Relevant bibliographies by topics / Worked bone

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Worked bone'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Worked bone"

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Gál, Erika. "Late Medieval Bone and Antler Working at the Residence of the Archbishop of Esztergom (Northern Hungary)." Archaeologia Lituana 21 (December 28, 2020): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/archlit.2019.21.5.

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A relatively small worked bone and antler assemblage including 28 finished objects and 104 remains representing blanks and waste material was identified during the zooarchaeological analysis of the bone material found at the recently excavated site of Esztergom-Várhegy-Kőbánya (Esztergom-Castle Hill-Quarry). According to archaeological investigations, the complete animal bone assemblage deposited in several successive layers on the Castle Hill of Esztergom represents the kitchen refuse of the bishopric residence. Despite the religious context of the settlement, rosary beads or other artefacts usually produced in greater numbers are missing in our material. Common objects such as pins, handles and toys as well as the fine worked decorative items were poorly represented. Contrary, the details for crossbow and the antler debris dominated the assemblage linked to manufacturing. All these would suggest the presence of a workshop in the archbishop’s palace specialised for the quick production and reparation of details for crossbow. Although the small quantity of both the finished objects and production waste point to a small – maybe only seasonally operating – workshop, the involvement of a skilled bone-worker and possibly a lathe is suggested.
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Bejenaru, Luminiţa. "Worked Bone and Archaeology: Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the ICAZ Worked Bone Research Group in Iasi 2016." Quaternary International 472 (April 2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.04.007.

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Guimarães, Márica B. "Fishing strategies among prehistoric populations at Saquarema Lagoonal Complex, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 85, no. 1 (March 2013): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652013005000005.

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Two distinct fishing technologies were identified among the shellmound builders of the Saquarema Lagoonal Complex, in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro: bone point technology and worked fish spines. These technologies were related to the acquisition of specific fish resources; Worked fish spines were used in the capture of Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest), and bone points used for fishing specimens of the Ariidae family. Worked spines technology was predominant between 6,726 cal. years BP and 3,699 cal. years BP, while the bone point technology was dominant after 3,699 cal. years BP. It is believed these different strategies for obtaining fishing resources before 3,699 years cal. BP was related to environmental. Notably the gradual regression of relative sea level occurred during the mid- and late Holocene.
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Browne, Sue. "The Bone." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 51, S2 (1985): 46–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00078300.

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In all, 1065 fragments of bone were recovered from trench B. The bulk of the bone (868 fragments: 81%) came from the ditch; 121 fragments came from pits and scoops, 74 fragments from post holes and 1 fragment from a layer in the ‘working area’. Four of the pits and three of the post holes are in the ‘working area’ and they contained a total of 104 fragments of bone; the five post holes interpreted as a four-post structure contained 40 fragments of bone. With the exception of post holes 96 and 117, which contained one and two fragments of bone respectively, no bone was recovered from contexts east of the ditch running north-south at the eastern side of the site (39 and 78), nor from those contexts lying between its terminals. Two fragments of worked bone were recovered, one from context 5 in the ditch and one from post hole 75, which also contained one of the bird bones; the other bird bone came from context 41 in the ditch. The human remains and the dog bones were recovered exclusively from the ditch. The distribution of the bones of the larger domesticates and pig indicates consistency and continuity in disposal practices: 95.6% of the identified horse bones, 92.5% of the identified cattle bones and 80.5% of the identified pig bones w*re recovered from the ditch. Only the caprovid bones were spread more evenly over the site: 66.7% came from the ditch, 26.1% from the pits and scoops and 7.2% from post holes. Fragments of burnt bone were recovered from contexts 3 (ditch), 16 (post hole) and 107 (pit). Butchered and gnawed bones were distributed without any particular pattern in all three types of bone-bearing context.
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Paul, Jarrad W., and Burçin Erdoğu. "An examination of the worked bone and antler assemblage at Uğurlu (Gökçeada, Turkey)." Documenta Praehistorica 44 (January 4, 2018): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.23.

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Worked bone and antler tools were regularly used by prehistoric societies in northwest and western Anatolia to create and maintain everyday items. Uğurlu, one of the most important pre­historic sites in the north east Aegean, shows extensive evidence of bone and antler tool manufac­ture. This article examines the Uğurlu osseous assemblage from its inception during the Early Neo­lithic (6800 cal BC) to the middle Chalcolithic (4300 cal BC). A typology is established which labels the 534 items uncovered thus far, supported by contextual information. A comparison with other bone tool assemblages in the region is also presented, highlighting group similarities and type differences. The results show that few bone tools were found in the Early Neolithic Phase VI (6800– 6600 cal BC), while pointed tools dominate Phase V (6600–5900 cal BC). The established Neolithic Phase IV (5900–5600 cal BC) witnesses a dramatic growth in the number of bone tools produced, which is steadily adapted with the advent of the Chalcolithic Phase III (5500–4900 cal BC). During this transition between the Neolithic and Chalcolithic, certain tool types decline in number and manufacturing style changes. In the middle Chalcolithic Phase II (4500–4300 cal BC), bone objects seem to be crudely made, possibly reflecting the emergence of local traditions.
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Paul, Jarrad W., and Burçin Erdoğu. "An examination of the worked bone and antler assemblage at Uğurlu (Gökçeada, Turkey)." Documenta Praehistorica 44 (January 4, 2018): 368–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.44.23.

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Worked bone and antler tools were regularly used by prehistoric societies in northwest and western Anatolia to create and maintain everyday items. Uğurlu, one of the most important pre­historic sites in the north east Aegean, shows extensive evidence of bone and antler tool manufac­ture. This article examines the Uğurlu osseous assemblage from its inception during the Early Neo­lithic (6800 cal BC) to the middle Chalcolithic (4300 cal BC). A typology is established which labels the 534 items uncovered thus far, supported by contextual information. A comparison with other bone tool assemblages in the region is also presented, highlighting group similarities and type differences. The results show that few bone tools were found in the Early Neolithic Phase VI (6800– 6600 cal BC), while pointed tools dominate Phase V (6600–5900 cal BC). The established Neolithic Phase IV (5900–5600 cal BC) witnesses a dramatic growth in the number of bone tools produced, which is steadily adapted with the advent of the Chalcolithic Phase III (5500–4900 cal BC). During this transition between the Neolithic and Chalcolithic, certain tool types decline in number and manufacturing style changes. In the middle Chalcolithic Phase II (4500–4300 cal BC), bone objects seem to be crudely made, possibly reflecting the emergence of local traditions.
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Green, Jennifer L., and Pem Davidson Buck. "Worked to the Bone: Race, Class, Power, and Privilege in Kentucky." Contemporary Sociology 32, no. 2 (March 2003): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3089564.

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Prince, Cali. "Bone Poems: Listening and Speaking from the Ground." Ethnographic Edge 2, no. 1 (November 7, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15663/tee.v2i1.33.

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As a practice-led researcher traversing the multiple worlds that exist between artists, communities and institutions, I turned to poetry to begin to speak the unspeakable; to retrieve the metaphorical bones of a story that were taken out. The bones of this story came through the voices of four women who lived and worked at a site located in Western Sydney. Their stories opened a crack in the findings of the research. Unexpectedly their stories interconnected. In an emergent process rather than a predetermined one, the poetic became a way to bring some of the fragmented ‘bones’ of this story to light. A multilayered participatory process of hand making relationship maps and poetry as the final layer of this experimental approach to ethnographic inquiry, resulted in the creation of what I call ‘bone maps’ and ‘bone poems’. They have created ‘ethnographic places’ which allow for deeper inquiry into the human side of the story, interwoven with the complexity of official and often perceived more factual accounts as presented across multiple institutional narratives. I found that ethnographically based poetry, informed by earlier sensory mapping processes could reveal what more linear approaches did not. This paper introduces ‘Bone Poems’, to reveal how this experimental approach reaches ways of knowing, through metaphor, in ways that other methods do not.
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Ibáñez, Juan José, and Niccolò Mazzucco. "Quantitative use-wear analysis of stone tools: Measuring how the intensity of use affects the identification of the worked material." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): e0257266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257266.

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The identification of the use of stone tools through use-wear analysis was one the major methodological advances in Prehistoric Archaeology during the second half of the 20th century. Studies of use-wear analysis have decisively contributed to a better understanding of the cognitive capacities and the socio-economic organization of Prehistoric societies. Among use-wear traces, microwear polish is the most relevant evidence, as it allows the identification of the worked materials (i.e. wood, antler, hide, bone, stone…). This identification is currently carried out through the qualitative and visual comparison of experimental and archaeological tools. During the last decade, confocal microscopy is allowing the quantitative identification of the worked material through the texture analysis of microwear polish. Previous tests have accounted for the variability of use-wear traces as caused by different types of worked material. However, how the intensity of use, which is widely recognized as an important factor conditioning microwear polish characteristics, affects our capacity to identify the worked materials is poorly understood. This research addresses the dynamic nature of microwear polish through confocal microscopy and texture analysis. This research shows that use-wear polishing is a dynamic process and surface texture evolves continuously during the working time. The evolution fits a logarithmic function, so most texture modification takes place during the first phases of work. The way in which polish texture evolves through time differs from one contact material to the other. We demonstrate that, despite the dynamic nature of use-wear polish, different worked materials can be discriminated. However, some overlapping between used and unused surfaces and between worked materials occurs in the first stages of use. Moreover, polishes of similar characteristics (i.e. bone and antler) can show similar texture at advanced stages of use. These problems in identification can be in good measure overcome by creating dynamic models of polish texture in which not only the worked material but also the time of use is considered.
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Benco, Nancy L., Ahmed Ettahiri, and Michelle Loyet. "Worked bone tools: linking metal artisans and animal processors in medieval Islamic Morocco." Antiquity 76, no. 292 (June 2002): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00090554.

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The authors examine the spatial distribution, use-wear patterns and surface residue of bone tools from al-Basra, concluding that they were likely to be have been used by Islamic metalworkers. The presence of bone tools and butchery waste in an urban metalworking context underscores the close economic ties that existed between artisans and food producers in a pre-industrial urban centre in the western Mediterranean.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Worked bone"

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Lambert, Spencer Francis. "Examining Large Game Utility and Transport Decisions by Fremont Hunters: A Study of Faunal Bone from Wolf Village, Utah." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6832.

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This analysis of faunal bones from Wolf Village focuses on large game and its utility, as evidenced by what is known as the modified general utility index (MGUI). The MGUI proposes that bones at sites reflect transportation and butchering choices made by hunters at kill-butchering sites. According to the assumptions associated with the MGUI, hunters should select animal portions with high food value. The MGUI has been used in Fremont archaeology to provide a rough measure of site function. The expectation is that faunal bones would accompany the prized cuts of large game meat at habitation sites – and the animal parts with little food value would remain at kill-butchering sites because they are not worth the cost to carry them to the village. My analysis of large game animal bones found in excavations at Wolf Village counter these expectations. Fremont hunters at Wolf Village were returning to the site with low-caloric portions of large game, at least part of the time. Results from strontium isotope analysis suggest that many of the large game individuals hunted by the Fremont were not local to the immediate area. This suggests that hunters saw utility in low-caloric elements not related only to food value. Some low-caloric skeletal elements were used by the Fremont to construct bone tools and other objects, and as possible symbolic objects used in abandonment rituals. The results of this research suggests that the MGUI is not appropriate for measuring the utility of animal portions to the Fremont. Only when considering the social and non-caloric economic reasons for transporting low caloric elements, can archaeologists discover the true utility of large game animal parts to Fremont hunters.
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Hall, Molly Allison. "Parowan Valley Gaming Pieces and Insights into Fremont Social Organization." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2595.pdf.

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Murnane, Owen D., Faith W. Akin, J. K. Kelly, Stephanie M. Byrd, and A. Pearson. "Bone Conduction Ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1890.

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Akin, Faith W., Owen D. Murnane, J. Tampas, and C. Clinard. "Air and Bone-Conducted Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1906.

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Tampas, J., C. Clinard, Owen D. Murnane, and Faith W. Akin. "A Comparison of Air And Bone-conducted VEMPs." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1897.

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Whittington, J. M., E. J. Shoen, L. L. Labounty, Jeremy A. Gentles, Jenna M. Kraska, Ann Marie Swisher, J. E. Keller, et al. "Bone Mineral Density and Content of Collegiate Throwers: Influence of Maximum Strength." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4094.

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Bone is a plastic tissue, changing in density and size with different levels of stress. Furthermore, it appears that BMD is altered in a site specific manner. However, BMD has not been studied extensively in all types of athletes, particularly well trained strengthpower athletes, such as throwers. The pwpose of this study was to examine the BMD of USA Division I collegiate throwers (shot put, discus, etc.). BMD was compared to normative data and to different athletes. Measures of whole body maximum strength and throwing performance were correlated with BMDs. Potential right/left side and sex differences were examined. Athletes were 4 males, 3 females age 19.9 ± 0.9 years. BMD was measured with a DEXA Maximum isometric strength was measured using a midthigh pull standing on a force plate. Force time-curves were generated during the strength tests. Peale force (PF) and normalized pealc force (PFa) were correlated with BMDs. Comparison indicates throwers have denser bones compared to normative data and compared to other types of athletes. Male throwers tend to have greater total body BMD than female throwers (p < 0.05). Dominant arm showed slightly greater BMD compared to non-dominant (p < 0.05). Furthermore, BMD is related to PF (r = 0.68) and PFa (r = 0.56). Throwers have greater BMD's than non-athletes or most other types of athletes. However, throwers showed only a small indication of sidedness. These observations likely stem from their training program (whole body heavy loading).
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Whittington, J. M., E. J. Schoen, L. L. Labounty, R. Hamdy, Michael W. Ramsey, Margaret E. Stone, William A. Sands, G. Gregory Haff, and Michael H. Stone. "Bone Mineral Density and Contet of Collegiate Throwers: Influence of Maximum Strength." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4128.

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AIM: Bone changes in size and density in response to different levels of stress. Alterations to bone mineral density (BMD) appear to occur in a site specific manner. Even though BMD has been examined in many populations there is a paucity of data looking at strength-power athletes, such as throwers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the BMD of a group of USA Division I collegiate throwers (e.g. shot put, discus, etc.). METHODS: Seven throwers (4 males; 3 females) who were 19.0 ± 0.9 years had their BMD compared to an age matched control group (n=14; 8 women and 6 men) and normative data. BMD was measured with dual X-ray absorptometry. Potential right/left side and sex difference in BMD were also examined. Maximal isometric strength was assessed using a mid-thigh pull while standing on a forceplate which generated force-time curves. Peak force (PF) and normalized peak force (PFa) were then correlated with BMDs. RESULTS: Generally, throwers had denser bones with male throwers tending to have a greater total BMD (P≤0.05). The dominant arm BMD was slightly greater when compared to non-dominant arm (P≤0.05). Furthermore, total body BMD was related to PF (r=0.68, r2 =0.46) and PFa (r=0.56, r2=0.31). CONCLUSIONS: Throwers have greater BMDs than non-athletes and most other athletes. However, throwers only showed a small indication of sidedness. It is likely that the BMDs observed in this study stem from the training intervention (e.g. whole body heavy lifting) undertaken by this population.
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Ordway, Gregory A., Attila Szebeni, Michelle J. Chandley, Craig A. Stockmeier, Lianbin Xiang, Samuel S. Newton, Gustavo Turecki, et al. "Low Gene Expression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 in Brainstem Astrocytes in Major Depression." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8602.

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The noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) is the principal source of brain norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter thought to play a major role in the pathology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and in the therapeutic action of many antidepressant drugs. The goal of this study was to identify potential mediators of brain noradrenergic dysfunction in MDD. Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, is a critical mediator of noradrenergic neuron differentiation during development and has neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects on mature catecholaminergic neurons. Real-time PCR of reversed transcribed RNA isolated from homogenates of LC tissue from 12 matched pairs of MDD subjects and psychiatrically normal control subjects revealed low levels of BMP7 gene expression in MDD. No differences in gene expression levels of other members of the BMP family were observed in the LC, and BMP7 gene expression was normal in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala in MDD subjects. Laser capture microdissection of noradrenergic neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes from the LC revealed that BMP7 gene expression was highest in LC astrocytes relative to the other cell types, and that the MDD-associated reduction in BMP7 gene expression was limited to astrocytes. Rats exposed to chronic social defeat exhibited a similar reduction in BMP7 gene expression in the LC. BMP7 has unique developmental and trophic actions on catecholamine neurons and these findings suggest that reduced astrocyte support for pontine LC neurons may contribute to pathology of brain noradrenergic neurons in MDD.
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Kavanaugh, Ashley A., Mark A. South, K. Painter, Michael E. Stone, M. M. Byrne, Ronald C. Hamdy, G. G. Haff, Michael H. Stone, and Michael W. Ramsey. "Relationship of Training Volume to Bone Mineral Density In NCAA Division I Cross‐Country Runners." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5098.

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Kavanaugh, Ashley A., Michael W. Ramsey, Mark South, Keith B. Painter, Ronald C. Hamdy, G. Gregory Haff, Margaret E. Stone, M. M. Byrne, and Michael H. Stone. "Relationship of Training Volume to Bone Mineral Density in NCAA Division in Cross-Country Runners." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4519.

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Books on the topic "Worked bone"

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Choyke, Alice Mathea, editor, author and O'Connor, Sonia A., editor, author, eds. From these bare bones: Raw materials and the study of worked osseous objects. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2013.

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Mathea, Choyke Alice, Bartosiewicz L, Kolozsvaŕi Krisztián, Kővágó-Szentirmai Katalin, and Aquincumi Múzeum. Roman Dept., eds. Crafting bone: Skeletal technologies through time and space : proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the (ICAZ) Worked Bone Research Group, Budapest, 31 August - 5 September 1999. Oxford, England: Archaeopress, 2001.

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Thiel, J. Homer. Worked bone artifacts recovered during archeological excavations at Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site, 32W117, North Dakota. Lincoln, Neb: National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center, 1998.

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1951-, Bruce Debra Fulghum, ed. Bone boosters: The essential guide to building strong bones. New York: Kensington Books, 1998.

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Human bones: A scientific and pictorial investigation. New York: Pi, 2005.

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Hasan, Heather. Bone cancer. New York: Rosen, 2009.

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Bone cage. Toronto: Playwrights Canada Press, 2007.

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Singing bone. [Montreal]: The Muses' Co., 1997.

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Bone light: Poems. Los Angeles, Calif: Red Hen Press, 2009.

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Moss, Thylias. Pyramid of bone. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Worked bone"

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Rundo, J., A. T. Keane, and M. A. Essling. "Long-Term Retention of Radium in Female Former Dial Workers." In Metals in Bone, 77–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4920-1_8.

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Mallett, Robert. "Cementing the Bond." In Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War, 1933–1940, 67–82. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-3774-2_5.

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Watkins, B. A. "Regulatory Effects of Polyunsaturates on Bone Modeling and Cartilage Function." In World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, 38–51. Basel: KARGER, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000059673.

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Batey, Colleen E. "Worked bone." In Beside the Ocean, 252–62. Oxbow Books, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvhhhdmc.24.

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Roberts, Anthony. "WORKED BONE." In Nicopolis ad Istrum III, 65–79. Oxbow Books, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dmqz.8.

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"10. Worked Bone." In Dun Ailinne, 125–32. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9781934536407.125.

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Russell, Nerissa. "Worked Bone from the BACH Area." In Last House on the Hill, 347–60. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdmwx1j.25.

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"Stone, Metal, Wood and Worked Bone Finds from the 1926 Expedition." In Montfort, 195–220. BRILL, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004307766_020.

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Phillips, Shawn M. "Worked to the bone: the biomechanical consequences of ‘labor therapy’ at a nineteenth century asylum." In Human Biologists in the Archives, 96–129. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511542534.007.

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Clason, A. T. "Spoolde Worked and Unworked Antlers and Bone Tools from Spoolde, De Gaste, the Ijsselmeerpolders and Adjacent Areas." In Palaeohistoria, 77–130. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003079248-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Worked bone"

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Khayyeri, Hanifeh, and Patrick J. Prendergast. "Simulation of the Emergence of the Endochondral Ossification Process in Evolution." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53714.

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The ability of tissues to adapt to the mechanical environment is a remarkable feature of the skeleton. Although the mechano-regulation process is very complex, several mechano-regulation theories for musculo-skeletal tissues have successfully predicted the tissue differentiation and remodelling process in various scenarios with reasonable accuracy (1,2); but how did mechano-regulated bone differentiation emerge in evolution? Early vertebrates, like cartilaginous fishes, could modulate their tissues to the mechanical environment and it is likely that evolution worked with the regulatory genes for skeletal tissues, rather than changes in structural genes, i.e. adapting skeletal tissues to the local conditions rather than involving major changes in cells or tissue types (3).
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Shrivas, Nikhil V., Abhishek Kumar Tiwari, Rakesh Kumar, Dharmendra Tripathi, and Vasu Raman Sharma. "Investigation on Loading-Induced Fluid Flow in Osteogenesis Imperfecta Bone." In ASME 2018 5th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2018-83496.

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Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a genetic bone disorder which is typically characterized by brittle bones with frequent fractures. It is also known as brittle bone disease. Surgical procedure is one of the ways adopted by clinicians for the management of OI. In recent years, it has however become clear that physical activity is equally important for managing OI in both children and adults. Exogenous mechanical stimulation e.g. prophylactic exercises may be useful in improving the bone mass and strength of OI bones as loading-induced mechanical components e.g. normal strain and canalicular fluid flow stimulate remodeling activities. Several studies have characterized the strain environment in OI bones, whereas, very few studies attempted to characterize the canalicular fluid flow. In the present study, we anticipate that canalicular fluid flow reduces in OI bone as compared to healthy bone under physiological loading. This work accordingly computes the canalicular fluid distribution in the single osteon model of OI and control/normal bones subjected to normal physiological loadings. A transversely isotropic poroelastic model of osteon is developed. Loading is applied in accordance with gait cycles reported for OI and healthy bones. Fluid distribution patterns computed for OI and healthy bones are compared at different time-points of stance phase of the gait cycle. A significant reduction in fluid flow is observed in case of OI bone as compared to healthy bone. This clearly indicates that improvements in physical activities or exercises can be designed to enhance the level of canalicular fluid flow to initiate possible osteogenic activities and the bone.
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"An Informative Machine-Learning Tool for Diagnosis of Osteoporosis using Routine Femoral Neck Radiographs." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4350.

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Aim/Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the structure of the bone tissue by using texture analysis of the bone trabeculae, as visualized in a routine radiograph of the proximal femur . This could provide objective information regarding both the mineral content and the spatial structure of bone tissue. Therefore, machine-learning tools were applied to explore the use of texture analysis for obtaining information on the bone strength. Background: One in three women in the world develops osteoporosis, which weakens the bones, causes atraumatic fractures and lowers the quality of life. The damage to the bones can be minimized by early diagnosis of the disease and preventive treatment, including appropriate nutrition, bone-building exercise and medications. Osteoporosis is currently diagnosed primarily by DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry), which measures the bone mineral density alone. However, bone strength is determined not only by its mineral density but also by the spatial structure of bone trabeculae. In order to obtain valuable information regarding the bone strength, the mineral content and the spatial structure of the bone tissue should be objectively assessed. Methodology: The study includes 17 radiographs of in-vitro femurs without soft tissue and 44 routine proximal femur radiographs (15 subjects with osteoporotic fractures and 29 without a fracture). The critical force required to fracture the in-vitro femurs was measured and the bones were divided into two groups: 11 solid bones with critical fracture force higher than 4.9kN and 6 fragile bones with critical fracture force lower than 4.9kN. All the radiographs included an aluminum step-wedge for calibrating the gray-levels values (See Figure 3). An algorithm was developed to automatically adjust the gray levels in order to yield equal brightness and contrast. Findings: The algorithm characterized the in-vitro bones with as fragile or solid with an accuracy of 88%. For the radiographs of the patients, the algorithm characterized the bones as osteoporotic or non-osteoporotic with an accuracy of 86%. The most prominent features for estimating the bone strength were the mean gray-level, which is related to bone density, and the smoothness, uniformity and entropy, which are related to the spatial distribution of the bone trabeculae. Impact on Society: Analysis of bone tissue structure, using machine-learning tools will provide a significant information on the bone strength, for the early diagnosis of osteoporosis. The structure analysis can be performed on routine radiographs of the proximal femur, with high accuracy. Future Research: The algorithm for automatic structure analysis of bone tissue as visualized on a routine femoral radiograph should be further trained on a larger dataset of routine radiographs in order to improve the accuracy of assessing the bone strength.
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Vaidya, U. K., and P. K. Raju. "Noninvasive Evaluation of the Prosthetic Hip Joint Using the Acousto-Ultrasonic Technique." In ASME 1991 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1991-0398.

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Abstract The need to identify the bond quality between the implant material and the bone is crucial in prosthetic orthopedic applications. When in service, there is a likelihood of loosening of the implant-bone interface which can result in loss of mechanical rigidity and stress concentration in the vicinity of the bone and the implant. Hence, noninvasive techniques are necessary to assess the bond quality in orthopedic implants. The purpose of the present work was to investigate the bond quality in a hip bone with a steel implant, using the acousto-ultrasonics technique in which two methods — acoustic emission and ultrasonics are used in combination. The acousto-ultrasonic technique was found to be sensitive to a loose joint when compared to a good one, indicating variation in terms of the ringdown counts and energy content of the acoustic emission events.
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Adams, Douglas J., Svetlana Lublinsky, and Mauricio Barrero. "Test Methods for Accurate and Robust Material Property Measurements of Rodent Cortical Bone." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192893.

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Direct measurements of cortical bone material properties are difficult to achieve in rodent long bones due to the inherently small dimensions and difficulties in machining standard test specimen geometries [1]. Bone tissue properties in nearly all rodent studies are thus limited to estimates from flexural tests of long bone diaphyses. In addition to the inaccuracies imposed by the bending stress state itself, these material property estimates are further confounded by the non-uniform geometry of long bones along the diaphyseal length. The goal of this work was to develop a series of techniques to improve the accuracy and precision of material property measurements in rodent long bones, with explicit mathematical correction for geometrical complexity and multiple measurements from individual bones. In combination, these techniques provide a pragmatic serial test routine for collecting multiple direct measurements of cortical tissue elastic modulus and strength, with a potential for improving sensitivity and statistical power in skeletal studies using rodents.
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Rahmanian, Rasool, Mohsen Taheri Andani, Jason Walker, Christoph Habeland, Mohammad Elahinia, David Dean, and Michael Miller. "Modeling and Validation of Additively Manufactured Porous Nitinol Implants." In ASME 2014 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2014-7653.

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Bone implants are long term solutions for bone loss. Currently, two issues have been identified as reducing the long term stability of bone implants. The first issue is stiffness mismatch between the implant and the surrounding bony structure. The current materials used for manufacturing bone implants are much stiffer than the surrounding host bone. The second issue concerns bone-implant integration; the fact is that the bone needs an appropriate surface on which to attach and accept or deliver a load. Additive manufacturing techniques using Nitinol may provide the ability to fabricate bone implants with predetermined pore size and stiffness. This work brings the concept of stiffness tailoring to reality, taking advantage of additive manufacturing technique to fabricate engineering porosity to modify the stiffness. Based on the simulation and test results, it is shown that implants can be made with the stiffness in the range of the stiffness of the bone. The same capabilities can be used to affect a rough surface onto which bone is more likely to attach.
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Kłodowski, Adam, Antti Valkeapa¨a¨, and Aki Mikkola. "Craig-Bampton Modal Reduction Applied to Human Tibia Tradeoff Between Accuracy and Speed." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63618.

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Human bones adapt to external loading through bone growth and resorption processes (1). Strains within specific range induced by physical loading can lead to strengthening of affected bones. On the other hand, when external forces are too high, it can lead to bone fracture (2) or cause significant loads in the joints, which in turn can be damaging for the cartilage surfaces (3) and ligaments. Optimization of the gym equipment as well as the techniques of exercising is necessary to achieve bone growth stimulation without overloading the bones or the joints. This issue has been recently addressed with the use of flexible multibody simulations supported by modal reduction techniques. Although the strain output of the simulations is sound (4), it is necessary to understand the tradeoffs between accuracy and speed of the modal reduction methods. This paper presents a comparison of the tibial strains, stresses and global displacements obtained from modal representation of the bone and results obtained from the initial finite element model. Strains are obtained at the same nodes in both models during various static case loadings. Efficiency of both methods is compared by correlating computation times. Accuracy of modal representation is verified by using bending, torsion, tension and compression tests, which represent the possible physical loading conditions of tibia. Influence of the material models as well as discretization level has also been taken into account. Finally conclusions are drawn from the results providing guidelines for future work.
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Kim, Sung Hwan, Chaewon Kim, and Changheui Jang. "Diffusion Bonding of a Cold-Worked Ni-Base Superalloy." In ASME 2018 Symposium on Elevated Temperature Application of Materials for Fossil, Nuclear, and Petrochemical Industries. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etam2018-6716.

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Diffusion bonding was conducted on cold-worked Alloy 600. Cold-work of 50 % was applied prior to diffusion bonding in order to incite recrystallization and limit grain growth. Tensile testing was conducted at room temperature and 550 °C for evaluation of joint efficiency, while premature brittle failure at the bond-line was observed for most diffusion bonding conditions. It was found that such premature failure was related to a planar bond-line that indicated lack of grain boundary diffusion across the bonding surfaces. Additional application of post-bond heat treatments did not result in significant bond-line migration. Microstructural analyses revealed the existence of Cr-rich carbides and Ti-rich precipitates along the bond-line, which prevented bond-line migration by acting as pinning points.
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Vaz, Anand, Kanwalpreet Singh, and Genevieve Dauphin-Tanguy. "A Bond Graph Model for the Actuation Mechanism of Musculo-Skeletal Joints." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59301.

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Modeling the dynamics of actuation of musculoskeletal joints involves the generalized three dimensional motion of rigid bones caused by flexible muscles which cling to the skeletal structures and is a difficult issue. A bond graph model for such joints is systematically developed. Muscles have been considered as string tube models. Each of the component subsystems such as bones, muscles, rotational couplings, etc. have been modeled as Word Bond Graph Objects. These are then integrated to yield the complete bond graph model. An example of a joint, with two mating bones and actuated by a pair of muscles is considered. The bond graph model for the joint system has also been verified using simulation. The resulting model is simple yet captures the complete dynamics and provides insight into the dynamics of musculoskeletal joint actuation.
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Gohil, Vipul P., Paul K. Canavan, and Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi. "Effect of Bone Tumor and Osteoporosis on Mechanical Properties of Bone and Bone Tissue Properties: A Finite Element Study." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42389.

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This research is aimed to study the variations in the biomechanical behavior of bone and bone tissues with osteoporosis and bone tumors. Osteoporosis and bone tumors reduce the mechanical strength of bone, which creates a greater risk of fracture. In the United States alone, ten million individuals, eight million of whom are women, are estimated to already have osteoporosis, and almost 34 million more are estimated to have low bone mass (osteopenia) placing them at increased risk for osteoporosis. World Health Organization defines osteopenia, as a bone density between one and two and a half standard deviations (SD) below the bone density of a normal young adult. (Osteoporosis is defined as 2.5 SD or more below that reference point.). Together, osteoporosis and osteopenia are expected to affect an estimated 52 million women and men age 50 and older by 2010, and 61 million by 2020. The current medical cost of osteoporosis total is nearly about $18 billion in the U.S. each year. There is a dearth of literature that addresses the effects of osteoporosis on bone tissue properties. Furthermore, there are few studies published related to the effect of bone tumors such as Adamantinoma of long bones, Aneurysmal bone cyst, Hemangioma and others on overall behavior of bone. To understand the variations in bio-mechanical properties of internal tissues of bone with osteoporosis and bone tumor, a 2D finite element (FE) model of bone is developed using ANSYS 9.0 ® (ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA). Trabecular bone is modeled using hexagonal and voronoi cellular structure. This finite element model is subjected to change in BVF (bone volume fraction) and bone architecture caused by osteoporosis. The bone tumor is modeled as finer multi-cellular structure and the effects of its size, location, and property variation of tumor on overall bone behavior are studied. Results from this analysis and comparative data are used to determine behavior of bone and its tissue over different stage of osteoporosis and bone tumor. Results indicate that both bone tumor and osteoporosis significantly change the mechanical properties of the bone. The results show that osteoporosis increases the bone tissue stiffness significantly as BVF reduces. Bone tissue stiffness is found to increase by 80 percent with nearly 55 percent reduction of BVF. The results and methods developed in this research can be implemented to monitor variation in bio-mechanical properties of bone up to tissue level during medication or to determine type and time for need of external support such as bracing.
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Reports on the topic "Worked bone"

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Riveros, Guillermo, Felipe Acosta, Reena Patel, and Wayne Hodo. Computational mechanics of the paddlefish rostrum. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41860.

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Purpose – The rostrum of a paddlefish provides hydrodynamic stability during feeding process in addition to detect the food using receptors that are randomly distributed in the rostrum. The exterior tissue of the rostrum covers the cartilage that surrounds the bones forming interlocking star shaped bones. Design/methodology/approach – The aim of this work is to assess the mechanical behavior of four finite element models varying the type of formulation as follows: linear-reduced integration, linear-full integration, quadratic-reduced integration and quadratic-full integration. Also presented is the load transfer mechanisms of the bone structure of the rostrum. Findings – Conclusions are based on comparison among the four models. There is no significant difference between integration orders for similar type of elements. Quadratic-reduced integration formulation resulted in lower structural stiffness compared with linear formulation as seen by higher displacements and stresses than using linearly formulated elements. It is concluded that second-order elements with reduced integration and can model accurately stress concentrations and distributions without over stiffening their general response. Originality/value – The use of advanced computational mechanics techniques to analyze the complex geometry and components of the paddlefish rostrum provides a viable avenue to gain fundamental understanding of the proper finite element formulation needed to successfully obtain the system behavior and hot spot locations.
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Outes Velarde, Juliana, Eleanor Carter, and Ruairi Macdonald. INDIGO Impact Bond Insights. Government Outcomes Lab, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-golab-ri_2021/001.

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This report is part of the GO Lab-supported International Network for Data on Impact and Government Outcomes (INDIGO). This report reflects on the general landscape of impact bond projects across the world. The first section analyses the countries leading the way with impact bonds in a number of categories and it also examines the distribution of projects across different policy sectors. The second section provides an overview of international impact bonds - projects where at least one of the outcome payers is located in a different country to the location of service delivery. It presents key statistics on international impact bonds, and analyses their distribution across policy areas and geographies. The last section features the projects of the Life Chances Fund. This report uses data as of 01 July 2021.
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Chen, Huaizhi, Lauren Cohen, and Umit Gurun. Don’t Take Their Word For It: The Misclassification of Bond Mutual Funds. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26423.

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Ferrie, Joseph, Karen Rolf, and Werner Troesken. Cognitive Disparities, Lead Plumbing, and Water Chemistry: Intelligence Test Scores and Exposure to Water-Borne Lead Among World War Two U.S. Army Enlistees. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17161.

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Jaing, C., and S. Gardner. Interim Report on SNP analysis and forensic microarray probe design for South American hemorrhagic fever viruses, tick-borne encephalitis virus, henipaviruses, Old World Arenaviruses, filoviruses, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses, Rift Valley fever. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1044237.

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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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Nahmer, Thomas. Die Investition in Fine Wine unter Diversifikations- und Kostengesichtspunkten. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627710.

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Dieses Papier untersucht die Sinnhaftigkeit von Fine Wine als Alternatives Investment unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kosten eines Fine Wine Investments. Ist Fine Wine zur weiteren Diversifizierung und damit zur Verbesserung des Risikio-Return-Profils von global in Aktien und Anleihen investierenden Portfolios geeignet? Die Analyse erfolgt in einem ersten Schritt auf Indexbasis und in einem zweiten Schritt auf Basis von realen Investitions-möglichkeiten. Die Referenzwährungen sind der US-Dollar und der Euro. Für die Indexbetrachtung werden auf der Aktienseite der MSCI-World-Index und für die Anleihen der JPM-World-Government-Bond-Index verwendet. Bei den Daten für die Investition in Fine Wine liegt der Fokus auf dem Liv-ex-50-Index der im Jahre 1999 gegründeten Londoner Weinbörse Liv-ex. Bei der realen Investition werden für die Datenanalyse bei Aktien und Anleihen Indexfonds verwendet. Da es für die Investition in Fine Wine keinen Indexfonds gibt, wird der Liv-ex-50-Index inklusive aller Kosten einer realen Investition berechnet. Es werden verschiedene Portfoliozusammensetzungen verglichen. Zum einen wird ein Portfolio aus 50% Aktien und 50% Anleihen einem Portfolio aus 45% Aktien, 45% Anleihen und 10% Fine Wine gegenübergestellt. Zum an-deren wird ein Portfolio aus 25% Aktien und 75% Anleihen gegen ein Portfolio aus 20% Aktien, 70% Anleihen und 10% Fine Wine gemessen. Als Vergleichsmaßstab werden die annualisierte Rendite, die Standardabweichung sowie das Sharpe-Ratio der jeweiligen Portfolios berechnet. Die Ergebnisse für die genannten Zeiträume sind ernüchternd. Die Beimischung von Fine Wine führt auf Indexebene lediglich zu einer leichten Verbesserung der annualisierten Rendite aber zu einer markanten Erhöhung des Risi-kos. Bei der Betrachtung der realen Investition kommen die hohen Kosten eines Investments in Fine Wine zum Tragen. Die annualisierte Rendite ist im Vergleich zu den Portfolios ohne Beimischung von Fine Wine niedriger bei gleichzeitig höheren Risikowerten. Lediglich bei der Betrachtung auf Indexbasis in Euro kann bei einem Portfolio eine leichte Verbesserung der Sharpe-Ratio verzeichnet werden. Bei der Betrachtung nach Kosten führt in allen Fällen die Beimischung von Fine Wine zu einer Verschlechterung der Sharpe-Ratios.
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Promoting Social Bonds for Impact Investments in Asia. Asian Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/spr210180-2.

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Social bond markets have grown rapidly in Asia and around the world amid the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Today, the global social bond market is dominated by bonds that address pandemic-related social impact areas. To better understand the potential contribution of social bonds in tackling developing Asia’s most urgent social issues, this study reviews the current status and recent trends of global and Asian social bond markets. It further analyzes social impact areas that can be addressed by social bonds in both the short and long term. The study’s findings can help align finance with the Sustainable Development Goals and maximize the impact of the social bond market for sustainable development.
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Loan advertising World War I - other forms: War Loan Bond fancy dress costume 1918 (copy b). Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-001672.

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Loan advertising World War I - other forms: War Loan Bond fancy dress costume 1918 (copy c). Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-001671.

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