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1

Busseri, Michael A., and John D. Tyler. "Interchangeability of the Working Alliance Inventory and Working Alliance Inventory, Short Form." Psychological Assessment 15, no. 2 (2003): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.15.2.193.

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2

Paap, Davy, and Pieter U. Dijkstra. "Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form Revised." Journal of Physiotherapy 63, no. 2 (April 2017): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2017.01.001.

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3

Tracey, Terence J., and Anna M. Kokotovic. "Factor structure of the Working Alliance Inventory." Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1, no. 3 (September 1989): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207.

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4

Dykeman, Cass, and N. Kenneth LaFleur. "Counselors' Adjective Correlates of Working Alliance." Psychological Reports 78, no. 2 (April 1996): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.563.

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The authors present a study of 85 counselors' adjective descriptors of clients in relation to a working alliance. The imperative for such a study emerges from Gough's 1965 Conceptual Analysis of Test Scores approach to clinical measurement. For this investigation, all 300 items of the Adjective Check List were used. Working alliance was measured by the counselor's form of the Working Alliance Inventory-Short. Point biserial correlation of each adjective with inventory scores produced 54 significant adjectives. These 54 adjectives were 18 times the number expected by chance.
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Krieg, Christina H., and Terence J. Tracey. "Client interpersonal problems and the initial working alliance." European Journal of Counselling Psychology 4, no. 2 (August 18, 2016): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejcop.v4i2.64.

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This study examined the relationship of client pretreatment interpersonal problems (measured by the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems) to the therapeutic alliance (as measured early in treatment by a self-report version of the Working Alliance Inventory- Short), using multilevel modeling to account for client and counselor variables. Specifically, the correlations of dominance, affiliation and vindictive/self-centered interpersonal problems with the initial working alliance were investigated. Participants consisted of 144 clients and 44 graduate student counselors at a university training clinic in the southwest. Multilevel modeling revealed that there was an interaction between dominance and counselor gender with working alliance scores. Clients who had problems with dominance reported higher working alliance scores with male counselors while clients who had problems with non-assertiveness reported higher working alliance scores with female counselors. Vindictive/self-centered interpersonal problems were associated with lower initial working alliance scores regardless of counselor gender. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.
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Hanson, William E., Kyle T. Curry, and Deborah L. Bandalos. "Reliability Generalization of Working Alliance Inventory Scale Scores." Educational and Psychological Measurement 62, no. 4 (August 2002): 659–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164402062004008.

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7

Horvath, Adam O., and Leslie S. Greenberg. "Development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory." Journal of Counseling Psychology 36, no. 2 (April 1989): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.36.2.223.

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8

Mallinckrodt, Brent, and Yacob T. Tekie. "Item response theory analysis of Working Alliance Inventory, revised response format, and new Brief Alliance Inventory." Psychotherapy Research 26, no. 6 (November 7, 2015): 694–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2015.1061718.

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9

Figueiredo, Bárbara, Pedro Dias, Vânia Sousa Lima, and Diogo Lamela. "Working Alliance Inventory for Children and Adolescents (WAI-CA)." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 35, no. 1 (January 2019): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000364.

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Abstract. The purpose of this study was to validate a version of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) for children and adolescents (WAI-CA). The sample included 109 children/adolescents aged between 7 and 17 years, outpatients in a Clinical Psychology Unit (Portugal), who completed the WAI-CA between psychotherapy sessions 3 and 35. A subsample of 30 children/adolescents aged between 10 and 14 years filled out both the WAI-CA and the WAI within a one-to-two week’s interval. A subsample of 57 children/adolescents with ages between 7 and 17 years filled out the WAI-CA, and their accompanying parent the WAI. Results show high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha ranging from .71 to .89) and good external validity. Significant differences were found in the bond subscale according to age, gender, and diagnosis, with higher values in children compared to adolescents, in girls compared to boys, and in participants with internalizing and externalizing problems compared to participants with school problems. Moderate to strong significant correlations were found between children/adolescents’ WAI-CA and WAI scores and weak correlations between children/adolescents’ WAI-CA scores and parent’s WAI scores. Results suggest that the WAI-CA is a valid measure of working alliance to be used with children and adolescents.
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Samardzic, Ljiljana, and Gordana Nikolic. "Transference patterns and working alliance during the early phase of psychodynamic psychotherapy." Vojnosanitetski pregled 71, no. 2 (2014): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1402175s.

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Background/Aim. Working alliance, as a collaborative part of the therapeutic relationship has been proven to be one of the most powerful therapeutic factors in psychotherapy in general, regardless many technical differences between numerous psychotherapeutic modalities. On the other hand, transference is the basic concept of psychodynamic psychotherapy, and, according to the psychoanalytic theory and practice, it forms a major part of the therapeutic relationship. The aim of our paper was to determine the differences between the groups of patients with low, middle, and high working alliance scores and the dropout group in transference patterns, sociodemographic and clinical parameters, during the early phase of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Methods. Our sample consisted of 61 non-psychotic patients, randomly selected by the method of consecutive admissions and treated with psychoanalytic psychotherapy in the outpatient clinical setting. The patients were prospectively followed during 5 initial sessions of the therapeutic process. The working alliance inventory and Core conflictual relationship theme method were used for the estimation of working alliance and transference patterns, respectively. According to the Working Alliance Inventory scores, four groups of patients were formed and than compared. Results. Our results show a significant difference between the groups of patients with low, middle, and high working alliance inventory scores and the dropout group on the variable - transference patterns in the therapeutic relationship. Conclusion. Disharmonious transference patterns are more frequent in patients who form poor quality working alliance in the early phase of psychotherapy, or early dropout psychotherapy. It is of great importance to recognize transference patterns of a patient at the beginning of the psychotherapeutic process, because of their potentially harmful influence on the quality of working alliance.
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Andrews, Katrina, Debra Bath, and Calvin Smith. "Replication of the learning alliance inventory to blended student populations." Journal of Adult and Continuing Education 24, no. 1 (April 18, 2018): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477971418771090.

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The therapeutic working alliance by Bordin has been demonstrated as a ‘common ground’ variable attributable to change in identified change enterprises, including education. In this context, working alliance (renamed learning alliance) has been empirically demonstrated to predict positive on-campus student outcomes. However, minimal research investigating whether learning alliance predicts blended student outcomes has been conducted. A measure of on-campus student teaching alliance (the learning alliance inventory, LAI; Rogers), which operationalises (measures) learning alliance using three subscales (collaborative bond, teacher competency and student investment) was administered to 199 Australian tertiary students, enrolled in a counselling program delivered in the blended learning modality (online learning coupled with synchronous tutorials and an on-campus intensive). The aim of the study was to investigate if this on-campus measure of learning alliance can validly measure learning alliance in blended student populations as well. Results revealed that learning alliance in the blended student population is best operationalised as a two-factor model (collaborative bond and student investment) only. Thematic analysis of an open question revealed learning alliance in the blended teaching environment is understood as four themes: qualities of the teacher, teacher style, mastery of the technology and unique online factors. These results were interpreted as evidence that the bond factor of the original learning alliance construct as operationalised by Bordin (1979) continues to be important in the blended teaching space, but other factors unique to blended learning are important for online learning alliance, including content relevancy, currency and validity, as well as a transparent and structured course delivery style, flexibility when technology fails and online objectivity. Study limitations, implications and future research recommendations are discussed.
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Killian, Michael, Donald Forrester, David Westlake, and Paraskevi Antonopoulou. "Validity of the Working Alliance Inventory Within Child Protection Services." Research on Social Work Practice 27, no. 6 (July 27, 2015): 704–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731515596816.

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The Working Alliance Inventory remains a widely studied measure of quality of therapeutic relationships between the practitioner and client. No prior study has examined the psychometrics and validity of the Working Alliance Inventory–Short (WAI-S) in a sample of families, social workers, and trained observers within child protection services. Surveys were completed by 130 families, social workers concerning 274 cases, and observers following 165 home visits during the first wave of data collected from a randomized controlled trial of child protection services. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on three versions of the WAI-S and demonstrated moderate to good model fit. Convergent construct validity was found with other standardized measures. Results support the use of the WAI-S during in child protection services practice and research. Future research into family engagement in child protection social work services should focus on the working relationship.
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Tatman, Anthony W., and Keisha M. Love. "An Offender Version of the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised." Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 49, no. 3 (April 14, 2010): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10509671003666560.

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Gómez Penedo, Juan Martín, Thomas Berger, Martin grosse Holtforth, Tobias Krieger, Johanna Schröder, Fritz Hohagen, Björn Meyer, Steffen Moritz, and Jan Philipp Klein. "The Working Alliance Inventory for guided Internet interventions (WAI‐I)." Journal of Clinical Psychology 76, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 973–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22823.

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Andrade-González, Nelson, and Alberto Fernández-Liria. "Spanish Adaptation of the Working Alliance Inventory-Short (WAI-S)." Current Psychology 35, no. 1 (September 9, 2015): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9365-3.

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16

Briggs, Denise Broholm, and Patrick H. Munley. "Therapist Stress, Coping, Career Sustaining Behavior and the Working Alliance." Psychological Reports 103, no. 2 (October 2008): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.2.443-454.

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Relations were examined among therapist stress, coping styles, career sustaining behaviors and therapist working alliance. 160 therapists completed a demographic questionnaire, a rating of stress experienced in work as a psychotherapist, a rating of stress experienced in work with an individual client, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Career Sustaining Behavior Questionnaire, the COPE, and the Working Alliance Inventory. After controlling for demographic and therapists' stress variables, and alternating entry of Career Sustaining Behavior and COPE scores in the regression model. Career Sustaining Behavior contributed significant variance to predicting working alliance, and COPE scores accounted for significant variance in working alliance with active coping a significant predictor. Career Sustaining Behavior and COPE scores entered together accounted for significant unique variance in Working Alliance with career sustaining behavior and avoidant coping identified as significant predictors.
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DeSorcy, Danielle R., Mark E. Olver, and J. Stephen Wormith. "Working Alliance and Psychopathy: Linkages to Treatment Outcome in a Sample of Treated Sexual Offenders." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 7-8 (March 22, 2017): 1739–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517698822.

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The present study examined the working alliance, as measured by the full-length Working Alliance Inventory (WAI), and its association with psychopathy, treatment completion, and recidivism in a sample of 111 incarcerated adult male sexual offenders. The men completed the WAI 3 months into their treatment program, while psychopathy was measured via file-based ratings of the Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R), and outcome data were collected via the Canadian Police Information Centre. The majority (85%) of high PCL-R scoring men (PCL-R 25+) successfully completed their treatment program, and by and large, the men demonstrated strong working alliances with their primary therapists. The WAI scale components showed differential associations with the structural features of psychopathy. Specifically, the Affective facet was significantly associated with weaker Bond scores, while the Lifestyle facet was associated with lower Task scores; these results were upheld after controlling for scores on the other PCL-R facets. Strength of alliance, however, was not significantly associated with any recidivism outcomes, irrespective of controls for psychopathy. Implications for the treatment of offenders with high levels of psychopathic traits are discussed in light of extant findings and unique features of the therapeutic alliance.
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Kooistra, Ruwaard, Wiersma, van Oppen, and Riper. "Working Alliance in Blended Versus Face-to-Face Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Patients with Depression in Specialized Mental Health Care." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020347.

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This study investigates working alliance in blended cognitive behavioral therapy (bCBT) for depressed adults in specialized mental health care. Patients were randomly allocated to bCBT (n = 47) or face-to-face CBT (n = 45). After 10 weeks of treatment, both patients and therapists in the two groups rated the therapeutic alliance on the Working Alliance Inventory Short-Form Revised (WAI-SR; Task, Bond, Goal, and composite scores). No between-group differences were found in relation to either patient or therapist alliance ratings, which were high in both groups. In the full sample, a moderate positive association was found between patient and therapist ratings on Task (ρ = 0.41, 95% CI 0.20; 0.59), but no significant associations emerged on other components or composite scores. At 30 weeks, within-and between-group associations between alliance and changes in depression severity (QIDS, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology) were analyzed with linear mixed models. The analyses revealed an association between depression over time, patient-rated alliance, and group (p < 0.001). In face-to-face CBT, but not in bCBT, lower depression scores were associated with higher alliance ratings. The online component in bCBT may have led patients to evaluate the working alliance differently from patients receiving face-to-face CBT only.
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Sønsterud, Hilda. "The Importance of the Working Alliance in the Treatment of Cluttering." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 4, no. 6 (December 26, 2019): 1568–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_pers-19-00057.

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It is expected that the quality of the working alliance between speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and persons who clutter matters. The term working alliance is an important concept in cluttering and stuttering treatment and can be described as the degree to which the therapy dyad is engaged in collaborative, purposive work. The concept includes, among other factors, a shared understanding of therapy goals and the relevance of the therapy approach to achieving those goals. There has been an increasing interest regarding research that supports the therapeutic relationship as an evidence-based component of interventions in speech-language pathology, and recent research ( Sønsterud et al., 2019 ) supports that a critical element for successful stuttering therapy lies, among other factors, in the concept of the working alliance. Purpose Although there is consensus that SLPs should openly and honestly discuss the individual's goals and expectations for therapy, personal motivation and the impact of the working alliance for people who clutter have not been investigated. This clinical focus article highlights the importance of open and honest discussion around not only the individual's goals for treatment but also the tasks or activities to be incorporated in that treatment. Relevant and specific quantitative and qualitative assessments for measuring the working alliance are required to investigate the concept of the working alliance in more detail. The Working Alliance Inventory–Short Revised version is regarded to be one useful tool to evaluate this client–clinician relationship. The Working Alliance Inventory–Short Revised version is quick and easy to use and explores the working alliance across the 3 processes of bond, goal, and task. Conclusion This clinical focus article contains no research results. Anyhow, some considerations on this concept, both from a person who clutters and SLP perspectives, are included in this clinical focus article. Research is required to investigate whether shared understanding of treatment goals, agreement on tasks, and a respectful and trustful bond may become important predictors for successful therapy outcome also for people who clutter.
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Calsyn, Robert J., Gary A. Morse, W. Dean Klinkenberg, and Matthew R. Lemming. "Client Outcomes and the Working Alliance in Assertive Community Treatment Programs." Care Management Journals 5, no. 4 (December 2004): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/cmaj.2004.5.4.199.

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This study examined the relationship between outcomes and the working alliance in clients who were receiving assertive community treatment only or integrated assertive community treatment (assertive community treatment plus substance abuse treatment). All 98 participants had a severe mental illness and a substance use disorder. The Working Alliance Inventory assessed the alliance from the perspective of both the client and the case manager at 3 and 15 months into treatment. The six outcome measures were stable housing, client rating of psychiatric distress, interviewer rating of psychiatric symptoms, self-report of days used alcohol or drugs, and interviewer rating of substance use. Only 4 of 24 correlations were significant, indicating little relationship between the strength of the working alliance and client outcome.
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Sabella, Scott A., Jared C. Schultz, and Trenton J. Landon. "Validation of a Brief Form of the Supervisory Working Alliance Inventory." Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 63, no. 2 (May 16, 2019): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034355219846652.

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The Supervisory Working Alliance Inventory–Trainee Form (SWAI-T) is among the most frequently used instruments for measuring the quality of supervisor–supervisee relationships within counselor supervision. Although the full-scale SWAI-T instrument has proven utility, there are instances when a shorter form may be useful for research and field applications. The current study used secondary data from a pair of cross-sectional studies to test the utility of a brief form of the SWAI-T in a two-step process: (a) reduction of the SWAI-T based on item analyses from an electronic survey of 87 rehabilitation counselors working in a Western state vocational rehabilitation agency and (b) an initial validation study of the instrument using electronic survey responses from a national sample of 228 rehabilitation counselors working in private rehabilitation. The resultant 5-item scale showed evidence of high internal consistency, convergent validity, and minimal differences in psychometric properties relative to the full-scale instrument. An abbreviated supervisory working alliance scale offers practical advantages for select research purposes and for continuous evaluation of supervisory relationships in field environments.
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Bat Or, Michal, and Sigal Zilcha-Mano. "The Art Therapy Working Alliance Inventory: the development of a measure." International Journal of Art Therapy 24, no. 2 (November 14, 2018): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17454832.2018.1518989.

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Hsu, Sharon, Ruth De-Hui Zhou, and Calvin Kai-Ching Yu. "A Hong Kong validation of working alliance inventory – short form – client." Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy 7, no. 1-2 (June 4, 2016): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21507686.2016.1193036.

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Hsu, Sharon, and Calvin Kai-Ching Yu. "A Hong Kong study of working alliance inventory short form – therapist." Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy 8, no. 2 (April 7, 2017): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21507686.2017.1313285.

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이수현 and DongMinKim. "An Investigation of WAI-T(Working Alliance Inventory-Trainee) Factor Structure." Asian Journal of Education 12, no. 2 (June 2011): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15753/aje.2011.12.2.003.

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Paap, Davy, Melvin Schepers, and Pieter U. Dijkstra. "Reducing ceiling effects in the Working Alliance Inventory-Rehabilitation Dutch Version." Disability and Rehabilitation 42, no. 20 (January 24, 2019): 2944–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1563833.

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27

Schlosser, Lewis Z., and Charles J. Gelso. "The Advisory Working Alliance Inventory--Advisor Version: Scale Development and Validation." Journal of Counseling Psychology 52, no. 4 (October 2005): 650–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.650.

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Vöhringer C, Carlos, J. Carola Pérez, Claudio Martínez, Carolina Altimir, Paula Dagnino, Nicolás Suárez, and Mariane Krause. ""Working Alliance Inventory" Versión Observacional: Traducción, Adaptación y Validación al Castellano." Terapia psicológica 31, no. 3 (2013): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-48082013000300005.

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Sturm, Annelies, Anneke Menger, Vivienne de Vogel, and Marcus J. H. Huibers. "Predictors of Change of Working Alliance Over the Course of Probation Supervision: A Prospective Cohort Study." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 64, no. 8 (October 3, 2019): 753–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x19878554.

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The body of evidence that the working alliance is associated with positive outcomes for mandated clients is growing. The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of several characteristics of probation officers (POs) and offenders on the course of the working alliance during probation supervision. This study examined the patterns on the four alliance subscales: Trust, Bond, Goals-Restrictions, and Reactance of the Working Alliance With Mandated Clients Inventory (WAMCI) in 201 offenders and their 137 POs. Three patterns on each alliance subscale were found: deteriorating, improving, and stable. Multinomial logistic analysis revealed that change of POs and the preference of the PO to maintain rules were associated with a deteriorating Trust pattern. From the perspective of the offenders, being motivated to take part in supervision was associated with a stable pattern on every alliance subscale, but having problems with substance use increased the likelihood of a deteriorating pattern on every alliance subscale.
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Erby, Lori H., Tyler Wisniewski, Katie L. Lewis, Christian Hernandez, Leslie G. Biesecker, and Barbara B. Biesecker. "Adaptation of the working alliance inventory for the assessment of the therapeutic alliance in genetic counseling." Journal of Genetic Counseling 30, no. 1 (February 2021): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgc4.1378.

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Cunningham, Jennifer, Robert J. Calsyn, Gary K. Burger, Gary A. Morse, and W. Dean Klinkenberg. "Client Outcomes and the Working Alliance in the Client–Case Manager Relationship: A Causal Analysis." Care Management Journals 8, no. 3 (September 2007): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/152109807781753745.

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This study investigated the causal relationship between the working alliance and client outcomes in the client–case manager relationship. All 162 study participants received services from a case manager who worked as a member of an assertive community treatment team. All participants had both a substance use disorder and a diagnosis of severe mental illness and were homeless at baseline. A brief form of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) was used to measure the working alliance after 3 and 15 months of treatment. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale was used to measure psychiatric symptoms at baseline, 9, and 18 months. Days per month that clients used alcohol or illegal drugs was also assessed at baseline, 9, and 18 months. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The correlations between the working alliance and the outcome measures were lower than similar correlations obtained in studies investigating the psychotherapy relationship. The SEM analyses revealed little or no causal relationship between the working alliance and client outcome in this sample.
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Ghazali, Nor Mazlina, Wan Marzuki Wan Jaafar, and Azzahrah Anuara. "Supervision Outcomes as Predictor to The Supervisory Relationship and Supervision Contextual Factors: Study on The Internship Trainee Counsellors." MATEC Web of Conferences 150 (2018): 05073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815005073.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the supervisory relationship and contextual supervision factors on the supervision outcomes among trainee counsellors. Respondents were 120 trainee counsellors and 18 supervisors from four public universities in Malaysia. Eight instruments were used in measuring the variables. The Supervisory Working Alliance Trainee Inventory (SWAI-T) was administered to measure the supervisory working alliance among trainee counsellors and the Role Conflict Role Ambiguity Inventory (RCRAI) was administered to measure the role conflict among trainee counsellors. Meanwhile, the Supervision Interaction Questionnaire – Supervisee and Supervisor Inventory (SIQ-S) was used to measure the interaction between trainee counsellors and supervisor and the Counsellor Rating Form – Short (CRF-S) was used to measure the characteristics of the supervisors in supervision. The Selective Theory Sorter (STS) inventory was used to measure the counselling orientations among the trainee counsellors and supervisors whereas the Multicultural Counselling Knowledge and Awareness Scale (MCKAS) measures the knowledge and awareness toward multicultural counselling among trainee counsellors. The Supervision Outcomes Survey (SOS) and the Counsellor Performance Inventory (CPI) were utilized to measure the satisfaction and performance among trainee counsellors. Results have revealed that there was a significant correlation between the supervisory relationship (supervisees’ working alliance, supervisees’ role conflict, supervision interaction, supervisors’ attributes) and supervision outcomes, r (118) = .53; p < .05. Other factors that have contributed to the significant correlations of supervision outcomes were supervisees’ working alliance, supervisees’ role conflict, and supervisors’ attributes, r(120) = .55; p < .05; r (120) = .21; p < .05; and r (116) = .50; p < .05 respectively. However, the result has shown that there was no significant correlation between the supervision contextual factors (supervisees’ and supervisors’ counselling orientation and supervisees’ cultural knowledge and awareness) and supervision outcomes. The Multiple Regression analyses reported that the supervisory relationship had an influence on the supervision outcomes, R2 = .28, F (1,105) = 40.2, p < .05. Meanwhile, the supervision contextual factors had no influence on the supervision outcomes. Based on the research findings, the model signified that the supervision process could bring out changes in the supervisees. Practically, the supervisees’ working alliance was a significant factor that has influenced the supervisees’ development. Therefore, the academic supervisor should consider the supervisees’ role conflict, supervision interaction, and supervisors’ attributes during supervision. It is recommended that the differences between supervision interaction of the supervisors and the supervisees are to be examined in the future research.
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Smits, Dave, Koen Luyckx, Dirk Smits, Nele Stinckens, and Laurence Claes. "Structural characteristics and external correlates of the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form." Psychological Assessment 27, no. 2 (June 2015): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000066.

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Corbière, Marc, Jocelyn Bisson, Sylvie Lauzon, and Nicole Ricard. "Factorial validation of a French short-form of the Working Alliance Inventory." International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 15, no. 1 (2006): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mpr.27.

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35

Stiles, William B., Roxane Agnew-Davies, Michael Barkham, Alison Culverwell, Marvin R. Goldfried, Jeremy Halstead, Gillian E. Hardy, Patrick J. Raue, Anne Rees, and David A. Shapiro. "Convergent validy of the Agnew Relationship Measure and the Working Alliance Inventory." Psychological Assessment 14, no. 2 (June 2002): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.14.2.209.

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Guédeney, Nicole, Jacques Fermanian, Florence Curt, and Antonia Bifulco. "Testing the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) in a French primary care setting." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 40, no. 10 (September 27, 2005): 844–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-005-0972-4.

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Sturgiss, E. A., G. M. Sargent, E. Haesler, E. Rieger, and K. Douglas. "Therapeutic alliance and obesity management in primary care - a cross-sectional pilot using the Working Alliance Inventory." Clinical Obesity 6, no. 6 (November 9, 2016): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cob.12167.

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Lamers, Audri, Marc J. M. H. Delsing, Brigit M. van Widenfelt, and Robert R. J. M. Vermeiren. "A Measure of the Parent-Team Alliance in Youth Residential Psychiatry: The Revised Short Working Alliance Inventory." Child & Youth Care Forum 44, no. 6 (February 13, 2015): 801–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10566-015-9306-1.

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39

Soygüt, Gonca, Liane Nelson, and Jeremy D. Safran. "The Relationship Between Patient Pretreatment Interpersonal Schemas and Therapeutic Alliance in Short-Term Cognitive Therapy." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 15, no. 1 (January 2001): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.15.1.59.

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This pilot study examined the relationship between interpersonal schemas (as measured by the Interpersonal Schema Questionnaire) and the therapeutic alliance (as measured early in treatment by a patient self-report version of the Working Alliance Inventory) in short-term cognitive therapy. Twenty-six (15 men, 11 women) patients participated in this study. Findings revealed that the complementarity of expected responses in submissive situations was positively associated with therapeutic alliance, whereas the complementarity of expected responses in dominant situations and the desirability of these responses were negatively related to therapeutic alliance.
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40

Prom, Maria C., Jeffrey Stovall, Luis E. Bedregal, James Phillips, and Mario A. Davidson. "Therapeutic alliance: satisfaction and attrition of patients from a mental health clinic in Ayacucho, Peru." International Psychiatry 11, no. 4 (November 2014): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600004707.

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This study examines the role of the patient–provider relationship (alliance) and patient satisfaction in early patient withdrawal from mental health therapy in rural Peru. A prospective comparison of 60 patients demonstrated that early withdrawal was associated with the clinician's, but not the patient's, evaluation of the patient–provider alliance. This suggests that the satisfaction and alliance questionnaires typically used in high-income countries may not be effective in evaluating patient attitudes in this population, but may be useful for clinician evaluations of the alliance. Clinicians can use the Working Alliance Inventory to indicate the need for early intervention to prevent patient drop-out in middle- and low-income countries.
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Alberti, Giorgio Gabriele, Anna Martorano, and Bruno Martorano. "The Competing Influences of Initial Depressive Symptomatology and Early Alliance on Early Outcome: A Preliminary Study." Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome 16, no. 2 (May 24, 2014): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2013.33.

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We examined 40 psychotherapies, some delivered in combination with pharma-cotherapy, which were all conducted by cognitive behavioral or psychodynamically oriented therapists in a general hospital center for the treatment of light to moder-ate depressive disorders. Our goal was to examine the relationship between early outcome (defined as change in Beck Depression Inventory scores between sessions 2 and 15) and early therapy alliance (as measured at sessions 1 to 5 by the Working Alliance Inventory). We also wanted to concurrently examine the effect of initial depressive symptomatology (BDI at session 2) on early outcome. For the entire sample, both early alliance and initial depressive symptomatology were found to significantly correlate with outcome, the latter more strongly so. However, after di-viding the patient sample into subgroups based on different initial levels of depres-sion, early outcome for patients with depression of intermediate severity was found to be better predicted by early alliance than by initial depression. These results sug-gest that there may be a patient subgroup for whom a good early alliance optimally mitigates the self-perpetuating action of initial depression.
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42

Boxstaens, Johan, and Jan Depauw. "Measuring the quality of the Working Alliance in Flemish community supervision practice: A validation study of the Working Alliance for Mandated Clients Inventory." European Journal of Probation 12, no. 2 (August 2020): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2066220320947967.

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This article describes the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Working Alliance for Mandated Clients Inventory (WAMC-I). First, we explain how, in contrast to other European jurisdictions such as England and Wales, community supervision in Belgium remains a specific form of social work practice, which is referred to as “social work under judicial mandate” (Devos, 2009: 18). Just as in general social work practice, the professional relationship between practitioners and clients1 is considered to be of paramount importance in community supervision practice. To capture the essence of this professional relationship, we draw on the pan-theoretical concept of the Working Alliance (WA) (Bordin, 1979) and a theoretical adaptation of this concept for the field of community supervision (Menger, 2018). Building on this theoretical adaptation, an instrument to measure the WA was developed for the Dutch context of community supervision: the WAMC-I. The objective of the present study is to assess the psychometric properties and factor structure of the WAMC-I with a sample of justice assistants2 and clients in the Flemish Houses of Justice. This study offers an elaborated conceptualization and operationalization of the concept of the WA. Preliminary tests on the psychometric properties and factor structure of the WAMC-I show that three factors on the WAMC-I for professionals proved valid and reliable: trust, clarity of rules and regulations and reactance. However, tests on the WAMC-I for clients showed no factor solution. Based on the theoretical framework of the WA and scientific-methodological arguments we express our reservations about the use of the WAMC-I and offer suggestions for improvement.
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43

Hatcher, Robert L., and J. Arthur Gillaspy. "Development and validation of a revised short version of the working alliance inventory." Psychotherapy Research 16, no. 1 (January 2006): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10503300500352500.

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44

Hukkelberg, Silje S., and Terje Ogden. "The short Working Alliance Inventory in parent training: Factor structure and longitudinal invariance." Psychotherapy Research 26, no. 6 (February 2016): 719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2015.1119328.

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45

Ghosh, G. J., P. M. Mclaren, and J. P. Watson. "Evaluating the alliance in videolink teletherapy." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 3, no. 1_suppl (June 1997): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633971930283.

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The use of videoconferencing in psychotherapy remains largely unexplored. Videoconferencing compromises the range and quality of interactional information and thus might be expected to affect the working alliance (WA) between client and therapist, and consequently the process and outcome of therapy. A single case study exploring the effect of videoconferencing on the development of the WA in the psychological treatment of a female–male transsexual is described. The self-rated Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) was used to measure client and therapist perceptions of the WA after each session over 10 sessions of eclectic therapy conducted over a videolink. The serial WAI measurements charting the development of the WA in 4 cases of 10-session, face-to-face therapy by Horvath and Marx1 were used as a quasi-control. Therapist and client impressions of teletherapy are described. WAI scores were essentially similar to the face-to-face control group except for lower client-rated bond subscale scores. It is suggested that client personality factors accounted for this difference and that videoconferencing did not impair the development of an adequate working alliance or successful therapeutic outcome.
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Sturgiss, Elizabeth A., Elizabeth Rieger, Emily Haesler, Matthew J. Ridd, Kirsty Douglas, and Shelley L. Galvin. "Adaption and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory for General Practice: qualitative review and cross-sectional surveys." Family Practice 36, no. 4 (November 26, 2018): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmy113.

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Abstract Background Relational aspects of primary care are important, but we have no standard measure for assessment. The ‘working alliance’ incorporates elements of the therapeutic relationship, shared decision-making, goal setting and communication skills. The Working Alliance Inventory (short form) (WAI-SF) has been used in adult psychology, and a high score on the survey is associated with improved outcomes for clients. Objective To adapt the WAI-SF for use between GPs and patients and to test its concurrent validity with measures of shared decision-making and the doctor–patient relationship and discriminant validity with measures of social desirability. Methods Two rounds of online survey feedback from 55 GPs and 47 patients were used to adapt the WAI-SF—the WAI-GP. The tool was then completed by 142 patients in waiting rooms after seeing their GP and by 16 GPs at the end of their session. Concurrent validity with measures of shared decision-making and patient–doctor depth of relationship was determined using Spearman Rho correlations. Patients also completed two social desirability surveys, and discriminant validity with WAI-GP was assessed. Results Following feedback, the survey was re-worded to remove phrases that were perceived as judgmental or irrelevant. The patient measure of the WAI-GP was strongly correlated with Dyadic OPTION (rho = 0.705, P = 0.0001) and Patient–Doctor Depth of Relationship scale (rho = 0.591, P = 0.0001) and not with measures of social desirability. Conclusion The psychometric properties of the WAI-GP support its use for measuring GP-patient alliance. Possibilities for use include assessing the influence of therapeutic alliance on the effectiveness of interventions.
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Marcolino, José Alvaro Marques, and Eduardo Iacoponi. "The early impact of therapeutic alliance in brief psychodynamic psychotherapy." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 25, no. 2 (June 2003): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462003000200006.

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INTRODCTION: Therapeutic alliance is a key component of the psychotherapeutic process. This study estimated the impact of the therapeutic alliance as measured by CALPAS-P in an individual brief psychodynamic psychotherapy program. METHODS: To study the impact of the therapeutic alliance patients in psychotherapy answered to the CALPAS-P at the first and third session and to the Self-report Questionnaire (SRQ-20), to the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and to the Hamilton Anxiety Scale at the beginning and at the end of psychotherapy. RESULTS: The study of the impact of the therapeutic alliance in brief psychodynamic psychotherapy showed that higher TUI scores in the first session were significantly associated to the improvement on the BDI. Patients with best scores in the working alliance, measured at the third PWC session had also significant symptomatic changes. DISCUSSION: The study of the impact of the therapeutic alliance in brief psychotherapy indicated that patients who perceived that their therapists had the best capability to understand and to be involved in their issues had best results in reducing depressive symptoms and patients with higher capability to form the working alliance reached the best psychotherapy outcomes.
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Alden, Lynn E., Charles T. Taylor, M. Judith Laposa, and Tanna M. B. Mellings. "Impact of Social Developmental Experiences on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Social Phobia." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 20, no. 1 (March 2006): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.20.1.7.

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The current study examined how the social developmental experiences of people with generalized social phobia (GSP) affect their therapeutic relationships and treatment response. GSP patients (N = 27) completed measures of social learning experiences, and then participated in a 12-session group cognitive-behavioral treatment program. Both patients and therapists completed the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) and rated their perceptions of each other at sessions 3 and 8. Self-reported childhood parental abuse was associated with a weaker working alliance and a more negative patient-therapist relationship. Childhood abuse also increased the risk of a poor treatment outcome, as reflected in less change in symptoms of social phobia and depression.
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Bar-Sela, Gil, Inbal Mitnik, and Doron Lulav-Grinwald. "Perceptions of the working alliance among medical staff and cancer patients." Palliative and Supportive Care 14, no. 3 (June 19, 2015): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951515000759.

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ABSTRACTObjective:A working alliance (WA) is considered an essential factor in therapeutic relationships, relating to the mutual and interactive aspects of the relationship. In the medical setting, a WA has been found to be related to various positive outcomes; however, it has previously been investigated solely from the patient's perspective. The aim of the current study was to measure the concept from both sides of the patient–medical staff interaction.Method:Physicians, nurses, and advanced cancer patients completed the Working Alliance Inventory–Short Revised.Results:Some 32 physicians, 39 nurses, and 52 advanced cancer patients completed the study. Senior staff members rated the WA higher than trainees, both among physicians and nurses. Physicians and nurses rated the “bonds” subscale highest, while patients rated “goals” at the highest level. In addition, a significant difference was demonstrated between physicians and patients, with patients rating the WA higher.Conclusions:These preliminary findings demonstrate different perspectives among advanced cancer patients and medical staff interactions. Future studies should investigate the interactive aspects of the WA concept in the medical setting.Significance of results:Awareness of the working alliance in patient–staff interactions may improve the quality of treatment given to patients confronting cancer.
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Hatcher, Robert L., Karin Lindqvist, and Fredrik Falkenström. "Psychometric evaluation of the Working Alliance Inventory—Therapist version: Current and new short forms." Psychotherapy Research 30, no. 6 (October 17, 2019): 706–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2019.1677964.

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