Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Working class whites – social conditions'

The mid-nineteenth century was an age of reform, which affected the whole of British society. Working people in southeast Lancashire were far from passive at this time, and the co-operative experiment in Rochdale was an inspiration. Many had pinned their hopes on the Chartist Land Plan, but when this failed they seized an unintended opportunity offered by changes in company law. The result was that over fifty industrial worker-owned and controlled companies were created in the period from 1850 to the onset of the Cotton Famine in 1861, with shares sold to other local people through pubs and shops. A database of these shares forms the basis of this thesis and their analysis provides much of the raw material. Following the Cotton Famine, a commercial revolution in the Irwell Valley and adjoining districts resulted and by the 1870s brought about a virtual stock market, where companies of all kinds were floated, including traditional family businesses. Many such businesses became worker-owned and added to the prosperity of the Irwell Valley. This valley had a quite unique geography and culture, which bred men and women willing to turn their hands to a variety of tasks. The worker-owned companies were intended to provide profit, but independence, pride and self-help were also important factors. The concept spread, and contributed to the formation of the better-known ‘Oldham Limiteds’. Despite many attempts, the source of industrial finance in the late Victorian period remains an unanswered question. This thesis demonstrates that for some industries, in this area, the finance came from the working classes, including women, a possibility not previously taken seriously. They funded a diversity of industries throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, providing millions of pounds of capital. The thesis also breaks new ground in being able to identify a significant percentage of investors as individuals whose activities can be reconstructed, sometimes in detail.

Built in 1880, George Pullman's railroad car manufacturing town was intended to be a model of industrial order. This Gilded Age capitalist's ideal image of working class women is reflected in the publicly prescribed place for women in the community and the company's provisions for female employment in the shops. Pullman wanted women to establish the town's domestic tranquility by cultivating a middle class environment, which he believed was a key to keeping the working class content. Throughout the course of the idealized communitarian experiment, however, Pullman's policies and prescriptions changed to meet the needs of working class families who depended on the wages of women. This paper will study the ideologies and realities surrounding women in nineteenth century Pullman.

This thesis explores the relationship between urban restructuring and working-class communities in the context of post-industrial neoliberalism. While working-class communities were the bedrock of classical sociological analysis in the industrial period, it is thought that class no longer provides a meaningful social identity and increasing individualisation is often said to signify that agency is set free from the confines of structure. In this thesis, I attempt to, first, confront these assertions by reasserting the relationship between urban restructuring working-class communities and, second, represent contemporary working-class lives, through an ethnographic case study of gentrification in working-class neighbourhood, Partick in Glasgow. Substantively, in this thesis I take gentrification as a key process of class restructuring which is spatially articulated and is the leading edge of urban policy both in the UK and globally. While gentrification intimates that urban restructuring and working-class communities are inextricably connected, this relationship is not always fully explicated within research; orthodox definitions separate economic and cultural fields and working-class experiences are underrepresented. Thus theoretically, in this thesis, I attempt to attend to these shortcomings by using hegemony as framework. Hegemony refers to a form of rule relevant to how transformations in social relations are managed whilst the capitalist system is maintained overall. This involves a mix of consent and coercion which combine structural and agential processes, highlighting the reciprocal relationship between material and the phenomenological levels. Within this, gentrification is conceived as a political strategy, which not only seeks to create space for the more affluent user; it seeks to, consensually, create the more affluent user which, in the context of neoliberalism, relates to a moral and financial economy. This new sociological perspective on gentrification combines cultural and material understandings, whilst making working-class communities and their everyday lives the centre point of analysis. This focus is imperative since working-class people and places are the principal targets of policy-led gentrification, yet current representations of and conceptual language used to describe working-class lives have waned within mainstream sociology. I examine how working-class residents receive, negotiate and resist gentrification processes to reveal the ‘hidden injuries’ as well as the ‘hidden rewards’ of urban restructuring. This study aims to do this by collecting ‘locational narratives’ of 49 residents of Partick. These accounts revealed that respondents’ rejection of traditional class identity did not signify the end of class, rather, it demonstrated that there was a material rationale underpinning individualisation and their disassociation with class, which relate to neoliberal ideologies that decontextualise class and promote self-determination. Residents’ place-based attachment is revealed to be a crucial class signifier – on both phenomenological and material levels. Elective fixity describes the choice and control residents’ have over their ability to stay fixed within their neighbourhood. Respondents are shown to have a paradoxical relationship with gentrification whereby they are invited to participate in processes as consumer citizens, through homeownership or consuming privatised neighbourhoods services, yet are not provided with the means to consume. Residents’ experiences of gentrification are characterised by tensions around control and choice and lack thereof. While gentrification brought new rewards whereby working-class respondents could, provided they had the means, act as gentrifiers, they were also confronted with novel forms of displacement, identified as new typologies which relate to the increased privatisation of social housing. Thus, an emergent negotiated culture of contemporary working-class communities is revealed which is set within the confines of structure within a post-industrial neoliberal context. Using a framework of hegemony to understand the political project of gentrification reveals the reciprocal relationship between urban restructuring and the remaking of the working-class subject.

The challenge that faced Edwardian Britain was how to respond to poverty and related social problems. The Victorian ideas on poverty and philanthropy were under attack by the beginning of the twentieth century and had not been replaced by those of the mid to late twentieth century, large-scale state welfare. This meant that the first twenty years of the twentieth century were a time when there was no consensus on how to respond to poverty. The concern about poverty with the lives of the working-class highlighted by Booth, Rowntree and the Boer War led to the development of new responses to poverty. Two groups who attracted attention at this time were working-class women and children whose poverty and related problems were highlighted during the first two decades of the twentieth century. In Bradford there were developments in both the political and philanthropic spheres in response to poverty. This thesis seeks to add to the knowledge of the early twentieth century through focusing on responses to poverty within one English town, Bradford, concentrating on both the philanthropic and political community. No study has investigated the work of both the Guild of Help and the ILP together and examined how their work and their policies impacted on poverty in Bradford. The Guild of Help looked to alleviate the poverty of those best placed to help themselves whereas the ILP aimed to alleviate, if not eliminate problems for all of those in poverty. The working class in Bradford responded to poverty largely through the development of practical strategies that enabled them and their families to survive. They were not able to alleviate their own poverty on a long-term basis and in some cases needed outside assistance in order to survive. The main response of the philanthropic community was the establishment of the Bradford City Guild of Help. It aimed to provide a community wide response to poverty in Bradford and to act as a clearing-house for charity in order to eliminate fraud. This response of the Bradford charitable elite aimed to investigate personal circumstances and provide help in the form of advice rather than money. The Guild of Help looked to alleviate rather than eliminate poverty and helped those in the best position to practice self-help. Although its acceptance of a role of the state in areas that had had been the traditional preserve of charity showed that the Guild of Help had moved on from Victorian charity, it still aimed to preserve the status quo and would not advocate any measures that would change this. The knowledge built up by the Guild of Help in relation to the problems of working-class women and children ensured that it was well placed to deal with these problems. However it preferred to deal with each case on an individual basis by individual Helpers which meant that there was no consistency in dealing with the poverty of working class women and children. The major response from the political community came from the Independent Labour Party. The ILP looked to eliminate poverty and the social ills associated with it and if poverty could not be eliminated without a change in society, then the ILP advocated that society should be fundamentally changed. The ILP lacked a coherent plan to tackle poverty and related problems in Bradford and had little success in responding to problems such as unemployment. However, the ILP did make the issue of education their own and built on the work of Margaret McMillan in Bradford. The ILP did challenge traditional views on responsibility for children and their policies made a difference to the lives of working-class children.

Esta tesis doctoral está basada en la identificación de las desigualdades de género en salud laboral descritas en la literatura científica, así como en el análisis de las desigualdades de género en la población ocupada en España y Europa, y como estas desigualdades se ven influenciadas por la clase social ocupacional, el sector de actividad de la empresa y el estado del bienestar. En primer lugar, se identificaron las desigualdades de género en la exposición a los riesgos laborales derivados de las condiciones de empleo y trabajo, así como de los problemas de salud derivados del trabajo a partir de una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica en distintas bases de datos. En segundo lugar, se analizaron 25 indicadores de desigualdades de género relacionados con las condiciones de empleo, trabajo, conciliación de la vida laboral y la familiar y con los problemas de salud derivados del trabajo. Para ello, se analizó la sexta edición de la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo de 2007. Igualmente, se exploró como estos 25 indicadores variaban en función de la clase social ocupacional y el sector de actividad de la empresa. Finalmente, se analizó como la clase social ocupacional y el estado del bienestar podrían influir en las desigualdades de género en la exposición a los riesgos psicosociales derivados del trabajo. Para ello, se analizó la cuarta edición de la Encuesta Europea de Condiciones de Trabajo de 2005.<br>This thesis is based on the identification of gender inequalities in occupational health described in scientific literature, as well as in the analysis of gender inequalities in employed population in Spain and Europe, and how these gender inequalities are influenced by the occupational social class, sector of activity of the company and welfare state regime. Firstly, we identified gender inequalities in exposure to occupational hazards arising from the employment and working conditions, as well as work-related health problems from a systematic review on the scientific literature in different databases. Secondly, we analyzed 25 indicators of gender inequalities related to employment and working conditions, balancing job and family life and work-related health problems. To achieve this objective, we analyzed the sixth edition of the National Survey on Working Conditions from 2007. In addition, we explored how these 25 indicators of gender inequalities varied according to occupational social class and sector of activity of the company. Finally, we analyzed how the welfare state regime and the occupational social class could influence gender inequalities in the exposure to work-related psychosocial hazards. To achieve this objective, we analyzed the fourth edition of the European Survey on Working Conditions from 2005.

Notre thèse analyse les liens entre renforcement de la hiérarchisation au travail et modalités de résistances à un statut subalterne. Nous avons étudié, par le biais d’une enquête par entretien en France et en Belgique, un espace de travail en constant renouvellement :le commerce de détail en boutique dans le secteur du prêt à porter. Les travaux sociologiques sur la précarisation des statuts d’emploi ont été peu centrés sur les rapports de travail qui existent dans ce type d’entreprises dont l’un des critères déterminant reste le nombre limité de salariés dont une majorité de jeunes femmes. Le passage d’un commerce indépendant à un commerce de « boutiques de masse » rationalisé a induit une transformation des conditions d’encadrement. Du petit patron indépendant on passe au manager salarié. Cette nouvelle relation patronale, invisible, entraîne un renouvellement des modes de domination davantage fondés sur la compétition marchande justifiant une flexibilité temporelle et spatiale, et une disponibilité permanente. L’observation comparative des situations d’employé-e-s a permis de dégager des processus sociaux communs de résistance à une discipline de boutique, qui prenaient plusieurs formes selon l’expérience et les modalités des échanges réciproques au travail. La formation du processus conflictuel résulte de deux dynamiques de socialisation salariale, l’une individuelle, conduisant à la revendication de droits, et l’autre, intersubjective, productrice d’une représentation de possibilités d’agir social sur la précarité du statut au travail.<p><p>Titre en Anglais<p><p>Inferiorized work status and “salarial” conflict. Store employees in France and Belgium<p><p><p>RESUMÉ DE LA THÈSE EN ANGLAIS<p><p> Our dissertation aimed at showing the links between the strengthening of the establishment of hierarchy at work and the modes of resistance to a subaltern status. We studied a constantly renewing working space in France and Belgium: retail trade stores (ready-to-wear). Sociology works on the increasing lack of job security rarely investigated the work relations in these particular types of structures, in which the limited number of employees is a deciding characteristic, in particular young women. The passage from an independent trade to a rationalized « mass stores » trade lead to a transformation of the framing conditions. There has been a change from the small boss to the salaried manager. This new and invisible relation to the employer leads to a renewal of the modes of domination now based more on the market competition justifying a temporal and space flexibility, and permanent. The comparative observation of the situations of employees in France and Belgium allowed us to shed light on shared social processes of resistance to the store discipline, which take different shapes depending on the experience and the modes of reciprocal exchange at work. The development of the conflict process ensues from two dynamics of socialization ;one is an individual one that leads to a capacity to claim rights ;and one is an intersubjective, producing a representation of possible social act to the precarious status. <p><p><br>Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Broad changes in early-modern English society were often reflected in the community via a 'war of words'. A close investigation of the social circumstances of individuals and of the relationships between individuals who were caught up in verbal crime provides a detailed context or 'micro-history' of this phenomenon, which in turn sheds light on the socio-economic changes occurring in the Northwest during this period. Since crimes associated with speech increased fourfold between 1580-1680, an investigation of the symbolic domain of speech is important to an understanding of early-modern society. This includes an investigation of chiding, cursing and scolding. In this thesis, the sources of female power in the early-modern community are examined, as well as the dynamics of ill-will behind female verbal crime. Such crimes are researched from manuscripts of proceedings in the local church courts and quarter sessions, which often provide insights into the popular politics of early-modern towns. By examining such texts, we may access a 'micro-history' of gossip that contributes to the debate over such micro-historical questions as gender, social politics and female social space. Networks of power and factional divisions with the community are revealed by exploring the attitudes of those involved in cases of female verbal crime, since individuals from every walk of life appeared in order to give evidence<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The focus of this thesis is an AIDS education programme targeting prostitutes in the industrial town of Thika, Kenya. The thesis challenges three key assumptions underlying the programme, namely: (1) prostitutes in Kenya form a readily identifiable, homogenous social category; (2) medically, they are a source of HIV-infection, and a risk group due to their sexual activity; (3) once provided with knowledge about AIDS transmission and prevention, they have the incentive, and the means to modify their risk behaviour. The notions of "prostitution", "risk", and "responsibility", as assumed in the medical discourse of the programme, are contrasted with those found in the narratives of local health workers and the women involved in the programme. The incongruences in these sets of understandings have implications for the interpretation of epidemiological findings and the planning of AIDS prevention programmes in general. By lending an overall priority ranking to the risk factor of sexual behaviour, the epidemiological paradigm informing the programme masks social and economic co-factors placing women at risk, as well as the role of men in transmission of the HIV-virus. Further, the paradigm ignores important factors in the motivation of health behaviour, namely, the relative significance that women attribute to the risk of AIDS, as well as their envisaged control over health.

Orientador: Claudio Henrique de Moraes Batalha<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T09:20:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miyasaka_CristianeRegina_M.pdf: 12744624 bytes, checksum: 91b6076afee1ee9e4d0c2197ed7e21a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008<br>Resumo: Essa dissertação tem como objetivo contribuir com o debate acerca das reformas urbanas que ocorreram no Rio de Janeiro, na virada do século XX. Para tal, investiga o impacto delas na vida dos trabalhadores que moravam em Inhaúma, um distrito suburbano carioca. A partir da análise de diversos tipos de fontes, identifica como o distrito em questão passou por mudanças significativas nesse período, destacando-se o crescimento predial e demográfico. O estudo apresenta também dados sobre as condições de vida desses trabalhadores, bem como quais problemas enfrentavam, por residirem nessa região da cidade. Além disso, explora as relações estabelecidas entre esses sujeitos históricos e funcionários municipais, com base na leitura de recursos enviados ao Prefeito, devido à aplicação de multas por infração de posturas. Por fim, trata dos conflitos entre os suburbanos e a polícia, através da investigação dos processos criminais por ofensas físicas leves e de contravenção por vadiagem<br>Abstract: This dissertation has the aim of contributing to the discussion regarding the urban renovations that took place in Rio de Janeiro during the turn of the twentieth century. To this end, it investigates the impact of the renovations on the lives of workers who lived in Inhaúma, a suburban district of Rio de Janeiro. Through the analysis of a variety of sources, it identifies how the aforementioned district underwent major changes during this period, in particular the growth in the number of buildings as well as in population. This study also presents data related to the lives of those workers and the problems they encountered by living in that region. Moreover, it explores the relations that were established between those historical subjects and the civil servants, based on the reading of appeals sent to the mayor contesting fines, which were received for infractions. Finally, this dissertation also deals with the conflicts between the suburbanites and the police, through the investigation of criminal lawsuits for battery and vagrancy<br>Mestrado<br>Historia Social do Trabalho<br>Mestre em História

L’expérimentation sociale de Titus Salt (1803-1876) à travers sa communauté industrielle modèle de Saltaire, dans la région du Yorkshire, a été considérée jusqu’à nos jours comme une référence pour répondre aux maux urbains résultant de la rapide industrialisation du début du dix-neuvième siècle. L’enjeu de cette recherche est de contextualiser cette expérience, débutée en 1853, dans le mouvement de réformes sociales entre 1850 et 1880 à Bradford que nous considérons comme la ville à l’origine de Saltaire. Nous centrerons cette étude sur les différents aspects et influences alors à l’oeuvre dans la promotion de l’évolution ouvrière, tels que le bien-être social mais aussi les pressions économiques, politiques et religieuses. A travers cette comparaison nous constaterons l’étendue de la participation réformatrice et innovatrice sociale du village sous la direction de Titus Salt et observerons dans quelle mesure l’expérimentation à Saltaire prit part à l’avancée de la condition des ouvriers du textile lainier<br>Titus Salt’s social experiment conducted through his model industrial community of Saltaire, in Yorkshire, has been perceived and presented this far as a solution to the contemporary issues resulting from rapid industrialisation. The aim of the present research is to put into context this experiment, started in 1853, within the wider social reform movement that occurred from 1850 to 1880 in Bradford- which we consider as the “mother town” of Saltaire. This study focuses on the various influences promoting the advancement of the factory workers’ conditions, such as social welfare concerns but also religious, political and economical pressures, in order to see their achievements on the urban life. This comparative study is aiming to demonstrate the extent to which the model village, under Titus Salt’s leadership, took part in the social reformation and in the progress of the worsted trade workers’ circumstances

Broad changes in early-modern English society were often reflected in the community via a 'war of words'. A close investigation of the social circumstances of individuals and of the relationships between individuals who were caught up in verbal crime provides a detailed context or 'micro-history' of this phenomenon, which in turn sheds light on the socio-economic changes occurring in the Northwest during this period. Since crimes associated with speech increased fourfold between 1580-1680, an investigation of the symbolic domain of speech is important to an understanding of early-modern society. This includes an investigation of chiding, cursing and scolding. In this thesis, the sources of female power in the early-modern community are examined, as well as the dynamics of ill-will behind female verbal crime. Such crimes are researched from manuscripts of proceedings in the local church courts and quarter sessions, which often provide insights into the popular politics of early-modern towns. By examining such texts, we may access a 'micro-history' of gossip that contributes to the debate over such micro-historical questions as gender, social politics and female social space. Networks of power and factional divisions with the community are revealed by exploring the attitudes of those involved in cases of female verbal crime, since individuals from every walk of life appeared in order to give evidence

Depuis une trentaine d’années, les travaux français qui portent sur les grandes surfaces alimentaires en sociologie du travail ont privilégié l’étude des caissières sans se soucier outre mesure des salariés des rayons. Cette thèse vise à rétablir ce déséquilibre en se focalisant sur les managers de rayon, premier niveau d’encadrement des magasins.Afin d’étudier ce groupe, nous commençons par mobiliser la sociologie du travail pour conduire une analyse microsociologique de leur travail quotidien. Les managers ont pour principales missions de faire progresser le chiffre d’affaires et la marge des rayons sous leur responsabilité ainsi que de motiver leurs équipes d’employés. Ils sont donc en interaction constante avec les employés chargés de la mise en rayon des produits, d’une partie des commandes et de la gestion des stocks, mais aussi avec d’autres interlocuteurs comme les fournisseurs ou encore les clients. Ce sont les membres de la direction du magasin (manager secteur, directeur) qui leur donnent des directives, contrôlent leurs résultats et évaluent leur comportement.Afin de prendre de la hauteur vis-à-vis des interactions quotidiennes, nous mobilisons également la sociologie des professions pour conduire une analyse davantage mésosociologique et macrosociologique. Nous étudions de cette façon les transformations de l’organisation du travail dans les magasins et celles du groupe des managers de rayon, toutes deux étroitement corrélées aux mutations structurelles de la branche de la distribution qui s’adapte en permanence aux aléas de la conjoncture économique et au goût versatile des consommateurs. Nous nous focalisons par conséquent sur les changements du travail, de l’emploi et de l’organisation des supermarchés et des hypermarchés qui touchent les managers depuis les années 2000 et s’accélèrent au cours des années 2010.Contrairement aux monographies réalisées sur les caissières, cette approche permet au moins deux choses. Premièrement, nous pouvons replacer dans leur contexte les nombreuses transformations du travail, de l’organisation et de l’emploi qu’ont vécues les salariés des rayons depuis le tournant des années 2010. Quand cela s’avère nécessaire, nous détaillons l’impact différencié de ces mutations sur les managers en fonction de leur appartenance à un ou plusieurs segments professionnels : enseigne intégrée vs indépendante, rayons alimentaires vs non alimentaires, zone urbaine vs rurale, supermarchés vs hypermarchés, faible présence syndicale vs délégués syndicaux revendicatifs.Notre approche nous permet par ailleurs de développer une réflexion dans le champ de la sociologie des professions : entre une approche fonctionnaliste qui se focalise sur l’unité d’une profession et une approche interactionniste qui insiste sur la diversité des pratiques au sein d’un même groupe professionnel, nous mobilisons le concept d’ethos professionnel pour penser à la fois l’unité et la diversité du groupe des managers de rayon. Nous proposons pour ce faire une définition personnelle de l’ethos en trois dimensions : une dimension pratique (activité, tâches, travail concret), une dimension symbolique (discours, normes, valeurs, représentations) et une dimension sociale (sexe, classe, race, diplôme, âge). Cet ethos ainsi défini articule les caractéristiques objectives d’un groupe professionnel avec ses valeurs et représentations et avec son travail concret.La thèse se divise en deux grandes parties. La première décrit la dimension pratique de l’ethos professionnel des managers de rayon. La seconde ajoute les dimensions symbolique et sociale de cet ethos bousculé par les récentes réorganisations des magasins. La thèse se conclut par une définition précise du concept d’ethos professionnel qui ouvre des perspectives de recherche concernant d’autres groupes professionnels<br>For the past 30 years, research in France concerning workplace sociology within supermarkets and hypermarkets have highly favored the study of cashiers, thus disregarding the department employees. The aim of this dissertation is to restore this discrepancy by focusing on department managers who represent the first level of management in retail stores.In order to study this specific workforce, a focus on workplace sociology was initially necessary to advance a microsociological analysis of their daily work. The main tasks of department managers are to increase the turnover and the profits of the departments they are responsible for as well as keeping up the motivation of their teams. Therefore, they are interacting on a daily basis with the employees responsible for shelving, ordering, and stock managing products as well as dealing with suppliers and customers. Instructions are given by the store management i.e. store manager or sector manager, who also check the employees’ results and assess their behavior. To get some insight into the daily interactions in a supermarket, the sociology of professions was considered to produce a mesosociological and macrosociological analysis of the workplace and employment. This serves as a way to study the evolution in retail stores’ work structure as well as the changes in the particular group of department managers. Both are closely linked to the structural changes of the retail industry which is constantly adjusting to the contingencies of the economic context and the changeable desire of customers. Therefore, the mutations at work will be highlighted, for the employment and management in supermarkets and hypermarkets, which have impacted managers since the early 2000s ; a process that began accelerating around 2010.Unlike the numerous monographs that can be found on the topic of cashiers, this approach will focus on two elements. First, we will contextualize the structural and employment evolutions at work that retail employees have faced since the turn of the 2010s. We will elaborate, when needed, on the differentiated impact of these mutations on managers depending on their relation to one or several professional segments: food store chains vs. independent stores, food department vs. non-food departments, urban areas vs. rural areas, supermarkets vs. hypermarkets, weak union presence vs. strong union representation. In addition, this method leads to a deeper consideration on the sociology of professions: 1) a functionalist theoretical approach which focuses on the individuality of a profession and 2) an interactionist theoretical approach underlining the variety of practices within the same professional group. The concept of professional ethos is all the while used to encompass both the uniqueness and variety of department managers. A personal interpretation of this ethos will be developed revolving around 3 points: a practical dimension (practice, activities, tasks, rules, daily missions), a symbolic dimension (discourse, norms, values, representations) and a social dimension (gender, education, age, social category). This new definition of ethos, remaining consistent with the objective features of a professional group and its values, representation, and daily work, will open up new perspectives of research regarding other professional groups.This dissertation is divided into two parts. The first is dedicated to the practical dimension of the professional ethos of department managers. The second is devoted to the symbolic and social aspects of this work ethos which has been disturbed by the recent restructuring of retail stores. This thesis will conclude with an accurate definition of the concept of professional ethos which will contribute to understand other professional groups

Notre thèse analyse le rapport entre pratiques sociales d’intégration d’immigrés, modèles d’installation et processus de transformation de la morphologie urbaine dans deux études de cas qui se prêtent à une comparaison stimulante. D’un côté, nous avons le cas de l’émigration italienne interne vers un pole industriel de la banlieue métropolitaine milanaise (Sesto San Giovanni); de l’autre côté, celui de l’émigration italienne internationale dans une agglomération des bassins miniers wallons (La Louvière). Il s’agit de deux contextes d’insertion fort différents du point de vue de la morphologie sociale et de l’organisation territoriale, qui profilent des espaces hybrides entre rural et urbain en profonde et rapide transformation, à cause des flux massifs de la main d’œuvre immigrée. Ces différences nous permettent de mettre à l’épreuve de l’analyse comparée les conceptions sociologiques et les parcours historiques de l’intégration, du tissu sociale qui en est à la base, de la citoyenneté, de la construction d’identités collectives, afin de dépasser les dichotomies stéréotypées entre rural/urbain, tradition/modernité, intégration/conflit, migration interne/internationale. <p>La thèse développe une analyse parallèle des deux études de cas en suivant un fil argumentatif unitaire, qui s’ouvre avec une enquête sur les flux migratoires et les contextes d’accueil des migrations. Dans les deux premiers chapitres nous avons analysé le contexte économique, social et territorial dans lequel s’inscrivent les processus migratoires. Pour le cas belge, nous avons analysé le cycle de l’industrie charbonnière, le processus de dépopulation de la Wallonie et les mécanismes qui règlent les flux, c'est-à-dire une migration contractée par les deux gouvernements. En ce qui concerne le cas milanais, nous avons tracé les contours de la très rapide urbanisation, qui a conduit toute une série de communes limitrophes à Milan à entrer dans l’orbite métropolitaine et à se qualifier comme des pôles périphériques.<p>Après avoir tracé les contours du cadre général, nous avons fait face, dans la deuxième partie, à la question plus spécifique du logement et des formes d’installations. Pour le cas louviérois, nous avons reconstruit les conditions de logement et la très difficile confrontation des premiers immigrés avec le monde du travail charbonnier, l’absence d’une initiative publique dans le secteur du logement jusqu’en 1954, faiblement compensé par l’initiative patronale, et la phase suivante des années 1950, qui a mené à la stabilisation des immigrés dans la région. De Sesto San Giovanni nous avons reconstruit la transition complexe vers la périphérie métropolitaine, à partir des installations rurales jusqu’aux politiques publiques locales et nationales de construction de grands ensembles, en soulignant comment cette intervention urbanistique était au centre d’un débat très vif sur l’aménagement du territoire, qui a débouché sur la création d’institutions administratives régionales. Dans la dernière partie de la recherche nous avons plutôt approfondi les aspects sociaux et culturels des parcours d’installation et d’intégration dans les deux tissus urbains. C’est en cette partie que nous avons utilisé davantage les sources orales, afin d’analyser les perceptions de soi, les mécanismes de construction de l’identité sociale et donc tous les changements que la migration, le rencontre avec la ville et l’industrie ont entraîné dans les organisations familiales, dans les perspectives de vie, les aspirations et les projets des migrants. À partir de l’analyse de ces parcours, dans le chapitre conclusif nous avons interrogé quelques catégories historiques et sociologiques classiques des études migratoires: d’abord le sens d’appartenance à la communauté d’origine et le développement d’un sens d’identité nationale, ensuite le processus de formation d’une solidarité de classe, qui dans les deux contextes a pris des formes sensiblement distinctes surtout par rapport aux différences dans la mémoire de l’expérience migratoire.<p><br>Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis examines three groups of northern Methodists who made their way to north Florida during Reconstruction: northern white male Methodists, northern white female Methodists, and northern black male and female Methodists. It analyzes the ways in which these men and women confronted the differences they encountered in Florida's southern society as compared to their experiences living in a northern society. School catalogs, school reports, letters, and newspapers highlight the ways in which these northerners explained the culture and behaviors of southern freedmen and poor whites in Jacksonville, Gainesville, and Monticello. This study examines how these particular northern men and women present in Florida during Reconstruction applied elements of "the North" to their interactions with the freedmen and poor whites. Ultimately, it sheds light on northern Methodist middle class values in southern society.<br>ID: 030422734; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-83).<br>M.A.<br>Masters<br>History<br>Arts and Humanities

Esta dissertação analisa as construções discursivas do trabalho livre e escravo na pela Mãe de José de Alencar publicada em 1860. A pesquisa foi predominantemente exploratória quanto ao seu objetivo, utilizou o método bibliográfico buscando nos textos de Marx, Engels, Freyre, Freitas, Fausto, Gorender, Costa, Ianni e outros autores o surgimento do trabalhador assalariado e indícios que levassem à compreensão sobre como se deu a passagem do trabalho escravo para o livre no Brasil do século XIX. A análise tem como corpus a pela Mãe, de José de Alencar, procurando levantar como o autor representa as relações de trabalho na segunda metade do século XIX e as possíveis inferências dessa representação. A partir da Análise Dialógica do Discurso (ADD), de Baktin e o Círculo, buscou-se compreender como são representadas no discurso literário teatral as relações entre senhores e escravos urbanos e entre as classes sociais que se reorganizam e os trabalhadores livres. Como resultado a pesquisa revelou como o autor inova ao trazer como protagonista uma escravizada durante a vigência da escravidão no país, mostrando que esta pode se colocar como uma trabalhadora livre, em suas falas, apesar de sua condição de escrava na pele e expõe no microcosmo da obra, como se constitui o trabalho escravo e livre na época. Mostra ainda o espanto diante da necessidade de mulheres pertencentes a estratos sociais mais favorecidos trabalharem. Alencar buscou construir em suas obras uma identidade para o país que se constituía, e denunciou as mazelas da escravidão em obras como Mãe e O Demônio Familiar (1857). Entretanto, a despeito de ter levado ao palco a escravidão, a invisibilidade dos escravos e seus descendentes permanece, ainda hoje, nos milhões de brasileiros negros e mulatos alijados de seus direitos. A pesquisa aponta a importância da redescoberta de obras como Mãe que mantém viva a memória da escravidão e que passados 129 anos de seu término oficial, seus efeitos ainda se fazem sentir, cabendo a cada brasileiro fazer uso de suas capacidades para escrever uma nova história para o trabalho neste país: trabalho livre e digno para cada habitante desta terra, independente da cor de sua pele ou condição social.<br>This dissertation analyses the discursive constructions of the free and enslaved work on José de Alencar’s play Mãe, published in 1860. The research was mainly exploratory when it came to its objectives and utilized the bibliographic method, searching on the texts of Marx, Engels, Freyre, Freitas, Fausto, Gorender, Costa, Ianni and other authors for the emergence of the salaried work and indications that led to comprehending how the transition from enslaved work to free work happened in Brazil in the XIX century. The analysis has as a corpus José de Alencar’s play Mãe, and it tries to raise how the author represents the work relations in the second half of the XIX century and the possible inferences of such representation. From Bakhtin and the Circle’s Dialogical Discourse Analysis (DDA), it is attempted to comprehend on the theatrical literary speech how it is represented the relations between master and slave and between the social classes that restructured themselves and the free workers. As a result, the research revealed how the author innovates by bringing as the main character a female slave, during the existence of slavery in the country, showing that she can be a free worker, in her lines, despite her condition of a slave on her skin and exposes on the work’s microcosm how it is constituted the free and enslaved work at the time. It also shows the astonishment before the need of higher-stratum-belonging women to work. Alencar attempted to build on his works an identity for the constituting country, and despite denouncing the badness of slavery on works such as Mãe e Demônio Familiar (1857), the invisibility of the slaves and their descendants remains in millions of black and mulatto Brazilians depleted from their rights. The research pointed out the importance of rediscovering works such as Mãe that do not allow us to forget that slavery happened and that 129 years since its official end, its effects are still felt, making it fitting that every Brazilian, making use of their own capacity, write a new history for work in this country: free and dignified work for every inhabitant in this land, independent of color of skin or social condition.

This work is a socio-historical study of the Tula working class between 1880 and 1900. It adds a further regional dimension to the burgeoning scholarship of social historical studies of the worker question within Russian historiography and because of the importance of the labour working class during this period of concentrated industrialisation and worker politicisation, this study seeks to provide a portrait of Tula worker society. The investigation will initially focus on the historiography of the Russian working class, its historians and theories of social change. The industrial history of Tula and the surrounding province is presented, which highlights the role played by foreign entrepreneurs in Tula's early industrial development. Secondly, Tula workers themselves are examined together with their background and what motivated their journey to Tula. The composition of a Tula working class family is analysed, the social and economic ramifications of living in Tula are explored and material is presented on family life, on marriage, and on patterns of residence and household composition. The issue of the permanency of worker ties to Tula is investigated as is that of an hereditary proletariat. Finally, material is presented on cooperatives, mutual aid societies and the incidence of worker unrest. How these developments and events influenced or hindered Tula workers' capacity for collective action and class consciousness is also explored. The study concludes with a summary of the issues raised, in terms of an examination of the interaction between the forces of innovation and tradition, of continuity and discontinuity, in Russian society.

In Melbourne between 1880 and 1907, the construction and propagation of a vagrant stereotype and its manifestation in law, constituted an important means of controlling the behaviour of individuals and groups who were perceived to be socially undesirable or economically burdensome.

Between 1775 and 1930 Anglo-American and Australian worker politics were centred on the belief that working people endured economic inequality through the unfair social division of wealth. Regardless of political affiliation, contemporary working-class radicals saw the solution to what was variously described as ‘the labour problem’, ‘the economic problem’, or ‘the social problem’ as the return of most or all of a nation’s wealth from those who had accumulated it to those that had originally produced it—a perspective described by North American historians as producerism. Following sections on precursors in British and American sources, the study looks at producerism at two important junctures in the political and economic history of New South Wales: the 1840s, and the period 1890-1930. Both were times of severe or fluctuating economic conditions and political mobilisation. The first period witnessed a middle-class challenge for control of the state. It utilised a constitutional radicalism that enlisted the working classes through cautious use of producerist argument. These producerist references tended to be oblique and muted but nevertheless offer proof of its existence in the colony. The second was one of direct working-class challenge for state power, where producerism’s presence as the guiding force of worker politics was more obvious. Beginning in the depression of the 1890s it looks at how the radical literature associated with Australian socialism, syndicalism and labourism built cases for economic and social justice on producerist foundations. In this way it underlined worker politics until a precipitous post-1930 decline.<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Social class encompasses the preferences, lifestyles, and behaviors of people in various social class groups in conjunction with the structural privileges that accompany certain social locations (Smith, 2010). Class-privileged college students typically come to campus with greater amounts of cultural capital (Bourdieu, 1980) that afford them the luxury of understanding how to navigate the middle-class environment of college (Tett, 2000). Students from poor/working- class backgrounds are, on the other hand, often without the benefit of knowing the behavioral codes and expectations of college, which can lead to negative psychological outcomes in the form of lowered self-esteem, depression, and stress. As a construct, resiliency provides a framework for understanding how some poor/working-class students are able to succeed despite these potential negative outcomes and persist through college. The study aimed to measure the class-related challenges and resiliency factors that correspond to different levels of psychological outcomes using a scale called the Poor/Working-Class Challenge and Resiliency Factor Scale (P/W-CRF). Data was collected using a sample of 253 four-year college students who identified as coming from a poor/working-class background. Participants filled out an online survey consisting of a demographic survey, original challenge and resiliency factor items, psychology outcome measures (self –esteem, depression, and stress), a social desirability scale, and previously validated classism and resiliency scales. Through factor analysis, two scales were generated. The first scale represented the challenges faced on campus, which was a 20-item, four factor scale with a good fit. The second, resilience scale, was a 24-item, eight factor scale with a poor fit. The overall challenge scale was found to show convergent validity with the depression, stress, and classism scales, and divergent validity with the self esteem and social desirability scales. The resilience scale demonstrated convergent validity with the self esteem and resilience scales and divergent validity with the depression and stress scales. In an effort to explore a stronger model fit for the two models, post hoc analysis offered a possible 18-item, six- factor resilience model, with a slightly improved model fit. The document will explore potential strengths and weaknesses of using these models. Finally, implications and suggestions for future research are provided in the following areas; a) Research; b) Theory; c) Clinical Practice; d) Student Affairs or Services; e) Policy; and f) High School College Counseling.

Between 1775 and 1930 Anglo-American and Australian worker politics were centred on the belief that working people endured economic inequality through the unfair social division of wealth. Regardless of political affiliation, contemporary working-class radicals saw the solution to what was variously described as ‘the labour problem’, ‘the economic problem’, or ‘the social problem’ as the return of most or all of a nation’s wealth from those who had accumulated it to those that had originally produced it—a perspective described by North American historians as producerism. Following sections on precursors in British and American sources, the study looks at producerism at two important junctures in the political and economic history of New South Wales: the 1840s, and the period 1890-1930. Both were times of severe or fluctuating economic conditions and political mobilisation. The first period witnessed a middle-class challenge for control of the state. It utilised a constitutional radicalism that enlisted the working classes through cautious use of producerist argument. These producerist references tended to be oblique and muted but nevertheless offer proof of its existence in the colony. The second was one of direct working-class challenge for state power, where producerism’s presence as the guiding force of worker politics was more obvious. Beginning in the depression of the 1890s it looks at how the radical literature associated with Australian socialism, syndicalism and labourism built cases for economic and social justice on producerist foundations. In this way it underlined worker politics until a precipitous post-1930 decline.

“Sovereignty in the City” contributes to the historiography of African-American and African Diasporic life an account of how twentieth century black migrant communities’ practices and politics around place shaped the social geography of Philadelphia—a primary testing ground for urban policies, sociological and historical inquiry, and social experiments of reform up through the twenty-first century. The manuscript charts a history of alternative land stewardship and governance in Philadelphia’s black working class communities from 1941 to 1991, which I set in contrast with the urbicidal practices of reformers who worked to enhance the profitability of the region at the expense of black and working class neighborhoods and communities. I name these two very different visions of social affiliation and obligation sanitized citizenship and black vitality respectively. Building on methods and practices that Progressive social reformers, eugenicists, and sociologists co-produced, local housing reformers sought to enforce the normative patriarchal family as the ideal of health and order. This in turn, shaped their assessment of black migrants as potential vectors of biological and social contagion and justified segregation before federal policy insured it. On the other hand, from the margins black working class communities articulated new modes of sociality from within cordoned-off communities, which they refitted to the metropolis from their collective history in the agrarian and mill town South. Although otherworldliness and the tendency to participate in non-normative or queer social affiliations outside the home, often marked working class black migrant communities as criminal or odd, being out of time with the logics of patriarchy and racial capitalism also represented an important, if underappreciated, basis for envisioning a different city and world. In place of dominant conceptions of the normative family as an anchor of orderly governance and investment, black migrant communities re-imagined human belonging and practiced new modes of radical inclusivity in the city. I make the case for a landscape approach to black history, there and in the wider diaspora, in order to bring the methods developed by social, environmental, and architectural historians as well as geographers, to bear in excavating histories of black social activism, in turn, elaborating an idiom of urban ecology in which practices of place and belonging, which are often dismissed or invisible, call into question the notions of urban life and health organized around the individual and the normative patriarchal family.

Guo, Chunlan.<br>"July 2010."<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 176-186).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendix II in English and Chinese.<br>Abstract --- p.i<br>Acknowledgments --- p.v<br>Table of contents --- p.vi<br>List of tables --- p.ix<br>List of figures --- p.xi<br>Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.1 --- Research background: Female labor migrants in the PRD --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.1.1 --- Restriction on women by Confucianism in China --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.1.2 --- Restriction on women by state in China --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.1.3 --- The mobility of women in China --- p.3<br>Chapter 1.2 --- Research questions and research objectives --- p.5<br>Chapter 1.3 --- Research significance --- p.6<br>Chapter 1.4 --- Outline of the dissertation --- p.7<br>Chapter Chapter 2 --- "Literature Review: Female Migration, Household， , Labor Market and Feminist Geography" --- p.9<br>Chapter 2.1 --- Research on female migration --- p.9<br>Chapter 2.2 --- Female migration and household --- p.12<br>Chapter 2.2.1 --- Household model and its critic by feminists --- p.12<br>Chapter 2.2.2 --- Examples of studying female labor migration at the scale of household --- p.16<br>Chapter 2.2.3 --- Household response to female labor migration --- p.21<br>Chapter 2.2.4 --- Thinking and reflection --- p.26<br>Chapter 2.3 --- Female migration and labor market --- p.27<br>Chapter 2.3.1 --- The segmentation in urban labor market and the female labor migration --- p.27<br>Chapter 2.3.2 --- The disadvantage of migrant women in urban labor market --- p.28<br>Chapter 2.3.3 --- The role of agents in female migration --- p.30<br>Chapter 2.3.4 --- Female labor migration in China: A product of the economic transformation --- p.30<br>Chapter 2.4 --- The research of female labor migration and approach of feminist geography --- p.31<br>Chapter 2.4.1 --- The assignments of feminist geography --- p.31<br>Chapter 2.4.2 --- The research of feminist geography --- p.33<br>Chapter 2.4.3 --- Some weakness of feminist geography --- p.34<br>Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.35<br>Chapter Chapter 3 --- Research Methodology --- p.37<br>Chapter 3.1 --- The reason for using the methodology of feminist geography --- p.37<br>Chapter 3.2 --- Research framework --- p.38<br>Chapter 3.2.1 --- Research issues --- p.38<br>Chapter 3.2.2 --- Research framework and flow chat --- p.40<br>Chapter 3.3 --- Data collection --- p.44<br>Chapter 3.3.1 --- Fieldwork: to collect the firsthand data --- p.45<br>Chapter 3.3.2 --- Observational survey --- p.47<br>Chapter 3.3.3 --- Interview survey --- p.48<br>Chapter 3.3.4 --- Questionnaire Survey --- p.52<br>Chapter 3.3.5 --- Secondary data --- p.56<br>Chapter 3.4 --- Data analysis --- p.57<br>Chapter 3.4.1 --- Qualitative methods: interview analysis --- p.58<br>Chapter 3.4.2 --- Quantitative methods --- p.59<br>Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.62<br>Chapter Chapter 4 --- Female Migration in the Pearl River Delta: Census Data Analysis --- p.64<br>Chapter 4.1 --- The scale of female migration in the PRD --- p.64<br>Chapter 4.2 --- The distribution of female interprovincial migrants in the PRD --- p.68<br>Chapter 4.3 --- The origins of female interprovincial migrants in the PRD --- p.69<br>Chapter 4.3.1 --- The 2000 census data of Guangdong volume --- p.69<br>Chapter 4.3.2 --- "The data of 1990 Census, 2000 Census and 2005's 1% survey" --- p.72<br>Chapter 4.4 --- The education level and occupation of migrants in the PRD --- p.80<br>Chapter 4.5 --- The migration reasons of the female migrants in the PRD --- p.82<br>Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.82<br>Chapter Chapter 5 --- Why Rural Women Want to Migrate Out to Work from the Perspective of Household --- p.84<br>Chapter 5.1 --- The filial daughters: migration as a part of the household economic strategy --- p.85<br>Chapter 5.2 --- The liberal daughters: migration for individual welfare --- p.91<br>Chapter 5.3 --- The dilemma factory mothers: as a sacrifice of the dual economic development system --- p.96<br>Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion about the three models of rural women in migration --- p.100<br>Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.102<br>Chapter Chapter 6 --- How Migration Affects the Lives of Rural Women at the Scale of Household --- p.103<br>Chapter 6.1 --- The changing marital form --- p.103<br>Chapter 6.2 --- The status of the female labor migrants in household --- p.107<br>Chapter 6.3 --- Relation with other family members --- p.111<br>Chapter 6.4 --- Rethinking the family member relationship under the split-household strategy --- p.115<br>Chapter 6.5 --- Summary --- p.116<br>Chapter Chapter 7 --- Female Labor Migrants in Urban Labor Market in the Pearl River Delta --- p.118<br>Chapter 7.1 --- The participation of female migrants in the labor market of the PRD --- p.118<br>Chapter 7.1.1 --- The time of female migrants' participation in urban labor market --- p.118<br>Chapter 7.1.2 --- The channel of urban labor market participation of the female migrants: the role of social network --- p.121<br>Chapter 7.1.3 --- The high frequency of changing jobs by female labor migrants --- p.124<br>Chapter 7.2 --- The status of female migrants in urban labor market --- p.125<br>Chapter 7.2.1 --- Job accessibility: easier for girls than boys --- p.125<br>Chapter 7.2.2 --- Different wage by gender discrimination in factory? --- p.129<br>Chapter 7.2.3 --- The status of the female migrants in the factory --- p.133<br>Chapter 7.3 --- The future of female migrants in urban labor market --- p.135<br>Chapter 7.3.1 --- The evaluation of working in the PRD --- p.135<br>Chapter 7.3.2 --- The departure of female migrants from the urban labor market --- p.136<br>Chapter 7.3.3 --- The cycle of a line girl in urban labor market --- p.139<br>Chapter 7.4 --- Summary --- p.141<br>Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.144<br>Appendix --- p.151<br>Appendix I List of interviewees --- p.151<br>Appendix IIA sample of questionnaire --- p.153<br>"Appendix III The input, output and error of estimating female migration flow with the approach of maximizing entropy- the case of 1990 census data 一" --- p.166<br>Bibliography --- p.176

A full understanding of nineteenth century Irish America requires close examination of emigration as well as immigration. Knowledge of Irish pre-emigration experiences is a key to making sense of their post-emigration lives. This work analyzes the regional origins, the migration and settlement patterns, and the work and associational life of the Catholic Irish in Brooklyn between 1850 and 1900. Over this pivotal half century, the Brooklyn Irish developed a rich associational life which included temperance, Irish nationalism, land reform and Gaelic language and athletic leagues. This era marked the emergence of a more diverse, mature Irish-Catholic community, a community which responded in a new ways to a variety of internal and external challenges. To a degree, the flowering of Irish associational life represented a reaction to the depersonalization associated with American industrialization. However, it also reflected the changing cultural norms of many post-famine immigrants. Unlike their pre-1870 predecessors, these newcomers were often more modern in outlook - more committed to Irish nationhood, less impoverished, better educated and more devout. Consequently, post-1870 immigrants tended to be over-represented in the ranks of associations dedicated to Irish nationalism, Irish temperance, trade unionism, and cultural revivalism throughout Kings County. Unsurprisingly, over 70 of Brooklyn's 96 Catholic churches in 1901 were built after July 1, 1870. The internal diversity of the Brooklyn Irish was extensive. The opportunities and experiences of some Irish differed markedly from those experienced by others. Gender, county of origin and skill level all served as factors in post-emigration success. Moreover, generation was especially pronounced as a socioeconomic agent in Brooklyn. Economic prospects for the Irish-born remained as poor in Brooklyn as anywhere in the nation, but improved more rapidly for the American-born Irish then anyone might realistically have considered possible. Increased opportunities for land ownership seemed to support the socioeconomic prospects of thrifty Irishmen, but occupational mobility strongly favored the second generation, more so than in other locales. Why do both popular and scholarly accounts tend to portray all nineteenth century Irish Americans as either an undifferentiated mass of unskilled proletarians or as nouveau riche "lace curtain" aristocrats when significant variation clearly existed? In Philadelphia, Detroit and Brooklyn, at least 30 percent of Irish-born male workers in 1880 could be classified as "skilled craftsmen." In five other major cities, from San Francisco to Providence, the corresponding figure was roughly one-fifth in the same census year. Meanwhile, the Brooklyn Irish displayed a curious pattern of halting socioeconomic progress among foreign-born men (55% nonskilled in 1850, 51% nonskilled in 1900) alongside impressive progress for their American-born sons (35% nonskilled in 1880, 22% nonskilled in 1900). Irish American socio-economic mobility paled in comparison to that of their German peers, especially among the foreign born. Their intra-urban geographic mobility patterns differed as well. Irish Americans, in Brooklyn and other Northeastern and Midwestern cities, tended to move out of the older core wards as soon as they enjoyed a degree of economic success. German Americans, conversely, seem to have reinvested their new wealth in "a nicer house in the old neighborhood." Germans tended to separate themselves, whether they lived in the tenement districts of New York's Germantown and Brooklyn's Williamsburg, or the single-family homes of Riverdale just south of the Bronx. By 1890, the Irish were virtually ubiquitous, inhabiting all areas and all housing types of Brooklyn.

Defence date: 14 November 2016<br>Examining Board: Professeur Laura Downs, EUI (Directrice de thèse EUI); Professeur Lucy Riall, EUI; Professeur Raffaella Sarti, Università degli Studi di Urbino « Carlo Bò »; Professeur Anne Verjus, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon.<br>Thesis in two volumes.<br>First made available online on 9 March 2017<br>Extraite des Souvenirs de Victor Ogier sur un industriel lyonnais, Camille Dognin -ici le « malheureux », cette citation résume en quelques lignes plusieurs problématiques liées à la domesticité : rencontre entre classes sociales antagonistes, mise en exergue de la dimension économique de l'unité familiale, potentielles reconfigurations des relations affectives... Sur l'ensemble des XIXe et du XXe siècles, la domesticité, pour les femmes et pour les hommes, constitue un statut professionnel omniprésent, aussi bien en ville qu'en milieu rural. Elle met en contact direct les classes populaires, le haut des classes moyennes, et les classes dominantes dans des relations de travail. A l'heure actuelle, la recherche, surtout en sociologie, s'intéresse particulièrement au caractère direct de ces relations de travail, entre employeur.e.s « amateurs » et employé.e.s professionnel.le.s, à la formation de cet « autre monde populaire », aux tensions liées aux rapports sociaux de genre et de race. Le travail domestique rémunéré demeure une thématique féministe : pourquoi est-il exercé massivement par des femmes ? Quelle est sa valeur ? Quelle est sa place dans le fonctionnement des migrations contemporaines ? Quel rôle a-t-il dans la définition des identités et des rapports sociaux ?

This thesis documents and presents a critical study of an adversary tradition of culture in South Africa. Through a detailed study of the Pietermaritzburq Community Arts Project, analysing cultural activities developed in opposition to established forms, themes and techniques, the writer documents the growth and development of a concept of popular culture which posits conscious cultural challenges to white hegemony as well as the conventional notion of bourgeois culture of, for example, "going to the theataah." (Tomaselli, 1987 :2) In addition, this thesis explores the potential of culture as a weapon in the liberation struggle in South Africa, in terms of mobilising and conscientising people. Chapter One focuses on the theoretical framework, rationalising salient features of contemporary materialist critical theory. The chapter goes on to posit a critical strategy which analyses the discourses of culture in relation to ideology. Chapter Two tackles the problem of 'cultural hegemony,' using the Gramscian concept of hegemony, where the ruling classes are able to induce the masses to consent to their subordination. Chapter Two is also a discussion of the much contested question of a "working class culture". We have seen, for example, that opera and poetry as specific facets of culture have often been dismissed as a ruling class indulgence (German, 1991 :12). Yet the relationship between culture and class is rather complex. Nor is it one that socialists can afford to ignore. Questions of culture have often been central to revolutionary politics. Hence Chapter Two will explore the Marxist tradition in attempting to ascertain whether there is such a thing as a specific working class culture. In particular, the ideas and writings of Leon Trotsky will be heavily drawn upon when debating the question. Chapter Three provides an historical overview of the Pietermaritzburg Community Arts Project, and explicates the modus operandi of the project. A brief consideration is also provided of two other cultural projects that have been singled out for mention as they are of particular significance to this study. This chapter also provides an analysis of the actual study conducted. Here the methodology, findings and results will be discussed. Finally, Chapter Four summarises the preceding sections and attempt to arrive at certain conclusions. This thesis attempts to contribute to the advancement of cultural studies in South Africa by focusing on a particular cultural project that is currently in operation in Pietermaritzburg. This thesis also shows that historians, social scientists as well as political activists can benefit by supplementing their work with some knowledge of the manner in which culture is linked both to social consciousness and strategies of resistance in a country where normal channels of communication have long been suppressed.<br>Thesis (M.Soc.Sci.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1993.

The purpose of the study was to locate the informal hiring sites for day labourers in Tshwane, to determine the approximate number of day labourers, to describe the nature of socio-economic activities taking place at the sites, and to make recommendations to address needs that have been identified. The research approach and methodology was exploratory, descriptive, quantitative and qualitative. In terms of the findings, 80 informal hiring sites were identified in Tshwane with approximately 3032 day labourers standing at the sites. Case studies were done on three sites and it was found that they were hazardous and lacked basic facilities such as shelter and toilets. Employer-employee interactions were also found to be haphazard and sometimes manipulative and exploitative. It is recommended that intervention programmes should be implemented which could include the provision of basic facilities, skills development, job search assistance and access to comprehensive social services.<br>Health Studies<br>M.A. (Social Science - Mental Health)