Relevant bibliographies by topics / Working arrangements for drivers

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Working arrangements for drivers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Working arrangements for drivers"

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Blagoev, Blagoy, Sara Louise Muhr, Renate Ortlieb, and Georg Schreyögg. "Organizational working time regimes: Drivers, consequences and attempts to change patterns of excessive working hours." German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift für Personalforschung 32, no. 3-4 (July 27, 2018): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2397002218791408.

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A 40-hour working week is the norm in Europe, yet some organizations require 60 or more working hours and in investment banks an alarming 120-hour weeks are known to be worked. What is more, these organizations often require workers to be permanently on call and demonstrate high production rates. Consequences of such practices include frazzled employees, with their families’ and their own health under pressure. This article introduces our special issue of the German Journal of Human Resource Management. It tackles the many reasons behind excessive work hours and failed attempts to change working time arrangements in organizations. It first identifies three core ideas in previous research, namely the dispersed nature of regimes of excessive working hours, their high levels of persistence and their constitution at multiple levels of analysis. It then summarizes the contributions in this special issue. Finally, it proposes avenues for future research, such as focusing on the genesis and the historicity of organizational working time regimes, studying the interrelation of factors across multiple levels of analysis, and probing new theories to explain the extreme persistence of excessive working hours. The overarching aim of our special issue in this core area of human resource management is to contribute to an understanding of organizational working time regimes and the tenacity of excessive working hours in an effort to deepen our knowledge of how to change them.
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Wu, Qingjun, Hao Zhang, Zhen Li, and Kai Liu. "Labor control in the gig economy: Evidence from Uber in China." Journal of Industrial Relations 61, no. 4 (August 20, 2019): 574–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619854472.

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The rapid development of digital platform businesses has facilitated the expansion of gig work in China and elsewhere in recent years. Now that IT-powered platforms have been used in part to free the capital from taking employer responsibilities, the capital’s toolkit for labor control has been significantly limited. Drawing on qualitative field research supplemented by quantitative data on Uber in China, this article provides a novel empirical account of the labor control of digital platforms, and more importantly, their effects on different types of workers. The authors have identified three crucial strategies that Uber has devised to control its drivers’ labor process: an incentive pay system, a customer evaluation system, and flexible work arrangements. These strategies will, however, demonstrate significant effects on drivers’ working hours and income only when we consider the different motivations of Uber drivers. Specifically, the working efforts of those who drive for Uber as their only source of income are responsive to incentive pay schemes and a platform’s evaluation system, but are not as responsive to work flexibility. The exact opposite is the case for drivers who have other jobs and sources of income.
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Mangla, Namita. "Working in a pandemic and post-pandemic period – Cultural intelligence is the key." International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 21, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14705958211002877.

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Working environment has been transformed by this pandemic into flexible work arrangements with a swift acclimatization of technology. The post-pandemic working arrangements are expected to be increasingly driven by technology as business models will also evolve to adopt these changes. Virtual working arrangements bring several challenges like reduced trust, disrupted communication, limited collaboration, lack of role clarity and lowered team performance. The research suggests that the future of work is going to be more dynamic and virtual. The normal physical work arrangements that were in place before the pandemic will evolve to include multiple models. Therefore, the challenges and problems associated with virtual working needs to be addressed along with the increasing adoption. Cultural intelligence helps in fostering ‘trust and understanding’ even among virtual teams. The study surveyed people working virtually during this pandemic and analysed, if cultural intelligence and its dimensions i.e. cognitive, metacognitive, motivational and behavioural have effect on the challenges faced by the virtual teams. It is observed that the behavioural cultural intelligence predicts virtual team effectiveness and address the challenges faced by virtual teams.
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Riva, Egidio. "Background and rationale of collective bargaining around work-family issues in Italy." Employee Relations 39, no. 4 (June 5, 2017): 459–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-10-2016-0196.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to outline and assess the role of industrial relations in introducing work-family-related policies and investigate the drivers, nature and scope of contract provisions that were bargained in the following domains: flexible working arrangements, leave schemes, care services and other supportive arrangements. Analyses draw on information filed in a unique and restricted access repository, the SEcond-level Collective Bargaining Observatory (OCSEL) held by Confederazione Italiana Sindacati Lavoratori (CISL), one of the major trade union organizations in Italy. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents and examines, by means of descriptive statistics and content analysis, available information on 285 company-level agreements around work-family-related issues that were signed in Italy between January 2012 and December 2015, in the aftermath of the great recession. Findings Work-family issues do not seem to be a major bargaining concern. The availability of specific arrangements is mostly limited to the domain of working time flexibility and it is not quite innovative in its contents. Besides, there is little evidence that the mutual gains rationale is embedded in collective bargaining in the field. However, mature and well-established labour relations result in more innovative and strategic company-level bargaining that is also conducive to work-family-related arrangements. Research limitations/implications The sample is not representative. Thus, the results obtained in this study cannot be extended to make predictions and conclusions about the population of collective agreements negotiated and signed in Italian companies in the period under scrutiny. Originality/value Research on the industrial relations context that lies behind the design and implementation of work-family workplace arrangements is still limited. Furthermore, the evidence is inconclusive. This manuscript intends to address this research gap and provide a much more nuanced understanding.
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Davies, Amanda. "COVID-19 and ICT-Supported Remote Working: Opportunities for Rural Economies." World 2, no. 1 (March 11, 2021): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/world2010010.

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The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting public health measures necessitated many workplaces to permit workers to work from home. The question is now asked can the temporary transition to enable workers to work from home become more permanent and how will this shape the spatial distribution of employment opportunities and, in turn, workforces. This paper focuses on the potential for ICT-supported working from home arrangements to reshape employment opportunities in rural settings. With limited local employment opportunities being a major driver of rural out-migration, enabling rural residents to access a broader range of employment through ICT may result in a longer term disruption to rural out-migration patterns. Despite the potential of ICT to support remote working, uptake in rural areas has been relatively low. This paper argues that the recent increase in use of ITC-supported working from home arrangements promoted by COVID-19 public health measures may erode of two of the major barriers to participation in remote working—these being negative perceptions by the employer and employer about working from home and limited knowledge within workplaces about how to manage a partly or fully remote workforce. For rural populations it is plausible that the rapid transition to ICT-supported working from home arrangements will open up more diverse employment opportunities. However, it remains that for some rural areas and populations the urban-rural digital divide persists as a barrier to participation in ICT-supported remote working.
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Fincke, Isabelle, Amy Hieb, Volker Harth, and Stefanie Mache. "Activity-based working: Qualitative analysis of working conditions and health-related outcomes." Work 67, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 625–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-203313.

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BACKGROUND: The changing of work, driven by digitization, leads to the demand of large, open spaces in which the employees can work alone or in teams, can hold meetings or even find corners to relax. OBJECTIVE: This study empirically analyzed job demands and resources that can be found in innovative office concepts, like so called “activity-based working concepts”. METHODS: 16 semi-structured face-to-face interviews were performed with employees working in activity-based offices. Content of the interviews included questions on their working conditions and health-related outcomes. RESULTS: The results show that work autonomy, the flexibility to decide where and when to work, and an improved communication and collaboration between different departments had a perceived positive effect on well-being, performance and motivation. Job demands, like missing territoriality on individual and team level, limited privacy and distractions in form of noise and interruptions describe consequences in form of perceived strain. CONCLUSION: The study results contribute to the expansion of knowledge in the subject area of flexible work arrangements in open work spaces. They can serve to design future working environments and thus increase the well-being and job performance of employees. It needs additional research to investigate the effects of office designs on the health of employees in the long term.
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Tummala, Suresh Kumar, and Dhasharatha G. "Artificial Neural Networks based SPWM technique for speed control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor." E3S Web of Conferences 87 (2019): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198701030.

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The advancement of industry apparatuses for some methods with specific tasks to control the working of a few actuators on the field. Among these actuators, Permanent magnet synchronous motor drives are a mainly all-inclusive machine. Proficient utilization of hesitance torque, generally effectiveness, minor misfortunes and smaller size of the motor are the principle attractions of PMSM when contrasted and different drivers. Precise and rapid torque reaction is one of the parameters to determine differentiating arrangements in the ongoing past. The field-situated power perceived the likely and vigorous answer to accomplish these prerequisites to empower the figuring of streams and voltages in different parts of the inverter and motor under transient and consistent conditions. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate Artificial Neural Network based control of speed for PMSM in both open and closed loop under no-load and loaded condition. A shut circle control framework with ANN procedure in the speed circle intended to work in steady torque and transition debilitating districts. MATLAB reproduction performed in the wake of preparing the neural system (directed learning), results for reference control applications are adequate and appropriate in the process business. Speed control in shut circle at different stacking conditions talked about in detail.
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El-Sayed, Heba, and Mayada Abd El-Aziz Youssef. "“Modes of mediation” for conceptualizing how different roles for accountants are made present." Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 12, no. 3 (August 3, 2015): 202–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qram-05-2014-0041.

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Purpose – This paper aims to, using the concept of “modes of mediation”, examine how different roles for accountants are “made present” in an Egyptian manufacturing company. The paper introduces the notion of “modes of mediation” as a different perspective for the opposing popular archetypes of accountants: “bean-counter” versus “business partner”. Modes of mediation emphasise the materiality of artefacts, entities and technologies, as well as organisational space and spatial settings. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on a field study in an Egyptian manufacturing company where accountants are engaged as business partners and involved in operations planning and decision-making. The data were collected over a period of four years through participant observation, interviews and ethnographic techniques. Findings – The paper reveals the relational nature of accountants’ calculative agency and shows how roles of accountants are intimately associated with a web of technologies and artefacts, as well as spatial working arrangements that represent particular “modes of mediation”. Research limitations/implications – The concept of “modes of mediation”, which is still under-explored in the role change literature, is useful in studying the roles of accountants. It enriches our understanding of the wider involvement of accountants in business decision-making that goes beyond the major drivers of role change and deliberate interventions discussed in the existing literature. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the literature on role change by drawing attention to the way in which different modes of mediation, involving certain material and spatial arrangements, enact different forms of calculative agency. Minor alteration to these arrangements can result in a wider involvement of accountants in business decision-making.
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Walters, David, Philip James, Helen Sampson, Syamantak Bhattacharya, Conghua Xue, and Emma Wadsworth. "Supply Chain Leverage and Regulating Health and Safety Management in Shipping." Articles 71, no. 1 (March 29, 2016): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035901ar.

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The aim of paper is to understand the role and significance of supply chain leverage in promoting health and safety management at sea, the institutional contexts in which it occurs and under which circumstances it is effective. This is a qualitative research study that examined the views of seafarers and their managers on what drives the implementation of occupational health and safety (OHS) management arrangements in two shipping sectors, namely, the independent oil and chemical tanker trade and the container trade. It is based on interviews with seafarers working on board several of these vessels and with representatives of the companies managing and operating the ships. As might be anticipated from previous theorizing of supply chain effects on OHS, the study found there to be strong evidence of its influence on OHS management arrangements on tankers. The most significant driver of this effect for both managers and seafarers appeared to be the surveillance of their OHS arrangements instituted by the heads of the supply chain—in this case the oil majors and their inspection systems. Perhaps more surprisingly, despite the more diffuse, transactional and arms-length supply arrangements in the container trade, in the one case study from this sector examined in the paper, supply chain influences on OHS were nevertheless discernable. However, it also demonstrated the positive role played by the framework for maritime regulation in determining the significance of these influences. Essentially, the results indicate that, under certain conditions, supply chain relations are useful in helping to support implementation of arrangements for OHS management on merchant vessels. However, it also more broadly demonstrates that such leverage is most likely to be effective when it operates within a wider institutional framework in which public regulation and its surveillance by regulatory authorities remains a key element.
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Sonhaji, Sonhaji. "Aspek Hukum Layanan Ojek Online Perspektif Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan." Administrative Law and Governance Journal 1, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/alj.v1i4.371-385.

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Abstract Online motorcycle now becomes an extraordinary phenomenon, especially for people in big cities who feel the impact of the existence of online motorcycle. The problem raised in this legal journal is about the implications of legal relations that arise between online motorcycle drivers and online motorcycle service providers from the perspective UU Number 13 of 2003 concerning Employment. The legal relationship arising from the agreement between the GO-JEK driver and PT GO-JEK Indonesia as seen from its form is a partnership agreement. This partnership agreement is a partnership agreement that includes a new type of partnership agreement with a profit-sharing pattern as stipulated in Article 26 (letter f) UU Number 20 of 2008 concerning Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. There is no work agreement that arises in the partnership relationship between PT GO-JEK and GO-JEK drivers because there is one element that is not fulfilled, namely the element of wages, thus the GO-JEK driver is not a worker because there is no working relationship between PT. JEK with GO-JEK drivers, there are only partnership relationships where both parties have the same position as partners. so that arrangements and problems relating to work protection cannot use UU Number 13 of 2003 concerning Employment. Key words. : Legal Relations, Ojek Driver, Ojek Online Abstrak Ojek online kini telah menjadi sebuah fenomena luar biasa, terutama bagi masyarakat yang berada di kota-kota besar yang karena merasakan langsung dampak dari keberadaan ojek online tersebut. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam jurnal hukum ini adalah mengenai implikasi dari hubungan hukum yang timbul antara pengemudi ojek online dengan penyedia layanan ojek online dari perspektif Undang-undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan. Hubungan hukum yang timbul dari perjanjian antara pengemudi GO-JEK dengan PT GO-JEK Indonesia dilihat dari bentuknya merupakan perjanjian kemitraan. Perjanjian kemitraan ini merupakan perjanjian kemitraan yang termasuk perjanjian kemitraan jenis baru dengan pola bagi hasil sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 26(huruf f) Undang-undang Nomor 20 tahun 2008 tentang Usaha Mikro,Kecil,dan Menengah . Tidak ada perjanjian kerja yang timbul dalam hubungan kemitraan antra PT GO-JEK dengan driver GO-JEK dikarenakan ada salah satu unsur yang tidak terpenuhi yaitu unsur upah, dengan demikian driver GO-JEK bukan merupakan pekerja karena tidak terjadinya hubungan kerja antara PT.GO-JEK dengan driver GO-JEK yang ada hanya hubungan kemitraan di mana kedua belah pihak memiliki kedudukan yang sama sebagai mitra. sehingga pengaturan dan masalah-masalah yang berkaitan dengan perlindungan kerja tidak dapat menggunakan Undang-undang Nomor 13 tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan Kata Kunci. : Hubungan Hukum , Pengemudi Ojek , Ojek Online
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Working arrangements for drivers"

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Máša, Vojtěch. "Vliv pracovních režimů řidičů v silniční nákladní dopravě na bezpečnost dopravy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232512.

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Working arrangements are restrictive limits for drivers important for both motor carriers and drivers. Have a major impact on the logistical arrangements of manufacturing companies that transport their goods by road. Failure to comply with these limits, is recently one of the major problems in road transport and leads to unfair competition between road hauliers. Carrier's failure to obtain such social legislation crucial competitive advantage. Recently the problem devoted much time from the perspective of politicians. States, violations of social legislation by the carrier and the driver severely punished and often the articles we read on the operating modes of drivers and their associated hazards of freight transport, road safety hazard, danger for drivers of cars. For 10 years devoted to the issue and participate in the creation of training materials on the subject of Logistics and. In my work I wanted to examine the issue of working arrangements drivers from professional point of view - how the limits are set and working arrangements whether they comply with road safety. Next, consider the statistics of accidents in the CR in relation to drivers' working arrangements and to propose changes that would contribute to the improvement of social legislation in relation to road safety.
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Curley, George. "Indian Working Arrangements on the California Ranchos, 1821-1875." Thesis, University of California, Riverside, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10979449.

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While much of colonial California historiography includes detailed narratives of the mission Indian workers, very little is known regarding those Indians who moved from the missions to work on the large California ranchos and elsewhere. The stories of these Indian workers have often been ignored; further, the narratives which do exist contain some form of debt peonage to explain their working arrangement. This dissertation attempts to challenge these debt peonage theories and offer a more accurate account of the working arrangement that developed on the California rancho during the Mexican (1821–1848) and early American (1849–1880) periods. Employing important primary sources—including rancho account books, letters, court documents, census records, and probate inventories—this dissertation ventures to show that Indian labor arrangements on these ranchos were less repressive than previously presented. In addition, it reveals the misunderstood nature and importance of the rancho store to both the Rancho owners and their Indian workers.

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Oliver, Gwen. "Fathers' time use : working time arrangements and opportunites for care." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500494.

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Harris, Joycelyn. "Techniques for managing strategic partnership working arrangements in local government." Thesis, University of Reading, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558782.

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Organisations enter into collaborative working arrangements with others to deliver mutual benefits. In Multi-Organisational Collaborative Groups (MOCGs), organisations share knowledge, coordinate their activities, and engage in joint decision-making processes. Local government domains commonly adopt this approach. Strategic partnerships are deployed to develop new solutions to complex social problems because it is believed that these problems can only be solved by pooling the resources of a diverse range of stakeholders. Yet this approach can be problematic. The multitude of perceptions towards a problem increases the difficulty in achieving consensus. The lack of a managerial structure complicates activity coordination. The lack of a shared interface makes transparent information exchange burdensome. Research challenges lie in designing techniques to support such partnerships. Existing techniques for achieving consensus omit key contextual information about local. government strategic partnerships. Furthermore, existing technologies for supporting group work provide insufficient functionality for supporting roles, relationships, responsibilities, and information exchange requirements of these partnerships. To define and structure social problems the partnership domain must be characterised and represented. The identification of relationships, roles, and responsibilities found amongst partners is necessary to devise mechanisms to support activity coordination. The identification of partnership information resources is required to facilitate transparent information exchange. This problem-centred, information systems research PhD project addresses these challenges. A post- modernist position is taken towards research phenomena within the neohumanist paradigm. It draws on the principles of Organisational Semiotics, Soft Systems Methodology, Role-Based Access Control, and Unified Modelling Language. It contributes five IT artefacts designed to enable the development of software solutions: the specification of domain characteristics and solution requirements, a conceptual architecture, a description of partnership stakeholders, a representation of domain entities and relationships, an architecture of partnership information resources. Furthermore, a non-electronic technique for specifying the context of a partnership is provided, as well as specifications for an e-collaboration technology. The latter is a configuration of new and existing functionality designed to meet the requirements of partnerships, which demonstrates how software design could be derived from the IT artefacts.
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Li, Jing. "Three essays on flexible working arrangements and labour market outcomes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6413.

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This thesis looks at the effects of flexible working arrangements on workers' labour market outcomes. The particular type of flexible working arrangement analysed in this thesis is called "flexitime". This is an arrangement which gives workers the freedom to choose when to start and end their work. Flexitime provides workers with a new way to cater to their domestic responsibilities and in turn may reduce the costs of participating in the labour market. Therefore, it is closely connected with workers' compensation structure, human capital accumulation process, labour supply and job mobility. The effects of flexitime on workers' labour market outcomes are analysed from three aspects: wage, labour supply, and job mobility. The first chapter gives an introduction and overview of the thesis. The second chapter is a study on the compensating wage differentials associated with flexitime. In general I do not find convincing evidence showing the existence of compensating wage differentials associated with flexitime. One possible reason might be that flexitime brings additional benefits to firms (such as increased productivity and reduced turnover rate) so that firms may not necessarily need to reduce actual wages in exchange for flexitime provision. In the third chapter, I develop a model describing how flexitime may affect workers' labour supply decisions. The main finding of the model is that flexitime will increase workers' labour supply when the benefit associated with flexitime (increased child care production efficiency) is high relative to the cost of wage reduction (prediction 1). Meanwhile, the model also predicts that flexitime causes high human capital workers to increase their labour supply more than low human capital workers (prediction 2). Empirical findings show that flexitime is positively associated with working mothers' labour market hours, which confirms model prediction 1. However, there is arguably insufficient empirical evidence verifying model prediction 2. The fourth chapter considers the relationship between flexitime and workers' job satisfaction and job mobility. Flexitime is associated with high job satisfaction levels for both male and female workers. It also reduces the probability of quitting for female workers with young children. Male workers' job mobility decisions are not significantly affected by flexitime. The fifth chapter gives the conclusion of the thesis.
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Ludidi, Fikiswa. "Flexible working arrangements and employee performance: Manager and employee perspectives." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79603.

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FWAs have found increased attention among organisations who wish to support employee resolution of work-life conflict. The growing demand for FWAs by employees has resulted in the need by organisations to understand the resultant impact of FWAs on employee performance. The many quantitative studies on the matter had relied on Blau’s (1964) social exchange theory to explain the positive impact FWAs can have on performance; there was scant literature on a direct relationship between FWAs and employee performance. The contrary findings of other studies also contributed to the question of the impact of FWAs on employee performance being deemed to be inconclusive. This resulted in confusion among organisational leaders and a reluctance to adopt these arrangements even in the face of increased employee demand. The purpose of this qualitative, cross-sectional study was to gain deeper perspectives on the relationship between FWAs and employee performance. Data was collected from a sample of eleven employees and nine managers through semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data and a frequency analysis was used as a persuasive statistical measure to validate the themes that emerged from the analysis. The study found that contrary to extant literature, the pursuit of productivity was the primary motivator for employee demand and manager extension of FWAs. The pursuit of work-life balance was important, but it was a secondary motivator. The findings confirmed the continued applicability of Blau’s (1964) social exchange theory in explaining how FWAs impact employee performance positively but also established a direct link between FWAs and employee performance. FWAs have a direct impact on performance by enabling employees to work where and when they are most productive. Workplace trust was found to be both an antecedent as well as effect of FWAs. The manager-employee relationship was deemed a critical enabler to the success of FWAs. There also emerged common leadership attributes and behaviours among managers whose teams successfully exercised FWAs. An outcome of the study was a framework of the building blocks for effective FWAs. This framework provides a guide to organisations on how to adopt and ensure the optimal use of these widely sought employee practices.
Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
pt2021
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
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Gascoigne, Charlotte. "Part-time working arrangements for managers and professionals : a process approach." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9284.

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This thesis concerns the relatively recent phenomenon of part-time managers and professionals. The focus is the part-time working arrangement (PTWA) and specifically the process by which it emerges and develops, building on existing literature on working-hours preferences, the role of the organization in part-time working and alternative work organization for temporal flexibility. Two large private-sector organizations, each operating in the UK and the Netherlands, provided four different research sites for narrative interviews with 39 part-time managers and professionals. The key contribution to knowledge is to identify the process of developing a PTWA as a combination of the formal negotiation of a flexibility task i-deal and an informal process of job crafting. In a situation of high constraint – where the individual’s goals conflict with organizational norms and expectations – the tensions between ‘being part-time’ and ‘being professional’ necessitated identity work at each stage, as individuals constructed a ‘provisional self’ which in turn enclosed each stage of the development of the PTWA. The four stages were: first, evaluation of alternative options, including postponing the transition to part- time until more appropriate circumstances arise; secondly, preparation of the individual business case for part-time; thirdly, formal negotiation of a flexibility task i-deal; and finally an informal, unauthorized adaptation of the arrangement over time. Collaborative crafting of working practices (predictability, substitutability, knowledge management) provided greater opportunities for adaptation than individual activities. This study’s contribution to theory in the nascent field of part-time managers and professionals is a process model which suggests how three sets of discourses act as generative mechanisms at each stage of the emergence and development of the PTWA, creating or destroying ‘action spaces’. These discourses are: the perceived ‘nature’ of managerial and professional work, the perception of part-time as a personal lifestyle choice, and the understanding of part-timers as either ‘other’ or the ‘new normal’.
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Kleff, Alexander [Verfasser], and S. [Akademischer Betreuer] Nickel. "Scheduling and Routing of Truck Drivers Considering Regulations on Drivers’ Working Hours / Alexander Kleff ; Betreuer: S. Nickel." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1195049250/34.

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Robinson, H. C. (Hilary C. ). "Making a digital working class : Uber drivers in Boston, 2016-2017." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113946.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society (HASTS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Science, Technology and Society, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 216-226).
Pocket computers, called "smartphones," have become a part of everyday life over the past decade. Most people now routinely carry around with them millions of times more computing power than generated the Apollo mission to the Moon. They use it to access, process, and share information quickly and cheaply, in furtherance of the things people have long done: buying and selling, socializing, and so on, yet faster and across greater distances-characteristic of what we call "modernity." This has affected the ways in which people are working, and who is working, doing what, today. This thesis reports the results of a field study of one new kind of laborer who has been brought into work consequent to the smartphone: Uber drivers. The author conducted ethnographic fieldwork over one year in Boston, Massachusetts, and the surrounding area using ride-along sampling, participant observation, lengthy interviewing, and systematic coding in order to better understand a software-organized, person-to-person labor market in which the person who does the labor also brings the capital in the form of a vehicle used to provide transportation to other people. The first chapter of the thesis provides a typology of Uber drivers based on semi-random sampling through ride-alongs. The second chapter describes collective action that was undertaken by Uber drivers at Boston's Logan Airport in the form of a strike against the algorithm, which was an effort to induce the software to perceive an (artificial) driver shortage, leading to an increase in the price of fares. The third chapter offers a theory of the structure of Uber as an organization that mobilizes labor by using software to facilitate economic transactions that are triangulated between two users and the firm. The chapter also explains how this structure was particularly apt at mobilizing large numbers of people to carry out "regulatory breach," as they worked as Uber drivers doing the equivalent of taxi or livery work without complying with any of the applicable legal regulations. The final chapter explains how analysis of the field data, in combination with the new theoretical insights of the thesis, drives a conclusion suggested by the thesis title: that Uber has made a digital working class.
by H. C. Robinson.
Ph. D. in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society (HASTS)
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Ren, Aoxiang, and 任翱翔. "Towards integrated working arrangements for optimizing potential overall benefits from building information modeling." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50899983.

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Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been in use in the Hong Kong Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry as an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tool for more than a decade. However, the increasing usage and rapid development in both the AEC industry and academia point to the potential multiple applications, impacts and much broader potential benefits that may be generated from BIM implementation. The current frequently used BIM applications have advanced the project performances levels and consequential benefits of relevant stakeholders in different dimensions. However, BIM development in the Hong Kong industry has not been smooth. Attention has been diverted from potential benefits to the barriers and constraints that retard BIM implementation. This has in turn limited the applications, hence not convincing industry participants of their potential benefits in quantitative terms. Furthermore, conflicts between BIM implementation and the existing project processes also retard the smooth development of BIM. A higher level of collaborative working is required for deriving more benefits from BIM. This research aims to develop possible feasible solutions to reduce the conflicts/barriers in BIM implementation and advance current BIM implementation towards more collaborative and integrated working arrangements (IWAs), with expected broader potential benefits in the context of the Hong Kong industry. IWAs in this research refer to: a) organization structures, b) information exchange mechanisms, and c) project processes. An inter-locking set of research methods were applied in this study to achieve the research goal. Literature reviews were conducted to extract and illustrate the basic concepts in BIM and lay the foundation for proposal development. Semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey were conducted to explore BIM implementation scenarios in the Hong Kong AEC industry. Two case studies helped to map out BIM implementation processes in real projects in Hong Kong. Finally, a focus group meeting was held to discuss, validate and improve the relevant research findings and improvement proposals. The main outcomes of this research are the proposed short term IWAs and long term IWAs for optimizing overall potential benefits of BIM implementation. The proposed short term IWAs consist of specific measures for participants to address the barriers and conflicts in BIM implementation within existing project processes. The proposed long term IWAs are based on a conceptual framework and processes to build an integrated working environment for BIM. The outcomes of this research can help industry practitioners to overcome current barriers and derive more benefits from BIM by developing specific measures targeting the current scenarios, as well as provide possible directions for moving further forward in the long term. The research outcomes also offer relevant contributions to knowledge by proposing fresh concepts and approaches to creating and developing collaborative working environment for BIM implementation based on relevant principles and guidelines that are in turn derived from Relational Contracting (RC) frameworks.
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Books on the topic "Working arrangements for drivers"

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Directorate, Ontario Ontario Women's. Flexible working arrangements. Toronto: Ontario Women's Directorate, 1992.

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Statistics Canada. Labour and Household Surveys Analysis Division., ed. Work arrangements. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Labour and Household Surveys Analysis Division, 1993.

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Directorate, Ontario Women's. Flexible working arrangements: A Change Agent Project. [Toronto]: The Directorate, 1992.

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Council, Learning and Skills. Improving working arrangements with key national agencies: Guide to collaborative working. Coventry: Learning and Skills Council, 2003.

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Organization, World Meteorological. Agreements and working arrangements with other international organizations. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization, 2002.

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Council, Learning and Skills. Improving working arrangements with key national agencies: Guide to collaborative working : executive summary. Coventry: Learning and Skills Council, 2003.

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Council, Learning and Skills. Improving working arrangements with key national agencies: Research report. Coventry: Learning and Skills Council, 2003.

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Council, Learning and Skills. Improving working arrangements with key national agencies: Case studies. Coventry: Learning and Skills Council, 2003.

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Northern Ireland. Driver and Vehicle Testing Agency. Certificates of professional competence for professional lorry and bus drivers: Proposed arrangements for implementing European Union requirements for initial qualification and periodic training. [Belfast]: Department of the Environment, 2005.

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Casper, Lynne M. Who's minding the kids?: Child care arrangements, fall 1991. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Working arrangements for drivers"

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Tanizaki, Takashi. "Optimum Arrangement of Taxi Drivers’ Working Hours." In Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications, 363–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44739-0_44.

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Kelliher, Clare, and Lilian M. de Menezes. "Reviewing the literature on outcomes of flexible working arrangements." In Flexible Working in Organisations, 19–47. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: State of the art in business research: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351128346-3.

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Visser, Jelle. "New Working Time Arrangements in the Netherlands." In Current Issues in Labour Relations, edited by Alan Gladstone, Russell Landsbury, Jack Stieber, Tiziano Treu, and Manfred Weiss, 229–50. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110849233-019.

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Lewis, Suzan. "Flexible Working Arrangements: Implementation, Outcomes, and Management." In International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2003, 1–28. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470013346.ch1.

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Schmidt, Volker H. "The Differentiation of Households and Working Time Arrangements in West Germany." In Families and Households, 125–41. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21894-3_7.

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You, Jing, Zhen-xian Lin, and Cheng-peng Xu. "Analysis of Taxi Drivers’ Working Characteristics Based on GPS Trajectory Data." In Proceedings of the Fifth Euro-China Conference on Intelligent Data Analysis and Applications, 420–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03766-6_48.

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Faden, Christian. "Working capital management: a review of performance measurement and its drivers." In Optimizing Firm Performance, 3–77. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02746-9_2.

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Ronit, Karsten. "Global Strategies and Policy Arrangements: Institutional Drivers for Innovation in the Wind Turbine Industry." In Innovation Policy and Governance in High-Tech Industries, 201–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12563-8_9.

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Jansen, Nicole W. H., and IJ Kant. "Reciprocal Relations Between Working Time Arrangements and Work-Family Conflict Over Time." In Social and Family Issues in Shift Work and Non Standard Working Hours, 59–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42286-2_4.

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Kirchner, Christian. "New Institutional Arrangements in International Economic Law: The Working of Codes of Conduct." In Studies in International Economics and Institutions, 409–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83647-3_26.

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Conference papers on the topic "Working arrangements for drivers"

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Branchini, Lisa, Cesar Celis, Sebastian Ruiz, Rene Aguilar, Andrea De Pascale, and Francesco Melino. "On the Design of an ORC Axial Turbine Based Expander Working As a Mechanical Driver in Gas Compressor Stations." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-01559.

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Abstract In this work, the feasibility of increasing the capacity of a natural gas compressor station by means of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is studied. In the proposed configuration, the ORC recovers natural gas compressor drivers’ wasted heat and converts it into mechanical energy. Thus, as innovative approach, the ORC generated mechanical power will be used to drag an additional gas compressor. A case study representative of a medium-size on-shore facility is taken as reference. The mechanical drivers’ arrangement is composed of four recuperated GTs of PGT5 R type (three units continuously operating and one used as back-up) and two smaller engines of Solar Saturn 20 type. Assuming the actual operation of the station, the addition of an ORC, as bottomer cycle, is designed to recover the exhaust heat from the three PGT5 R running units. According to the Authors’ preliminary investigations and state of the art MW-size parameters, a regenerative sub-critical ORC cycle is selected. Therminol 66 and Hexamethyldisiloxane (MM) are chosen as intermediate and working fluids, respectively. The design ORC key cycle parameters are identified: about 2700 hp (2 MW) of capacity could be added to drive a compressor. For a comprehensive investigation, ORC off-design operating range is explored too assuming one out of three topper cycle units out of service. Since a direct coupling of the ORC driver and the gas compressor is expected, thus excluding the use of gearboxes to avoid losses, an ORC axial turbine based expander is designed that accommodates variable speed operation. The referred design includes mean-line calculations and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical simulations at design and off design point conditions.
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Pagel, Kenny, Welf-Guntram Drossel, Wolfgang Zorn, André Bucht, and Holger Kunze. "Adaptive Control Concept for Shape Memory Alloy Actuators." In ASME 2013 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2013-3042.

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Machine tools for small work pieces are characterized by an extensive disproportion between workspace and cross section. This is mainly caused by limitations in the miniaturization of drives and guidance elements, since their physical working principle necessitates certain minimum sizes. Due to their high specific workloads and relatively small spatial requirements, Thermal Shape-Memory-Alloys (SMA) possesses an outstanding potential to serve as miniaturized positioning devices in small machines. Antagonistically arranged SMA actuators are especially feasible to fulfill these requirements. This paper describes an adaptive closed loop control concept for actuators based on spring loaded or antagonistic arrangements of electrically-heated SMA elements. Due to their nonlinear stress-strain behavior such actuators are characterized by strain dependent load conditions at the activated SMA element. Consequently the actuator dynamic depends on its position. Hence an adaptive closed loop control concept to ensure a constant actuator dynamic over the entire stroke has to be developed. The approach is based on the determination of the transient transfer dynamics of the SMA Element. Two possible strategies are investigated and evaluated. Numerical models of both SMA wire arrangements are used to develop the adaptive control theoretically. An SMA wire test bench is designed to investigate the proof of the adaptive approach experimentally. Measurements of a conventional PI control are further compared to the achieved results of the new concept.
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Zachary, Justin. "Design and Selection of Turbo-Machinery for Solar and Geothermal Power Plants." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22314.

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Several important sources of renewable energy, such as biomass, concentrated solar panels, waste heat, geothermal, or tidal, use different types of turbo-machinery for conversion to electrical power. The diverse nature of the heat sources and their cyclic behavior make the design of the turbo-machinery power generation equipment quite different than that of the steam turbines used in conventional power plants. The high capital cost of these renewable facilities and the limited hours of operation are powerful drivers to increase the turbo-machinery efficiency. The paper reviews the state-of-the-art hardware designs for each application from an engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) Contractor’s perspective. Specifically for geothermal power, the discussion covers the application of working fluids other than steam, organic fluid, various mixtures of fluids etc. The benefits and limitations of each method are addressed, along with the impact of geothermal source flow and temperature on the cycle efficiency. The paper also covers the special requirements for single- and multiple-stage arrangements for geothermal applications. For concentrated thermal solar either in high-temperature applications, such as the power tower, or in medium-temperature applications, such as the solar troughs collector field, the paper addresses the unique requirements for performance, integration, and fast startup of the turbines, including the impact of various thermal storage options. Since most of the concentrated thermal solar applications are in arid regions, the paper discusses the heat sink selection (air-cooled condenser [ACC], hybrid, Heller tower, etc.) and how it impacts the plant design and performance. In conclusion, the paper deals with practical issues of achieving a balance between the economics of generation and cost of equipment and reliability for renewable power plants.
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Bulut, Gulden, Muge Nur Karabacak, Erensu Baysak, Merve Abus, Ece Demirel, Hatice Coskun, Burak Yalcin, Tahir Metin Piskin, and Ali Naci Yildiz. "P299 Working conditions of taxi drivers." In Occupational Health: Think Globally, Act Locally, EPICOH 2016, September 4–7, 2016, Barcelona, Spain. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.614.

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Brabb, David C., Kenneth L. Martin, Anand R. Vithani, Monique F. Stewart, and S. K. Punwani. "Freight Car Electrically Driven Set and Release Hand Brake (EDHB)." In ASME 2011 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2011-67031.

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For years, American freight railroads have attempted to eliminate freight train crew injuries when applying and releasing freight car hand brakes. Currently, a person has to crank a handle or turn a wheel while in ergonomically awkward positions to apply a hand brake. If the operator slips or the brake’s mechanisms slip, injuries occur. Also, there are inherent safety issues with the climbing of ladders or steps to operate the brake and the need for going in-between cars to access the brakes. Additionally, today’s hand brakes are applied manually to varying degrees because there is no indicator to tell the crew that the hand brake is fully applied. Many times the hand brake is over applied and becomes damaged. Moreover, a hand brake that is not released upon train movement leads to wheel flats that damage the car, lading, and the track. Wheel set replacement is one of the most costly remediation activities on the railroad and damaged track adversely affects equipment and operations. With the objective of reducing or completely eliminating the issues mentioned above, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) has sponsored the development of an ‘Electrically Driven Set & Release Hand Brake’ (EDHB). Under this effort, Sharma & Associates, Inc. (SA) has conducted research into related concepts/products conceptualized and evaluated different arrangements selected a promising concept and developed a prototype. Functional laboratory demonstration tests have been conducted on the prototype. Future plans include working with the industry in developing and implementing performance and testing specifications for the EDHB, and validating the design through lab and field-testing.
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Goel, A., and V. Gruhn. "Drivers' working hours in vehicle routing and scheduling." In 2006 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2006.1707399.

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Konieczka, Adam, Ewelina Michalowicz, and Karol Piniarski. "Infrared thermal camera-based system for tram drivers warning about hazardous situations." In 2018 Signal Processing: Algorithms, Architectures, Arrangements, and Applications (SPA). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/spa.2018.8563417.

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Papp-Vary, Arpad, Judit Grotte, Shyhrete Muriqi, and Zsolt Baranyai. "Drivers of machinery sharing arrangements – experiences of empirical survey in Hungarian agriculture." In 18th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev2019.18.n184.

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Abdullah, Siti Azniniza. "Flexible Working Arrangements, Job Design And Job Satisfaction Among Manufacturing Employees." In 9th International Economics and Business Management Conference. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.12.05.81.

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LI, Xiang-yu, Wen-jun WANG, Lin PAN, Ning YUAN, and Shan GAO. "A Spatial Analysis of Urban Taxi Drivers’ Working Pattern." In The International Conference on Computer Science and Technology (CST2016). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813146426_0095.

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Reports on the topic "Working arrangements for drivers"

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Clyburn, Dr Paul, Dr Kathleen Ferguson, Dr Ian Geraghty, Dr William Harrop-Griffiths, Dr Robert Harwood, Dr Peter Maguire, Dr Mark Porter, Dr Elizabeth Shewry, and Professor Robert Sneyd. Working arrangements for consultant anaesthetists in the UK. The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21466/g.wafcait.2011.

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Alemu, Dawit, and Abebaw Assaye. The Political Economy of the Rice Value Chain in Ethiopia: Actors, Performance, and Discourses. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.004.

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The goal of this working paper is to identify the core challenges that have contributed to the poor performance of Ethiopia’s rice sector, and highlight approaches to successfully promote the commercialisation of the rice value chain. The authors achieve this by emphasising the underlying political economy dynamics of the rice value chain in Ethiopia, and how these can offer a better understanding of the drivers and constraints of agricultural commercialisation in the country. The paper also discusses the performance of, and challenges faced by, actors involved in the rice value chain. In addition, it looks at the role of development partners in promoting the rice value chain, the role of rice in the rural labour market, as well as the impact of COVID-19 on the various actors.
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.

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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.
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Papua New Guinea - Meetings - Working Party on Future Currency Arrangements for Papua New Guinea. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/04194.

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