Journal articles: 'Working canines'

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Corse, Teija, Chelsea Firth, John Burke, Kenneth Schor, James F. Koterski, Sabrina McGraw, Nancy Vincent-Johnson, and Lori Gordon. "Operation Canine Lifeline: Recommendations for Enhancing Prehospital Care for Government Working Dogs." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 11, no. 1 (December 15, 2016): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.171.

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AbstractOperation Canine Lifeline was a tabletop exercise developed by students and faculty of Boston University School of Medicine’s Healthcare Emergency Management master’s program. The tabletop exercise led to discussion on current protocols for canines working in the field, what occurs if a canine encounters a toxin in the field, and what to do in situations of national security that require working with civilian agencies. This discussion led to the creation of a set of recommendations around providing prehospital veterinary care to government working dogs. The recommendations include a government-run veterinary toxicology hotline for the sole use of the government, issuing handlers deployment kits and preprogrammed smartphones that contain information on the care practices for dogs, and an increased effort for civilian integration, through local emergency medical services, in the emergency care of government canines. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:15–20)

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Essler, Jennifer L., Paige G. Smith, Danielle Berger, Elizabeth Gregorio, M. Ross Pennington, Amanda McGuire, Kenneth G. Furton, and Cynthia M. Otto. "A Randomized Cross-Over Trial Comparing the Effect of Intramuscular Versus Intranasal Naloxone Reversal of Intravenous Fentanyl on Odor Detection in Working Dogs." Animals 9, no. 6 (June 22, 2019): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060385.

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Fentanyl is a potent opioid used clinically as a pain medication and anesthetic but has recently seen a sharp rise as an illicit street drug. The potency of fentanyl means mucous membrane exposure to a small amount of the drug can expose first responders, including working canines, to accidental overdose. Naloxone, a fast-acting opioid antagonist administered intranasally (IN) or intramuscularly (IM) is currently carried by emergency personnel in the case of accidental exposure in both humans and canines. Despite the fact that law enforcement relies heavily on the olfactory abilities of canine officers, the effects of fentanyl exposure and subsequent reversal by naloxone on the olfactory performance of canines are unknown. In a block-randomized, crossover trial, we tested the effects of IN and IM naloxone on the abilities of working dogs to recognize the odor of Universal Detection Calibrant (UDC) prior to, and two, 24, and 48 h after intravenous fentanyl sedation and naloxone reversal. No detectable influence of fentanyl sedation and naloxone reversal on the dogs’ olfactory abilities was detected. We also found no difference in olfactory abilities when dogs received IN or IM naloxone. Together, results suggest no evidence that exposure to intravenous fentanyl followed by naloxone reversal impairs canine olfactory ability under these conditions.

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Hajeer, Mohammad Y., Siba E. Hassan, Osama H. Alali, and Ayham S. Kaddah. "The Effect of Using Self-ligating Brackets on Maxillary Canine Retraction: A Split-mouth Design Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 17, no. 6 (2016): 496–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1879.

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ABSTRACT Introduction The results of previous studies about the efficacy of using self-ligating brackets (SLBs) in controlling canine movement during retraction are not in harmony. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare the effects of using new passive SLBs on maxillary canine retraction with sliding mechanics vs conventional ligating brackets (CLBs) tied with metal ligatures. Materials and methods The sample comprised 15 adult patients (4 males, 11 females; 18–24 years) requiring bilateral extraction of maxillary first premolars. Units of randomization are the left or right maxillary canines within the same patient. The two maxillary canines in each patient were randomly assigned to one of the two groups in a simple split-mouth design. The canines in the SLBs group (n = 15) were bracketed with SLBs (Damon Q™), while the canines in the CLBs group (n = 15) were bracketed with conventional brackets (Mini Master Series). Transpalatal bars were used for anchorage. After leveling and alignment, 0.019 × 0.025ʺ stainless steel working archwires were placed. Canines were retracted using a nickel-titanium close-coil springs with a 150 gm force. The amount and rate of maxillary canine retraction, canine rotation, and loss of anchorage were measured on study models collected at the beginning of canine retraction (T0) and 12 weeks later (T1). Differences were analyzed using paired-samples t-tests. Results The effect differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Using Damon Q™ SLBs, the amount and rate of canine retraction were greater, while canine rotation and anchorage loss were less. Conclusion From a clinical perspective, extraction space closure can be accomplished more effectively using SLBs. Clinical significance Self-ligating brackets gave better results compared to the CLBs in terms of rate of movement, amount of canine rotation following extraction, and anchorage loss. How to cite this article Hassan SE, Hajeer MY, Alali OH, Kaddah AS. The Effect of Using Self-ligating Brackets on Maxillary Canine Retraction: A Split-mouth Design Randomized Controlled Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(6):496-503.

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Grebenkemper, John, Adela Morris, Brian F. Byrd, and Laurel Engbring. "Applying Canine Detection in Support of Collaborative Archaeology." Advances in Archaeological Practice 9, no. 3 (July 9, 2021): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2021.12.

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AbstractThis article explores the use of specially trained canines to detect the location of human burials in nonmodern archaeological contexts. It discusses the history of the discipline, training and field methods, the importance of developing a working relationship with descendant communities, project examples, an assessment of canine detection effectiveness, and ways to select a canine detection team. The article highlights how the application of canine detection training and protocols to the archaeological record makes it possible to locate potential precontact Native American burial areas without ground disturbance. In some cases, probable burial areas located by canines can be confidentially mapped to ensure avoidance during upcoming construction projects. For a variety of reasons, many Native American communities have been wary of embracing this new method to locate ancestral burials. Today, however, canine detection is widely accepted by many tribal groups in California to locate ancestral burials that might be impacted by construction. Although additional controlled studies and rigorous field laboratory experiments are needed to understand the range of variation in efficacy fully, available results in both North America and Europe demonstrate that specially trained canines can often accurately locate human burials that are more than a thousand years old to within a few meters.

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Kelley, R. L. "745 How nutritional requirements differ among various working canines." Journal of Animal Science 95, suppl_4 (August 1, 2017): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/asasann.2017.745.

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Stojanac, Igor, Milica Premovic, Milan Drobac, Bojana Ramic, and Ljubomir Petrovic. "Clinical features and endodontic treatment of two-rooted mandibular canines: Report of four cases." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 142, no. 9-10 (2014): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1410592s.

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Introduction. Predictable endodontic treatment depends on the dentist?s knowledge about root canal morphology and its possible anatomic variations. The majority of mandibular canines have one root and root canal, but 15% may have two canals and a smaller number may have two distinct roots. The following clinical reports describe endodontic treatment of mandibular canines with two roots and two root canals. Outline of Cases. Four clinical case reports are presented to exemplify anatomical variation in the human mandibular canine. Detailed analysis of the preoperative radiographs and careful examination of the pulp chamber floor detected the presence of two root canal orifices in all canines. Working length was determined with an electronic apex locator and biomechanical preparation was carried out by using engine driven BioRaCe Ni-Ti rotary instruments in a crown-down manner, followed by copious irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite. Definitive obturation was performed using cold lateral condensation with gutta-percha cones and Top Seal paste. The treatment outcome was evaluated using postoperative radiographs. Conclusion. Endodontists should be aware of anatomical variations of the treated teeth, and should never presume that canal systems are simple.

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Helton, William S. "Canine Factors: Bridging the Gap between Human Factors and Comparative Psychology." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 10 (September 2005): 876–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901001.

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Working dogs have proven to be highly accurate and flexible extensions of our human senses. These trained dogs are increasingly employed in a multitude of occupational roles. The study of these highly trained working dogs bridges the gap between Human Factors and Comparative Psychology and offers many points of potentially fruitful exchange. The present paper presents two examples of issues where Human Factors and Comparative Psychologists share a common interest: expertise development and sustained attention. Dogs are, perhaps, unique among nonhuman animals in their adaptation to human culture and are amazingly flexible, often serving as human surrogates. Many issues discussed and investigated in the Human Factors literature are also relevant to the study of working canines and the study of working canines may enhance the Human Factors literature.

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Hart, Lynette A., R. Lee Zasloff, Sandy Bryson, and Sara L. Christensen. "The Role of Police Dogs as Companions and Working Partners." Psychological Reports 86, no. 1 (February 2000): 190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.1.190.

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Written responses to a questionnaire by 255 officers who used canines in police work were assessed. Almost all officers frequently played with, talked to, petted, and brushed their dogs and believed the dogs benefitted their health and well-being. Officers whose dogs slept indoors, often in the same bedroom, generally said they loved their dogs and they described their dogs as calm rather than active, as indicated by a multiple correspondence analysis. These 96 officers more than the 154 officers whose dogs slept outdoors or in kennels also planned to remain in canine work. Although departments often assumed responsibility for purchasing the dogs, the more experienced officers usually were involved in the final selection of dogs (logistic regression: p <. 0001). Compared with 94 officers not involved in selecting their dogs, 106 officers with a specific role in selecting their dogs planned to stay in canine work, as shown by a multiple correspondence analysis. They believed the dogs had saved their lives ( p <. 01). Over-all, officers reported spending 4.1 hr. on-duty and 2.9 hr. off-duty per week training their dogs, and also played with them for 6.5 hr. per week, assuring a regular pattern of exercise for the officers. Virtually all officers valued canine service and believed the dogs enhanced the department's effectiveness. This study showed that both close companionship with the dog and involvement in selecting the dog were associated both with satisfaction with the dog and with working as a canine officer.

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Perry, Erin B., Dakota R. Discepolo, Stephen Y. Liang, and Eileen K. Jenkins. "Removal of Aerosolized Contaminants from Working Canines via a Field Wipe-Down Procedure." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010120.

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Evidence-based canine decontamination protocols are underrepresented in the veterinary literature. Aerosolized microbiological and chemical contaminants can pose a risk in deployment environments highlighting the need for improved canine field decontamination strategies. Prior work has established the efficacy of traditional, water-intensive methods on contaminant removal from the coat of the working canine; however, it is not known if similar reductions can be achieved with simple field expedient methods when resources are limited. The objective of this study was to measure the reduction of aerosolized contamination via a practical “wipe-down” procedure performed on working canine coats contaminated with a fluorescent, non-toxic, water-based aerosol. Disposable, lint-free towels were saturated with one of three treatments: water, 2% chlorhexidine gluconate scrub (CHX), or 7.5% povidone-iodine scrub (PVD). Both CHX and PVD were diluted at a 1:4 ratio. Treatments were randomly assigned to one of three quadrants established across the shoulders and back of commonly utilized working dog breeds (Labrador retrievers, n = 16; German shepherds, n = 16). The fourth quadrant remained unwiped, thus serving as a control. Reduction in fluorescent marker contamination was measured and compared across all quadrants. PVD demonstrated greater marker reduction compared to CHX or water in both breeds (p < 0.0001). Reduction was similar between CHX or water in Labradors (p = 0.86) and shepherds (p = 0.06). Effective wipe-down strategies using common veterinary cleansers should be further investigated and incorporated into decontamination practices to safeguard working canine health and prevent cross-contamination of human personnel working with these animals.

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Perry, Erin B., Dakota R. Discepolo, Stephen Y. Liang, and Eileen K. Jenkins. "Removal of Aerosolized Contaminants from Working Canines via a Field Wipe-Down Procedure." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010120.

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Evidence-based canine decontamination protocols are underrepresented in the veterinary literature. Aerosolized microbiological and chemical contaminants can pose a risk in deployment environments highlighting the need for improved canine field decontamination strategies. Prior work has established the efficacy of traditional, water-intensive methods on contaminant removal from the coat of the working canine; however, it is not known if similar reductions can be achieved with simple field expedient methods when resources are limited. The objective of this study was to measure the reduction of aerosolized contamination via a practical “wipe-down” procedure performed on working canine coats contaminated with a fluorescent, non-toxic, water-based aerosol. Disposable, lint-free towels were saturated with one of three treatments: water, 2% chlorhexidine gluconate scrub (CHX), or 7.5% povidone-iodine scrub (PVD). Both CHX and PVD were diluted at a 1:4 ratio. Treatments were randomly assigned to one of three quadrants established across the shoulders and back of commonly utilized working dog breeds (Labrador retrievers, n = 16; German shepherds, n = 16). The fourth quadrant remained unwiped, thus serving as a control. Reduction in fluorescent marker contamination was measured and compared across all quadrants. PVD demonstrated greater marker reduction compared to CHX or water in both breeds (p < 0.0001). Reduction was similar between CHX or water in Labradors (p = 0.86) and shepherds (p = 0.06). Effective wipe-down strategies using common veterinary cleansers should be further investigated and incorporated into decontamination practices to safeguard working canine health and prevent cross-contamination of human personnel working with these animals.

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Harvey, Laura C., and SJ Fontaine. "Assessing body condition scores assigned to images of dogs by veterinary nurses working in urban, rural and suburban settings in New Zealand." Veterinary Nurse 12, no. 2 (March 2, 2021): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2021.12.2.92.

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Background: Canine obesity is a growing problem, both in New Zealand and overseas. Veterinary nurses play a vital role as part of the veterinary healthcare team in ensuring clients are provided with timely, accurate, and consistent advice, and this includes advice relating to a pet's nutritional status and body condition. Aim: To investigate if there were any differences in body condition scores assigned to images of canines by veterinary nurses working in urban, suburban, and rural settings. Methods: Veterinary nurses (restricted to those with a minimum of 2 years formal training) in New Zealand were recruited online and asked to complete a short, online survey providing a body condition score for 10 dogs of varying morphology, via a photograph. Results: There were 77 useable responses and results showed no significant difference to the score assigned by veterinary nurses in different geographical settings. Conclusion: These results provide assurances to the consistency of body condition score being assigned by veterinary nurses in New Zealand, showing that geographical setting is not a confounding factor in a veterinary nurse's interpretation of body condition. While this result is optimistic, further research is needed to determine if this consistency is present across other members of the healthcare team.

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Brito, Liana Freire de, Sylas Jamerson Sá Nogueira, Claudio Maniglia Ferreira, Fabio De Almeida Gomes, and Bruno Carvalho Sousa. "Prevalence of major apical foramen mismatching the root apex in root canals of human permanent teeth." RSBO 13, no. 3 (May 4, 2017): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v13i3.313.

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The periapical radiograph is used to determine the working length in endodontic treatment. However, this radiograph does not define the position of the major apical foramen. Objective: This ex vivo laboratorial study aims to determine the prevalence of the major apical foramen mismatching the root apex in human permanent teeth, because when present, this mismatch makes the radiographic method inaccurate for determining the working length. Material and methods: This study used 400 human permanent teeth: 100 incisors, 100 canines, 100 premolars, and 100 molars, totalizing 634 canals (Ethics Committee, Federal University of Ceará #263/10). The access and negotiation of the root canals were performed with K-type files #10 and #15 until the tip of the instrument were visible at the root foramen through 5-fold magnifying glass. Periapical radiographs were performed on bucco-lingual incidence for single-rooted teeth; the incidence angle was changed for multi-rooted teeth. The films were processed and then analyzed by three calibrated examiners (Kappa 80%). Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used for analyzing of the results. Results: The prevalence of major apical foramens mismatching the root apex was 19.72% of the canals studied. The incisors showed the lowest prevalence (9%, p<0.05) while the highest prevalence was seen in canine teeth (28%). Conclusion: According to the methodology applied, the prevalence of major apical foramens mismatching the root apex foramens make necessary an adjunct method for determining the working length, because it alone was not capable of determining the foramen position.

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Havas, Karyn A., and Kay Burkman. "A Comparison of the Serological Evidence ofCoxiella burnetiiExposure Between Military Working Dogs and Feral Canines in Iraq." Military Medicine 176, no. 10 (October 2011): 1101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-11-00025.

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Powell, Ellie B., Gary A. Apgar, Eileen K. Jenkins, Stephen Y. Liang, and Erin B. Perry. "Handler training improves decontamination of working canines with oil-based exposure in field conditions using disposable kits." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 29 (January 2019): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2018.08.002.

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Shah, Rupal, Mohammad O. Sharif, and Daljit S. Gill. "Mind the gap: A novel technique for space closure – a case report." Journal of Orthodontics 46, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465312518820328.

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Patients presenting with severe hypodontia can be challenging to manage. They often present with significant spaces within the dental arches and the lack of permanent teeth can make anchorage control difficult. This case report demonstrates a novel technique for diastema closure in a 14-year-old with severe hypodontia. The technique allows maintenance of root parallelism during space closure in cases with reduced anchorage support. The treatment plan was agreed on a multidisciplinary hypodontia clinic and involved an upper sectional fixed orthodontic appliance to close a 7-mm midline diastema aiding subsequent partial denture provision. Treatment commenced by bonding upper primary canines and central incisors. However, attempting space closure on a 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless-steel working archwire resulted in tipping of the incisor crowns. Two brackets were therefore placed on the labial surface of each central incisor (one incisal and one gingival). Subsequently two stainless steel working archwires and elastomeric chain were used for diastema closure. This four-bracket system provided superior control allowing space closure by bodily tooth movement. Excellent root parallelism was achieved with this innovative technique.

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Varney, Jessica L., Jason W. Fowler, Jordan T. Weil, Charlene F. Watson, Mary Ann Boggess, and Craig N. Coon. "PSI-B-41 Late-Breaking: Effect of age, sex, reproductive status, body composition, and environmental temperature on the basal metabolic rate of working Labrador Retrievers." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.641.

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Abstract As the pet industry continues to grow, understanding the needs of different demographics of canines is becoming increasingly important to ensure optimal nutrition. Energy requirements have been shown to vary based on individual factors, but few trials using many dogs under the same controls exist. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of age, sex, reproductive status, body composition, and environmental temperature on the BMR of Labrador Retrievers (Labs). An open-circuit indirect calorimetry machine attached to a chamber was used to determine resting BMR in 96 Labs. Body composition in 33 Labs of varying age was determined using DXA scans to determine effect of lean/fat mass on BMR. Cooling and heating implements were applied to the chamber to determine temperature effect on BMR. Each of the following demographics were compared using a mixed model: male, female, intact, altered, young (6mo-2yo), adult (3-6yo), and senior (7yo+). Mean BMR for all dogs was 130 (27) kcal/kg0.75. Males were significantly higher at 136 (28) kcal/kg0.75 than females at 125 (25) kcal/kg0.75 (P = 0.045). Intact Labs were significantly higher at 121 (3) kcal/kg0.75 compared to altered Labs at 109 (25) kcal/kg0.75 (P < 0.001). Young and adult Labs had BMRs of 136 (19) kcal/kg0.75 and 135 (29) kcal/kg0.75, respectively, which was significantly higher than seniors at 120 (26) kcal/kg0.75. Body composition comparisons showed significant negative linear relationships between BMR and fat mass (P < 0.001) and positive linear relationships between BMR and lean mass (P < 0.001). BMR was found to have a negative linear relationship (R2=0.51) from cool to warm temperatures but was elevated at both cold (< 5°C) and hot (>35°C) temperatures (P < 0.001). The determination of energy requirements found in this study prove useful as the pet industry develops diets specific to the needs of different demographics of canines.

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Qamruddin, Irfan, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Verda Mahroof, Meenaz Karim, Mubassar Fida, Mohd Fadhli Khamis, and Adam Husein. "Biostimulatory Effects of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement and Associated Pain, Applied at 3-Week Intervals: A Split-Mouth Study." Pain Research and Management 2021 (May 5, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6624723.

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Objective. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a noninvasive modality to stimulate bone remodeling (BR) and the healing of hard and soft tissues. This research evaluates the biostimulatory effect of LIPUS on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and associated pain, when applied at 3-week intervals. Methods. Twenty-two patients (11 males and 11 females; mean age 19.18 ± 2.00 years) having Angle’s Class II division 1 malocclusion needing bilateral extractions of maxillary first bicuspids were recruited for this split-mouth randomized clinical trial. After the initial stage of alignment and leveling with contemporary edgewise MBT (McLaughlin–Bennett–Trevisi) prescription brackets (Ortho Organizers, Carlsbad, Calif) of 22 mil, followed by extractions of premolars bilaterally, 6 mm nickel-titanium spring was used to retract the canines separately by applying 150 g force on 0.019 × 0.025-in stainless steel working archwires. LIPUS (1.1 MHz frequency and 30 mW/cm2 intensity output) was applied for 20 minutes extraorally and reapplied after 3 weeks for 2 more successive visits over the root of maxillary canine on the experimental side whereas the other side was placebo. A numerical rating scale- (NRS-) based questionnaire was given to the patients on each visit to record their weekly pain experience. Impressions were also made at each visit before the application of LIPUS (T1, T2, and T3). Models were scanned with a CAD/CAM scanner (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland). Mann–Whitney U test was applied for comparison of canine movement and pain intensity between both the groups. Results. No significant difference in the rate of canine movement was found among the experimental (0.90 mm ± 0.33 mm) and placebo groups (0.81 mm ± 0.32 mm). There was no difference in pain reduction between experimental and placebo groups ( p > 0.05 ). Conclusion. Single-dose application of LIPUS at 3-week intervals is ineffective in stimulating the OTM and reducing associated treatment pain.

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Sacomani, Arieth Cristina, Fernanda Tessaro Cintra, Adriana de Jesus Soares, and Marcos Frozoni. "The influence of working length on the reduction of biofilm and planktonic bacteria in oval canals with reciprocating instrumentation." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): e9810514765. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i5.14765.

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To evaluate the influence of reciprocating single-file instrumentation with different working lengths (WL) on the reduction of planktonic bacteria and bacterial biofilm in Enterococcus faecalis-contaminated oval root canals. Methodology: Fifty-five human single-rooted canines were used. Fifty were inoculated with E. faecalis for 21 days for biofilm formation. To confirm the formation of biofilm adhered to the root canal wall, 5 contaminated samples from positive control group were analyzed by SEM. Samples were assigned into 3 groups (n = 15) according to working length determined, G+1 root canal preparation 1 mm beyond the apical foramen, G0 root canal preparation at the major foramen, and G-1 root canal preparation 1 mm short of the major foramen. Five roots were not inoculated to serve as a negative control. Bacteriological samples were collected prior to preparation, initial collection (S1), and after reciprocating instrumentation (S2) by disaggregating biofilm to quantify the reduction of planktonic bacteria and intracanal biofilm at different WL. Bacterial quantitation was performed using colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU / mL) count. Statistical analysis was performed at the significance level of 0.05. Results: No bacterial growth was observed in the negative control. All positive controls demonstrated bacterial growth; S1 from all teeth were positive for bacteria with no significant difference. The post-hoc analysis showed G+1 promoting a significantly higher disinfection than G-1 (p<0,05) and G-1 similar disinfection to G0 (P=962). Conclusion: Instrumentation as close as possible to major foramen or beyond it improves decontamination in oval root canals with reciprocating instrumentation.

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Moser, Virginia C., Isabel Walls, and Tracey Zoetis. "Direct Dosing of Preweaning Rodents in Toxicity Testing and Research: Deliberations of an ILSI RSI Expert Working Group." International Journal of Toxicology 24, no. 2 (March 2005): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810590936355.

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Laboratory animal studies designed to assess the effects of exposure of a test substance during postnatal development are commonly utilized in basic research and to evaluate potential hazard to children for chemical and pharmaceutical regulation. Direct dosing, defined here as the administration of a test substance directly to a preweaning mammal, has been identified as a useful tool that can be used in the conduct of such studies for regulatory purposes. The International Life Sciences Institute Risk Science Institute (ILSI RSI) convened an Expert Working Group to develop guidance on the design and implementation of direct dosing regulatory studies on preweaning mammals, which was published as an ILSI monograph in 2003 (Zoetis and Walls, Principles and Practices for Direct Dosing of Pre-Weaning Mammals in Toxicity Testing and Research, Washington, DC: ILSI Press, 2003). A summary of the Working Group conclusions regarding direct dosing studies with laboratory rodents are presented here, although the ILSI monograph also includes rabbits, canines, swine and nonhuman primates. Issues to be considered when designing the protocol include selection of the test species, the route of administration, dose levels, and the timing of dosing. Knowledge of the maturational status of the test species and information on critical windows of development are important in creating a valid study design. Most common routes of administration (e.g., oral, inhalation, injection) are possible with typical laboratory species; however, adjustments may be necessary due to practical considerations. Information on the pharmacokinetic profile in young animals versus adults and in the test species versus humans is very useful for determining dosing parameters. The conduct of the study and the interpretation of the data will be improved by an understanding of confounding factors as well as statistical and biological issues specific for postnatal studies. Ultimately, the success of the study will depend upon careful preparation, including thorough training of the technical staff.

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Schiffman, Joshua D., and Matthew Breen. "Comparative oncology: what dogs and other species can teach us about humans with cancer." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1673 (July 19, 2015): 20140231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0231.

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Over 1.66 million humans (approx. 500/100 000 population rate) and over 4.2 million dogs (approx. 5300/100 000 population rate) are diagnosed with cancer annually in the USA. The interdisciplinary field of comparative oncology offers a unique and strong opportunity to learn more about universal cancer risk and development through epidemiology, genetic and genomic investigations. Working across species, researchers from human and veterinary medicine can combine scientific findings to understand more quickly the origins of cancer and translate these findings to novel therapies to benefit both human and animals. This review begins with the genetic origins of canines and their advantage in cancer research. We next focus on recent findings in comparative oncology related to inherited, or genetic, risk for tumour development. We then detail the somatic, or genomic, changes within tumours and the similarities between species. The shared cancers between humans and dogs that we discuss include sarcoma (osteosarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, histiocytic sarcoma, hemangiosarcoma), haematological malignancies (lymphoma, leukaemia), bladder cancer, intracranial neoplasms (meningioma, glioma) and melanoma. Tumour risk in other animal species is also briefly discussed. As the field of genomics advances, we predict that comparative oncology will continue to benefit both humans and the animals that live among us.

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Lira, Ana de Lourdes Sá de, Francisco Dário Carvalho de Sousa, Francisca Janiele de Sousa, Maria Karen Vasconcelos Fontenele, Carlos Kelvin Campos Ribeiro, and Luiz Eduardo Gomes Ferreira. "Prevalence of sleep bruxism in children in primary dentition." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 19 (November 30, 2020): e201025. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v19i0.8661025.

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Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of sleep bruxism in childrenbetween 2 to 6 years old in primary dentition in a public school(A1) and a private school (A2) in the state of Piauí. Method: Itwas cross-sectional and quantitative study in 370 participants,180 in A1 and 190 in A2. The questionnaire to help diagnosebruxism was applied to parents. In the clinical examination,dental wear was evaluated, checking for the presence ofshiny and polished facets on deciduous incisors and / ormolars (palatal surface, incisal edges and working cusps)and the results were noted in the odontogram. Students whohad bruxism participated in group 1 (G1) and those who didnot have it were in the control group (CG) in both A1 and A2.Results: One hundred and five children had sleep bruxism.Tooth wear was more prevalent in the male gender. Both in A1and in A2 and in both genders, wear on primary molars wasmore frequent than in canines. Conclusion: The prevalence ofbruxism in children between 2 and 6 years of age was 28.3%,with a predominance in males. There was an associationbetween sleep bruxism and the habit of sucking a finger,pacifier, bottle use and the habit of awake bruxism. In 98.09%of the children who had sleep bruxism, teeth pain was found.

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Bariar, Apurva, Siddarth Shetty, Asavari Desai, and Raviraja Adhikari. "Comparative Assessment of Three Microimplant Assisted Biomechanical Strategies for the Simultaneous Intrusion and Retraction of Anterior Teeth in Relation to Alveolar Bone Stress and Change in Incisor Inclinations – A 3D Finite Element Analysis Study." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 12, no. 2 (June 27, 2019): 747–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1697.

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Microimplants are widely used to provide absolute anchorage in cases with bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion especially in those that require simultaneous retraction and intrusion of anterior teeth. The position of the microimplant significantly affects the build up of stress in the alveolar bone as well as the incisor inclinations, and is therefore a critical factor in treatment plannning. Keeping this in mind, this finite element method(FEM) study was taken up to identify the most suitable combination of implant placement sites for cases in which en-masse anterior retraction is done along with intrusion. The geometric model was constructed from a CBCT scan of the maxilla of an adult patient with full permanent dentition.The images were saved as DICOM files and were later exported to the 3D image processing software (Mimics,version 17). The center of resistance for the 6 anterior teeth was 9 mm superiorly and 13.5 mm posteriorly from the midpoint of crown tip of central incisors. The working archwires were assumed to be 0.019 / 0.025-in stainless steel. The three mini-implant placement sites compared were – S1- Midline micro implant between the maxillary central incisors with two placed posteriorly between maxillary 2nd premolar 1st molar roots. S2 – Micro implant placed between the lateral incisor and canine along with posterior mini implants as above. S3- Micro implant placed high up between the maxillary second premolar and first molar roots. The amount of tooth displacement after finite element analysis was compared with central and lateral incisor and canine axis graphs. For the system S1, intrusive components were seen on the archwire mainly in the anterior region with maximum displacement between central incisors and gradually decreasing away from point of force application. In S2, the intrusive component of force was more evenly distributed. In S3, pattern of intrusive component was similar to S2 but the maximum displacement was slightly lower. Greatest value of minimal principal stress was seen on cervical and apical third of central incisors as well as apical third of lateral incisors in S1; and cervical third of lateral incisors and apical and cervical third of canines in S2. Maximum retraction of anterior teeth was seen in S3. In all of the three systems of force application, tooth inclinations were maintained. Maxillary anterior teeth showed more tendency towards retraction in the case where two micro implants were placed posteriorly high up above the roots of maxillary premolars and molars such that the force is directed diagonally having both horizontal and vertical components, and hence eliminating the need for anterior implants. Greater intrusion tendency was seen when implants were placed between the roots of maxillary central incisors.

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Wilson, Bart. "Which way did he go? Using GPS technology and 3-D mapping software to bridge the gap between scent theory and environmental factors as they relate to the working behaviors of scent detection canines." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 3, no. 4 (July 2008): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.01.005.

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Helton, William S., Shane Begoske, Robert Pastel, and Jindong Tan. "A Case Study in Canine-Human Factors: A Remote Scent Sampler for Landmine Detection." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 10 (October 2007): 582–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705101003.

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Helton (2005b) proposed that Human Factors/Ergonomics (HF/E) professionals share a common interest with animal behavioral scientists in the study of working non-human animals, in particular, working dogs. Helton, moreover, suggests that HF/E could contribute to the understanding of working dog behavior and, perhaps, in the long run assist in the design of canine working conditions and assistive technologies. Continuing this line of reasoning, the present study presents a case where HF/E provides a theoretical rationale of a recent technological development in canine ergonomics and the design of a new technology for a Canine-Human-Machine system.

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McKeown, Céline. "Canine ergonomics: the science of working dogs." Ergonomics 55, no. 3 (March 2012): 371–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.647544.

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Saucier, Patrick J., and Clinton Sanders. "Understanding Dogs: Living and Working with Canine Companions." Contemporary Sociology 30, no. 5 (September 2001): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3089338.

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Julien, Malinda M. "Early scent association for the working canine: Creating a narcotics detection canine for the average canine handler." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4, no. 6 (November 2009): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2009.04.007.

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Reimann, N. "Working with canine chromosomes: current recommendations for karyotype description." Journal of Heredity 90, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/90.1.31.

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Suzano, Sara Maria de Carvalho e., Julio Lopes Sequeira, Noemi Sousa Rocha, and Adriana Wanderley de Pinho Pessoa. "Classificação citológica dos linfomas caninos." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 47, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2010.26848.

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Os linfomas estão entre as neoplasias mais frequentes na espécie canina. Do ponto de vista etiológico, epidemiológico, clínico, morfológico e imunofenotípico, os linfomas caninos apresentam muitas semelhanças com os linfomas não-Hodgkin humanos e os esquemas de classificação destes têm sido utilizados na espécie canina. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi aplicar aos linfomas caninos as classificações de Kiel, Working Formulation e Fournel-Fleury et al. (1994), em material colhido pelo método da PAAF (Punção Aspirativa por Agulha Fina). De acordo com a Classificação de Kiel, 61,02% (36 casos) das neoplasias se enquadram como de grau alto 38,98% (23 casos) como de grau baixo. Segundo a Classificação da Working Formulation, 11,86% (sete casos) foram classificados linfomas de grau baixo, 61,02% (36 casos) de grau intermediário e 27,12% (16 casos) de grau alto. Utilizando a classificação proposta por Fournel-Fleury et al. (1994), 38,98% (23 casos) dos animais que apresentaram linfomas de grau baixo e 61,02% (36 casos) de grau intermediário ou alto. Concluindo, a PAAF é um método de diagnóstico que pode ser empregado na classificação dos linfomas caninos. A classificação que mostrou melhores resultados foi a de Kiel, que tem por característica principal a ênfase nos achados citológicos.

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Ledogar, Justin A., Paul C. Dechow, Qian Wang, Poorva H. Gharpure, Adam D. Gordon, Karen L. Baab, Amanda L. Smith, et al. "Human feeding biomechanics: performance, variation, and functional constraints." PeerJ 4 (July 26, 2016): e2242. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2242.

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The evolution of the modern human (Homo sapiens) cranium is characterized by a reduction in the size of the feeding system, including reductions in the size of the facial skeleton, postcanine teeth, and the muscles involved in biting and chewing. The conventional view hypothesizes that gracilization of the human feeding system is related to a shift toward eating foods that were less mechanically challenging to consume and/or foods that were processed using tools before being ingested. This hypothesis predicts that human feeding systems should not be well-configured to produce forceful bites and that the cranium should be structurally weak. An alternate hypothesis, based on the observation that humans have mechanically efficient jaw adductors, states that the modern human face is adapted to generate and withstand high biting forces. We used finite element analysis (FEA) to test two opposing mechanical hypotheses: that compared to our closest living relative, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), the modern human craniofacial skeleton is (1) less well configured, or (2) better configured to generate and withstand high magnitude bite forces. We considered intraspecific variation in our examination of human feeding biomechanics by examining a sample of geographically diverse crania that differed notably in shape. We found that our biomechanical models of human crania had broadly similar mechanical behavior despite their shape variation and were, on average, less structurally stiff than the crania of chimpanzees during unilateral biting when loaded with physiologically-scaled muscle loads. Our results also show that modern humans are efficient producers of bite force, consistent with previous analyses. However, highly tensile reaction forces were generated at the working (biting) side jaw joint during unilateral molar bites in which the chewing muscles were recruited with bilateral symmetry. In life, such a configuration would have increased the risk of joint dislocation and constrained the maximum recruitment levels of the masticatory muscles on the balancing (non-biting) side of the head. Our results do not necessarily conflict with the hypothesis that anterior tooth (incisors, canines, premolars) biting could have been selectively important in humans, although the reduced size of the premolars in humans has been shown to increase the risk of tooth crown fracture. We interpret our results to suggest that human craniofacial evolution was probably not driven by selection for high magnitude unilateral biting, and that increased masticatory muscle efficiency in humans is likely to be a secondary byproduct of selection for some function unrelated to forceful biting behaviors. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a shift to softer foods and/or the innovation of pre-oral food processing techniques relaxed selective pressures maintaining craniofacial features that favor forceful biting and chewing behaviors, leading to the characteristically small and gracile faces of modern humans.

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Hacker, Anne J. "The Working Sheep Dog as a Model of the Street- Level Public Servant." Public Voices 6, no. 1 (January 27, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/pv.343.

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There are examples all around us of natural, simple, yet amazingly complex organizational structures that demonstrate models of leadership that are of use today. The working sheep dog is one such example. It is a vision of grace, ability, stamina and integrity. The relationship that exists between theses canine and human partners mirrors that of the street-level public servant and servant leader.

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Naulakha, Deependra, Manish Agrawal, and Nootan Naulakha. "Determination of Tooth Length Variation Of Maxillary Canine - An Analytical Study." Journal of Nobel Medical College 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v3i1.12236.

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Aim: The Aim of this study was to assess the variation in anatomical tooth length of maxillary canine, irrespective of sex, in patient's presenting at NMCTH, Biratnagar, Nepal. Methodology: A total of 30 Endodontically treated maxillary canine were included in this study. Preoperative radiographs were taken initially for finding the canal length. Radiographic interpretation (IOPA X-rays) and mathematical calculation, proposed by Ingles and messing, were used to observe and measure the length of individual root canal for tooth length. An endodontic access was prepared and pulp tissue was extirpated. A working length radiograph was taken with a file in the canal and the radiographic working length was established. Results: This study revealed that the maximum, minimum and average tooth length of maxillary canine is 30mm, 18mm and 22.91 mm respectively. Conclusion: The result indicates that the study previously performed by different researchers and those given in the different textbook of endodontics showed that the tooth length is shorter than the caucasoid counterpart.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v3i1.12236Journal of Nobel Medical CollegeVol. 3, No.1 Issue 6, 2014, Page: 40-45

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Wade, C. M. "Using breed splits to explore the genomics of canine working behaviour." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 10, no. 5 (September 2015): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2015.07.016.

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van Foreest, Andries, and Joost Roeters. "Evaluation of the Clinical Performance and Effectiveness of Adhesively-Bonded Metal Crowns on Damaged Canine Teeth of Working Dogs over a Two- to 52-Month Period." Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 15, no. 1 (March 1998): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089875649801500101.

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In this clinical study, 41 metal full crown restorations of canine teeth were placed in 18 working dogs. Twenty-six canine teeth had severe attrition with no involvement of the pulp cavities; 15 fractured canine teeth were endodontically treated. With the exception of one tooth, at least one-third of the coronal part of each canine tooth was available for a supragingivally performed, minimal tooth crown preparation. A dental resin luting cement technique was used to bond the electrolytically etched crown (made from an alloy of cobalt-chrome-molybdenum) to the tooth. The metal crowns were slightly shorter and with a more rounded tip than the original tooth. Posts or post-and-core techniques were not used. Median follow-up period was 30 months (range 2 to 61 months), at which time 36 crowns were found to be intact and functional. Five crowns were lost; three as a result of subsequent injury and fracture of the tooth below the crown; one as a result of use of less than one-third of the coronal portion of the tooth for retention of the crown; and one as a result of an oblique fracture of the root.

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Machová, Kristýna, Michaela Součková, Radka Procházková, Zdislava Vaníčková, and Kamal Mezian. "Canine-Assisted Therapy Improves Well-Being in Nurses." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 3670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193670.

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As nursing is one of the most stressful occupations worldwide, its management warrants more attention to identify possible ways to cope with its pressures. This study aims to evaluate whether animal-assisted therapy (AAT) with the presence of a dog affects the stress level of nurses. As a stress biomarker, we used salivary cortisol level testing. Twenty female nurses (mean age: 30) in physical medicine (PMR) (n = 11) and the department of internal medicine and long-term care (IM < C) (n = 9). On each of the three observed days, saliva was collected at 10 a.m. and then again after 50 min. The first sampling was performed during a normal working process without a break (Condition A), the second was carried out during a normal working process with a break of choice (Condition B), and the third sampling was performed during a normal working process with a break with AAT (Condition C). All participants were enrolled in all three interventional conditions in a randomized order. The results demonstrated the effect of a reduction of cortisol levels in Condition C, where AAT was included (p = 0.02) only in nurses recruited from the IM < C department. By way of explanation, nurses from the PMR department already showed low cortisol levels at baseline. We propose including AAT with a dog in healthcare facilities where nurses are at a high risk of stress.

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Venable, Erin, Dakota Discepolo, Ellie Powell, and Stephen Y. Liang. "An evaluation of current working canine decontamination procedures and methods for improvement." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 21 (September 2017): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2017.07.008.

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Potter, Adam W., Larry G. Berglund, and Catherine O'Brien. "A canine thermal model for simulating temperature responses of military working dogs." Journal of Thermal Biology 91 (July 2020): 102651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102651.

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Palmieri, C., R. Foster, V. Grieco, C. E. Fonseca-Alves, G. Wood, W. T. Culp, H. Murua Escobar, A. M. De Marzo, and R. Laufer-Amorim. "Pathology of the canine prostate: Recommendations of an oncology/pathology working group." Journal of Comparative Pathology 166 (January 2019): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.10.003.

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Winter, Joshua, Rowena Mary Anne Packer, and Holger Andreas Volk. "Preliminary assessment of cognitive impairments in canine idiopathic epilepsy." Veterinary Record 182, no. 22 (April 26, 2018): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104603.

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In humans, epilepsy can induce or accelerate cognitive impairment (CI). There is emerging evidence of CI in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) from recent epidemiological studies. The aim of our study was to assess CI in dogs with IE using two tests of cognitive dysfunction designed for use in a clinical setting. Dogs with IE (n=17) were compared against controls (n=18) in their performance in two tasks; a spatial working memory task and a problem-solving task. In addition, owners completed the Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Rating (CCDR) scale for their dog. The groups did not differ statistically with respect to age and breed. Dogs with IE performed significantly worse than controls on the spatial working memory task (P=0.016), but not on the problem solving task (P=0.683). CCDR scores were significantly higher in the IE group (P=0.016); however, no dogs reach the recommended threshold score for CCD diagnosis. Our preliminary data suggest that dogs with IE exhibit impairments in a spatial working memory task. Further research is required to explore the effect of IE on other cognitive abilities in dogs with a larger sample, characterising the age of onset, nature and progression of any impairments and the impact of anti-epileptic drugs.

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Lehmann, M., and K. Lehmann. "Modification of the triangulation technique for arthroscopy of the canine shoulder joint using a new target device." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 17, no. 01 (January 2004): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632798.

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SummaryA modified triangulation technique for arthroscopy of the canine shoulder joint to insert a working cannula in the caudal joint pouch is described. This technique is compared with the triangulation technique of Van Ryssen (10). With the modified triangulation the insertion angle for the working cannula into the caudal joint pouch was provided by a target device which was attached to the arthroscopic sleeve. Both methods were carried out on 60 dog cadavers and the differences were recorded in terms of various parameters: success (SUC), time (TI), number of trials (TR), position of the working cannula (POS), damage to articular cartilage (DAM), and force to remove the working cannula (FOR). The modified triangulation technique permits simpler, faster and less traumatic insertion of the working cannula into the caudal joint pouch.

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Lehmann, K., D. Lorinson, M. Skalicky, and S. Riener. "The cranial instrument port in arthroscopy of the canine shoulder joint." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 22, no. 04 (2009): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-08-04-0033.

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SummaryWe describe the creation of a cranial instrument portal for shoulder joint arthroscopy in the dog using a target device that has been successfully employed for the caudal access. We compared the method with a conventional triangulation technique. The shoulder joints of 60 dog cadavers were investigated by arthroscopy and the two methods were compared on the basis of pre-defined parameters of outcome. Time, the number of trials, success, damage to cartilage and the accessibility of intra-articular structures were assessed. The anatomical localisation of the working cannula in muscles was also documented. In general, the new method permitted more successful insertion of the working cannula. This was achieved in a shorter period of time and was associated with fewer insertion attempts as well as less damage to joint cartilage. Intra-articular structures could be readily approached through the working cannula with both methods. Predetermined, clinically relevant points were comparatively more accessible with the new technique. Independent of the method, in only a few cases, the working cannula perforated neither muscles nor tendons when accessing the joint. It may be concluded that the new method using a target device is simpler and safer and offers a standardised technique to establish a cranial instrument port.

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Corkran, Carol M. "“An Extension of Me”." Society & Animals 23, no. 3 (July 14, 2015): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341252.

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Studies describe the human-canine relationship as a long and complex one in which both parties have developed complementary physical skills and communication techniques. Current extensive exploration of the human-canine bond commonly examines the objective value of dogs to people, whether as service or therapy dogs, or valued companions. Dogs have been found to enhance our mental and physical health, learning aptitude, and social confidence. Few studies have investigated the collaborative relationship between handler and working dog, an intersubjective relationship contingent upon mutual trust, communication, learning, and cooperative action between individual subjects. Interviewing bird-dog handlers provides an opportunity to understand how people experience this complex interspecies relationship. Study findings illustrate that the human-canine bond, with its rich history of coevolution stemming from a past of shared hunting efforts, contributes to human experience of the natural world, learning, behavior, and communication.

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Kwon, Yun-Jeong, Jungwoo Eo, Bong-Hwan Choi, Yuri Choi, Jeong-An Gim, Dahee Kim, Tae-Hun Kim, Hwan-Hoo Seong, and Heui-Soo Kim. "Bioinformatic Analysis of the Canine Genes Related to Phenotypes for the Working Dogs." Journal of Life Science 23, no. 11 (November 30, 2013): 1325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2013.23.11.1325.

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Kurdak, S. S., B. Grassi, P. D. Wagner, and M. C. Hogan. "Blood flow distribution in working in situ canine muscle during blood flow reduction." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 1978–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.6.1978.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether reduction in apparent muscle O2 diffusing capacity (Dmo2) calculated during reduced blood flow conditions in maximally working muscle is a reflection of alterations in blood flow distribution. Isolated dog gastrocnemius muscle (n = 6) was stimulated for 3 min to achieve peak O2 uptake (VO2) at two levels of blood flow (controlled by pump perfusion): control (C) conditions at normal perfusion pressure (blood flow = 111 +/- 10 ml.100 g-1.min-1) and reduced blood flow treatment [ischemia (I); 52 +/- 6 ml.100 g-1.min-1]. In addition, maximal vasodilation was achieved by adenosine (A) infusion (10(-2)M) at both levels of blood flow, so that each muscle was subjected randomly to a total of four conditions (C, CA, I, and IA; each separated by 45 min of rest). Muscle blood flow distribution was measured with 15-microns-diameter colored microspheres. A numerical integration technique was used to calculate Dmo2 for each treatment with use of a model that calculates O2 loss along a capillary on the basis of Fick's law of diffusion. Peak VO2 was reduced significantly (P < 0.01) with ischemia and was unchanged by adenosine infusion at either flow rate (10.6 +/- 0.9, 9.7 +/- 1.0, 6.7 +/- 0.2, and 5.9 +/- 0.8 ml.100 g-1.min-1 for C, CA, I, and IA, respectively). Dmo2 was significantly lower by 30-35% (P < 0.01) when flow was reduced (except for CA vs. I; 0.23 +/- 0.03, 0.20 +/- 0.02, 0.16 +/- 0.01, and 0.13 +/- 0.01 ml.100 g-1.min-1.Torr-1 for C, CA, I, and IA, respectively). As expressed by the coefficient of variation (0.45 +/- 0.04, 0.47 +/- 0.04, 0.55 +/- 0.03, and 0.53 +/- 0.04 for C, CA, I, and IA, respectively), blood flow heterogeneity per se was not significantly different among the four conditions when examined by analysis of variance. However, there was a strong negative correlation (r = 0.89, P < 0.05) between Dmo2 and blood flow heterogeneity among the four conditions, suggesting that blood flow redistribution (likely a result of a decrease in the number of perfused capillaries) becomes an increasingly important factor in the determination of Dmo2 as blood flow is diminished.

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Cobb, Mia, Nick Branson, Paul McGreevy, Alan Lill, and Pauleen Bennett. "The advent of canine performance science: Offering a sustainable future for working dogs." Behavioural Processes 110 (January 2015): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2014.10.012.

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De Moura, Veridiana Maria Brianezi Diagnani, Julio Lopes Sequeira, Renée Laufer Amorim, and Enio Pedone Bandarra. "Classificação citohistológica dos linfomas caninos." Revista de Educação Continuada em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia do CRMV-SP 4, no. 2 (July 1, 2001): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36440/recmvz.v4i2.3319.

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O presente estudo teve como objetivo a utilização e correlação das classificações citohisto16gicas de Rappaport, Kiel, Lukes-Collins e Working Formulation, para a classificação dos linfomas não-Hodgkin caninos. Os resultados demonstraram que as classificações citohistol6gicas utilizadas em seres humanos podem ser aplicadas aos cães, em virtude das semelhanças da neoplasia em ambas as espécies. A maior freqüência foi a de linfomas de grau intermediário (52%), seguindo-se a dos de baixo grau (28,6%) e a dos de alto grau (19,4%). Quanto ao grau de malignidade, os linfomas demonstraram prevalência para um tipo celular em cada categoria, sendo a maior ocorrência do tipo Linfocítico células pequenas (17,4%) nos linfomas de baixo grau. Os resultados, referentes ao tipo celular mais freqüente para Linfomas de grau intermediário e de alto grau, demonstraram um percentual de 22,5% de linfomas do tipo difuso células pequenas c1ivadas e 11,2% do tipo imunoblástico, respectivamente. Diante dos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que os linfomas de grau intermediário são os de maior ocorrência, havendo um tipo celular de maior prevalência dentro de cada grau de malignidade.

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Leonardi, Leonardo, Katia Scotlandi, Ilaria Pettinari, Maria Serena Benassi, Ilaria Porcellato, and Laura Pazzaglia. "MiRNAs in Canine and Human Osteosarcoma: A Highlight Review on Comparative Biomolecular Aspects." Cells 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020428.

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Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary malignant tumor of bone in humans and animals. Comparative oncology is a field of study that examines the cancer risk and tumor progression across the species. The canine model is ideally suited for translational cancer research. The biological and clinical characteristics of human and canine OS are common to hypothesize as that several living and environmental common conditions shared between the two species can influence some etiopathogenetic mechanisms, for which the canine species represents an important model of comparison with the human species. In the canine and human species, osteosarcoma is the tumor of bone with the highest frequency, with a value of about 80–85% (in respect to all other bone tumors), a high degree of invasiveness, and a high rate of metastasis and malignancy. Humans and dogs have many genetic and biomolecular similarities such as alterations in the expression of p53 and in some types of microRNAs that our working group has already described previously in several separate works. In this paper, we report and collect new comparative biomolecular features of osteosarcoma in dogs and humans, which may represent an innovative update on the biomolecular profile of this tumor.

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Williams, Ellen, Anne Carter, and Jacqueline Boyd. "Kinetics and Kinematics of Working Trials Dogs: The Impact of Long Jump Length on Peak Vertical Landing Force and Joint Angulation." Animals 11, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 2804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102804.

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Working trials is a competitive canine discipline based on work undertaken by military and police dogs. A 9 ft long jump is a key component of the discipline. Research into landing forces and joint angulation in other canine disciplines has highlighted the potential for the occurrence of soft tissue injuries, predominantly in the front limbs. There is a paucity of work into the impact of spread/long jumps on joint angulation and peak vertical force (PVF) on landing, and limited research on working trials dogs generally. This study aimed to determine whether altering the length of the long jump impacted PVF and apparent joint angulation upon landing. 21 dogs regularly competing in working trials cleared the long jump at three lengths: 9 ft (full length), 8 ft, and 7 ft. The impact of altered long jump length on the PVF, apparent shoulder and carpus angulation, and duration of landing, were analysed using general linear mixed models. There was no significant relationship between the length of the long jump and PVF or joint angulation on landing (p > 0.05). Greatest joint compression was observed on landing after clearing 9 ft. Individual variability in landing joint angulation, PVF and force distribution of the left and right front limbs on landing was observed across all three experimental lengths. We recommend further research is undertaken to examine individual variability and the effect of training and experience in working trials participants, to provide evidence-based recommendations for training people and competing dogs in this discipline.

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Koster, Jeremy. "Most Dogs Are Not NATIVE Dogs." Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab016.

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Abstract Studies of dogs have proliferated among canine scientists, aided in part by the logistical convenience of working with owned animals whose care is handled by others. These pet dogs are unlike most dogs that have lived in contemporary or prehistoric settings. In particular, many of the dogs studied by canine scientists are NATIVE dogs: (1) neutered, (2) alimented, (3) trained, (4) isolated, (5) vaccinated, and (6) engineered. The distinct genotypes and unusual environments of NATIVE dogs stand in contrast to the characteristics of dogs who have adapted to lives in other human communities and settings. For a holistic perspective on the evolution of dogs, it is helpful to study dogs in environments that share features of the settings in which dogs evolved.

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Serkhovets, S. V., N. P. Mazur, and A. V. Dymchuk. "Working qualities of search dogs of German and Belgian shepherd breeds." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 93 (October 6, 2020): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9319.

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Abstract:

The main tasks for which canine units of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine use search dogs are: inspection of various areas and search operations to identify persons who have committed or intend to commit offenses, their odors and things, detection of persons moving or hiding in the condition of limited visibility in the area; prosecution of offenders, their detention, protection and escort; inspection of trucks and localization of persons hiding in these vehicles; odorological identification of odorous traces of detainees and their belongings; strengthening the personal security of law enforcement officers during their service; psychological impact on offenders. The fundamentals for the active use of dogs in official activities are the physiological features of the olfactory analyser and the physical capabilities of the dog's body. The most common breeds used to perform the outlined tasks are: German shepherd, Bloodhound, Belgian shepherd (Malinois) and others. The article reflects the comparative characteristics of the working qualities of search dogs of German and Belgian (Malinois) shepherd dogs of different sexes and ages. The study was conducted on service dogs in the Canine Training Center of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine located in Velyki Mosty, Sokal district, Lviv region. The working qualities of search dogs were assessed by the skills of obedience, protection, pursuit of a person on his odor trail, secure of the area and detection of a person hiding and moving, selection of odorous objects (things), search and detection of objects (things). It is fixed that the working qualities of search dogs are influenced by breed and sex. Among the males of the German and Belgian (Malinois) Shepherd breeds, the service dogs of the German Shepherd breed were noted for the best working qualities, and among the female – the Belgian Shepherd (Malinois) breeds. A generalized assessment of all four sections of the studied breeds showed that the best performance was in males of the German Shepherd breed (325.4 points) and females of the Belgian Shepherd breed (Malinois) (325.9 points), and among individuals of different sexes – males compared to females of the German Shepherd breed and females compared to males of the Belgian Shepherd (Malinois) breed. Two-year-old males and one-year-old females of the German shepherd breed and two-year-old females of the Belgian Shepherd breed (Malinois) were noted for the best working qualities in terms of skills to be evaluated. As for males of the last breed, their testing qualities almost did not depend on age. The strength of the influence of the breed of service dogs on their working qualities in the skills to be assessed ranged from 0.6 to 6.8 %, sex – from 0.1 to 7.3 % and age - from 0.1 to 11.4 %. The general assessment of service dogs in all sections was generally influenced by their age (1.6 %).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Working canines'

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