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1
Forsyth, Margaret. "Looking for grandmothers: working-class women poets." Women's Writing 12, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09699080500200349.
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A, Joyce Jaya Ruby. "Andal Priyadarshini's the Position of Women in the Working Class." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-10 (August 12, 2022): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s1013.
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Singing songs about God, the king, and upper castes are mostly found in Tamil literature. The singing of working class people is rarely found in a few pieces of literature like Pallu (Agriculture Songs) and Kuravanchi. Modern literature gives complete freedom to sing about the working class. In it, Andal Priyadarshini has created modern literature such as poetry, short stories, novels, etc. In it, the creators have made the lower class people aware of their life status by singing and creating characters. Her works frequently depict hustlers, roadside dwellers, scavengers, cremators, and transgender women and girls. They are the members of society. Some are working people, who have every right to live here, and are economically backward. People have continued their lives at the bottom of society for centuries. Mere pity for the working class will not lift them up. If individual value, castelessness, labour value, and non-discrimination come together, then a society called the working class will disappear.
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Mount, Liz. "“I Am Not a Hijra”: Class, Respectability, and the Emergence of the “New” Transgender Woman in India." Gender & Society 34, no. 4 (August 2020): 620–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243220932275.
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This article examines the mutual imbrication of gender and class that shapes how some transgender women seek incorporation into social hierarchies in postcolonial India. Existing literature demonstrates an association between transgender and middle-class-status in the global South. Through an 18-month ethnographic study in Bangalore from 2009 through 2016 with transgender women, NGO (nongovernmental organization) workers and activists, as well as textual analyses of media representations, I draw on “new woman” archetypes to argue that the discourses of empowerment and respectability that impacted middle-class cisgender women in late colonial, postcolonial and liberalized India also impact how trans women narrate their struggles and newfound opportunities. Trans woman identities are often juxtaposed to the identities of hijras, a recognized (yet socially marginal) group of working-class male-assigned gender-nonconforming people. Instead of challenging stereotypes of gender nonconformity most evident in the marginalization of hijras, some transgender women are at pains to highlight their difference from hijras. These trans women are from working-class backgrounds. It is partly their similarities in class location that propel trans women’s efforts to distinguish themselves from hijras. They employ the figure of the disreputable hijra to contain negative stereotypes associated with gender nonconformity, thus positioning their identities in proximity with middle-class respectable womanhood.
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Robertson, Lisa C. "Memoirs of Victorian Working-Class Women: The Hard Way Up." English Studies 100, no. 4 (May 19, 2019): 500–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0013838x.2019.1595823.
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Ngai, Pun. "Gender and Class: Women's Working Lives in a Dormitory Labor Regime in China." International Labor and Working-Class History 81 (2012): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547912000129.
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The thirty years since Women on the Line has witnessed great achievement in the literature of gender and work both in the West and Global South. There was a booming literature since the 1970s and 1980s in the fields of sociology, anthropology, women studies, and cultural studies—most of them excellent works that touch upon sophisticated debates on the interplay between gender and work, production and reproduction, dominance, and resistance in an increasingly globalized context.
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Hyttinen, Elsi. "Women in Early Capitalism and Other Irrelevant Issues: Elvira Willman's Struggle for Working-Class Authorship." Journal of Finnish Studies 18, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/28315081.18.2.05.
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Abstract The article discusses the early Finnish working-class writer Elvira Willman (1875–1925). Through a reading of a recently found manuscript of the 1916 play “Rakkauden orjuus” [The slavery of love], the article demonstrates how in Willman's writing “the woman question” was one of the central themes in texts aimed at the working-class cultural field. Theoretically, the article promotes a view according to which an author does not become a working-class author by being born into a certain social class or living within it, but by signaling in various ways in her writing a desire to be interpreted as an author of working-class literature and by garnering affirmation from the gatekeepers of that field.
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Satı, Büşra. "Working-Class Women, Gender, and Union Politics in Turkey, 1965–1980." International Labor and Working-Class History 100 (2021): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547921000119.
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AbstractThis paper focuses on the ideology and discourses of Tekstil İṣçileri Sendikası (the Textile Workers’ Union, Tekstil) in Turkey to highlight some of the specific visions of the organized labor for an emancipatory gender politics during the 1970s. This history of intersection between gender and working-class organizing has been overlooked by the Left scholarship on the one hand and liberal feminist scholarship on the other. This paper addresses this gap in the literature by highlighting gender and class concurrently throughout the history of the transformation of gender politics in labor organizations. The history of the simultaneous development of gender-related policies in Tekstil/DİSK and TEKSİF/Türk-İṣ reveals an unexplored aspect of the contentious dynamic between rival labor organizations. Between 1975–1980, the politics of gender became another pillar in trade union competition. Following the transnational influences in this transformation, this paper highlights a forgotten period of labor organizing and locates it within the history of labor and women's movements at the national and global scale.
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Wånggren, Lena. "Gender and Precarity across Time: Where Are the Writing Working Women?" Victorian Literature and Culture 51, no. 4 (2023): 577–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150323000669.
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The end of the nineteenth century in Britain saw a range of “newnesses”; New Unionism signified a boom in trade unionism, while the New Woman figure symbolized women's struggle for independence. However, both as literary figures and as real-life writers, such New Women were largely middle class and educated. Where are the working women within the sphere of literary and cultural production, and how are they represented within the New Unionism? Against a dominant trade unionism that argued for a “family wage” and considered women's organizing as a threat, the Women's Trade Union League (1874), the National Federation of Women Workers (1906), the 1888 Match Girls strike, and writers and labor activists such as Annie Besant and Clementina Black noted women's roles within labor. Attempting to locate a working New Woman in the trade union movement, this paper is a reflective work-in-progress, an exploration rather than a finished argument. Written by a precariously employed woman trade unionist in the twenty-first century, struggling to find time to write, examining the works of precariously employed women workers one hundred years earlier, the essay poses questions about what happens to politically engaged scholarship in a time of increasingly precarious working conditions and knowledges.
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Silva, Jennifer M. "Constructing Adulthood in an Age of Uncertainty." American Sociological Review 77, no. 4 (June 29, 2012): 505–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122412449014.
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Past research in both the transitions to adulthood literature and cultural sociology more broadly suggests that the working class relies on traditional cultural models in their construction of identity. In the contemporary post-industrial world, however, traditional life pathways are now much less available to working-class men and women. I draw on 93 interviews with black and white working-class young people in their 20s to 30s and ask, in an era of increasing uncertainty, where traditional markers of adulthood have become tenuous, what kinds of cultural models do working-class young people employ to validate their adult identities? In contrast to previous studies of working-class identity, I found that respondents embraced a model of therapeutic selfhood—that is, an inwardly directed self preoccupied with its own psychic development. I demonstrate that the therapeutic narrative allows working-class men and women to redefine competent adulthood in terms of overcoming a painful family past. Respondents required a witness to validate their performances of adulthood, however, and the inability to find one left many lost in transition.
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Smeraldo Schell, Kait, and Jennifer M. Silva. "Resisting Despair: Narratives of Disruption and Transformation Among White Working-Class Women in a Declining Coal-Mining Community." Gender & Society 34, no. 5 (September 10, 2020): 736–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243220948218.
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In this article, we examine how white working-class women reimagine gender in the face of social and economic changes that have undermined their ability to perform normative femininity. As blue-collar jobs have disappeared, scholars have posited that white working-class men and women have become increasingly isolated, disconnected from institutions, and hopeless about the future, leading to a culture of despair. Although past literature has examined how working-class white men cope with the inability to perform masculinity through wage-earning and family authority, gender has been undertheorized in these discussions, treating working-class women’s and men’s despair interchangeably. Drawing on 37 in-depth interviews conducted in a former coal-mining town in northeastern Pennsylvania, we identify three overarching strategies that women deploy in their life histories to cope with disruption: embracing pain as an opportunity for self-growth; dispelling shame and striving for equality; and enduring suffering. These strategies allow women to feel hopeful and worthy as they confront enormous challenges, whether starting over following relationship dissolution, learning to be independent from men, or simply surviving hardship for the sake of their children. We explore the implications for recreating gender identity in each strategy and question how different strategies might serve to protect women from, or alternatively solidify, sentiments of despair.
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Sparks, Tabitha. "WORKING-CLASS SUBJECTIVITY IN MARGARET HARKNESS'SA CITY GIRL." Victorian Literature and Culture 45, no. 3 (August 25, 2017): 615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150317000092.
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One of the obvious strengthsof Margaret Harkness's 1887 novelA City Girlis its comprehensive visual record of London's East End. Harkness depicts Whitechapel's geography and public and residential spaces with an authority derived, as we know, from her voluntary residence in the Katharine Buildings, thinly disguised in the novel as the Charlotte Buildings. The Katherine Buildings were a block of apartments for working class tenants built by the East End Dwelling Company; Harkness lived in them for a few months in 1887 and was one of a wave of middle-class women who ventured into such residences, sometimes as employees (“lady rent collectors”) and sometimes, as with Harkness and her cousin Beatrice Potter (later Webb) as writers determined to document in fictional or non-fictional form the conditions in which the poor lived. Harkness's first-hand experience and descriptive acuity has inspired some rich and productive scholarship onA City Girl, which in the form of two scholarly editions (one recent and one forthcoming) is the subject of a modest renaissance. From a literary perspective, most scholars have grappled with the novel's generic affiliation, describing it variously as a New Woman novel, a socialist novel, a sentimental novel, and an example of English naturalism. Some of these critics – principally John Goode and Rob Breton – combine a study of the novel's generic signs with historical attention to Socialism, one of Harkness's many ambivalent and abbreviated political and institutional affiliations in the 1880s and 90s; they use the literary lens of genre study to better understand the author's political consciousness in the context of late-Victorian reform politics. Pursuing another horizon of inquiry, I turn away from the novel's documentary evidence and generic and political loyalties to its elusive but revealing study of artistic representation. It is not the sociological or political milieu of Harkness's East End heroine, Nelly Ambrose, that interests me, but the link that Harkness establishes between Nelly's impoverished mind and her impoverished world, which I read principally through her unfamiliarity with narrative representation. Harkness sustains two discrete perspectives inA City Girl: Nelly experiences the world in episodic moments, and her inability to shape these moments into a purposeful or predictive sequence makes her effectively powerless to control the events that shape her life. Her distance from a narrative consciousness alerts us to the second perspective in the novel which might otherwise escape special notice: the narrative realism thatA City Girlparticipates in, that the experience of reading the novel activates, and that is self-consciously followed by Arthur Grant, Nelly's seducer. Arthur's class-based narrative advantage over Nelly enables him to write the story of their affair and control its outcome much in the way that the readers ofA City Girlhave worked to make sense of Nelly's detached and inexpressive character, and have often made their own determinations about the novel's ending. The medium of the novel's hostility to Nelly's particular kind of consciousness is a metaliterary reflection, then, of the subjugation by narrative disadvantage that we see play out in the story.
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Santra, Aparajita. "A tale of the city of Kolkata through the eyes of the “common women"." Enquiry The ARCC Journal for Architectural Research 20, no. 2 (November 10, 2023): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17831/enqarcc.v20i2.1162.
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This paper focuses on working-class women from the informal settlements of Kolkata, India and their precarious relationships with the city. Their existence at the margins of society (socially, spatially, historically, and sometimes even geographically) tends to make them invisible actors in the production of contemporary urban spaces of Kolkata. This paper examines the role of class, caste, and gender in informing the spatial practices of these minoritized women that occur in the city’s liminal landscapes. These practices are quite distinct from those of women from middle- and upper-classes in Kolkata. Terms like “public women” or “bad women” or chhotolok (a common Bengali term used for people from lower classes or castes) have been used to represent and mark these working-class, lower caste women as deviant bodies in terms of their class, caste, and even sexualities. These labels are important to understand how these women have been represented historically in the urban history of Kolkata. By analyzing secondary literature, archival texts, songs, films, poems, and photographs, the paper investigates the following interrelated questions. First, how has the spatial organization of urban Kolkata historically determined the ways in which these women have navigated, engaged with, and attempted to overcome a wide array of structural and systemic constraints? And second, how have these women produced and applied various forms of situated spatial knowledge in the city’s liminal landscapes? In terms of the paper’s structure, I start by analyzing the existing literature on gender and urban space in India. Thereafter, I lay a theoretical groundwork to elucidate the importance of adopting an intersectional lens to understand overlapping regimes of power that affect the life-worlds of minoritized bodies; in this case, the working-class lower caste women of Kolkata. Finally, I use a chronological approach to examine the changes in Kolkata’s urban fabric and its material culture that have significantly added to the precarities faced by these minoritized and marginalized women. In other words, I trace an alternate urban history of Kolkata through the eyes of these “common women.”
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McAdams, Kay. "Claire A. Culleton, Working-Class Culture, Women, and Britain, 1914–1921. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. 240 pp. $55.00 cloth." International Labor and Working-Class History 65 (April 2004): 196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754790430013x.
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Claire Culleton's study of working-class women in First World War Britain is an ambitious project that aims at a “comprehensive analysis of the complexities that conspired to link women's lives, their work, and their writings” (8). The book is positioned as a study that redresses what Culleton views as the marginalization of working-class women's experience in historical and literary studies of the period. She attempts, therefore, to write a history “from below” that provides both historical analysis of the experience of working-class women who labored in Britain's wartime industries, and an analysis of their culture, as revealed through the 1970s oral history testimonies of the Imperial War Museum and the literature they produced for factory newspapers. She states that she will tie this experience and its “costs” to changes in British society that “no longer permit[ed] sentimentality of hearth and home ( . . . )” (2). Culleton notes that the book is aimed at specialists on the subject and general readers. The analysis presented in the book, however, falls short of the author's stated goals and adds little to the existing scholarship on working-class women in First World War Britain.
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Hyman, Colette A. "Women, Workers, and Community: Working-Class Visions and Workers' Theatre in the 1930s." Canadian Review of American Studies 23, no. 1 (September 1992): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cras-023-01-02.
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Obiora, L. Amede. "Neither Here nor There: Of the Female in American Legal Education." Law & Social Inquiry 21, no. 02 (1996): 355–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1996.tb00085.x.
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In this Critical Review Essay, Professor Obiora brings together work from many traditions to address the issue of how differences among students beyond gender–and, in particular, differences in terms of race–might affect legal education. After situating the question in terms of the literature on legal education generally (including standard critiques), she delves into work on gender–in law generally, in kgal education, in moral development and learning, in language use, and in education generally–to elucidate hypothesized differences between men and women that might affect differential experience in law school. She then moves on to make the picture more complex by drawing on work that indicates cross-cultural and class-based variation around conceptions of gender. Using research by sociolinguists on educational processes and work by historians and feminists of color on the intersection of gender, race, and class, Professor Obiora suggests specific ways in which women of color and working-class women might diverge from middle-class white women in their approach to kgal education. In particular, she notes: (1) different speech patterns and linguistic socialization lend different meaning to “voice,”“silence,” and “interruption” in classroom interactions; (2) the historical distinction between public and private spheres has been much more sharply drawn for upper-middle-class white women than it has been for black and working-class women; (3) the exclusion of black women from male “chivalry” and feminine idealization necessitated the development of agency; black women could not afford to be passive. Given these points of divergence, but also given convergences among the experiences of women, Obiora suggests a complex and contextually sensitive approach to the issue of gender in legal education, one that takes seriously the differences that exist among women. Because of the richness of the literature reviewed here, we include a Bibliography at the end of the article.
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Mays, Kelly J. "Hidden Hands: Working-Class Women and Victorian Social-Problem Fiction (review)." Victorian Studies 45, no. 2 (2003): 363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vic.2003.0091.
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Santamarina, Xiomara. "Archives of Labor: Working-Class Women and Literary Culture in the Antebellum United States." Nineteenth-Century Contexts 40, no. 5 (October 3, 2018): 536–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08905495.2018.1518295.
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Kenny, Bridget. "The “Shop Girl” and White Nationalism: White Working-class Women and Femininity in Johannesburg Department Stores, 1930s–1970s." International Labor and Working-Class History 104 (2023): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754792300025x.
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AbstractBased on media stories and union campaigns, this paper tracks the discourses from the 1930s to the 1970s around the ‘shop girl’ in Johannesburg. It argues that the shop girl was a figure of white femininity that complicates the now extensive literature on white women in South Africa through its reproduction of the enduring tension of class difference. Through archival research and interviews, the paper shows how the ‘shop girl’ contributed to an ideology of white nationalism, focused more traditionally around motherhood and domesticity. The embodied labor of white women workers in Johannesburg both relied on their femininity and ensured that the affective labor of service work was a site of contradiction and contestation with white middle class women consumers. Class difference could therefore be contained within the semiotics of white nationhood through the site of consumption and retailing.
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Maxwell, Catherine, and Arlene Young. "Culture, Class and Gender in the Victorian Novel: Gentlemen, Gents and Working Women." Modern Language Review 95, no. 4 (October 2000): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3736642.
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Maxwell, Catherine, and Arlene Young. "Culture, Class and Gender in the Victorian Novel: Gentlemen, Gents and Working Women." Modern Language Review 96, no. 2 (April 2001): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3737369.
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Jackson, Elizabeth. "Gender and social class in India: Muslim perspectives in the fiction of Attia Hosain and Shama Futehally." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 53, no. 1 (May 11, 2016): 124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989416632373.
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This article investigates representations of gender and class inequality in Attia Hosain’s classic novel Sunlight on a Broken Column (1961) and her short story collection Phoenix Fled and Other Stories (1953). It compares her work with that of Shama Futehally, another elite Muslim Indian woman writing in English several decades later. Born 40 years after Attia Hosain, the postcolonial world of Shama Futehally is very different, but the issues she explores in her fiction are remarkably similar: social and economic inequality, exploitation of the poor, and the ambiguous position of women privileged by their social class and disempowered by their gender. Both authors write carefully crafted realist fiction focusing predominantly on the experiences and perspectives of female characters. Shama Futehally’s novel Tara Lane (1993), like Attia Hosain’s Sunlight on a Broken Column, is a coming-of-age novel whose protagonist is a young Muslim woman in an affluent family, coming to terms with the uneasy combination of class privilege, gender disadvantage, and a strong social conscience. Both authors explore the perspectives of working-class Indian women in their short stories, emphasizing their vulnerability to exploitation (including sexual exploitation), as well as the deeply problematic nature of “noblesse oblige”. Aware of the interconnections between gender and class inequality, Attia Hosain and Shama Futehally have written powerful fictional works which effectively dramatize not only the complex relationship between gender and social class hierarchies, but also the ways in which all privilege is predicated on inequality.
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French, John D., and Mary Lynn Pedersen. "Women and Working-Class Mobilization in Postwar São Paulo, 1945–1948." Latin American Research Review 24, no. 3 (1989): 99–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100023013.
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It has often been observed that “Where power is, women are not.” Noting women's virtual absence from the realm of conventional politics, Jane Jaquette urged scholars in 1980 to look beyond elections in studying female political participation in Latin America. Arguing for an “expanded notion of the political,” she called for research on female participation within different social classes, especially their role in “informal networks, … clientele linkages, … strike activities, urban land seizures and barrio politics”. This article employs a community study method to investigate women's grass-roots participation in politics and labor mobilization following World War II in the region of greater São Paulo known as ABC (named after the municipios of Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, and São Caetano).
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Rosenfeld, Mark. "“It was a Hard Life”:Class and Gender in the Work and Family Rhythms of a Railway Town, 1920‑1950." Historical Papers 23, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 237–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030988ar.
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Abstract Most social histories of the working class have focussed on women's or men's experience alone. However, while studies of working-class women have often been sensitive to the way in which class and gender relationships are constructed and reconstructed simultaneously, histories of working-class men have been largely gender-blind. In an attempt to provide a more comprehensive understanding of gender-based divisions in the working-class experience this study examines the relationship between male and female work worlds in the railway ward of Barrie, Ontario between 1920 and 1950. Based primarily on oral history, this paper argues that the class and gender conditions and relations of the period set limits to what was available and possible for the men and women of the railway ward. In most families, husbands were breadwinners and wives were full-time homemakers. This pattern was the response of railroad families to the constraints created by the gender division of wage work, railway labour rhythms, the prevailing conditions of reproductive labour, and the ideology of patriarchy. None the less, railroaders and their wives also made choices within the limitations of their lives. These choices had different implications for the men and women of the community. The strategies men and women adopted for survival and well-being also began to change over the period, both altering as well as being changed by the constraints they faced. As conditions changed, concepts of masculinity and femininity which informed their strategies began to shift — but not dramatically. The experience of the railway community revealed that the construction of gender identities was a complex and contradictory process. Indeed, the historical literature on the social construction of gender has really only began to grapple with the many dimensions which comprised that process.
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McEvoy, William. "“Tangled Passions”: Realism and Lyricism in the Plays of Peter Gill." Modern Drama 64, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 442–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/md.64-4-1017.
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This article argues that the work of Welsh theatre director and playwright Peter Gill occupies a unique place in post-1960s’ British playwriting. It explores Gill’s plays as – using theatre critic Susannah Clapp’s phrase – the “missing link” between kitchen-sink realism and more self-consciously poetic forms of theatre text. Gill’s plays make an important contribution to the history of working-class representation in UK theatre for three main reasons: first, the centrality he gives to Wales, Welsh working-class characters, and the city of Cardiff; second, his emphasis on the experience of women, especially mothers; and third, his focus on young male characters expressing and exploring the complexities of same-sex desire. The plays make advances in terms of realist dialogue and structure while also experimenting with layout, repetition, fragmentation, poetic description, and monologue narration. Gill’s work realistically documents the impact of poverty, cramped housing conditions, and social deprivation on his characters as part of a political project to show the lives of Welsh working-class people on stage. While doing so, Gill innovates in his handling of time, perspective, viewpoint, and genre. His plays occupy a distinctive place in the history of British, working-class, gay theatre, helping us to rethink what each of these three key terms means.
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Sohn, Katherine Kelleher. "Whistlin’ and Crowin’ Women of Appalachia: Literacy Practices since College." College Composition & Communication 54, no. 3 (February 1, 2003): 423–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ccc20031490.
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This article represents stories of eight former composition students, Appalachian working class women, who move from silence in the academy to voice in their communities to a more self–confident identity without destroying the community from which they came. The author argues that compositionists need to consider the two–edged nature of literacy; how literacy serves first generation, nontraditional learners; the intergenerational effects of literacy; the importance of expressivist writing as a transition into academic literacy; and the importance of region and class in multicultural conversations.
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McNICOL, EMMA. "The Significance of Socialism in Simone de Beauvoir’s Le Deuxième Sexe." Australian Journal of French Studies: Volume 59, Issue 3 59, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ajfs.2022.20.
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This article argues that overlooked socialist dimensions of Simone de Beauvoir’s 1949 Le Deuxième Sexe constitute a response to intersectional critiques of the text. While the Anglophone intersectional or diversity critique finds Beauvoir’s analysis in Le Deuxième Sexe to be exclusionary, specifically arguing that Beauvoir’s analysis does not conceive of the experience of women at the site of multiple forms of oppression, this essay contends that these critics overlook key passages in which Beauvoir engages Marx’s work. In these passages, Beauvoir (a) accounts for how class and gender intersect to produce a unique form of degradation for working-class women, (b) argues that women have a limited “class consciousness” and (c) endorses a working-class coalition through which workers come together across gender and racial lines. Ultimately I argue that Beauvoir’s use of Marx in Le Deuxième Sexe challenges analytic frameworks that emphasize identity difference on the basis of gender and race.
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Taylor, Yvette. "The Gap and how to Mind It: Intersections of Class and Sexuality (Research Note)." Sociological Research Online 10, no. 3 (November 2005): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1120.
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This research note is grounded in the findings of my PhD thesis ‘Working-class lesbians: classed in a classless climate’ (2004), which examines the significance of class and sexuality in the lives of women who self-identify themselves as working-class and lesbian, who are necessarily, unavoidably, painfully and pleasurably, living out the intersection of class and sexuality. I aim to offer an oversight of the project, taking account of the material and subjective inputs into working-class lesbian identity. Drawing on data collected from a series of interviews I will highlight the interconnections between class and sexuality and the role they play in relation to identities and experiences. By drawing on and critically evaluating previous work in the field and related fields I will illustrate the various ways in which working-class lesbians may be seen to constitute a gap in the literature. Hoping to address this gap and this invisibility, I will examine the ways in which class and sexuality are negotiated and represented by my interviewees. I contrast lived experience with notions of a ‘queer identity’ and the material constraints imposed upon the normative expression of identity.
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Borda, Jennifer L. "Working-class Women, Protofeminist Performance, and Resistant Ruptures in the Movie MusicalThe Pajama Game." Text and Performance Quarterly 30, no. 3 (July 2010): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10462937.2010.483287.
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Hirsch, Nicole Arlette, and Anthony Abraham Jack. "WHAT WE FACE." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 9, no. 1 (2012): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x12000185.
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AbstractWhile many sociological studies analyze the causes, conditions, and mechanisms perpetuating American racial inequality, the literature on how African Americans understand and explain these inequalities is less developed. Drawing on 150 interviews with middle-class and working-class African American men and women, this paper analyzes inductively how respondents define and conceptualize the most pressing obstacles facing their group when probed on this question. We find that middle- and working-class respondents alike identify the problem of racism as the most salient obstacle facing African Americans. Class differences appear with respect to what other obstacles are singled out as salient: while middle-class respondents focus on lack of racial solidarity among Blacks and economic problems (in this order), working-class respondents are more concerned with the fragility of the Black family followed by the lack of racial solidarity. This analysis discusses the relevance of considering how groups make sense of obstacles, and of racism and discrimination in particular, for the study of destigmatization and antiracist strategies of stigmatized minorities.
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Connolly, Mary. "Cultural Identity and Gender in Northern Ireland : A Space for Soaps ?" Res Publica 39, no. 2 (June 30, 1997): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v39i2.18594.
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As a fan of EastEnders the purpose of the author's dissertation was to examine current thinking on Gender and Cultural Identity in Northern Ireland through a literature review and some small scal/e research into the viewing of the soap opera.The author explored the issues with a group of eighteen Protestant and Catholic women. There were few significant differences in usage across age, class and cultural background. All of the women were capable of resistive readings as well as deep involvement and there was a spread of opinion about some of the more controversial issues dealt with. Attitudes to identity were more complex than often seems apparent in a simplistic reference to 'Two Communities'.The clearest division carne on the issue of the feasibility of a local soap opera. Middle class women rejected this idea whilst the working class women welcomed it as an opportunity to explore contentious issues through afamiliar medium which has a particular relevance to women.
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Nelson, Dana D. "Unconventional Politics: Nineteenth-Century Women Writers and U.S. Indian PolicyArchives of Labor: Working-Class Women and Literary Culture in the Antebellum United States." American Literature 92, no. 4 (October 6, 2020): 809–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-8781031.
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Greer, Jane. "No Smiling Madonna: Marian Wharton and the Struggle to Construct a Critical Pedagogy for the Working Class, 1914–1917." College Composition & Communication 51, no. 2 (December 1, 1999): 248–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ccc19991375.
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This article examines the work of Marian Wharton, a socialist and feminist who helped shape the English curriculum at the People’s College in Fort Scott, Kansas, from 1914 to 1917. While other historical projects on writing instruction have focused on women working at or in alliance with elite eastern colleges, Wharton operated outside the traditional academy at a site where the empowerment of the working class was the explicit goal of writing and language instruction. By exploring tensions in Wharton’s work, I hope to develop a rich, historically-situated conception of how the rhetorical activities of women and other marginalized people are a complex interweaving of alliance and antagonism, of free choice and restricted options, of accomplishment and failure.
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Namita S Malik, Smita Gupta ,. "Prioritising Or Postponing?” Thematic Analysis Of Reproductive And Motherhood Choices Among Educated Indian Married Women." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 5784–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.3006.
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This paper attempts to understand and explains the intersection of reproductive and motherhood choices among educated working and non-working married women in India. The choices women pick in realm of sociological, cultural and religious controls have been largely silenced in literature.
This phenomenological study looks into lives of 20 married educated Indian women and their reproductive and motherhood choices. With the help of semi-structured questionnaire, 20 women, predominantly educated middle class women, have been interviewed. A thematic analysis using a grounded approach has been used to analyse the qualitative data obtained from these 20 women. Two dominant themes emerged in the systematic qualitative review. Among educated working women, voices of career goals, self-accomplishments, and career promotions were the major theme manifested while exercising their reproduction choice. On the other hand, theme emerged among educated non-working mothers were enhancement in social influence, stability and social pressure. Study revealed the stress and social tensions embedded in exercising reproductive choice con-joined with family influences, economic priorities, career and biological clock urge.
The study further describes how increase in technological advancements and modernism has not affected largely sphere of women reproductive choices and changed social perception of motherhood; rather complicated dilemmas for her.
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Renker, Elizabeth. "Review: Archives of Labor: Working-Class Women and Literary Culture in the Antebellum United States by Lori Merish." Nineteenth-Century Literature 73, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2018.73.2.278.
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Uyheng, Joshua, Juleini Vivien Nicdao, Caroline Leanne Carmona, and Nico A. Canoy. "Intersectional discourses of reproductive agency in the Philippines: A mixed methods analysis of classed constructions of pregnancy resolution." Feminism & Psychology 30, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 445–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353520915829.
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Women negotiate gendered discourses of reproductive agency in resolving unplanned pregnancies. Invoking an intersectional lens, this paper examines how these discursive dynamics differentiate across social class in the Global South context of the Philippines. Utilizing a novel mixed methods strategy, we triangulate quantitative findings from a Q sort task and qualitative accounts of pregnancy resolution to identify classed discourses of reproductive agency as (a) reclaiming maternal virtue and (b) asserting autonomous choice. Statistical analysis reveals significant discursive divergence across class, wherein working-class women primarily adopt maternal virtue discourses while middle-class women disproportionately subscribe to autonomous choice. Interpretative analysis of women’s accounts complicates this bifurcated characterization by surfacing the diverse ways by which women negotiate both discourses in narratives of abortion and carrying to term. We discuss our contributions to the literature in terms of multilevel theoretical engagement with classed complexity in gendered issues like reproductive agency as well as innovating mixed methods in intersectional research. We conclude with reflections on advancing reproductive justice, especially in Global South societies like the Philippines.
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Giner, Elisenda, Laura Ruiz, Ma ÁNgeles Serrano, and Rosa Valls. "Free Women's Contributions to Working-Class Women's Sexual Education during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and Beyond." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 118, no. 4 (April 2016): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811611800401.
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Background/Context Women's sexuality, and the ways they experience it, has been a major topic in feminist theories and movements throughout history. For the more than 20,000 working-class women who participated in the Free Women movement in Spain (the libertarian women's movement, which started in 1936), women's sexuality was also a key topic in both their process of empowerment and their claims and activities. Purpose The objective of this article is twofold. First, it explores the ways in which the Free Women movement helped improve the personal lives of women in that period. Second, this article analyzes how the libertarian women's movement contributed to the sexual education and encouraged other women to have sexual and affective relationships free of violence. Research Design The article is constructed based on the life stories of two women who participated in the Free Women's movement. Our analysis also draws from an in-depth review of literature on the libertarian movement and sexual education as well as of historical documents about the libertarian movement of that time. Findings/Results Our data reveal that thousands of women experienced personal transformations through their involvement in the libertarian movement, a social revolution that affected the entire society. Reflections on free love, the eradication of prostitution, and the promotion of “conscious motherhood” were leading ideas in both the educational activities that Free Women organized for working-class women and in the activists’ own personal lives. These women's ideas on sexuality contributed to the creation of a society with more egalitarian and free relationships based on mutual support, solidarity, and collective and community-based action. This article shows how the Free Women were historically independent agents whose multiple achievements and transformations have been largely ignored. Conclusions/Recommendations The article concludes by discussing how the main features of the Free Women's libertarian women's movement are present in the preventive socialization of gender violence that is currently being developed in some educational projects in Spain. In particular, the Free Women's contributions help students construct relationships free of violence.
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Mullen, Bill V. "Archives of Labor: Working-Class Women and Literary Culture in the Antebellum United States by Lori Merish." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 37, no. 2 (2018): 455–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tsw.2018.0039.
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Taylor, Yvette. "‘Negotiation and Navigation - an Exploration of the Spaces/Places of Working-class Lesbians’." Sociological Research Online 9, no. 1 (February 2004): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.887.
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This article draws upon my research on working-class lesbians, which explores the relationship between class, sexuality and social exclusion. Research participants were drawn mainly from Scotland (Glasgow, Edinburgh and the Highlands), with smaller samples in Yorkshire and Manchester; in total fifty-three women took part, most being interviewed individually, others as part of three focus groups, and a couple in ‘paired’ interviews. The significance of sexuality and class position is highlighted across various social sites from family background and schooling to work experiences and leisure activities. The women's own identifications, understandings and vivid descriptions point to the continued salience of class as a factor in shaping life experiences. This article focuses primarily on the women's ‘sense of place’ and their relations to the often devalued territories that they inhabit. The relationship between sexual identity and class has received little academic attention - here the ‘gaps’ in the literature pertaining to ‘lesbian and gay’ space, and to (de-sexualised) class space, will be identified. By including empirical data I offer a picture of the ways in which classed spaces is sexualised and sexualised space is classed and suggest that space is constitutive of identity in terms of where it places people, both materially and emotionally.
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Lampert, Sara E. "“The Presence of Improper Females” Reforming Theater in Boston and Providence, 1820s–1840s." New England Quarterly 94, no. 3 (September 2021): 394–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00903.
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Abstract This article examples the class and gender politics of theater reform in Boston, MA and Providence, RI of the 1820s-1840s focused on the third tier and sex work or prostitution in theaters. Both regulatory campaigns and Christian or moral reform mobilized constructions of the prostitute as predator while encouraging new policing of working women.
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Early, Julie English. "Culture, Class and Gender in the Victorian Novel: Gentlemen, Gents and Working Women (review)." Victorian Studies 44, no. 2 (2002): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vic.2002.0012.
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Firstova, Maria Yu. "Elizabeth Gaskell’s Novels and the Issues of Women’s Education in Victorian England." World Literature in the Context of Culture, no. 17 (2023): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2304-909x-2023-17-104-114.
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The article examines E. Gaskell's artistic study of the problems of female education and the work of middle- and working-class women outside home in the Victorian period in the novels Cranford (1853), Ruth (1853), North and South (1853) and Wives and Daughters (1865). The analysis has revealed that the author’s depiction of the shortcomings of the existing system of women’s education in Britain is based on the principles of social realism. The main negative feature of education for women, according to Gaskell, is its unsystematic nature, which prevents women from developing their talents and abilities, as well as getting a job outside home. There is no detailed image of a governess or a female teacher in the writer’s works. This peculiarity of her novels can be interpreted as a deliberate lack of attention to this profession, common among female representatives of the middle class, either as a result of its unattractiveness for the author, or because of the full development of the topic by her contemporaries in the English literature. Within the frames of the social novel, Gaskell also turns to a critical analysis of vocational education for working-class women, pointing out the exploitation of heroines hidden behind the mask of apprenticeship. The images of male teachers created by the author, for whom professional activity becomes an opportunity for self-realization, are also of interest.
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Rawson, David John. "The Representation of Indonesian Migrant Workers in Contemporary Indonesian Literature." Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities 2 (2019): 00004. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/digitalpress.42255.
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Indonesia has a large number of overseas workers varying from professional workers to the unskilled, legal and illegal who take up work across the globe. In the public consciousness this group is characterized as taking considerable risk but can gain considerable financial reward. This paper will examine the theme of Indonesian migrant workers’ risks and rewards and a sense of belonging as represented in contemporary Indonesian short stories from 1992 to 2015. The paper draws upon the theory of narratology to analyze the representation of Indonesian migrant workers in six Indonesian short stories, three from the New Order Period and three from the Reformation era period. The stories themselves have been published in newspapers, magazines and anthologies. The sample has been chosen to represent a range of migrant worker experiences both in Indonesia and abroad, male and female, and skilled and unskilled. The paper finds that the representations of migrant worker’s sense of belonging is particular marked by gender and class differences. Women are depicted over the two periods as the victims of a patriarchal ideology and unregulated capitalism which leads to exploitation, abuse and alienation of working-class women. While the representation of migrant worker experiences is largely similar there are changes over the two periods in terms of contesting the ideologies of patriarchy and New Order developmentalism.
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Stetz, Margaret Diane. "The Bi-Social Oscar Wilde and "Modern" Women." Nineteenth-Century Literature 55, no. 4 (March 1, 2001): 515–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2001.55.4.515.
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Oscar Wilde was important not only to late-Victorian men but to women as well, especially to those middle-class professional women and feminists who defined themselves as "modern." As an editor, advisor, and advancer of women's careers, Wilde demonstrated that he had learned well the lessons taught by his mother, a working author. His ability to move between the homosocial masculine world and the world of women made him almost uniquely "bi-social." Yet Wilde's concept of friendship - based on a performance-oriented model of high-spot moments and grand gestures, rather than on endurance and dependability - also offended some women writers of his circle and provoked them to create satirical portraits of him. By looking to the now little-known works by "modern" women of the 1890s, we can get a new and more complete view both of Wilde himself and of his relation to the development of feminism at the fin de sièècle.
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Burton, Vicki Tolar. "John Wesley and the Liberty to Speak: The Rhetorical and Literacy Practices of Early Methodism." College Composition & Communication 53, no. 1 (September 1, 2001): 33–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ccc20011442.
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In early Methodism John Wesley created an extracurricular site of literacy and rhetoric that empowered women and the working classes to read, write, and speak in public. Wesley’s “method” of literacy in community not only transformed religious life in Britain but also redefined the intersections of education, class, and gender.
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Wilson, Leslie Kreiner. "June Mathis: The master class." Journal of Screenwriting 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/josc_00081_1.
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This article examines June Mathis’s skill as a screenwriter with two case studies: adaptations of Vicente Blasco Ibáñez’s Blood and Sand and The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. In addition to her skill in collaboration, adaptation, constructing compelling melodrama and progressive casting, Mathis also excelled at several screenwriting techniques. Indeed, an analysis of these two scripts ‐ against the novels from which they were adapted ‐ offers a kind of master class in the art of constructing a compelling universal theme that appeals to a mass audience in popular culture; introducing the protagonist in an intriguing manner that communicates with the audience via subtext; selecting an appropriate point of attack to launch the story; creating a likable hero with a satisfying arc; streamlining the plot; and constructing an emotionally impactful closing image that underscores the theme. In both films, Mathis used these techniques to craft a powerful polemic against violence in all its forms. Thus, she did indeed consider social change on a global scale contrary to the criticism that has been levelled against her and other women writers working in early Hollywood.
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MacGregor-Mendoza, Patricia. "La palabra enseña, pero el ejemplo arrastra." Spanish in Context 12, no. 3 (December 31, 2015): 327–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.12.3.01mac.
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Although previous research has focused on working class immigrants, currently, one out of every nine immigrants from Mexico derives from its university-educated class of individuals, known as profesionistas. Profesionistas’ enhanced cultural capital allows for greater mobility in terms of housing, travel and personal contacts beyond U.S. Spanish-speaking communities as compared to traditional working class immigrants from Mexico. Nonetheless, these same conditions are ripe to promote a shift to English for their families. The present study examines the values held by women profesionistas regarding Spanish and English and their use of both languages within their households. The findings reveal that, in contrast to previous studies of Spanish-speaking communities, Spanish is held in equal esteem with English and profesionista informants aspire for their children to cultivate equally strong skills in both languages and make efforts to guide their children’s development of Spanish.
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Boos, Florence. "“Ne’er Were Heroines More Strong, More Brave”: Victorian Factory Women Writers and the Role of the Working-Class Poet." Women's Writing 27, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 428–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09699082.2020.1775765.
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Muntaner, Carles, John W. Lynch, Marianne Hillemeier, Ju Hee Lee, Richard David, Joan Benach, and Carme Borrell. "Economic Inequality, Working-Class Power, Social Capital, and Cause-Specific Mortality in Wealthy Countries." International Journal of Health Services 32, no. 4 (October 2002): 629–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/n7a9-5x58-0dyt-c6ay.
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This study tests two propositions from Navarro's critique of the social capital literature: that social capital's importance has been exaggerated and that class-related political factors, absent from social epidemiology and public health, might be key determinants of population health. The authors estimate cross-sectional associations between economic inequality, working-class power, and social capital and life expectancy, self-rated health, low birth weight, and age- and cause-specific mortality in 16 wealthy countries. Of all the health outcomes, the five variables related to birth and infant survival and nonintentional injuries had the most consistent association with economic inequality and working-class power (in particular with strength of the welfare state) and, less so, with social capital indicators. Rates of low birth weight and infant deaths from all causes were lower in countries with more “left” (e.g., socialist, social democratic, labor) votes, more left members of parliament, more years of social democratic government, more women in government, and various indicators of strength of the welfare state, as well as low economic inequality, as measured in a variety of ways. Similar associations were observed for injury mortality, underscoring the crucial role of unions and labor parties in promoting workplace safety. Overall, social capital shows weaker associations with population health indicators than do economic inequality and working-class power. The popularity of social capital and exclusion of class-related political and welfare state indicators does not seem to be justified on empirical grounds.
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Barker, John. "Drudges, Shrews, and Unfit Mothers." Social Sciences and Missions 31, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2018): 7–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-03101008.
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Abstract Among the first Europeans to encounter and settle on the southeastern coast of New Guinea, members of the London Missionary Society contributed a large corpus of publications concerning indigenous peoples from the mid-1870s until the rise of professional anthropology in the 1920s. While these works focus mainly on the activities and concerns of men, women provide a key index of “civilization” relative to the working British middle class from which most missionaries came. This essay provides a survey of the portrayal of women in this literature over three partly overlapping periods, demonstrating a shift from racialist to moral discourses on the status of Papuan women – a shift that reflects transitions in both missionary and anthropological assumptions during this period.
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Au, Wee Chan, Uracha Chatrakul Na Ayudhya, Yan Soon Tan, and Pervaiz K. Ahmed. "The work-life experiences of an invisible workforce." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 39, no. 5 (December 11, 2019): 567–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-02-2019-0059.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the work-life (WL) experiences of live-in women migrant domestic workers (MDWs), who represent a significant proportion of migrant workers globally. MDWs play a key role in enabling the work-life balance (WLB) of others, namely the middle-class households that employ them. Yet, their experiences have largely been invisible in mainstream WL literature. The authors draw on an intersectional approach to frame the WL experiences of this marginalized group of women at the intersection of being secondary labour segment workers, with significant legal and employment restrictions as migrant workers, who work and live in the same place as their employers. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative interviews were conducted with 13 women MDWs from Indonesia and the Philippines working in Malaysia. The women talked about the meaning of work as MDWs, how they maintain familial connections whilst working abroad, and how they negotiate their WLB as live-in workers. Thematic analysis of the interviews focused on the intersection of the women’s multiple dimensions of disadvantage, including gender, class and temporary migrant-foreigner status, in shaping their accounts of the WL interface. Findings Three thematic narratives highlight that any semblance of WLB in the MDWs’ lived experience has given way to the needs of their employers and to the imperative to earn an income for their families back home. The themes are: working as MDWs enables the women and their families back home to have a life; the co-existence of WL boundary segmentation and integration in relation to “real” and “temporary” families; and the notion of WLB being centred around the women’s ability to fulfil their multiple duties as MDWs and absent mothers/sisters/daughters. Research limitations/implications The study is based on a small sample of live-in women MDWs in Malaysia, intended to promote typically excluded voices and not to provide generalizable findings. Accessing potential participants was a considerable challenge, given the vulnerable positions of women MDWs and the invisible nature of their work. Practical implications Future research should adopt a multi-stakeholder approach to studying the WL experiences of women MDWs. In particular, links with non-governmental organizations who work directly with women MDWs should be established as a way of improving future participant access. Social implications The study underscores the existence of policies and regulations that tolerate and uphold social inequalities that benefit primary labour segment workers to the detriment of secondary labour segment workers, including women MDWs. Originality/value Extant WL literature is dominated by the experiences of “the ideal work-life balancers”, who tend to be white middle-class women, engaged in professional work. This study offers original contribution by giving voice to a taken-for-granted group of women migrant workers who make other people’s WLB possible. Moreover, the study challenges WL research by underscoring the power inequities that shape the participants’ marginal and disadvantaged lived experience of work, life, family and WLB.