. The latency of the N400 effect did not differ between the tasks. Although the N400 effect had a centroparietal maximum in the phonological and the word tasks, it was largest at the parietal recording sites in the passive task. The effect was more pronounced at the left than right recording sites in the phonological task, but there was no laterality effect in the other tasks. The N400 effect in the passive task indicates that semantic priming occurs even when spoken words are not actively attended. However, stronger N400 effect in the phonological and the word tasks than in the passive task suggests that controlled processes modulate the N400 effect. The finding that there were no differences in the N400 effect between the phonological and the word tasks indicates that the semantics of attended spoken words is processed regardless of whether semantic processing is relevant for task performance.
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Gray, Shelley. "Word Learning by Preschoolers With Specific Language Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 47, no. 5 (October 2004): 1117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2004/083).
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Twenty preschoolers with specific language impairment (SLI) and 20 age matches with normal language (NL) participated in a study to determine whether phonological memory or semantic knowledge predicted word-learning success. Poor learners’ performance was analyzed to investigate whether phonology or semantics contributed more to word-learning difficulty. Results suggest that existing lexical knowledge, as measured by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-III), and fast-mapping ability hold promise for identifying poor word learners, but individual PPVT-III scores must be compared with SLI group scores. Poor word learners comprehended most new words and showed sufficient semantic knowledge of their referents to draw them but had difficulty producing the words. Findings indicated that both semantics and phonology contribute to word-learning difficulty, with word production presenting the biggest hindrance to success.
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KAKSIN, ANDREY D. "WORDS DENOTING WRESTLING IN KHAKAS AND TUVIN LANGUAGES (ON THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD KüRES / HүREš)." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 4 (2020): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2020_6_4_84_93.
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The article analyzes the possibilities of word variation in the development of the semantic (lexical) system of language. The necessity of this study is determined by the fact that in Khakass and Tuva linguistics there are not enough works devoted to development patterns of categorical semantics of the word. The article defines how the meaning of words found in proto-languages is advanced at further stages of language development. The obtained results demonstrate that the original words with the semantics in question already existed in the Old-Turkic era. Their semantic development is characterized by its own logic: the vector is set by the inner form of an ancient root (kүš, küs); during affixation (küres, hүreš), the choice of the motivating root is observed. The hypothesis is proven that for different Turkic languages, the vector can be either “the same” or different. In the second case, the distinctive lines, although visible enough, extend within certain limits: even with a sufficiently strong deviation from a given line of variation, they maintain a deep bond with the semantics of the original root...
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Kussmaul, Paul. "Semantic Models and Translating." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.6.1.02kus.
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Abstract This paper examines the relevance of three semantic models for translation. Structural semantics, more specifically semantic feature analysis, has given rise to the maxim that we should translate "bundles of semantic features". Prototype semantics suggests that word-meanings have cores and fuzzy edges which are influenced by culture. For translation this means that we do not necessarily translate bundles of features but have to decide whether to focus on the core or the fuzzy edges of the meaning of a particular word. Scenesand-frames semantics suggests that word meaning is influenced by context and the situation we are in. Word-meaning is thus not static but dynamic, and it is this dynamism which should govern our decisions as translators.
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Liu, Yuntong, and Hua Sun. "Word Sense Disambiguation for Chinese Based on Semantics Calculation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/235096.
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In order to use semantics more effectively in natural language processing, a word sense disambiguation method for Chinese based on semantics calculation was proposed. The word sense disambiguation for a Chinese clause could be achieved by solving the semantic model of the natural language; each step of the word sense disambiguation process was discussed in detail; and the computational complexity of the word sense disambiguation process was analyzed. Finally, some experiments were finished to verify the effectiveness of the method.
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Boyle, Mary. "Semantic Treatments for Word and Sentence Production Deficits in Aphasia." Seminars in Speech and Language 38, no. 01 (February 2017): 052–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1597256.
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The cognitive domains of language and memory are intrinsically connected and work together during language processing. This relationship is especially apparent in the area of semantics. Several disciplines have contributed to a rich store of data about semantic organization and processing, and several semantic treatments for aphasic word and sentence production impairments have been based on these data. This article reviews the relationships between semantics and memory as they relate to word and sentence production, describes the aphasic language impairments that result from deficits in these areas, and summarizes treatment approaches that capitalize on what we have learned about these domains and how they work together.
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Zalavina, Tatyana Yu, Ludmila I. Antropova, Liliya S. Polyakova, and Yulia V. Yuzhakova. "SOMATIC PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH A COMMON NEGATIVE CONNOTATION IN NATIONAL LANGUAGES (BASED ON FRENCH)." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 2 (2019): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/24107190_2019_5_2_18_27.
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This work reports the results of the study of the meaning of somatic phraseological units with negative connotations in the French language within the anthropocentric paradigm. We emphasize active character of forming somatic phraseological units characterized by the two-dimensional semantic structure. To compare the semantics of variable word combinations and the corresponding phraseological units the analysis of primary transposition results was used to map the semantics of variable word combinations and phraseological units - a method typically applied for such a purpose; another method used was the application of an idiom onto the corresponding variable word combination to determine the degree of the components semantic merging to create coherent meaning of the studied idioms. As a result of the analysis of French somatic phraseological units, we singled out a set of words belonging to the semantic field of negative meanings that express various feelings and are used to characterize actions or people.
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Amenta, Simona, Davide Crepaldi, and Marco Marelli. "Consistency measures individuate dissociating semantic modulations in priming paradigms: A new look on semantics in the processing of (complex) words." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 10 (June 15, 2020): 1546–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820927663.
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In human language the mapping between form and meaning is arbitrary, as there is no direct connection between words and the objects that they represent. However, within a given language, it is possible to recognise systematic associations that support productivity and comprehension. In this work, we focus on the consistency between orthographic forms and meaning, and we investigate how the cognitive system may exploit it to process words. We take morphology as our case study, since it arguably represents one of the most notable examples of systematicity in form–meaning mapping. In a series of three experiments, we investigate the impact of form–meaning mapping in word processing by testing new consistency metrics as predictors of priming magnitude in primed lexical decision. In Experiment 1, we re-analyse data from five masked morphological priming studies and show that orthography–semantics–consistency explains independent variance in priming magnitude, suggesting that word semantics is accessed already at early stages of word processing and that crucially semantic access is constrained by word orthography. In Experiments 2 and 3, we investigate whether this pattern is replicated when looking at semantic priming. In Experiment 2, we show that orthography–semantics–consistency is not a viable predictor of priming magnitude with longer stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). However, in Experiment 3, we develop a new semantic consistency measure based on the semantic density of target neighbourhoods. This measure is shown to significantly predict independent variance in semantic priming effect. Overall, our results indicate that consistency measures provide crucial information for the understanding of word processing. Specifically, the dissociation between measures and priming paradigms shows that different priming conditions are associated with the activation of different semantic cohorts.
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Bebir, Alishova Ramila. "The Scopes of Word Semantics." International Journal of English Linguistics 5, no. 6 (November 30, 2015): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v5n6p169.
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<p>The article investigates the scopes of word semantics. Firstly, the author gives general information about the term concept. The author investigates the thoughts of linguists about the concepts in different languages. For instance, A.Abdullayev writes: “Concepts are inside representatives of the aspects, fragments of the environment in a human’s psychology. We can say they are inside us” (Abdullayev, 2011). N. Chomiski writes: “The concepts that are created in the human’s minds define the form and the meaning of a great number of sentences, and it means that our knowledge and opinions are endless” (Bickerton, 2010). The author underlines the fact that concepts belong to human conscious, and they purely have typically mind characters.Investigating the article we observe that the author stands on the meanings of the wordsespecially on the meanings of the words denoting life and death. Saying literally, a man can be considred to be a walking dictionary created by God. Each of the individuals has its own word stock in its mind. There exist a lot of words with various meanings, and the article deals with the meanings of the words denoting death and life. The author gives their translations both in the English language and in the Azerbaijani language, and it helps us to catch the similar and different meanings that they form inside the contexts. The author comes to the conclusion that the meanings that the people want to express and the meaning that the words express are different. The article gives the list of the meanings of the words suggested by J. Lyons.</p>
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Ravshanovna, Ramazanova Shoira. "Word-formation semantics of composites." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 11, no. 3 (2021): 424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2021.00651.0.
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Cotterell, Ryan, and Hinrich Schütze. "Joint Semantic Synthesis and Morphological Analysis of the Derived Word." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 6 (December 2018): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00003.
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Much like sentences are composed of words, words themselves are composed of smaller units. For example, the English word questionably can be analyzed as question+ able+ ly. However, this structural decomposition of the word does not directly give us a semantic representation of the word’s meaning. Since morphology obeys the principle of compositionality, the semantics of the word can be systematically derived from the meaning of its parts. In this work, we propose a novel probabilistic model of word formation that captures both the analysis of a word w into its constituent segments and the synthesis of the meaning of w from the meanings of those segments. Our model jointly learns to segment words into morphemes and compose distributional semantic vectors of those morphemes. We experiment with the model on English CELEX data and German DErivBase (Zeller et al., 2013) data. We show that jointly modeling semantics increases both segmentation accuracy and morpheme F1 by between 3% and 5%. Additionally, we investigate different models of vector composition, showing that recurrent neural networks yield an improvement over simple additive models. Finally, we study the degree to which the representations correspond to a linguist’s notion of morphological productivity.
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Darchuk, Nataliia, Oksana Zuban, Marharyta Lanhenbakh, and Yaryna Khodakivska. "AGAT-semantics: semantic markup of the Ukrainian Corpus." Ukrainian Linguistics, no. 46 (2016): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/um/46(2016).92-102.
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The article views linguistic aspects of semantic markup of the Ukrainian Corpus as the fourth stage of presenting information about Corpus units. The markup is based on taxonomic classification of the Russian Corpus but with extra modifica- tion. There was developed the software tools for online work based on materials of frequency dictionary of journalistic style with a total volume of 40,000 lexemes compiled from the sampling of 16 Million word forms of Ukrainian texts.
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DLIGACH, DMITRIY, and MARTHA PALMER. "IMPROVING WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION WITH AUTOMATICALLY RETRIEVED SEMANTIC KNOWLEDGE." International Journal of Semantic Computing 02, no. 03 (September 2008): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x08000543.
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Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is an important problem in Natural Language Processing. Supervised WSD involves assigning a sense from some sense inventory to each occurrence of an ambiguous word. Verb sense distinctions often depend on the distinctions in the semantics of the target verb's arguments. Therefore, some method of capturing their semantics is crucial to the success of a VSD system. In this paper we propose a novel approach to encoding the semantics of the noun arguments of a verb. This approach involves extracting various semantic properties of that verb from a large text corpus. We contrast our approach with the traditional methods and show that it performs better while the only resources it requires are a large corpus and a dependency parser.
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Худайбердиевна Мухамедова, Саодат, and Солихова Озода Сойибжоновна. "On medium valence in the uzbek language." SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, no. 05 (May 20, 2021): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/9-13.
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This work examines the types of valence in the Uzbek language. The verb - predicate, on the basis of its valence, at the request of communication, accepts its actants, realizing the semes that make up its semantics. An actant of a certain valency is considered a specific member of the sentence. Thus, valency is the intersection of grammar and vocabulary, syntax and semantics. It is for this reason that it is considered from two points of view, studied by dividing it into two types: semantic valence and syntactic valence. But in the Uzbek language there are other types of valence, for the Uzbek language, being an agglutinative language, like other Turkic languages, has a peculiar structure and semantics. Key words: valency, semantics, compatibility, actant, predicate, sentence model, semantic valency, syntactic valency, valency of the grammatical form of a word, mediated valence
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Feil, Ruth M. E., and Bo Laursen. "Strukturel semantik og formel leksikalsk repræsentation." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 1, no. 2 (July 17, 2015): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v1i2.21355.
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This paper deals with lexical semantics from a European structuralist point of view. Three fundamentals of the tradition are treated: 1) 'meaning' viewed as 'sense' and not 'reference', 2) the semantic interdependence between words, and 3) componential analysis of lexical meaning. The structuralist approach to lexical semantics is commented upon with respect to its adequacy as a theory for the description of word meaning and to its explicitness in view of a formal representation of word meaning.
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Pârlog, Hortensia. "The Semantics of Heart: Translation Problems." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 2, no. 1-2 (June 22, 2005): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.2.1-2.77-85.
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Words hardly ever occur on their own, because they can hardly mean anything on their own, when asked about the meaning of an isolated word, in order to figure it out, what one does is try to place it in a context or use it in a collocation. The verbal contexts in which words appear influence or at least clarify their semantic value, it is because of contextual factors that a word may have more than one meaning. Therefore, the analysis above word level is extremely important. An analysis of translational decisions may also prove to be a valuable source of information in establishing the semantics of a lexical item. The above statements are illustrated by discussing the semantics of heart. The word occurs in a great number of structures in both English and Romanian, of which eight will be analysed: heart + verb, verb + heart, heart + of phrase, adjective + heart, heart + head noun, head noun +of heart, adjective + preposition + heart, heart in sayings or fixed expressions.
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Alsayed, Fatimah. "The Effects of Semantics in the Language Development of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Learners." International Journal of Learning and Development 9, no. 4 (January 4, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v9i4.15735.
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The study of Semantics is an important area of word meaning, references, senses, logic, and perlocutions and illocutions. That is, the study of Semantics increases students’ understanding and awareness of word meaning, sentence relationships, and discourse and context. It also enables students to create and improve their Semantics maps which are webs of words visually display the meaning-based connections between a word or phrase and a set of related words or concepts. This paper is a product of effort that I make to implement some theoretically-sound strategies in planning and teaching a Semantic course for English Foreign language learners (EFL). The aim of this paper is to show that utilizing the mechanisms of meaning is vital to successful human communication. Alongside with that, lexical development will solidify students’ understanding of language meaning and sense relations. The purpose of the course is to concentrate on teaching key terms in Semantics, Semantics Analysis of Writing Approach (SAW) and ‘agent-action-goal with real-life action’ technique and then employed the knowledge of these terms to improve students’ vocabulary in the short-term, and their language proficiency in the long-term. Scaffolding the Semantics information with L2 vocabulary strategies is pivotal in language development. Implementing semantics strategies in an attempt to expose the relationship between teaching Semantics and improving ELLs’ language skills.
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LASCARIDES, ALEX, and ANN COPESTAKE. "Pragmatics and word meaning." Journal of Linguistics 34, no. 2 (September 1998): 387–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226798007087.
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In this paper, we explore the interaction between lexical semantics and pragmatics. We argue that linguistic processing is informationally encapsulated and utilizes relatively simple ‘taxonomic’ lexical semantic knowledge. On this basis, defeasible lexical generalisations deliver defeasible parts of logical form. In contrast, pragmatic inference is open-ended and involves arbitrary real-world knowledge. Two axioms specify when pragmatic defaults override lexical ones. We demonstrate that modelling this interaction allows us to achieve a more refined interpretation of words in a discourse context than either the lexicon or pragmatics could do on their own.
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Pometelina, S. M. "LINGUO-COGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PHENOMENA OF SEMANTIC DIFFUSION IN COMPLEX CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE CONJUNCTION (CONNECTIVE WORD) WHEN: GENERAL REMARKS." Review of Omsk State Pedagogical University. Humanitarian research, no. 29 (2020): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36809/2309-9380-2020-29-79-83.
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The article presents the results of linguo-cognitive analysis of syncretic complex constructions with the conjunction (connective word) when: the reasons for semantic diffusion resulting in syncretic sentences are described; revealed the meanings that can be combined with the semantics of time in constructions with the conjunction (connective word) when; the status of temporary semantics in syncretic constructions (original/penetrating, main/additional) was determined; it was found that the contamination of meanings in all sentences of diffuse semantics with the conjunction (connective word) when reflects the use of a syncretic mental image of time, fixed in the minds of Russian speakers.
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Kolesnikova, Ekaterina I. "The Problem of Describing the Gender Specificity of Word Semantics." Journal of Psycholinguistic, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30982/2077-5911-2021-47-1-140-147.
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The article discusses the theoretical problems of describing the semantics of a word, considers the possibility of using the data of a psycholinguistic experiment in describing the word meaning. The article considers gender characteristics of the specifics of the word semantics. The stimulus word meanings are interpreted according to the results of a psycholinguistic experiment as a result of semantic interpretation. It is through the analysis of the semantics of the word child that a model for describing the psycholinguistic meaning of the word is presented. An example of an entry in a psycholinguistic gender explanatory dictionary is presented, it is based on the results of a free associative experiment. Before the dictionary entry analysis, there are gender associative fields obtained from the results of the experiment. Male and female psycholinguistic meanings with generalized reaction semes are indicated. The dictionary entry of the gender dictionary is presented in the form of a comparative table with two columns - the psycholinguistic formulation of the female meaning and the psycholinguistic formulation of the male meaning. The results obtained indicate the presence of gender features of the specificity of the word semantics in the linguistic consciousness of men and women, the need to create a new type of vocabulary.
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Greshchuk, Vasyl’. "Slovotvirne hnizdo z vershynoyu Khrystos u movniy kartyni svitu ukrayintsiv." Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2299-7237suv.8.6.
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The article discusses the example of a word-formative nest with the apex of Christ. It analyses the role of word-formation in the formation of the language picture of the world of Ukrainians. The word-formative nest fi xes the word-forming segment of the semantic space of the Christ concept of the sacred conceptual sphere. Despite the fact that the anthroponomies as vertices of word-formation nests do not exhibit derivational productivity in the Ukrainian language, the word-formation nest with the apex of Christ has a branched structure: in the three stages of derivation, 25 derivatives of diff erent parts of the language, created in diff erent ways, have been certifi ed. This is due to the semantics of the vertex word of the nest, the importance of the concept named by it, in the perception of Ukrainians, in their culture of belief. In the linguistic consciousness of Ukrainians, Christ – Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the God-man, the incarnate God, the Savior, the Teacher, the Creator of the new religion. Such a broad semantic spectrum determines the activation of the derivation possibilities of the base word and the verbalization of word-formative means by a number of conceptual components. An analysis of the word-formative nest with the apex of Christ has shown that the word-formative dimension in the language picture of the world of Ukrainians, along with the universal conceptual components inherent in many diverse Christians, also has a number of individual-language derivational means of categorizing the world.
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Afanasyeva, Olesya. "Analysis Of Aspects Of Messages Hiding In Text Environments." Journal of KONBiN 34, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2015-0019.
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Abstract In the work are researched problems, which arise during hiding of messages in text environments, being transmitted by electronic communication channels and the Internet. The analysis of selection of places in text environment (TE), which can be replaced by word from the message is performed. Selection and replacement of words in the text environment is implemented basing on semantic analysis of text fragment, consisting of the inserted word, and its environment in TE. For implementation of such analysis is used concept of semantic parameters of words coordination and semantic value of separate word. Are used well-known methods of determination of values of these parameters. This allows moving from quality level to quantitative level analysis of text fragments semantics during their modification by word substitution. Invisibility of embedded messages is ensured by providing preset values of the semantic cooperation parameter deviations.
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Merkx, Danny, and Stefan L. Frank. "Learning semantic sentence representations from visually grounded language without lexical knowledge." Natural Language Engineering 25, no. 4 (July 2019): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324919000196.
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AbstractCurrent approaches to learning semantic representations of sentences often use prior word-level knowledge. The current study aims to leverage visual information in order to capture sentence level semantics without the need for word embeddings. We use a multimodal sentence encoder trained on a corpus of images with matching text captions to produce visually grounded sentence embeddings. Deep Neural Networks are trained to map the two modalities to a common embedding space such that for an image the corresponding caption can be retrieved and vice versa. We show that our model achieves results comparable to the current state of the art on two popular image-caption retrieval benchmark datasets: Microsoft Common Objects in Context (MSCOCO) and Flickr8k. We evaluate the semantic content of the resulting sentence embeddings using the data from the Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) benchmark task and show that the multimodal embeddings correlate well with human semantic similarity judgements. The system achieves state-of-the-art results on several of these benchmarks, which shows that a system trained solely on multimodal data, without assuming any word representations, is able to capture sentence level semantics. Importantly, this result shows that we do not need prior knowledge of lexical level semantics in order to model sentence level semantics. These findings demonstrate the importance of visual information in semantics.
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Danilina, Natalia I. "COGNITIVE POTENTIAL OF VERBS OF SPEECH (on the Material of the Latin Language)." Вестник Пермского университета. Российская и зарубежная филология 12, no. 3 (2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2073-6681-2020-3-15-23.
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Тhe article aims to identify and compare the specific cognitive potential of prototypical verbs dicere, loqui, fari in the Latin language of the classical period, to determine its origins. Objects of analysis are semantic variants of the verbs and their derivatives. The research methods include semantic, cognitive, etymological analysis. The cognitive potential of a word family is determined by the etymological semantics of the base word. In the dicere word family, the semantics of speaking is secondary and develops in interaction with the etymological meaning ‘to show’. In some of the subfamilies, this meaning is implemented exclusively; members of these subfamilies represent social realities of the legal sphere. In the word family, there are many derivatives with mental or voluntary components of semantics dominating. The loqui word family stems from the base with the meaning ‘to make a sound’. It is dominated by derivatives with the meaning of speaking, speech is primarily revealed as a means of interpersonal contact. The etymological semantics of the verb fari combines the semantics of speaking with the idea of transpersonal nature of speech. As a result, some derivatives characterize speech as a process, others are concentrated in the cognitive sphere of the cult. The former direction is supported by secondary cognitive spheres associated with the unofficial use of speech (‘Rumor’, ‘Folklore’), the latter direction generates secondary cognitive spheres in which speech is interpreted as a means of communication between a person and higher powers (‘Fate’) or the state (‘Law’). The word families in question have areas of cognitive intersection: ‘Eloquence’ in loqui and fari (actualization of the semantics of speaking), ‘Speech as a means of regulating social relations’ in dicere and fari (actualization of voluntary components of semantics and the idea of transpersonal nature of speech).
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Łuczyk, Małgorzata, and Галина Панова. "Категория рода русских существительных в гендерном аспекте: парадигматический и синтагматический потенциал." Acta Neophilologica 2, no. XXI (December 1, 2019): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/an.4743.
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This article proposes a gender classification of Russian declinable nouns. The following aspects are discussed:1. The way in which nouns are connected with gender semantics: factually, when the gender stem is part of their lexical meaning structure, or potentially;2. the level at which the semantics is rendered: the level of the word (within the lexeme stem or the entire word form) or the level of the syntagma;3. the semantic nature: the meaning of the biological or the symbolic gender that is present in the anthropomorphic reflection of the world.
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Kuptsova, Tetiana, and Iryna Koliieva. "STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES OF RAILWAY TERM FORMATION IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 9(77) (January 30, 2020): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-43-46.
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The structural peculiarities of the railway term formation is investigated in the article. It is demonstrated that the most common ways of the one component railway term formation are suffixation and prefixation. The prefixation-suffixation type is a less productive way of the word building. Compound words proved to form a large group of the railway terms. The relations among the components of a compound word represent a specific type of semantic and structural relations of the word in a word combination, where the terms which consist of «noun+noun», «adjective+noun» predominate. In the system of the English railway terminology among the component terms the most widespread are nouns that explains that nouns define processes, equipment, devices, and objects. This paper outlines some linguistic properties of technical terms. The article focuses on some linguistic features of a term. Being a linguistic object with the common and specific features of a language system a term has all lexical-semantic and formal features of the words and word combinations of a natural language. In the process of the affixation term building the semantics of a derived word is defined by an affix that is why an affix can bear a particular word building meaning. But having definite motivational relations between a derivative and a derived word the semantics of the derived word is not always determined by the meanings of its components. Deciding the semantics of a derived term many factors should be taken into consideration: conversion, the peculiarities of a compound word, polysemy etc. It should be underlined that morphological or affixation type of the term forming is based on the principles of word building of the literary language.
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Liu, Ling, and Sang-Bing Tsai. "Intelligent Recognition and Teaching of English Fuzzy Texts Based on Fuzzy Computing and Big Data." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (July 10, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1170622.
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In this paper, we conduct in-depth research and analysis on the intelligent recognition and teaching of English fuzzy text through parallel projection and region expansion. Multisense Soft Cluster Vector (MSCVec), a multisense word vector model based on nonnegative matrix decomposition and sparse soft clustering, is constructed. The MSCVec model is a monolingual word vector model, which uses nonnegative matrix decomposition of positive point mutual information between words and contexts to extract low-rank expressions of mixed semantics of multisense words and then uses sparse. It uses the nonnegative matrix decomposition of the positive pointwise mutual information between words and contexts to extract the low-rank expressions of the mixed semantics of the polysemous words and then uses the sparse soft clustering algorithm to partition the multiple word senses of the polysemous words and also obtains the global sense of the polysemous word affiliation distribution; the specific polysemous word cluster classes are determined based on the negative mean log-likelihood of the global affiliation between the contextual semantics and the polysemous words, and finally, the polysemous word vectors are learned using the Fast text model under the extended dictionary word set. The advantage of the MSCVec model is that it is an unsupervised learning process without any knowledge base, and the substring representation in the model ensures the generation of unregistered word vectors; in addition, the global affiliation of the MSCVec model can also expect polysemantic word vectors to single word vectors. Compared with the traditional static word vectors, MSCVec shows excellent results in both word similarity and downstream text classification task experiments. The two sets of features are then fused and extended into new semantic features, and similarity classification experiments and stack generalization experiments are designed for comparison. In the cross-lingual sentence-level similarity detection task, SCLVec cross-lingual word vector lexical-level features outperform MSCVec multisense word vector features as the input embedding layer; deep semantic sentence-level features trained by twin recurrent neural networks outperform the semantic features of twin convolutional neural networks; extensions of traditional statistical features can effectively improve cross-lingual similarity detection performance, especially cross-lingual topic model (BL-LDA); the stack generalization integration approach maximizes the error rate of the underlying classifier and improves the detection accuracy.
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Lascarides, Alex, and Ann Copestake. "The Pragmatics of Word Meaning." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 5 (June 12, 1995): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v5i0.2707.
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In this paper, we explore the interaction between lexical semantics and pragmatics. Linguistic processing is nformationally encapsulated and utilises relatively simple 'taxonomic' lexical semantic knowledge. On this basis, defeasible lexical generalisations deliver defeasible parts of logical form. In contrast, pragmatics is open-ended and involves arbitrary knowledge. Two axioms specify when pragmatic defaults override lexical ones. We demonstrate that modelling this interaction allows us to achieve a more refined interpretation of words in a discourse context than either the lexicon or pragmatics could do on their own.
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Amirbekova, A. "THE VALENCE PROPERTY OF NEOLOGISMS IN KAZAKH LANGUAGE." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 73, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-3.1728-7804.02.
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The article deals with the concept of valency as a phenomenon lying at the confluence of syntax and lexical semantics. The paper also represents types of valency, directions in which the theory of valency is considered. Valency in the broad sense of the word refers to the capacity of a language unit to enter into communication with other units of a particular order. Objectivity and scientific and practical significance of the theory of valency is determined by the lexical-semantic potential of the word. Semantic valency is based on the logical semes of the word semantics. These semes are consistent with the logical semes of the another word meanings, as a result, the given word demonstrates the combining capability with another word. This is considered to be its semantic valency. We have attempted to identify and investigate a peculiar kind of valency in the Kazakh language.
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Prokopeva, P. E. "Yukaghir language vocabulary associated with the word Qojl “God”: semantics and formation." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 3 (2020): 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/72/15.
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The relevance of the theme under consideration is determined by the need to study the traditional worldview of the people, the formation and development of their spiritual knowledge. The paper analyzes the semantic content and the formation of the vocabulary of the Yukaghir language, originating from the word Qojl (qojl), identifies the original semantics of this word, examines the evolution of the religious beliefs of the Yukaghir. The word Qojl (qojl) is associated originally with shamanistic beliefs and was representing the image of the shamanpatron of the family in the traditional culture of the Yukaghir. Later, it came to be referred to the name of the Christian God and to designate icons and saints. In the modern Yukaghir language, the word concerned is used only in the meanings of “God,” “divinity,” “icon,” “saint.” The prevalence of Qojl (qojl)-derived words in the languages of two local Yukaghir groups, the similarity of the structure and meanings of many of the lexemes indicate the archaicity of the word and the presence of a semantic relationship between the original and late sememes. An assumption has been made that the etymology of the ancient root of the word is associated with the concepts of “supernatural,” “sacred,” “divine,” “supreme,” “powerful.” The fact that the word originally comprised the concept of the supernatural and divine determined the expansion of the semantics of the word. Under the influence of Christianity, new words derived from Qojl (qojl), with the semantic content “referring to God,” appear in the Yukaghir language.
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Bruni, E., N. K. Tran, and M. Baroni. "Multimodal Distributional Semantics." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 49 (January 23, 2014): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4135.
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Distributional semantic models derive computational representations of word meaning from the patterns of co-occurrence of words in text. Such models have been a success story of computational linguistics, being able to provide reliable estimates of semantic relatedness for the many semantic tasks requiring them. However, distributional models extract meaning information exclusively from text, which is an extremely impoverished basis compared to the rich perceptual sources that ground human semantic knowledge. We address the lack of perceptual grounding of distributional models by exploiting computer vision techniques that automatically identify discrete visual words in images, so that the distributional representation of a word can be extended to also encompass its co-occurrence with the visual words of images it is associated with. We propose a flexible architecture to integrate text- and image-based distributional information, and we show in a set of empirical tests that our integrated model is superior to the purely text-based approach, and it provides somewhat complementary semantic information with respect to the latter.
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Gasparri, Luca. "Minimal Semantics and Word Sense Disambiguation." Disputatio 6, no. 39 (November 1, 2014): 147–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/disp-2014-0011.
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Abstract Emma Borg has defined semantic minimalism as the thesis that the literal content of well-formed declarative sentences is truth-evaluable, fully determined by their lexico-syntactic features, and recoverable by language users with no need to access non-linguistic information. The task of this article is threefold. First, I shall raise a criticism to Borg’s minimalism based on how speakers disambiguate homonymy. Second, I will explore some ways Borg might respond to my argument and maintain that none of them offers a conclusive reply to my case. Third, I shall suggest that in order for Borg’s minimalism to best accommodate the problem discussed in this paper, it should allow for semantically incomplete content and be converted into a claim about linguistic competence.
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Krishnan, Praveen, and C. V. Jawahar. "Bringing semantics into word image representation." Pattern Recognition 108 (December 2020): 107542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2020.107542.
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Kreck, Lothar A. "The semantics of the word “peace”." Annals of Tourism Research 16, no. 3 (January 1989): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(89)90054-6.
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Bavani, Rezvan Massah. "Historical Semantics of the Word ʿaḏrā." Arabica 61, no. 6 (November 3, 2014): 760–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341324.
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The word ʿaḏrāʾ initially reminds Muslims or Arab Christians of the Virgin Mary, who is always referred to with great respect and reverence. The association of Mary with the term ʿaḏrāʾ itself has a long history. However, the question is why she was given this attribute and whether or not this word was used in the sense of a “maiden and virgin.” In this paper, the writer has tried to explore the historical process of semantic evolution of this word and reveal its various meanings in broader texts.
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Oltra-Massuet, Isabel. "Towards a morphosyntactic analysis of -ish." Word Structure 10, no. 1 (April 2017): 54–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2017.0100.
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This article deals with the morphosyntactic and semantic properties of the adjectives derived with the English morpheme -ish. The main goal of the paper is to outline a morphosyntactic analysis of -ish that: (i) accounts for its cross-categorial nature, (ii) derives its surface polysemy, and (iii) is compatible with Bochnak & Csipak's (2014) recent semantic analysis of deadjectival -ish (for example, reddish) and free-standing propositional -ish (for example, I liked the movie …ish) as a metalinguistic degree operator. Focusing on the analysis of the various subtypes of bounded -ish forms, this paper develops a unified morphosyntactic approach to -ish with a single shared semantics, and suggests that the cross-categorial and polysemous nature of -ish derives from three main closely interrelated factors: (i) the source of the degree variable that -ish targets, whether syntactic, lexical, or metalinguistic; (ii) the syntactic realization site of -ish; and (iii) the late insertion of the underspecified morpheme -ish.
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Amirbekova Aigul Baydebekkyzy, Khabiyeva Almagul, Soltanbekova Alfia, and Taubaldiyev Meirambek. "COMPATIBILITY OF LANGUAGE UNITS IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE AND THEIR CAPABILITY." Science Review, no. 7(24) (September 30, 2019): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_sr/30092019/6682.
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The article deals with the concept of valency as a phenomenon lying at the confluence of syntax and lexical semantics. The paper also represents types of valency, directions in which the theory of valency is considered. Valency in the broad sense of the word refers to the capacity of a language unit to enter into communication with other units of a particular order. Objectivity and scientific and practical significance of the theory of valency is determined by the lexical- semantic potential of the word. Semantic valency is based on the logical semes of the word semantics. These semes are consistent with the logical semes of the another word meanings, as a result, the given word demonstrates the combining capability with another word. This is considered to be its semantic valency. We have attempted to identify and investigate a peculiar kind of valency in the Kazakh language. We use the concepts of valency and compatibility as synonyms, but in a number of works they are distinguished.
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Purver, Matthew, Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh, Ruth Kempson, Gijs Wijnholds, and Julian Hough. "Incremental Composition in Distributional Semantics." Journal of Logic, Language and Information 30, no. 2 (June 2021): 379–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10849-021-09337-8.
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AbstractDespite the incremental nature of Dynamic Syntax (DS), the semantic grounding of it remains that of predicate logic, itself grounded in set theory, so is poorly suited to expressing the rampantly context-relative nature of word meaning, and related phenomena such as incremental judgements of similarity needed for the modelling of disambiguation. Here, we show how DS can be assigned a compositional distributional semantics which enables such judgements and makes it possible to incrementally disambiguate language constructs using vector space semantics. Building on a proposal in our previous work, we implement and evaluate our model on real data, showing that it outperforms a commonly used additive baseline. In conclusion, we argue that these results set the ground for an account of the non-determinism of lexical content, in which the nature of word meaning is its dependence on surrounding context for its construal.
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Singh, Rajdeep. "A Cognitive Approach to the Semantics in the Sacred Context: Semantic and Symbolic Function of Sacred Words." English Linguistics Research 7, no. 3 (August 6, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v7n3p1.
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One of the intriguing features of language interaction with society and culture is the position of certain words as sacred within that society. Thus, it is important to analyze the social process through which sacred words present their particular features. In this paper, we show how sacred words gain their symbolic prominence. Furthermore, we propose a cognitive-semantic model based on the hypothesis of historic automaticity chain that explains well the reason behind the loss of semantics of the sacred words. In this paper, we compare some sacred words across many Indo-European languages and analyze how the very same sacred words lost ground to other words and became almost empty of semantics and word origin, while still preserving the symbolic notion. This study brings the notion of abstraction to the sacred word framework and clarifies the ways the mind processes sacred semantics. In order to support our hypothesis, we performed two small-scale psycho-linguistic experiments and the results confirmed our hypothesis.
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Davelaar, Eileen, and Derek Besner. "Word Identification: Imageability, Semantics, and the Content-Functor Distinction." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 40, no. 4 (November 1988): 789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748808402299.
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It has often been suggested that different special-purpose mechanisms underlie the processing of content words and function words. The received view is that processing differences in various tasks arise because of differences between these word classes in terms of their semantic/syntactic function, despite the fact that these tasks often involve word processing in the absence of any sentence context. It is also well known that the ease with which a word arouses a sensory impression is often a good predictor of word-processing performance, yet the literature largely ignores the fact that, typically, imageability and word class are confounded factors. A series of three experiments shows that in the context of a Stroop task, the typical content-function word difference can be obtained, but that this word class difference disappears completely when the items are matched on the dimension of imageability. It is suggested that the processing of decontextualized content and function words does not necessarily engage distinct special purpose processing mechanisms. Implications for understanding previously published work on word class effects in other paradigms are briefly noted.
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Dennett, Daniel C. "Beyond beanbag semantics." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 6 (December 2003): 673–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03280158.
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Jackendoff's “mentalistic” semantics looks more radical than it is. It can best be understood as a necessary corrective to the traditional oversimplification that holds that psychological variation “cancels out” on the path from word to world. This reform parallels the “evo-devo” reform in evolutionary biology.