Academic literature on the topic 'Words with critical differences'
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Journal articles on the topic "Words with critical differences"
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Sukarno, Sukarno, and Salamah Salamah. "Perbedaan Berpikir Kritis Antara Siswa Yang Diajar Dengan Menggunakan Bahan Ajar LKS Berbasis Model Berpikir Induktif dan Model Induktif Kata Bergambar Pada Mata Pelajaran IPA Kelas IV SDM di Kota Bengkulu." Manhaj: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat 3, no. 2 (2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/mjppm.v3i2.2368.
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This study aims to determine differences in students' critical thinking by using science-based LKS teaching materials based on inductive thinking models with Inductive Word Pictorial models in class IV SDM II of Bengkulu City, critical thinking differences from groups of students with high initial ability using teaching materials based on science-based LKS inductive thinking with the pictorial word Inductive model in class IV SDM II Bengkulu City, the difference in critical thinking from the group of students with low initial ability by using science teaching material based on inductive thinking models with the Inductive Word Pictorial model in class IV SDM II Bengkulu City, the interaction between learning model and the initial ability to think critically in class IV SDM II Bengkulu City. This study uses a quantitative approach to the type of quasi-experimental research. The subjects of this study were HR II students, totaling 40 students. Data collection was performed using essay tests. The results showed 1) Overall there were differences in students' critical thinking between those taught by using teaching materials for science subjects based on the learning model of inductive thinking and based on the pictorial model of pictorial words. . 2) there is a difference in the critical thinking of students with high initial ability between those taught by using teaching materials for science subjects based on inductive thinking learning models and based on the pictorial model of pictorial words. 3) there is no difference in the critical thinking of students with low initial ability between those taught by using teaching materials based on natural science learning models based on inductive thinking models and based on the pictorial model of pictorial words. students in science subjects at SD Muhammadiyah II Bengkulu city.
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Oliveri, Massimiliano, Chiara Finocchiaro, Kevin Shapiro, Massimo Gangitano, Alfonso Caramazza, and Alvaro Pascual-Leone. "All Talk and No Action: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study of Motor Cortex Activation during Action Word Production." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 3 (2004): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892904322926719.
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A number of researchers have proposed that the premotor and motor areas are critical for the representation of words that refer to actions, but not objects. Recent evidence against this hypothesis indicates that the left premotor cortex is more sensitive to grammatical differences than to conceptual differences between words. However, it may still be the case that other anterior motor regions are engaged in processing a word's sensorimotor features. In the present study, we used singleand paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to test the hypothesis that left primary motor cortex is activated during the retrieval of words (nouns and verbs) associated with specific actions. We found that activation in the motor cortex increased for action words compared with non-action words, but was not sensitive to the grammatical category of the word being produced. These results complement previous findings and support the notion that producing a word activates some brain regions relevant to the sensorimotor properties associated with that word regardless of its grammatical category.
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Dennis, Nancy A., Hongkeun Kim, and Roberto Cabeza. "Age-related Differences in Brain Activity during True and False Memory Retrieval." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 8 (2008): 1390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20096.
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Compared to young adults, older adults show not only a reduction in true memories but also an increase in false memories. We investigated the neural bases of these age effects using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a false memory task that resembles the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Young and older participants were scanned during a word recognition task that included studied words and new words that were strongly associated with studied words (critical lures). During correct recognition of studied words (true memory), older adults showed weaker activity than young adults in the hippocampus but stronger activity than young adults in the retrosplenial cortex. The hippocampal reduction is consistent with age-related deficits in recollection, whereas the retrosplenial increase suggests compensatory recruitment of alternative recollection-related regions. During incorrect recognition of critical lures (false memory), older adults displayed stronger activity than young adults in the left lateral temporal cortex, a region involved in semantic processing and semantic gist. Taken together, the results suggest that older adults' deficits in true memories reflect a decline in recollection processes mediated by the hippocampus, whereas their increased tendency to have false memories reflects their reliance on semantic gist mediated by the lateral temporal cortex.
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Best, Catherine T., Michael D. Tyler, Tiffany N. Gooding, Corey B. Orlando, and Chelsea A. Quann. "Development of Phonological Constancy." Psychological Science 20, no. 5 (2009): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02327.x.
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Efficient word recognition depends on detecting critical phonetic differences among similar-sounding words, or sensitivity to phonological distinctiveness, an ability evident at 19 months of age but unreliable at 14 to 15 months of age. However, little is known about phonological constancy, the equally crucial ability to recognize a word's identity across natural phonetic variations, such as those in cross-dialect pronunciation differences. We show that 15- and 19-month-old children recognize familiar words spoken in their native dialect, but that only the older children recognize familiar words in a dissimilar nonnative dialect, providing evidence for emergence of phonological constancy by 19 months. These results are compatible with a perceptual-attunement account of developmental change in early word recognition, but not with statistical-learning or phonological accounts. Thus, the complementary skills of phonological constancy and distinctiveness both appear at around 19 months of age, together providing the child with a fundamental insight that permits rapid vocabulary growth and later reading acquisition.
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Orpin, Debbie. "Corpus Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 10, no. 1 (2005): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.10.1.03orp.
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Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has often proved fruitful in providing insights into the relationship between language and ideology. However, CDA is not without its critics. Constructive criticism has been offered by Stubbs, who suggests bolstering CDA by using a large corpus as the basis on which to make reliable generalisations about language use. Taking up that suggestion, this paper reports on a study of a group of words semantically related to corruption. In the study, corpus methodology is used to manipulate the data: concordances and collocational tools are used to provide semantic profiles of the words and highlight connotational differences, and to identify the geographical locations that the words refer to. It is argued that words with a noticeably negative connotation tend to be used when referring to activities that take place outside of Britain, while less negative words are used when referring to similar activities in British contexts. CDA theory is drawn on to interpret the ideological significance of the findings.
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Toyota, Hiroshi. "The Bizarreness Effect and Individual Differences in Imaging Ability." Perceptual and Motor Skills 94, no. 2 (2002): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.94.2.533.
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The bizarreness effect refers to the superior performance in recall of bizarre sentences as compared to common sentences. The subjects studied each target word and in Exp. 1 rated its congruity with its sentence frame. In Exp. 2 they rated the vividness of the image for each sentence frame in which it was included. Four types of sentence frames were provided: bizarre image sentences, bizarre nonimage sentences, common image sentences, and common nonimage sentences. Good imagers and poor imagers were assessed on the Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery. Both experiments showed that good imagers recalled target words in bizarre image sentences better than target words in common image sentences A difference between the two sentence types was not observed for poor imagers. The differences between bizarre nonimage sentences and common nonimage sentences were not found for both type of imagers. The results were interpreted as showing that a difference in imaging ability was critical for the occurrence of a bizarreness effect.
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Neigel, Alexis R., Daryn A. Dever, Victoria L. Claypoole, Nicholas W. Fraulini, Gabriella M. Hancock, and James L. Szalma. "Sex Differences in Lexical Vigilance Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (2018): 731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621166.
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Lexical vigilance is the ability to sustain attention to lexical, semantic, and language-related stimuli, such as words or symbols, for extended periods of time. One gap in the empirical investigation of lexical vigilance is the assessment of sex differences in the performance of these tasks. In the present study, a sample of 213 observers completed a 12-minute lexical vigilance task. Observers were randomly assigned to either a standard task, which required individuals to respond to critical signals and withhold response to neutral events, or a lure task, which required individuals to respond to critical signals while withholding response to neutral events and lures (i.e., stimuli that are categorically similar in nature to critical signals). The results indicated that women and men perform the lure and standard tasks differently depending upon the condition to which they are assigned. Specifically, an inverse relationship was observed between the sexes and conditions in signal detection indices of sensitivity and response bias. We discuss the implications of these results below.
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Chandrasekaran, Bharath, Nina Kraus, and Patrick C. M. Wong. "Human inferior colliculus activity relates to individual differences in spoken language learning." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 5 (2012): 1325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00923.2011.
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A challenge to learning words of a foreign language is encoding nonnative phonemes, a process typically attributed to cortical circuitry. Using multimodal imaging methods [functional magnetic resonance imaging-adaptation (fMRI-A) and auditory brain stem responses (ABR)], we examined the extent to which pretraining pitch encoding in the inferior colliculus (IC), a primary midbrain structure, related to individual variability in learning to successfully use nonnative pitch patterns to distinguish words in American English-speaking adults. fMRI-A indexed the efficiency of pitch representation localized to the IC, whereas ABR quantified midbrain pitch-related activity with millisecond precision. In line with neural “sharpening” models, we found that efficient IC pitch pattern representation (indexed by fMRI) related to superior neural representation of pitch patterns (indexed by ABR), and consequently more successful word learning following sound-to-meaning training. Our results establish a critical role for the IC in speech-sound representation, consistent with the established role for the IC in the representation of communication signals in other animal models.
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Simons, Sherri Lee. "Using CUS Words in the NICU." Neonatal Network 27, no. 6 (2008): 423–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.27.6.423.
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THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND Space Administration (NASA) has been known for having some of the best employees in various engineering and science disciplines over the years. NASA’s collective accomplishments and cutting-edge technology made it possible for humankind to explore the moon and outer space, a feat once thought impossible. Yet, despite all of NASA’s accomplishments, on February 1, 2003, seven astronauts died when the Columbia incinerated on reentry into Earth’s atmosphere. A key contributor to that tragedy was a culture that fostered ineffective communication of critical safety information and stifled professional differences of opinion.1,2
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Wen, Yuan Hua, Jacob Kalff, and Robert Henry Peters. "Pharmacokinetic modeling in toxicology: a critical perspective." Environmental Reviews 7, no. 1 (1999): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a99-003.
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Pharmacokinetic models provide novel approaches in the environmental arena for evaluating toxicological problems. For example, pharmacokinetic parameters play an important and even determinant role in risk assessment and policy making. The present contribution reviews the most basic pharmacokinetic models, their development, and their applications in toxicology. The theory, principles, and data requirements are critically discussed. The fundamental differences among various pharmacokinetic models are compared and contrasted. The techniques and philosophy for model validation are discussed and illustrated.Key words: Pharmacokinetics, toxicology, modeling, philosophy, statistics, validation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Words with critical differences"
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Gieske, Edmund Joseph. "Critical Words Cache Memory." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1208368190.
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Portela, Milena Moura Fé Araújo. "Controle restrito de estímulos em autistas: avaliação de um procedimento de Resposta de Observação Diferencial e estímulos com diferenças críticas." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16731.
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Previous issue date: 2014-03-27<br>The objective of this work was to investigate whether the procedure of Differential
Observing Responses (DOR) used in a training with words as stimuli with critical
differences could reduce/eliminate the restricted stimulus control in autistic participants.
For this, six children diagnosed with autistic disorder underwent tasks of matching-tosample
simultaneous (SMTS). Three of them participated in the control group and three
in the experimental group. There were used in attempts to SMTS, three sets of words:
BO set (good, good, box), PA set (par, peace, father) and ME set (month, my, honey).
The attempts with critical differences included stimuli of a same set and the ones with
multiple differences had stimuli of the three sets of words. Children in the experimental
group were submitted to seven phases: initial evaluation of restricted stimuli control,
base line 1, DOR condition, baseline 2, the generalization test, final evaluation of
restricted stimulus control and follow-up. Children in the control group were only
submitted to the phases of the initial evaluation, base line 1 and base line 2. For two
participants in the experimental group, a delineation of multiple base line among
participants was used. For the other participant in the experimental group, it was used a
procedure of multiple base line among sets. The analysis of the results identified that the
answer under restricted stimulus control of the experimental participants was reduced.
This result was observed even with the return to the base line (reversal). In addition, it
was achieved a high rate of correct answers on the generalization test, in which the
stimuli were changed position. Another significant result was achieved in reapplying the
test one month after the end of the procedure; the results of the participants remained
accurate, indicating generality in time regarding the responding reduction under strict
control in tasks of SMTS<br>A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar se o procedimento de Resposta de
Observação Diferencial (DOR) utilizado em um treino com palavras como estímulos
com diferenças críticas era capaz de reduzir/eliminar o controle restrito de estímulos em
participantes autistas. Para isso, seis crianças diagnosticadas com o transtorno autista
foram submetidas a tarefas de matching-to-sample simultâneo (SMTS). Três delas
participaram do grupo controle e três do grupo experimental. Foram utilizadas nas
tentativas de SMTS três conjuntos de palavras: BO (boa, bom, box), PA (par, paz pai) e
ME (mes, meu, mel). As tentativas com diferenças críticas continham estímulos de um
mesmo conjunto e as com diferenças múltiplas, dos três conjuntos de palavras. As
crianças do grupo experimental foram submetidas a sete fases: avaliação inicial do
controle restrito de estímulos, linha de base 1, condição DOR, linha de base 2, teste de
generalização, avaliação final do controle restrito de estímulo e follow-up. As crianças
do grupo controle passaram apenas pelas fases de avaliação inicial e linhas de base 1 e
2. Para dois participantes do grupo experimental foi utilizado ainda um delineamento de
linha de base múltipla entre participantes. Para o outro participante do grupo
experimental utilizou-se um procedimento de linha de base múltipla entre conjuntos. A
análise dos resultados permitiu identificar que o responder sob controle restrito de
estímulos dos participantes experimentais foi reduzido. Esse resultado manteve-se
mesmo com o retorno à linha de base (reversão). Além disso, foi obtido um alto escore
de acertos no teste de generalização, no qual os estímulos tiveram suas posições
recombinadas. Outro resultado relevante foi obtido na reaplicação desse teste um mês
após o término do procedimento. Os resultados dos participantes mantiveram-se
precisos, indicando generalidade no tempo quanto à redução do responder sob controle
restrito em tarefas de SMTS
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Paradis, Michel. "Speech in parts : understanding and modelling the semantic differences between words." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.568502.
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This thesis is about the problem of differences in lexical semantics with a special emphasis on antonymy. It explores part-of-speech as a means to formalize semantic differences computationalIy, enhance the performance of computational linguistic tasks and aid in the understanding of lexical semantics more broadly. The thesis begins with an overview of how antonymy has been studied within experimental psychology and the major schools of theoretical linguistics as well as a review of the semantic foundations of part-of-speech. It then turns to computational experiments that use part-of-speech as a primitive organizing principle, including a source cate- gorization task and four automatic antonym identification experiments, which with few exceptions, show results that either meet or exceed human performance. The final chapter presents a computational analysis of semantic markedness and the se- quence preferences that that antonyms often demonstrate when they eo-occur, The theoretical accounts for these observations are evaluated on the basis of corpus statis- tics and the thesis concludes with some general observations about the usefulness of computational linguistics in the analysis of semantic theories
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Bond, Patrick George. "Finding words : a collection of poems with a critical preface." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45144/.
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Finding Words: A Collection of Poems with a Critical Preface is a collection of fifty-five poems preceded by an introductory essay. The poems were all written in the period 2005 – 2011. The critical preface is in four chapters. The first is in the form of a recollection of the circumstances of poetry in my early life. The second engages with the critical thinking of Geoffrey Hill. The third responds to an exemplary poem of John Clare's The Midsummer Cushion period. The fourth introduces and places in context the poems of the collection, and experience of reading poetry aloud. Chapter One is a form of autobiography. It retrieves half-submerged fragments of the story of a British Colonial child in the 1950s, seeking out the texture and feel of various discontinuities including the move to the UK from Mauritius, the long-term illness and early death of my father, different languages in early childhood, Catholicism with a southern-hemisphere emphasis, and the growth of an intense dedication to poetry from the age of eleven. Chapter Two engages at length with the dilemma of an individual poetics which expresses itself in the form, ‘How do I understand the conversion of my experiencing into the experiencing of words?' My practice of poetry is uncovered as both unconscious and sui generis. The root experience of finding words and forming poems is illuminated by engagement with the ideas of Geoffrey Hill, particularly the moral imagination as the formal creative faculty, words regarded as pledges and not signs, language that both redeems and betrays the intentions of the poet, and the analysis of grammar to reveal ethical processes. The ideas of phenomenologist, David Abram, are used to illuminate my consistent experience of wonder-in-nature, and processes of sensation and perception as part of the writing of poetry. The discussion returns to Hill at the point of a divergence from Abram on the nature of the imagination, and explores the implications of Hill's rigorous criteria on solipsism, the ambivalent power of words, and the frailty of human attempts at communication. It ends with a brief discussion on therapeutic writing, and acknowledgement of Hill's proposition of a theology of language as a means of grace. Chapter Three describes a poet, John Clare, with whom I have always had a powerful relationship, even though he is not a direct influence on the style of my poems. The chapter looks briefly at John Clare's unusual literary status, to illuminate aspects of his standing as a poet. It enlists the help of an essay by the philologist, Professor Barbara M. H. Strang, who examines the linguistic characteristics of Clare's poetry. It is argued that Clare's poetry does not need punctuation or other editorial improvements. The semantic insights of Geoffrey Hill on poetry are applied to one of the major poems of the Midsummer Cushion, namely Shadows of Taste. Hill's observations on ‘temper' and ‘taste' are linked to Clare via the hymns of the Wesleyan Methodists; and the elements of Clare's linguistic mimesis of nature are elucidated, particularly his repeated use of the word ‘joy'. Chapter Four introduces the fifty-five poems, and discusses the processes of writing, revising, selecting and grouping. Major poetic influences are briefly examined, from the Gawain-poet to Basil Bunting, as well as the main features of the poems themselves, in particular the use of an alliterative pulse modelled on the poets of the fourteenth century. The chapter includes a brief reference to reading poetry aloud in small community groups, and the experience of reading John Clare's poems outdoors in forests and fields. The thesis is an attempt to define a practice of writing poetry which has been largely instinctive and consciously personal. An attempt is made to sketch the fine boundary between a solipsistic self-expression, and the technical demands of a craft which has its roots in a poetic and cultural tradition of at least eight centuries.
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Currie, Mark. "Deconstruction and critical authority differences between Derrida and de Man." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386011.
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Johnson, Stephanie L. "Exploring Reaction Time Differences to Aggression Words as a Function of Attachment Related Avoidance and Anxiety." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1336057562.
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Williams, Cristan. "Engaging differences linguistic diversity and critical literacy pedagogy in the classroom." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10816.
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Includes bibliographical references.<br>This study developed out of my own experiences as a high school English teacher and my engagements with the intertwined issues of language and diversity in the classroom.The study foregrounds the nature of students' and teachers' engagements with linguistic diversity and the role of the teacher in critical literacy. In South Africa there is very little classroom based research which shows how students and teachers are engaging with issues of diversity, power and inequality, post-apartheid. This research focuses on how my students and I interact with issues of linguistic diversity in an English Home Language, Grade 8 classroom context using critical literacy pedagogy as the means by which to engage with these issues.
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Mollerup-Degn, Talita. "The Power of Words : A Critical Discourse Analysis of Governmental Media Releases from Australia and Nauru." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-18579.
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Fayyad, Fawzi Ibrahim Abu. "The seven readings of the Qur'an : a critical study of their linguistic differences." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442845.
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Simmons, Kristi M. "Age Differences in Revision of Causal Belief." TopSCHOLAR®, 2011. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1136.
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Inductive reasoning (IR) requires efficient working memory (WM). Research shows that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved during WM tasks and that PFC functioning declines with age. The ability to comprehend and update text-based information requires an intact PFC and efficient WM and IR. The current study presented a series of messages about the investigation of a warehouse fire to 48 young and 48 older adults. One message contained a piece of misinformation which another message corrected later. It was hypothesized that a memory cue to the misinformation with the correction statement should benefit older adults the most during the updating process. A text-based level and situation model level measured updating. The text-based level is only information from the text but is not necessarily verbatim. The situation model level is the overall meaning of the text, including inferences and assumptions. Results show that unlike young adults, older adults are not capable of recalling the text at the text-based level. However, older adults are capable of performing like young adults at the situation model level. This suggests that older adults are capable of updating causal information in text material as long as a memory cue to the misinformation is provided within the correction statement.
Books on the topic "Words with critical differences"
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Sprague, Joey. Feminist methodologies for critical researchers: Bridging differences. AltaMira, 2006.
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Feminist methodologies for critical researchers: Bridging differences. Lanham, MD, 2005.
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Inge, Bretherton, and Snyder Lynn S, eds. From first words to grammar: Individual differences and dissociable mechanisms. Cambridge University Press, 1988.
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Atwood, Margaret Eleanor. Second words: Selected critical prose, 1960-1982. Anansi, 2000.
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Cherry, Kittredge. Womansword: What Japanese words say about women. Kodansha International, 1987.
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Beyond words: Discourse and critical agency in Africa. University of Chicago Press, 2007.
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Persin, Margaret Helen. In her words: Critical studies on Gloria Fuertes. Bucknell University Press, 2011.
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Scott, McGrath, and Colaianne A. J, eds. Bob Dylan's words: A critical dictionary and commentary. Eadmer Press, 1994.
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Fairy tales framed: Early forewords, afterwords, and critical words. State University of New York Press, 2012.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Words with critical differences"
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Hughes, Aaron W., and Russell T. McCutcheon. "Critical." In Religion in 50 Words. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003140184-10.
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Yeo, Ronald A. "Individual Differences." In Critical Issues in Neuropsychology. Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2534-3_11.
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Marik, Paul Ellis. "Words of Wisdom." In Evidence-Based Critical Care. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11020-2_52.
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Magnusson, Eva. "Sex/Gender Differences." In Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology. Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5583-7_120.
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Thijs, L. G. G. "Geographical Differences in Outcomes." In Evaluating Critical Care. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56719-3_21.
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Frøystad, Kathinka. "Alter-Politics Reconsidered: From Different Worlds to Osmotic Worlding." In Critical Anthropological Engagements in Human Alterity and Difference. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40475-2_10.
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Garcia, Danilo, and Sverker Sikström. "Ten Words Personality Inventory, The." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_2314.
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Garcia, Danilo, and Sverker Sikström. "The Ten Words Personality Inventory." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_2314-1.
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Marik, Paul Ellis. "Words of Wisdom." In Handbook of Evidence-Based Critical Care. Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5923-2_70.
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O’Connell, Daniel C. "Lining Up Words." In Critical Essays on Language Use and Psychology. Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3856-0_10.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Words with critical differences"
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Xia, Guoping, Georgi Kalitzin, Jin Lee, Gorazd Medic, and Om Sharma. "Hybrid RANS/LES Simulation of Combustor/Turbine Interactions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14873.
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Abstract Accurate prediction of thermal field in high pressure turbines is a critical aspect of aerodynamic and durability design. This is particularly true when the flow at turbine inlet exhibits large gradients in temperature, both radially and circumferentially. In other words, in the presence of hot streaks from the combustor. In the numerical study presented in this paper, coupled high-fidelity eddy-resolving simulations of a combustor and a turbine are used to study the differences in the temperature profile at the exit of the first vane and the heat flux on the first blade, resulting from different positioning, or clocking, between the combustor fuel nozzles and turbine vanes. The resolved unsteadiness and turbulence from the combustor impacts mixing and secondary flow in the high pressure turbine. Temperature profiles from both actual combustor CFD simulations, as well as and modulated profiles with more pronounced variation, or pattern factor, are used at the turbine inlet. A threshold of the pattern factor that brings the benefit of clocking is identified. Clocking positioning between the combustor and vanes was studied for the most benefit.
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Heinzman, Joseph. "Generational Differences: Retaining Critical Skills." In SAE 2010 World Congress & Exhibition. SAE International, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0675.
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Dimond, Timothy, Jawad Chaudhry, Matthew Wagner, Feng He, Jianming Cao, and Paul Allaire. "Rotordynamic Analysis of a Rotor-Disk System Including a Synchronously Reduced Modal Truncation Method." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13699.
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There are many published works on rotordynamics which detail the types of analyses that are carried out: critical speeds, stability assessment, and forced response. The purpose of this paper is to present a more complete analysis of an existing, academic rotor/bearing model, taken from a textbook, more like it would be carried out in an industrial setting. The advantage is that all parameters of the rotor model are well known so that there are minimal uncertainties. However, some published papers on rotordynamics, as discussed in this work, present an incomplete analysis. For example, they may report the calculated critical speeds but leave out the critical speed plot and mode shapes in favor of the Campbell diagram. They may model a Bernoulli Euler beam model of the shaft and neglect the additional terms in the Timoshenko beam model. These papers may show some unbalance response plots for one disk in the model but not report on the amplification factor. This paper gives a much more complete rotordynamics analysis of this common rotor/bearing model than other works. The full undamped rotor analysis is presented, including critical speeds, critical speed map, and undamped mode shapes. The stability analysis presents the full set of eigenvalues including both forward and backward modes as well as the complex mode shapes. The differences between the Bernoulli Euler beam model and the full Timoshenko beam model are shown for this rotor. Full unbalance response plots, in the horizontal and vertical directions, are presented as well as the response along the semi-major axis. The unbalance response plots have calculated amplitudes, phase angles and amplification factors. In addition to the standard rotordynamic analyses, a synchronously reduced modal truncation method is presented. This method is better suited to automation, when compared to most truncation methods that require significant intervention by the analyst. The maximum error was on the order of 0.01%. It is hoped that future publications will present the more complete analysis shown for this rotor/bearing system.
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Takahashi, Yukako, Yifan Luo, Kenta Ishihara, Shujiro Suzuki, and Hideo Miura. "Degradation of the Strength of a Grain Boundary of Ni-Base Superalloys Under Creep-Fatigue Loading at Elevated Temperature." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24473.
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Abstract The degradation of the strength of a grain boundary was measured by using a micro tensile test in a scanning electron microscope. The change of the crystallinity of grain boundaries during creep-fatigue tests of Ni-base alloy such as Alloy 617 and 625 at elevated temperatures was monitored by electron back-scatter diffraction analysis. The image quality (IQ) value obtained from the analysis, which indicates the total density of defects, was applied to the quantitative evaluation of the crystallinity. It was clearly observed that the accumulation of defects occurred at grain boundaries which were perpendicular to the loading direction and consisted of grains with large difference of Schmid factor. Bicrystal specimens with different crystallinity were cut from the tested samples and the strength of the bicrystal specimens were measured by using the micro tensile test system. It was confirmed that the strength of a grain boundary decreased monotonically by about 50% with the decrease of IQ value, in other words, the increase in the total density of various defects such as vacancies and dislocations. On the other hand, the effective yielding stress of grains increased monotonically with the decrease of the IQ value. This is because the increase in the total density of these defects suppresses the movement of dislocations, in other words, plastic deformation. Therefore, there were three independent strengths, the strength of two grains and that of a grain boundary which consisted of the bicrystal specimen. Since the strength of grains increased, at the same time, that of a grain boundary decreased monotonically with the decrease of the IQ value, it was confirmed that there was critical IQ value at which the fracture mode of a bicrystal specimen changed from conventional transgranular cracking to intergranular cracking under the application of uniaxial tensile load.
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Huang, Cheng-Chieh, and Vijay Nagarajan. "Increasing cache capacity via critical-words-only cache." In 2014 32nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccd.2014.6974671.
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Zhu, Mingmin, Xiaoqing Qiang, and Jinfang Teng. "Numerical Investigation on Slot Casing Treatment in a Transonic Axial Compressor Stage: Part 2 — Unsteady Simulations and Analysis." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65261.
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Slot-type casing treatment generally has a great potential of enhancing the operating range for tip-critical compressor rotors, however, with remarkable efficiency drop. In the first part of this two-part words, several configurations of slot casing treatment were tested in a 1.5 transonic compressor stage by steady simulations. One kind of arc-curve skewed slot contributed to considerable stall margin improvement with minimum efficiency loss. However, interaction between main passage and casing treatment was inherently unsteady. Steady simulation was inadequate to provide accurate compressor performance prediction and precise flow field details. Thus, this part was aimed at clarifying the differences between steady and unsteady simulations. The unsteady interaction process between main passage flow and slots were also detailed interpreted. Unsteady simulation was conducted by applying sliding interface between rotor passage and arc-curved skewed slots. Firstly, differences of compressor performance were examined between steady and unsteady methods. Results showed that steady simulation underestimated stall margin improvement and efficiency drop by casing treatment. Then analysis on aerodynamic parameters and specific flow fields were carried out at smooth casing peak efficiency and casing treatment near stall conditions. Unsteady simulation provided more than 50% larger mass flow rate entering or exiting slots opening surfaces at both operating conditions. It revealed that in unsteady simulation, casing treatment contributed to stronger suction/injection process, which promoted tip flow fields more effectively than steady simulation. Axial velocity deficit at rotor outlet was refilled by slots more effectively in unsteady simulation. In steady result, a large low momentum blockage existed inside rotor passage near tip region and prevented flow from entering the passage at near stall condition. While in unsteady simulation at the same condition, incoming flow was still able to travel across rotor passage in a high velocity. Further, instantaneous flow fields near tip region and inside the slots were particularly examined during a rotor blade passing period to elaborate the unsteady flow interaction. The mid-pitch surface of a representative slot was selected to represent the re-circulation procedure inside slots. Unsteady flow fields and spectrum analysis manifested that tip flow field was dominated by slots passing, while re-circulation process inside slots was dominated by blade passing. Low pressure region inside the blade passage facilitated the injection process. Circulation inside slots lagged behind the pressure variations beneath slots. When the slot was striding over the blade tip, intense injection didn’t emerge immediately beneath slots’ front portion. Until the high pressure region moved away from the slot opening surface, fluids inside the slots started to inject into the main flow in high speed.
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Vranas, K. C., D. Ouyang, A. Lin, et al. "Gender Differences in Authorship of Critical Care Literature." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a4168.
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Navarro, J., C. Wagner, U. Aickelin, L. Green, and R. Ashford. "Exploring differences in interpretation of words essential in medical expert-patient communication." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fuzz-ieee.2016.7737959.
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Sioli, Angeliki. "Words in Place: Critical Architectural Messages on the Surface of the City." In 106th ACSA Annual Meeting. ACSA Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.106.46.
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Lopez, Christian E., Zixuan V. Zhao, and Conrad S. Tucker. "Semantic Network Differences Across Engineering Design Communication Methods." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97728.
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Abstract Engineering designers have a variety of methods at their disposal when it comes to communicating an idea (e.g., Linguistic, Pictorial, Virtual). Studies have explored how these methods affect the idea generation process, revealing that some methods can induce design fixation and reduce creativity. Moreover, studies reveal that depending on the communication methods and a receiver’s familiarity with the idea conveyed, the amount of relevant information transmitted could vary. Hence, based on previous studies, it is hypothesized that different communication methods and a receiver’s familiarity can impact a receiver’s ability to construct and interpret the information conveyed. To test this hypothesis, an experiment is conducted in which multiple methods are used to communicate different product ideas to individuals (N = 370). Participants are asked to describe the products in their own words and provide details about their functions. A text-mining approach is used to analyze the semantic structure of their responses. The results reveal that dissemination methods affect the consistency of participants’ responses, as well as the diversity of words used to describe a product idea or its functions. This knowledge can help designers in the selection of an appropriate method, given the design intention and help them leverage different methods to maximize communication effectiveness during the different stages of the design process.
Reports on the topic "Words with critical differences"
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Nagahi, Morteza, Raed Jaradat, Mohammad Nagahisarchoghaei, Ghodsieh Ghanbari, Sujan Poudyal, and Simon Goerger. Effect of individual differences in predicting engineering students' performance : a case of education for sustainable development. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40700.
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The academic performance of engineering students continues to receive attention in the literature. Despite that, there is a lack of studies in the literature investigating the simultaneous relationship between students' systems thinking (ST) skills, Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality traits, proactive personality scale, academic, demographic, family background factors, and their potential impact on academic performance. Three established instruments, namely, ST skills instrument with seven dimensions, FFM traits with five dimensions, and proactive personality with one dimension, along with a demographic survey, have been administrated for data collection. A cross-sectional web-based study applying Qualtrics has been developed to gather data from engineering students. To demonstrate the prediction power of the ST skills, FFM traits, proactive personality, academic, demographics, and family background factors on the academic performance of engineering students, two unsupervised learning algorithms applied. The study results identify that these unsupervised algorithms succeeded to cluster engineering students' performance regarding primary skills and characteristics. In other words, the variables used in this study are able to predict the academic performance of engineering students. This study also has provided significant implications and contributions to engineering education and education sustainable development bodies of knowledge. First, the study presents a better perception of engineering students' academic performance. The aim is to assist educators, teachers, mentors, college authorities, and other involved parties to discover students' individual differences for a more efficient education and guidance environment. Second, by a closer examination at the level of systemic thinking and its connection with FFM traits, proactive personality, academic, and demographic characteristics, understanding engineering students' skillset would be assisted better in the domain of sustainable education.
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Pedersen, Gjertrud. Symphonies Reframed. Norges Musikkhøgskole, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22501/nmh-ar.481294.
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Symphonies Reframed recreates symphonies as chamber music. The project aims to capture the features that are unique for chamber music, at the juncture between the “soloistic small” and the “orchestral large”. A new ensemble model, the “triharmonic ensemble” with 7-9 musicians, has been created to serve this purpose. By choosing this size range, we are looking to facilitate group interplay without the need of a conductor. We also want to facilitate a richness of sound colours by involving piano, strings and winds. The exact combination of instruments is chosen in accordance with the features of the original score. The ensemble setup may take two forms: nonet with piano, wind quartet and string quartet (with double bass) or septet with piano, wind trio and string trio. As a group, these instruments have a rich tonal range with continuous and partly overlapping registers. This paper will illuminate three core questions: What artistic features emerge when changing from large orchestral structures to mid-sized chamber groups? How do the performers reflect on their musical roles in the chamber ensemble? What educational value might the reframing unfold? Since its inception in 2014, the project has evolved to include works with vocal, choral and soloistic parts, as well as sonata literature. Ensembles of students and professors have rehearsed, interpreted and performed our transcriptions of works by Brahms, Schumann and Mozart. We have also carried out interviews and critical discussions with the students, on their experiences of the concrete projects and on their reflections on own learning processes in general. Chamber ensembles and orchestras are exponents of different original repertoire. The difference in artistic output thus hinges upon both ensemble structure and the composition at hand. Symphonies Reframed seeks to enable an assessment of the qualities that are specific to the performing corpus and not beholden to any particular piece of music. Our transcriptions have enabled comparisons and reflections, using original compositions as a reference point. Some of our ensemble musicians have had first-hand experience with performing the original works as well. Others have encountered the works for the first time through our productions. This has enabled a multi-angled approach to the three central themes of our research. This text is produced in 2018.
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Paynter, Robin A., Celia Fiordalisi, Elizabeth Stoeger, et al. A Prospective Comparison of Evidence Synthesis Search Strategies Developed With and Without Text-Mining Tools. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodsprospectivecomparison.
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Background: In an era of explosive growth in biomedical evidence, improving systematic review (SR) search processes is increasingly critical. Text-mining tools (TMTs) are a potentially powerful resource to improve and streamline search strategy development. Two types of TMTs are especially of interest to searchers: word frequency (useful for identifying most used keyword terms, e.g., PubReminer) and clustering (visualizing common themes, e.g., Carrot2). Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the benefits and trade-offs of searches with and without the use of TMTs for evidence synthesis products in real world settings. Specific questions included: (1) Do TMTs decrease the time spent developing search strategies? (2) How do TMTs affect the sensitivity and yield of searches? (3) Do TMTs identify groups of records that can be safely excluded in the search evaluation step? (4) Does the complexity of a systematic review topic affect TMT performance? In addition to quantitative data, we collected librarians' comments on their experiences using TMTs to explore when and how these new tools may be useful in systematic review search¬¬ creation. Methods: In this prospective comparative study, we included seven SR projects, and classified them into simple or complex topics. The project librarian used conventional “usual practice” (UP) methods to create the MEDLINE search strategy, while a paired TMT librarian simultaneously and independently created a search strategy using a variety of TMTs. TMT librarians could choose one or more freely available TMTs per category from a pre-selected list in each of three categories: (1) keyword/phrase tools: AntConc, PubReMiner; (2) subject term tools: MeSH on Demand, PubReMiner, Yale MeSH Analyzer; and (3) strategy evaluation tools: Carrot2, VOSviewer. We collected results from both MEDLINE searches (with and without TMTs), coded every citation’s origin (UP or TMT respectively), deduplicated them, and then sent the citation library to the review team for screening. When the draft report was submitted, we used the final list of included citations to calculate the sensitivity, precision, and number-needed-to-read for each search (with and without TMTs). Separately, we tracked the time spent on various aspects of search creation by each librarian. Simple and complex topics were analyzed separately to provide insight into whether TMTs could be more useful for one type of topic or another. Results: Across all reviews, UP searches seemed to perform better than TMT, but because of the small sample size, none of these differences was statistically significant. UP searches were slightly more sensitive (92% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 85–99%]) than TMT searches (84.9% [95% CI 74.4–95.4%]). The mean number-needed-to-read was 83 (SD 34) for UP and 90 (SD 68) for TMT. Keyword and subject term development using TMTs generally took less time than those developed using UP alone. The average total time was 12 hours (SD 8) to create a complete search strategy by UP librarians, and 5 hours (SD 2) for the TMT librarians. TMTs neither affected search evaluation time nor improved identification of exclusion concepts (irrelevant records) that can be safely removed from the search set. Conclusion: Across all reviews but one, TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches. For simple SR topics (i.e., single indication–single drug), TMT searches were slightly less sensitive, but reduced time spent in search design. For complex SR topics (e.g., multicomponent interventions), TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches; nevertheless, in complex reviews, they identified unique eligible citations not found by the UP searches. TMT searches also reduced time spent in search strategy development. For all evidence synthesis types, TMT searches may be more efficient in reviews where comprehensiveness is not paramount, or as an adjunct to UP for evidence syntheses, because they can identify unique includable citations. If TMTs were easier to learn and use, their utility would be increased.
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Bakhshaei, Mahsa, Angela Hardy, Aubrey Francisco, Sierra Noakes, and Judi Fusco. Fostering Powerful Use of Technology Through Instructional Coaching. Digital Promise, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/48.
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Research findings suggest that instructional technology coaching may be a critical lever in closing the gap in the usage of technology, sometimes referred to as the digital use divide. In the 2017-2018 school year, we provided 50 schools in 20 school districts across five states, with a grant to support an onsite, full-time instructional technology coach (called a DLP coach). Our data shows that after one year of working with their DLP coach, teachers are using technology more frequently and in more powerful ways. DLP teachers report significant increases in using technology for both teaching content and pedagogy—in other words, teachers are using technology to support what they are teaching, as well as how they are teaching it.
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Johnson, Corey, Colton James, Sarah Traughber, and Charles Walker. Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Implications in Neostigmine versus Sugammadex. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0005.
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Purpose/Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a frequent complaint in the postoperative period, which can delay discharge, result in readmission, and increase cost for patients and facilities. Inducing paralysis is common in anesthesia, as is utilizing the drugs neostigmine and sugammadex as reversal agents for non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers. Many studies are available that compare these two drugs to determine if neostigmine increases the risk of PONV over sugammadex. Sugammadex has a more favorable pharmacologic profile and may improve patient outcomes by reducing PONV. Methods: This review included screening a total of 39 studies and peer-reviewed articles that looked at patients undergoing general anesthesia who received non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers requiring either neostigmine or sugammadex for reversal, along with their respective PONV rates. 8 articles were included, while 31 articles were removed based on our exclusion criteria. These were published between 2014 and 2020 exclusively. The key words used were “neostigmine”, “sugammadex”, “PONV”, along with combinations “paralytic reversal agents and PONV”. This search was performed on the scholarly database MEDLINE. The data items were PONV rates in neostigmine group, PONV rates in sugammadex group, incidence of postoperative analgesic consumption in neostigmine group, and incidence of postoperative analgesic consumption in sugammadex group. Results: Despite numerical differences being noted in the incidence of PONV with sugammadex over reversal with neostigmine, there did not appear to be any statistically significant data in the multiple peer-reviewed trials included in our review, for not one of the 8 studies concluded that there was a higher incidence of PONV in one drug or the other of an y clinical relevance. Although the side-effect profile tended to be better in the sugammadex group than neostigmine in areas other than PONV, there was not sufficient evidence to conclude that one drug was superior to the other in causing a direct reduction of PONV. Implications for Nursing Practice: There were variable but slight differences noted between both drug groups in PONV rates, but it remained that none of the studies determined it was statically significant or clinically conclusive. This review did, however, note other advantages to sugammadex over neostigmine, including its pharmacologic profile of more efficiently reversing non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs and its more favorable pharmacokinetics. This lack of statistically significant evidence found within these studies consequentially does not support pharmacologic decision-making of one drug in favor of the other for reducing PONV; therefore, PONV alone is not a sufficient rationale for a provider to justify using one reversal over another at the current time until further research proves otherwise.
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Komppula, Birgitta, Tomi Karppinen, Henrik Virta, et al. Air quality in Finland according to air quality measurements and satellite observations. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361409.
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In this report the current air quality in Finland has been assessed with air quality measurement data and satellite observations. The assessment of ambient air concentrations included following air impurities: NO2, NOx, PM10, PM2,5, SO2, CO, O3, benzo(a)pyrene, benzene, Pb, As, Cd ja Ni. For these pollutants air quality assessment thresholds are given in air quality legislation (2008/50/EY, 2004/107/EY). Assessment has been performed for air quality zones. The main data set included air quality measurements performed in Finland during 2015–2019. Satellite observations were used as an objective assessment tool in analysis of the spatial variation of NO2 and CO concentrations. Air quality measurements show that air quality has improved in Finland in many respects. Especially the need to monitor NO2 and PM10 with continuous measurements has decreased. Growing understanding of national benzo(a)pyrene concentrations has increased the monitoring needs. Efforts to decrease ozone levels still requires international actions. SO2, CO, benzene and heavy metal concentrations are on a low level in Finland outside industrial areas and other assessment methods than continuous monitoring can be used, and the number of continuous monitoring sites has already decreased. Satellite-based concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide as well as their spatial variation in Finland were analyzed using observations from the TROPOsperic Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). The analysis of CO over Finland was carried out for the first time in this project. Results show that overall annual CO concentrations over Finland are low and spatial variability is small. Also, NO2 concentrations over Finland are rather low, but spatial patterns are more clearly visible. The highest NO2 concentrations are observed over the largest cities. By establishing a relationship between ground-based and satellite total column concentrations, surface concentrations of NO2 and CO were estimated from the satellite data for the zones. The satellite-based estimate for annual NO2 surface concentration over Helsinki metropolitan area is 28 μg/m3, and for the rest of Finland mostly between 10–15 μg/m3. For CO the differences between monitoring areas are small, with estimates varying between 160–164 μg/m3 or in other words about 0,16 mg/m3.
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Muhoza, Cassilde, Wikman Anna, and Rocio Diaz-Chavez. Mainstreaming gender in urban public transport: lessons from Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.006.
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The urban population of Africa, the fastest urbanizing continent, has increased from 19% to 39% in the past 50 years, and the number of urban dwellers is projected to reach 770 million by 2030. However, while rapid urbanization has increased mobility and created a subsequent growth in demand for public transport in cities, this has not been met by the provision of adequate and sustainable infrastructure and services. The majority of low-income residents and the urban poor still lack access to adequate transport services and rely on non-motorized and public transport, which is often informal and characterized by poor service delivery. Lack of access to transport services limits access to opportunities that aren’t in the proximity of residential areas, such as education, healthcare, and employment. The urban public transport sector not only faces the challenge of poor service provision, but also of gender inequality. Research shows that, in the existing urban transport systems, there are significant differences in the travel patterns of and modes of transport used by women and men, and that these differences are associated with their roles and responsibilities in society. Moreover, the differences in travel patterns are characterized by unequal access to transport facilities and services. Women are generally underrepresented in the sector, in both its operation and decision-making. Women’s mobility needs and patterns are rarely integrated into transport infrastructure design and services and female users are often victims of harassment and assault. As cities rapidly expand, meeting the transport needs of their growing populations while paying attention to gender-differentiated mobility patterns is a prerequisite to achieving sustainability, livability and inclusivity. Gender mainstreaming in urban public transport is therefore a critical issue, but one which is under-researched in East Africa. This research explores gender issues in public transport in East Africa, focusing in particular on women’s inclusion in both public transport systems and transport policy decision-making processes and using case studies from three cities: Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam.
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Bonilla-Mejía, Leonardo, and Erika Londoño-Ortega. Geographic Isolation and Learning in Rural Schools. Banco de la República, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1169.
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Rural schools are usually behind in terms of learning, and part of this could be related to geographical isolation. We explore this hypothesis, assessing the effect of distance between rural schools and local governments on learning in Colombia. We use spatial discontinuous regression models based on detailed administrative records from the education system and granular geographic information. Results indicate that distance to towns and Secretary of Education has significant negative effects on students’ standardized test scores. We evaluated alternative mechanisms, finding that the effect of distance is partly explained by differences in critical educational inputs, such as teachers’ education attainment and contract stability. Finally, we assess the mediating role of a program providing monetary incentives to teachers and principals in remote areas.
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Andrabi, Tahir, Benjamin Daniels, and Jishnu Das. Human Capital Accumulation and Disasters: Evidence from the Pakistan Earthquake of 2005. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-risewp_2020/039.
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We trace the effects of a devastating earthquake that occurred in Northern Pakistan in 2005. Using a new dataset from a survey conducted four years after the earthquake, we first show that the distance of the household from the fault line was not correlated with pre-existing household characteristics, while it was strongly predictive of earthquake-related damage and mortality. Through emergency relief aid, households living close to the fault line reported receiving substantial cash compensation that amounted to as much as 150% of their annual household consumption expenditure. Four years after the earthquake, there were no differences in public infrastructure, household or adult outcomes between areas close to and far from the fault line. However, children in their critical first thousand days at the time of the earthquake accumulated large height deficits, with the youngest the most affected. Children aged 3 through 15 at the time of the earthquake did not suffer growth shortfalls, but scored significantly worse on academic tests if they lived close to the fault line. Finally, children whose mothers completed primary education were fully protected against the emergence of a test score gap. We estimate that if these deficits continue to adult life, the affected children could stand to lose 15% of their lifetime earnings. Even when disasters are heavily compensated, human capital accumulation can be critically interrupted, with greater losses for already disadvantaged populations.
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The COVID Decade: understanding the long-term societal impacts of COVID-19. The British Academy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bac19stf/9780856726583.001.
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The British Academy was asked by the Government Office for Science to produce an independent review on the long-term societal impacts of COVID-19. This report outlines the evidence across a range of areas, building upon a series of expert reviews, engagement, synthesis and analysis across the research community in the Social Sciences, Humanities and the Arts (SHAPE). It is accompanied by a separate report, Shaping the COVID decade, which considers how policymakers might respond. History shows that pandemics and other crises can be catalysts to rebuild society in new ways, but that this requires vision and interconnectivity between policymakers at local, regional and national levels. With the advent of vaccines and the imminent ending of lockdowns, we might think that the impact of COVID-19 is coming to an end. This would be wrong. We are in a COVID decade: the social, economic and cultural effects of the pandemic will cast a long shadow into the future – perhaps longer than a decade – and the sooner we begin to understand, the better placed we will be to address them. There are of course many impacts which flowed from lockdowns, including not being able to see family and friends, travel or take part in leisure activities. These should ease quickly as lockdown comes to an end. But there are a set of deeper impacts on health and wellbeing, communities and cohesion, and skills, employment and the economy which will have profound effects upon the UK for many years to come. In sum, the pandemic has exacerbated existing inequalities and differences and created new ones, as well as exposing critical societal needs and strengths. These can emerge differently across places, and along different time courses, for individuals, communities, regions, nations and the UK as a whole. We organised the evidence into three areas of societal effect. As we gathered evidence in these three areas, we continually assessed it according to five cross-cutting themes – governance, inequalities, cohesion, trust and sustainability – which the reader will find reflected across the chapters. Throughout the process of collating and assessing the evidence, the dimensions of place (physical and social context, locality), scale (individual, community, regional, national) and time (past, present, future; short, medium and longer term) played a significant role in assessing the nature of the societal impacts and how they might play out, altering their long-term effects.