Dissertations / Theses: 'Workplace equity and accessibility'

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Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes. "Distributive justice and transportation equity : inequality in accessibility in Rio de Janeiro." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3552ca9f-25c0-4d2f-acdd-0649de911afc.

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Public transport policies play a key role in shaping the social and spatial structure of cities. These policies influence how easily people can access opportunities, including health and educational services and job positions. The accessibility impacts of transport policies thus have important implications for social inequalities and for the promotion of just and inclusive cities. However, in the transportation literature, there is still little theoretically informed understanding of justice and what it means in the context of transport policies. Moreover, few studies have moved beyond descriptive analyses of accessibility inequalities to evaluate how much those inequalities result from transport policies themselves. This is particularly true in cities from the global South, where accessibility and equity have so far remained marginal concerns in the policy realm. This thesis builds on theories of distributive justice and examines how they can guide the evaluation of transport policies and plans. It points to pathways for rigorous assessment of the accessibility impacts of transport policies and it contributes to current discussions on transportation equity. A justice framework is developed to assess the distributional effects of transport policies. This framework is then applied to evaluate recent transport policies developed in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in preparation to host sports mega-events, such as the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games, which included substantial expansion of the rail and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) infrastructure. This research presents ex-post analyses of the policies implemented between 2014 and 2017 and ex-ante analysis of an as yet unfinished BRT project. It evaluates how the planned transport legacy of those mega-events impacted accessibility to sports venues, healthcare facilities, public schools and job opportunities for different income groups. The results show that there were overall accessibility benefits from the expansion in transport infrastructure between 2014 and 2017, but these were generally offset by the reduction in bus service levels that followed an economic crisis that hit the city after the Olympics. Quasi-counterfactual analysis suggests that, even if the city had not been hit by the economic crisis, recent transport investments related to mega-events would have led to higher accessibility gains for wealthier groups and increased inequalities in access to opportunities. Results suggest that those investments had, or would have had, greater impact on inequalities of access to jobs than in access to schools and healthcare facilities. The evaluation of the future accessibility impacts of the unfinished BRT corridor, nonetheless, indicates that such project could significantly improve access to job opportunities for a large share of Rio's population, particularly lower-income groups. Spatial analysis techniques show that the magnitude and statistical significance of these results depend on the spatial scale and travel time threshold selected for cumulative opportunity accessibility analysis. These results demonstrate that the ad-hoc methodological choices of accessibility analysis commonly used in the academic and policy literature can change the conclusions of equity assessments of transportation projects.

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Besler, Erica L. "Measuring locational equity and accessibility of neighborhood parks in Kansas City, Missouri." Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8720.

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Master of Regional and Community Planning
Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Jason Brody
Recent research has focused on assessing equity with regards to location of public services and the population served. Instead of equality, equity involves providing services in proportion to need, rather than equal access for everyone. This study uses three commonly identified measures of accessibility (minimum distance, travel cost, and gravity potential) to assess how equitable higher-need residential populations of Kansas City, MO are served by neighborhood parks. Using Census 2000, socio-economic block group data, areas with high population concentrations of African-American and Hispanic populations, as well as areas of high density and low income are characterized as having the most need. However, correlations of higher-need populations with the accessibility measures reveal patterns of equity within the Kansas City. MO study area. Results indicated that while most of the high need population was adequately and equitably served by neighborhood parks, there were still block groups that did not have access to this type of public resource. This research follows methods proposed in previous studies that utilize the spatial mapping and analysis capabilities of ArcGIS and promote the use of these tools for city planners and future park development and decisions.

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Jordan, Rachel. "Transit Access Equity in Richmond, VA." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5772.

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The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the extent of public transit access equity issues in Richmond, VA. The City of Richmond has an established public transportation network system, and the thesis explores the level of access for urban residents to use existing public transportation services. Technologies and programs have begun to emerge across the United States to help solve transit accessibility challenges. The thesis assesses the level of transit access equity that exists in Richmond and introduces technologies and services that could help improve accessibility and equity. The thesis uses a mixed methods approach that will consist of accessibility and equity measures, Geographic Information System (GIS), and key informant interviews.

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Luthanen, Amy L. "Perfectionism in the Workplace and the Distributional Justice Principle of Equity." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1534431126115665.

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Jeddi, Yeganeh Armin. "An Equity Analysis of the U.S. Public Transportation System Based on Job Accessibility." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84512.

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Background: Access to quality public transportation is critical for employment, especially for low-income and minority populations. This research contributes to previous work on equity analysis of the U.S. public transportation system by covering the 45 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and their counties. Objective: This study analyzes job accessibility of transit commuters in the 45 largest MSAs to assess the existing differences in accessibility between Census-defined socioeconomic status (SES) categories. Method: 2014 Census demographic data were matched to a previously published 2014 dataset of transit job accessibility at the Census Block Group level. Transit equality and justice analyses were performed based on population-weighted mean job accessibility and SES variables. Results: The findings suggest that within individual MSAs, the low-income populations and people of color have the highest transit job accessibility. However, in certain MSAs with high job accessibility, such as New York, Washington, D.C., Chicago, and Houston, there is a significantly disproportionate access to public transportation based on income. Variables such as income, and the use of personal vehicle, are found to have a statistically significant negative impact on job accessibility in almost all MSAs. The percentage of White workers has a significant impact on job accessibility in upper-mid-density MSAs and high-density MSAs. The percentage of the population with limited English speaking ability is not a significant determinant of job accessibility except in lower-mid-density MSAs. Disparities by income are greater than disparities by race. Racial disparities increase by MSA size and density controlling for income. The findings suggest that planning for public transportation should take into account risks, benefits, and other equally important aspects of public transportation such as frequency, connectivity, and quality of service.
Master of Urban and Regional Planning
In recent years, there has been a shift in focus from encouraging mobility to encouraging accessibility, along with the provision of more sustainable travel options (e.g., walking, cycling, public transport). Access to quality public transportation is critical for employment, especially for low-income and minority populations. This research contributes to previous work on equity analysis of the U.S. public transportation system by covering the 45 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and their counties. This study analyzes job accessibility of transit commuters to assess the existing differences in accessibility in terms of income, race, ability to speak English, etc. Transit equality and justice analyses were performed based on population-weighted mean job accessibility and SES variables. The findings suggest that within individual MSAs, the low-income populations and people of color have the highest transit job accessibility. However, in certain MSAs with high job accessibility, such as New York, Washington, D.C., Chicago, and Houston, there is a significantly disproportionate access to public transportation based on income. Variables such as income, and the use of personal vehicle, are found to have a statistically significant negative impact on job accessibility in almost all MSAs. The percentage of White workers has a significant impact on job accessibility in upper-mid-density MSAs and high-density MSAs. The percentage of the population with limited English speaking ability is not a significant determinant of job accessibility except in lower-mid-density MSAs. The findings suggest that planning for public transportation should take into account risks, benefits, and other equally important aspects of public transportation such as frequency, connectivity, and quality of service.

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Schwellnus, Teresa. "The nature, consequences and practical implementation of regulating equity in the workplace." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51999.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Growth, Employment and Redistribution strategy (GEAR) has not been successful in bringing about growth in the South African economy as planned. The biggest failure of GEAR has however been the fact that employment levels have continued to drop since its implementation. Unemployment levels, as well as the scales and levels of employment are furthermore still dramatically skewed in favour of the previously advantaged, namely white men. That group, is however, still the most highly skilled in our economy. AIDS may furthermore have a dramatic impact on the labour force in South Africa. Studies show that the reduction of inequality in society is a way of promoting economic growth. The upgrading of skills, improving access to jobs, occupations, training and promotion opportunities advance all members of the workforce and makes it possible for them to achieve maximum productivity and efficiency. On a wider scale, the elimination of discrimination raises economic efficiency throughout the economy by ensuring a more rational allocation of labour resources. By increasing the pool of skilled and qualified employees and improving labour market mobility, economic efficiency is enhanced. Given this, it seems that a move to employment equity is the only manner in which the ailing South African economy can be addressed. The legislative framework to serve as the foundation for equity in the workplace is complete. Through the application of the Labour Relations Act (No 66 of 1995) (LRA) and the Basic Conditions Employment Act (BCEA) equitable collective bargaining processes and equitable treatment of employees can be obtained. The Employment Equity Act (No 55 of 1998) not only prohibits discrimination, but actually set up a framework within which affirmative action can take place. The process of transforming the profile of the labour force will, however, not be complete (or successful) if it is not accompanied by a programme to change the skills structure within South Africa. The Skills Development Act (No 97 of 1998) aims to distribute the necessary skills to previously disadvantaged groups in order to empower them to hold jobs at higher levels. If used correctly, this legislative framework will not only transform South African workplaces, but will also bring about much needed societal change. The transformation process at UPE, resulting in the Employment Equity Plan as well as the Policy on the Promotion of Equality, Diversity and Elimination of Unfair Discrimination has been transparent and inclusive in nature. The process and the resulting documents can serve as basis for other tertiary institutions to bring about the required change. Given the solid research and consultation that went into formulating the plan and policy, it is to be hoped that this plan will be consistently implemented and the success constantly monitored.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: GEAR was nie so suksesvol as wat verwag is om groter groei vir die Suid- Afrikaanse ekonomie mee te bring nie. Die grootste mislukking van GEAR was egter die feit dat werkloosheid steeds toeneem. Werkloosheidvlakke, sowel as die verdiensteskale en die vlakke van diensverrigting in Suid-Afrika is verder ook dramaties oneweredig ten gunste van blanke mans. Hierdie groep is egter steeds die groep met die beste vaardighede in Suid-Afrika. Vigs mag ook nog verder 'n dramatiese impak op die Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsmag hê. Navorsing vertoon dat die vermindering van ongelykheid binne die gemeenskap ekonomiese groei kan meebring. Dit is omdat beter opleiding en verbeterde toegang tot werksgeleenthede, opleiding en bevordering al die werknemers begunstig en sodoende dit moontlik maak vir hulle om met maksimale produktiwiteit en effektiwiteit hulle dagtaak te verrig. Op 'n breër vlak kan die verwydering van diskriminasie tot verbeterde ekonomiese effektiwiteit in die ekonomie deur 'n meer rasionele verdeling van arbeidsvaardighede lei. Indien 'n groter groep kundiges geskep word kan die ganse ekonomiese groei verbeter word. Om hierdie rede is billike arbeidspraktyke die enigste manier waarop die kwynende Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie herstel kan word. Die wetgewende raamwerk waarbinne billikheid in die arbeidsmag gereguleer word, is voltooi. Deur die toepassing van beide, die Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge (Nr 66 van 1965) en die Wet op Basiese Diensvoorwaardes (Nr 55 van 1998) word billike kollektiewe bedinging en billike hantering van werknemers by die werkplek verseker. Die Wet met betrekking tot Billikheid ten opsigte van Indiensneming verbied nie net diskriminasie nie, maar stel 'n raamwerk daar waarbinne regstellende aksie kan geskied. Die proses van transformasie van die arbeidsmag sal egter nie volledig (of suksesvol) kan wees indien dit nie gepaard gaan met 'n program waardeur die vaardigheidstruktuur in Suid-Afrika verander word nie. Die Vaardighede Ontwikkelingswet (Nr 97 van 1998) poog om die nodige vaardighede aan voorheen agtergeblewe groepe te versprei om hulle sodoende te bemagtig om arbeid op 'n hoër vlak te kan verrig. Indien hierdie wetgewende raamwerk goed gebruik word sal dit nie net organisasies verander nie, maar lei tot 'n verandering binne die breë gemeenskap. Die proses van transformasie by UPE wat gelei het tot die daarstelling van 'n Plan vir Billike Indiensneming sowel as 'n Beleid vir die Bevordering van Gelykheid en Diversifikasie en die Verwydering van Onbillike Diskriminasie was deursigtig en inklusief van aard. Die proses en die beleid kan as basis dien vir ander tersiêre instellings om die nodige verandering mee te bring. Gegewe die navorsing en konsultasie waarmee die daarstelling van die plan en beleidsdokument gepaard gegaan het, sal die plan hopelik konsekwent toegepas en die sukses daarvan deurlopend geëvalueer word.

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Kain, Jason Matthew. "The Relationship between workplace incivility and strain: Equity sensitivity as a moderator." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1209998458.

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Lake, Sharon Marie Rose Killeen. "The accidental feminist: Iowa's breastfeeding firefighter and the national struggle for workplace equity." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5010.

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This dissertation is a social and legal history of one of Iowa's most controversial sex discrimination cases. The study examines the 1979 civil rights complaint of Linda Eaton, Iowa City's first woman firefighter--a white, working-class, single mother who did not consider herself a feminist. Eaton made national news and became the focus of an intense local debate when she was threatened with dismissal for breastfeeding her baby at the fire station. The president of La Leche League spoke out on her behalf, while the local chapter of NOW established a legal defense fund and spearheaded a year-long campaign of support. Mining the personal documents of community members, and using oral history interviews, manuscript collections, and legal documents, this study elevates the importance of grassroots action by demonstrating that local women's sex discrimination complaints and lawsuits were central to the dramatic transformation of workplace policies that began across the U.S. during the 1970s. This study foregrounds the relationship of Eaton's case to Iowa City's vibrant 1970s feminist community, and to national politics. The controversy over Iowa's breastfeeding firefighter reflected and contributed to national struggles over the meaning of gender equality, particularly the complex debates about affirmative action and the Equal Rights Amendment. Because she drew support from both the feminists of NOW and the maternalists of LLL, Eaton's case highlights the problematic intersection of paid and domestic labor in women's lives, especially those of working-class women. Eaton's case critiques the masculine ideal worker standard and makes a bid for working conditions that accommodate women's biosocial role in reproductive labor. This project draws upon previously unavailable records to offer an historical account of the first career women firefighters in the U.S. that identifies the resistance these women met as they encountered the masculine culture of firefighting in the 1970s. It highlights both the strengths and weaknesses of using law to eliminate sex discrimination in the workplace by constructing a vivid portrait of women's slow and painful struggle for full economic citizenship.

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Peet, James S. "Measuring equity in terms of relative accessibility : an application to Seattle's Duwamish Corridor seaport facilities /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5613.

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Ralepeli, Selebeli Gideon. "Employee perceptions on managing diversity in the workplace / S.G. Ralepeli." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2905.

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Aivinhenyo, Imuentinyan. "Development of context-sensitive accessibility indicators: a GIS-based modelling approach for Cape Town." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31452.

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Adequate public transport infrastructure and services are essential to facilitate access to basic opportunities, such as jobs, healthcare, education, recreation or shopping, especially in low-income cities where the majority of the low-income population have no access to the car. In the context of transport exclusion and urban poverty, access and accessibility metrics can serve as good indicators for the identification of transport-disadvantaged zones or population groups in a city. In Cape Town, accessibility-based planning is being embraced by the authority as a means of addressing the planning defects of the past apartheid regime, which created a city that is spatially fragmented by race and income levels. Among the agenda outlined in its 5-year Integrated Transport Plan of 2013-2018, is the need to develop a highly integrated public transport network in which all households would have equitable access to the public transport system, especially for the majority of the urban poor who reside in the city outskirts far from major economic centres. Although planning efforts are being made to redeem the defects of the past, there is still the need for tools and indicators to understand the current situation, as well as to further aid planning and decision making about land-use and transport. The objective of this research, therefore, is to develop suitable indicators of accessibility, identify possible spatial and socioeconomic drivers of accessibility and evaluate equity in the distribution of accessibility benefits for various population groups in Cape Town. In the study, transport network data of Cape Town are utilised to develop GIS-based indicators of network access and origin accessibility to various opportunities like jobs, healthcare and education, across various modes of travel. An Access Index measures public transport service presence within a zone, based on route and stops availability. The index is used to compare the coverage levels provided by each mode of public transport in the city. Also, an Accessibility Index is proposed, that measures the number of opportunities 'potentially reachable' within a specified 'reasonable’ travel time. A key consideration in measuring accessibility by public transport is the monetary cost of overcoming distance, based on the pricing structure that exists in Cape Town. Equity in accessibility is further evaluated both vertically and horizontally. Vertical equity is evaluated using a proposed Accessibility Loss Index, which analyses the potential implication of affordability and budget restrictions on accessibility, based on the income level of the poor households. GINI type of measures is also proposed to evaluate horizontal equity across the various population groups for various travel modes. To further understand the likely drivers of accessibility, an exploratory OLS regression technique is employed to investigate the relationship between accessibility and a combination of socioeconomic and built environment features of the study area. The study reveals among other things that potential accessibility achievable by car is far higher than that achievable by public transport. The paratransit mode provides the most extensive access coverage, and the highest level of accessibility among all the public transport modes investigated. However, this mode shows to be one of the most expensive options of travel, especially for low-income households who are likely to be restricted by travel monetary budgets. The train turns out to be the most affordable travel option, although the level of accessibility achievable with the train is much lower compared to the paratransit or regular bus. From a vertical equity perspective, the consideration of transport affordability drastically reduces the opportunity space and potential accessibility for the poorest population group compared to the higher income groups. The study further interrogates the distance-based tariff model of public transport services in Cape Town, which it considered to be detrimental to the welfare of poor households, regarding the potential to access essential opportunities. The contribution of this study to the body of research on accessibility is twofold: methodological and contextual. On the methodological dimension, it presents a GIS based approach of modelling accessibility both for the car and for a multimodal public transport system that combines four modes; bus, train, BRT and a minibus taxi (paratransit). It also builds on existing gravity-based potential accessibility measure by incorporating an affordability dimension. The consideration of affordability adds a further layer that enables vertical equity evaluation by judging the potential for destination reachability by the monetary out-of-pocket cost of travel. This approach is considered to be more sensitive to the context of low-income cities like Cape Town, where low-income household’s daily travel decisions are likely to be more guided by monetary cost.

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CHANDRAN, DEEPA. "Transportation inclusion and community wellbeing: exploring public transit accessibility of Winnipeg's North End neighbourhoods." Not applicable, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31978.

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Analyzing public transit accessibility to marginalized communities is critical to exploring the link between transportation inclusion and wellbeing in automobile-centered cultures. This study is an attempt to examine public transit accessibility to Indigenous residents in Winnipeg's North End. Apart from analyzing the current level of transit accessibility, the study explores barriers that hinder the use of public transit in the North End and examines strategies to improving transit accessibility to its residents. This study adopts a holistic approach to understanding 'accessibility' and recognizes the importance of socio-economic, perceptional, and demographic factors in shaping the demand for transit facilities in an area. Findings of the study illustrate the need to include transportation inclusion as an essential component of the urban Indigenous welfare policies in the country. The lessons learned will also provide an initial framework to understand the link between community wellbeing and transportation inclusion of other socio-economically vulnerable communities.
February 2017

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Li, Qian, and 李茜. "Social equity of public facility distribution : an accessibility-based assessment of the urban parks in Shenzhen." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/195120.

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The social implications involved in the planning issues have aroused more attention in recent decades, with the proliferation of theories, studies and empirical researches. The milestone can be cited as the principles of social justice, which put forward new social ethics that is opposite to the traditional utilitarianism theory. The principles from social equity put forward new requirements to the planning. In Chinese cities, the fast pace of economic development after open door policy, at the same time, makes a neglecting of social development, especially in terms of social equity. With the understanding of concepts, this paper constructs an analytical framework for the social equity assessment in the public facility provision, based on the accessibility measurement. And empirical study of urban park planning in study area gives a visualized result through the facilitation of GIS. In addition to the major analysis part, the rethinking of urban parks planning process and mechanism is as well taken in an effort to make the assessment more comprehensive. After the question of whether or not urban parks service is distributed equitably, recommendations for future planning are raised.
published_or_final_version
Urban Planning and Design
Master
Master of Science in Urban Planning

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Brodie, Stefanie R. "Equity considerations for long-range transportation planning and program development." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54344.

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Transportation planning has become increasingly more performance-based over the past several decades. In part due the mandate from the 2012 Federal Surface Transportation Program authorization, Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21), agencies are adopting performance-based policies and programmatic frameworks to integrate the attainment of national goals into the transportation planning and decision making process. As agencies implement performance-driven decision making as a means to achieve national goals, local goals will become subject to the same framework. Although equity is not a national goal, transportation agencies continue to recognize it within their vision and planning goals. However, it is difficult to determine what constitutes equity, and to quantify and measure it. To plan for equitable outcomes in transportation therefore, it is necessary to develop evaluation methods that support the integration of equity in planning processes. The objectives of this research are to develop recommendations for procedures to formally incorporate equity considerations in transportation planning and program evaluation and to propose methodological revisions to existing analytical processes to enable evaluation of cumulative accessibility outcomes. A literature review -- drawing from the theories of equity, Federal regulations for addressing equity in transportation, performance management, and transportation and sustainability -- and practitioner interviews were used to gather information on the common and effective practices for addressing equity in transportation planning at the regional level. This information was an input in the development of a quantitative research approach to explore methodological limitations and planning gaps related to transportation planning for equitable outcomes. These results informed the development of a comprehensive approach to analyze and characterize cumulative impacts (i.e. accessibility) regionally. The approach is used to develop recommendations for regional transportation planning to influence equitable transportation outcomes for the full range of demographic groups over time. The research contributes to the knowledge base and professional practice of transportation planning by putting forward a construction for approaching equity in transportation planning and decision making based on equity theory, developing analytical methods to evaluate transportation investments for equitable outcomes, and offering a set of recommendations for moving transportation planning practices towards transportation planning for equitable outcomes.

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Stiff, Amy Fogle. "Autism Spectrum Disorder: Sensory Needs in the Workplace." TopSCHOLAR®, 2012. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1179.

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There is little to no empirical research for sensory sensitivities of individual with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and coping strategies used in the workplace. Seven students with ASD were interviewed about sensory sensitivities experienced and accommodations used at the workplace. This study found that participants self-regulated sensory sensitivities, and not asking for or using accommodations. Future research is needed to focus on the sensory sensitivities of individuals with ASD who have been in the work force for several years.

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CALCUTTAWALA, ZOHRA. "KNOWLEDGE STORES: THE SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF PUBLIC LIBRARY ACCESSIBILITY AND CONSUMPTION IN CALCUTTA." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1085680818.

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Park, Ju Moon Aday Lu Ann. "The determinants of physician and pharmacist utilization and equity of access under Korean universal health insurance /." See options below, 1994. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=741485541&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=68716&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Tlhatlosi, Mannete Martha. "Application of the Employment Equity Act and diversity in the mining industry / by Thlatlosi Mannete Martha." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4450.

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The global move towards human rights, the publication of King 11 reports and the post democratic legislations coerced the South African mining industry to diversify its workforce. The Employment Equity Act was the major driving force behind this, aimed at eliminating discrimination in the workplace and implementing Affirmative Action measures so that the workforce would reflect the economically active population. The question remains as to whether it could achieve a representative workforce, since the Commission of Employment Enquiry reports (2009-2010) and the Quarterly Labour Force Survey (second quarter, 2010) indicated that progress is very slow throughout all the industries. The mining industry is still predominantly White-controlled and emphasis is being placed on stimulating Black empowerment in the industry. Since the early 1990s the industry has seen significant restructuring and changes, including the phasing out of the traditional mining houses and the incorporation of the designated groups (females and Blacks) in ownership and management. However, rising gold prices and pressures on the global economy have forced the industry to embark on measures which impacted badly on the employment equity, leading to measures such as downsizing both the operations and staff, limiting training, centralising and outsourcing through contractual work. Migrant labour still plays an integral part. In order to analyse the application of Employment Equity Act and workplace diversity in the mining industry, a literature review was conducted to conceptualise the major constructs, and a survey through a close-ended questionnaire was administered to establish the progress made in this regard. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: section A was a biographical/demographic analysis focussing on the personal attributes ranging from gender, age, race, education and job grade. Section B and C were in the form of five-point likert scale to analyse the extent of understanding and knowledge, as well as attitudes and behaviour of the respondents respectively. The results were compared to secondary data in the form of reports collected from the senior metallurgy human resource manager. The convenience sample was taken from a sample of employees staying in the mining complex known as the 'Quarters', which comprised 345 houses, of which a response rate was 54%. Findings from the primary data indicated some progress in changing the organisational culture, with the majority of the respondents giving positive perceptions towards gender, disability and language used, while they identified the following as barriers (negative perceptions): lack of commitment by management; unfair labour practices in recruitment, promotions, training and development; insufficient knowledge about EEA and diversity; racial discrimination; and negative turnover intentions. They believed that diversity could improve productivity. The secondary data revealed that there was slow progress in attaining the numerical targets, especially in the D-band upwards (senior and top management levels). The females and people with disability were under-represented in all categories. The majority of employees in the skilled (C-band), semi-skilled and unskilled (B1-B7) were terminating their services. It is suggested that training of personnel about EEA and diversity be considered to get their active support and to prepare them for the change from the status-quo, extensive development of management on labour relations and good practices, as well as formation of committees to steer and monitor the adherence to policies.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

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Pavithran, Sachin D. "Expert Consensus On Barriers to College and University Online Education for Students with Blindness and Low Vision." DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5890.

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The availability of online college and university courses have continued to grow, offering opportunities for education to students that may find attending in a regular classroom difficult, if not impossible. The number of students with disabilities enrolling in online courses is also growing. However, because of the mode of delivery (via computer/internet), blind and low vision college and university students can find it difficult to participate fully in an online course if it is not designed with accessibility in mind. Education is directly related to blind and low vision individuals becoming fully employed and independent. Blind and low vision college and university students who have previously taken an online course and used assistive technology devices to access the computer are aware of the issues of accessibility to online courses. The current study began by asking a group of blind and low-vision students to answer seven open-ended questions regarding their experiences accessing online courses at their college or university. The group responses generated 25 survey items and participants were asked to rate each item. Survey items were evaluated and participants were given the opportunity to re-rate their answers based on the group’s responses. The final results were evaluated and ranked in importance according to participant responses. Results were discussed along with the implications, limitations, and recommendations for future research.

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Goto, Massa. "Uma análise de acessibilidade sob a ótica da eqüidade - o caso da região metropolitana de Belém." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18137/tde-19092001-171310/.

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Belém sofreu processo semelhante a diversas cidades brasileiras, com a expulsão de parte da população para áreas de expansão com carência de infra-estrutura viária e, em geral, prejudicadas em termos de acessibilidade. Considerando que este processo atingiu de forma desigual aos diferentes segmentos da população, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar como se dá a distribuição de acessibilidade ao transporte para indivíduos de diferentes classes de renda e, a partir daí, analisar estratégias para assegurar a eqüidade na sua distribuição na Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB). Com este fim, dois índices de acessibilidade foram calculados neste estudo a partir da aplicação de um sistema de informações geográficas para transportes: um do tipo separação espacial média e outro do tipo gravitacional. Os valores de atratividade do índice do tipo gravitacional foram posteriormente alterados de forma a compor dois cenários de localização de pólos de comércio e serviços diferentes do atual. O estudo mostra que os cenários alternativos promoveram uma melhor distribuição da acessibilidade na RMB e que a seleção do melhor deles pode ser feita através de critérios de eqüidade. Além disto, demonstrou-se ainda que, após a seleção do melhor cenário, outros recursos do SIG podem ser utilizados para priorizar, também segundo a ótica da eqüidade, as zonas que ainda carecem de melhorias na acessibilidade aos transportes.
The growth process of Belém, similarly to what happened to other Brazilian cities, was characterized by the location of part of its population in areas with insufficient road infrastructure. As a consequence, these were in general low accessibility areas. Considering that the impacts of the growth process were not evenly distributed to all population groups, the aim of this work is to evaluate the distribution patterns of transportation accessibility to different income groups in the Metropolitan Region of Belém. This is an important step towards the formulation of strategies to reestablish equity in the accessibility distribution. Two indexes have been used to estimate accessibility values in a geographic information system environment: a Mean Separation Index and a Gravity-type Index. The attractiveness values of the Gravity-type Index were subsequently changed to create alternative scenarios in which the location of the retail and service areas was different from the current conditions. The results found in this study showed that: a) the alternative scenarios had a better transportation accessibility distribution than the present one; and b) the selection of the best alternative scenario could be based on equity criteria. Next, once again oriented by an equity criterion, other GIS tools were applied to select the areas in the chosen scenario in which transportation accessibility could be further improved.

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Nunes, Patrícia Sofia Oliveira Fonseca. "Financiamento hospitalar em Portugal : incentivos à selecção e equidade." Master's thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9346.

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RESUMO - Contexto: O sistema de financiamento do internamento hospitalar público Português é de natureza prospectiva, através de um orçamento global baseado no casemix para os doentes do Serviço Nacional de Saúde (SNS) e de um pagamento por episódio para os doentes dos subsistemas. Em ambos os casos, o financiamento baseia-se principalmente nos Grupos de Diagnóstico Homogéneos (GDH) correspondentes a cada episódio, seja para atribuir um preço por doente saído no caso dos doentes dos subsistemas, seja para calcular o casemix do hospital no caso dos doentes do SNS. Atendendo à heterogeneidade de utilização de recursos intra GDH, resultante das características e necessidades individuais de cada doente, é expectável que o hospital, tendo em vista a garantia da sustentabilidade económica e financeira e/ou a obtenção de mais-valias, procure que o custo de produção fique aquém do preço médio pago, o que pode resultar na selecção de doentes. Por outro lado, ao não ser tida em conta no financiamento, e na ausência de selecção, a heterogeneidade intra GDH pode resultar na injusta recompensa/penalização de uns hospitais em detrimento de outros, tendo em conta as características e necessidades da população que servem e pelas quais não são compensados. Objectivos: O presente estudo propôs-se, por isso, avaliar o impacte que as características inerentes aos doentes têm no consumo de recursos hospitalares, tendo em vista inferir se as mesmas criam incentivos à selecção de doentes ou são fonte de penalizações ou recompensas injustas para os hospitais. Metodologia: Foi utilizada a amostra completa dos doentes internados no ano 2007 por doenças e perturbações do aparelho circulatório (Grande Categoria de Diagnóstico 5) nos 76 hospitais públicos Portugueses (69.905 episódios). Assumiu-se como proxy dos custos a variável tempo de internamento, e avaliou-se, mediante a realização de uma regressão linear multivariada, a relação existente entre a variação no tempo de internamento e as características sexo, idade, severidade, comorbilidades e estatuto económico dos doentes, tendo-se concluído que todas, menos o sexo, têm impacte significativo no tempo de internamento. Uma análise preliminar da distribuição das características identificadas como indutoras de custos pelos hospitais em estudo, conforme o resultado financeiro alcançado por estes fosse positivo ou negativo, sugeriu que as mesmas podem ter impacte nos resultados financeiros alcançados pelos hospitais. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a actual metodologia de financiamento dos hospitais públicos portugueses possui incentivos à selecção de doentes, visto possibilitar a identificação de doentes que pelas suas características se tornam menos “rentáveis” para os hospitais, o que se pode traduzir numa perda de qualidade assistencial e de acessibilidade para os mesmos e beneficia/penaliza uns hospitais em detrimento de outros, de acordo com as características da população que servem.
ABSTRACT - Background: Public hospital financing in Portugal is prospective, including a casemix-based global budget for National Health Service (NHS) beneficiaries and a payment per case for subsystem beneficiaries. In both cases, it relies on Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG), to pay a price per in-patient stay for subsystem beneficiaries and to calculate the hospital casemix in the case of NHS beneficiaries. Given the intra-DRG heterogeneity in resource use resulting from each patient’s characteristics and needs, it is expectable that hospitals will try to keep the production cost below the medium price so as to guarantee economic and financial sustainability and/or to obtain capital gains, which may result in patients’ selection. On the other hand, if intra DRG heterogeneity is not taken into account and selection does not occur, hospitals may be unfairly rewarded or penalized according to the characteristics and needs of their patients. Objectives: This study aims to assess the impact of patient characteristics on hospital resource use, in order to estimate whether they create incentives to patient selection or are the source of unfair penalties/rewards towards hospitals. Methods: A sample of patients (69.905 cases) treated for diseases of the circulatory system (Major Diagnostic Category 5) at the 76 Portuguese NHS hospitals, during the year 2007, was used. Considering length of stay (LOS) as a proxy for costs, an estimation was made – through multivariate regression – of the impact on LOS of the following patients’ characteristics: sex, age, severity, comorbidities and economic status. We found that all variables but sex have a significant impact on LOS. A preliminary analysis suggested that these characteristics were significantly related to hospitals’ financial result. Conclusion: Public hospital financing in Portugal produces incentives for patient selection since some patients are potentially more “profitable” than others. This may result in a lack of accessibility or quality of care for some patients, or in the unfair reward/penalty of hospitals according to the characteristics of their patients.

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Musgrave, Suzanne Nicole. "Between nap-time and nine-to-five, workplace daycare as a step toward social and economic equity for employed mothers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ66718.pdf.

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Mihailescu, Mara. "How Early-Career Female Physicians Experience Workplace Mental Health and Leaves of Absence In Ontario." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42384.

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The intersection of gender and early-career stage on the mental health of physicians is emerging and evident. This qualitative, interview-based study explores the perspectives of early-career female physicians regarding their mental health in the context of their work, their experiences with taking a leave of absence from work, and promising practices and supports that can support early-career female physicians in the workplace with regards to mental health and leaves of absence. Nine interviews with female physicians in the first ten years of practice in Ontario were conducted and analyzed thematically. A conceptual framework borrowed from the Healthy Professional Worker (HPW) Partnership was employed and revised based on the findings. The findings suggest that increased awareness of the challenges faced by early-career female physicians may contribute to the destigmatization of mental health and leaves of absence and foster supports at work. Policy makers and regulatory bodies should consider developing equitable leave of absence policies for physicians and reframing how seeking mental health care is viewed to contribute to positive culture change.

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Rada-Bayne, Alison M. "Is it them? Or is it you? Examining Perceptions of Workplace Incivility Based on Personality Characteristics." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1522420404047066.

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Khan, Muhammad Asif. "Impact of Public Transit and Walkability on Quality of Life and Equity Analysis in Terms of Access to Non-Work Amenities in the United States." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31874.

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The past literature suggest that transportation can impact quality of life (QOL) both directly and indirectly. The first part of this dissertation attempted to comprehensively evaluate the impact of transportation (specifically public transit, and walkability) along with physical built environment, and sociodemographic indicators on community QOL, and overall life satisfaction (OLS) of an individual living in his community. The study used an advanced technique of structural equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate the impact of these factors on community QOL and individual’s OLS. The study results revealed that physical built environment, public transit need for a community, perceived public transit importance for a community, quality of public transit services, quality of walkability conditions, ease of travel in a community (mobility indicator), and sociodemographic indicators significantly impact community QOL, and also individual’s OLS either directly or indirectly through community QOL mediating variable. The literature review suggests that accessibility to important non-work amenities improve people’s QOL. So, it is important to examine social equity in terms of individual’s ability to access non-work amenities that are important for their daily life interests. The second part of dissertation focused on equity analysis in terms of people’s ability to access non-work amenities through public transit, and walk in the US. The non-work amenities considered in this study are: 1) grocery store or supermarket, 2) personal services, 3) other retail shopping, (4) recreation and entertainment, and (5) health care facility. It is concluded that equity in terms of public transit access to non-work amenities is regressive for the older age people, people without driving license, individuals who are covered under Medicare/Medicaid program (elderly, low income, people with disabilities), and non-metro area residents disadvantaged groups. In terms of walk access to non-work amenities, it is concluded that older age people, people without driving license, physically disable people, unemployed and students, people living in non-metro areas, and females face injustice. These groups are already disadvantaged in society because of their financial, and physical health constraints and should be having sufficient and easy public transit and walk access to their daily needs.

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Overholt, Sarah E. "Access, Equity, and Choice in the Mexican Health System: A Case Study of San Pablo Etla." Ohio : Ohio University, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1125869288.

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Nielsen, Alexandra Elizabeth. "Quantifying Spatial Potential Access Equity in an Agent Based Simulation Model of Buprenorphine Treatment Policy in the United States." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4516.

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Opioid dependence and opioid related deaths are a public health problem which the United States Centers of Disease Control have declared an epidemic. While opioid agonist therapy for opioid addiction has been accepted as the most effective treatment for opioid dependence among academics, and office based buprenorphine treatment has been available in the Unites States for over 10 years, OB buprenorphine faces many barriers to widespread adoption. Empirical data on the geographic distribution of physicians able to prescribe buprenorphine and the prescribing patterns of those physicians show considerable unevenness in access and utilization of treatment services. Federal-level policies have recently been implemented to expand access to opioid agonist therapy, but the medium and long term impacts of these policy changes on individual outcomes, public health, and geographic access equity are not yet clear. This dissertation compares two recent federal level policies on expanding access to buprenorphine treatment: raising the regulatory limit on the number of patients a provider can treat (implemented July, 2016), and extending prescribing privileges to nurse practitioners and physician assistants (implemented February, 2017), using an empirically supported Agent Based Simulation model. Policies are assessed by a novel, at-a-glance, quantitative access equity metric: the Spatial Potential Access Gini Index, in addition to year-end treatment utilization, opioid overdose deaths, and the amount of illicit medication diversion. In the simulation, expanding access by increasing the patient limit did not result in more equitable spatial access, while extending prescribing to NPs and PAs increased both utilization and spatial access equity. This is likely due to empirically supported model assumptions that NPs and PAs providing primary care often serve in medically underserved areas including rural and remote regions. Extending prescribing to these practitioners opens up new treatment locations changing the spatial distribution of treatment opportunities. Changing patient limits does not change the overall spatial distribution of services, so spatial access equity does not change even if overall treatment supply gets better or worse. The primary contribution of this work is the Spatial Potential Access Lorenz Curve and the Spatial Potential Access Gini Index, measures that aggregate individual-level Spatial Potential Access Scores commonly used in health care geography to map and identify areas of access disparity within a region. The equitability of Spatial Potential Access is calculated by using the Lorenz Curve, which is commonly used to characterize the distribution of wealth or income in a society, from which a Gini Index is calculated. The Spatial Potential Access Gini Index allows for direct comparison of complex quantitative information about the geographic distribution of supply and demand in a region with other regions, or in response to policies that impact supply or demand within the region. The measure has potential applications in simulation studies on the spatial allocation of services, allowing equity assessment of policy alternatives, as well as in empirical work, allowing equity comparisons of different regions, or in hybrid studies in which policy experiments are conducted on data-rich maps.

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Sultan, Tipu. "Gender Equality a case study of Sweden : Gender Equality Gender Equity and policies of combating inequality at workplace to make the society equal." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Sociologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-5726.

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The paper analyses Gender Equality, Gender Equity and policies of combating inequality at workplace to make the society equal as a case study of Sweden. The aim of paper is see the gender equality, gender equity, discrimination against women at workplace and to describe the policies combating inequality in the welfare state of Sweden. This work highlights the gender equality in terms of institutionalizing gender equality, gender equity, gender and pay gap, parental leave, gender and the pension system and sexual behavior directed towards women and policies combating inequality to bring equality in society. For my research I used the secondary data the fact sheets, scientific literature, statistics from eurostate of Sweden and case studies about Swedish society and the theoretical explanation to explain the phenomena. To achieve my aim I used the combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods of research. I showed the empirical evidences of these phenomena from the Swedish society and theoretical analysis about equality and equity of gender in different wakes of life. I found an interesting conclusion that there are good policies and legislation to combat inequality to bring society but there are no policies to change the perception of society about male and female role.

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Mgcotyelwa, Nwabisa Bernice. "Experiences of gender and power relations among a group of black women holding leadership positions: a case study of six government departments in the Western Cape." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9826_1380611169.

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In this study, I explored the experiences of gender and power relations among a group of black women holding leadership positions in six government departments in the Western Cape. South Africa is in a process of transition and, to create a departure from the past, key objectives focus around the transformation of gender disparities and the eradication of racism and other forms of inequality and discrimination in all spheres of this society. There are many methods utilized to increase the number of women in leadership positions in the private and public sectors. However, there is a lack of research regarding the social environment for women once they have entered into these structures (Angevine, 2006). This study made use of a feminist qualitative methodology which guided the research. Six semi-structured, open-ended interviews were conducted in order to carry out an in-depth exploration of participants&rsquo
experiences. After the participants had given consent, the interviews were audio-recorded, then transcribed verbatim. Data was analyzed in accordance with qualitative thematic analysis. All standard ethical considerations to protect the participants and the researcher were taken into account and practised throughout the research. The findings show evidence that black African women leaders in government departments have internalized learnt subservient characteristics
and that this serves to undermine their authority as leaders. Specifically, larger social power relations and traditional forms of authority undermine their capacity to express authority in work environments. They also experience both subtle and blatant racist and sexist prejudice in the form of stereotypes and hostility in the workplace. A minority of women managers actively oppose the gendered notions that undermine their leadership. Ultimately, black African women managers are not accepted or supported as legitimate leaders in the workplace. Women leaders are perceived to be incapable of performing effectively as leaders because of gender and racial stereotypes that serve as hindrances to their expression of leadership. The study found that some participants conform to the socially constructed notion of maintaining a work-life balance and this poses a challenge for such leaders. Those who are married attempt to balance career and life by maximizing on their management of their time. A number of women had made the personal decision to remain single in order to focus explicitly on their careers.

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Bookmyer, Eric Daniel. "Need for Cognition and its Effects on Equity Theory Predictions." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1434730846.

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Carelse, Kareemah. "Employees’ perceptions towards workplace diversity in a financial institution operating in the Western Cape." uwc, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3224.

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Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS)
Although South Africa is 18 years into creating a unique diversity management strategy, individuals - directly affected by diversity in organisation will differ completely from those individuals that have not been affected by diversity in organisations at all. The subject of diversity management has become a contentious issue causing disagreement and argument is in the last couple of years. Many organisations find it difficult to grasp the concept of diversity, thus creating an opportunity for organisational development consultants and management to make substantial profit (Dombai & Verwey, 1999). In the current working environment and the continuous change of the organisation‟s employees, the workforce has become more diverse. This resulted in wider employee knowledge, skills, experience and attitude which will allow the organisation to become more competitive globally. It is of utmost importance for organisations attract and retain staff from different cultural and diverse group of order to improve the employee performance and the competitive advantage of the organisation (Ferreira & Coetzee, 2010). Cumming and Worley (2009, p. 506-509) postulate that “organisational transformation – and more specifically diversity management - is impacting on the bottom line results of the organisation”. Organisational transformation implies radical changes in how members perceive, think, and behave at work. They are concerned with fundamentality altering the prevailing assumptions about how the organisation function and relates to its environment. The study aimed at determining the employees‟ perception towards workplace diversity in a financial institution operating in the Western Cape. More specifically, the following questions will be investigated in this study: What are employees‟ perceptions of workplace diversity? Do employees differ in their views/perception of workplace diversity based on their age, race, job categories, gender, job status and qualification? To what extent is workplace diversity understood by employees? What challenges are being faced to effectively implement workplace diversity? Information was gathered from both secondary and primary resources. All relevant information that was not obtained from publications was gathered through the use of questionnaires that were completed by employees in the financial institution. The primary resources in this research study used are questionnaires that were distributed to employees in a financial institution to complete. Permission was obtained from executive management, provincial management, junior management and the human resources department to distribute the research study questionnaire to the staff in the financial institution. Data was analysed by using structural, methodical and clear reasoning. Data analysis, involving a descriptive study in order to determine the relationship between the employees‟ perception towards workplace diversity in a financial institution operating in the Western Cape The descriptive study created an understanding of the relationship between the employees‟ perception towards workplace diversity, for the researcher and the organisation. The Pearson method was used to determine whether there is a relationship between age, race, gender, job category and qualification and the perceptions of workplace diversity in a financial institution. The Health Professional Council of South Africa (HPCSA)‟s ethical code of Professional Conduct for Psychologists was strictly adhered to. Voluntary participation was critical to the study because of the participants‟ time and energy required as well as asking participants to reveal personal information to the researcher. Permission to conduct the research was obtained from the financial institution where study was undertaken. Informed consent was obtained from participants before starting the data gathering process. Three hundred and nine (309) respondents completed a biographical questionnaire as well as the workplace diversity survey in order to understand their perception and understanding of workplace diversity. To ascertain the perception of workplace diversity, respondents completed a workplace diversity survey. While the results of the current study reveals interesting findings, the results should be interpreted with caution due to the size of the sample used which impacts the generalizability of the findings.

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Sessler, Trinkowsky Rachael. "Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Accessibility Awareness Among Faculty in Online Learning Environments." Thesis, Nova Southeastern University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3717916.

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Although all organizations and institutions should consider accessibility when developing online content, inaccessibility is a recurring issue in recent literature pertaining to online learning environments (OLEs) and faculty accessibility awareness. The goal was to describe how online faculty gain knowledge regarding accessibility, to explore the lived experiences of online faculty who have worked with students who have disabilities, and to gain a better understanding of how faculty experience the process of accessibility implementation. The following research questions guided this study: How do faculty in OLEs experience encounters regarding accessibility for students who have print related disabilities? How do faculty in OLEs experience the journey of developing the skills needed to provide accessibility for students with print related disabilities? What aspects of accessibility and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) do faculty members practice in OLEs and what meaning do they ascribe to the lived experience of providing these accommodations? An interview guide was used to address the research questions. Participants were recruited from the Online Learning Consortium and Assistive Technology Industry Association for participation in phenomenological interviews, which were recorded and then transcribed verbatim. The transcripts of these interviews were analyzed to determine eight super-ordinate themes: Accessibility and usability awareness of online faculty; interactions and relationships between faculty, students, various departments, and outside organizations relating to SWDs and accessibility; different perspectives and experiences of faculty who teach courses within programs that have an emphasis on accessibility, AT, or working with people with disabilities; faculty experiences and perspectives of working with SWDs and providing accessible materials in OLEs; faculty training and experience with accessibility and people with disabilities; faculty autonomy within OLEs as it relates to creating accessible content; accommodations and accessibility features used in OLEs; as well as LMS accessibility and usability. The results of this study led to several implications regarding training and support services for faculty, students, other staff, and administration within online programs, best practices for implementing accessibility, as well as recommendations for future studies.

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33

Philip, Ajith John. "An assessment of equity in geographical allocation of resources relative to need, in public primary healthcare services in the Northern Cape in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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This study aimed to contribute to the current debate around equity in health care resource allocation by measuring the current allocation of resources, relative to need in the Northern Cape. It also discussed the level of inequities in health financing/expenditure and staffing at the primary health care level between different districts of the Northern Cape.

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34

Wu, Chengcheng. "A GIS-based spatial equity assessment framework : measuring potential accessibility and assessing spatial equity of healthcare services integrating size and quality for social groups at the household level on the city scale : a case study of GP practices in the UK." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/4144.

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This research intends to develop a more comprehensive and accurate GIS-based Spatial Equity Assessment Framework. The purpose is to provide guidance for measuring potential accessibility integrating size and assessing spatial equity integrating quality for social groups at the household level on the city scale. The research reviews the existing studies in planning and health-related fields on disaggregation techniques, potential accessibility and potential access measurement and spatial equity assessment. As the most accurate place access measurement method, the Population Weighted Centroid (PWC) technique suffers from aggregation errors, a cadastral and address-based population weighting technique, the Household Space Weighting (HSW) technique is developed to measure population access. The HSW technique is formally tested in a case study of General Practitioner (GP) surgeries in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. The findings suggest that the PWC technique produces inaccurate population estimations for 267 out of 910 output areas in the city. When applying the two techniques to measure potential accessibility for social groups, taking into account the overlay of service areas on the city scale, the measurement error for the PWC technique is 9-11%, depending on the social group considered. The relative difference in the percentage of social groups with potential access applying the two techniques is 18-22%. This suggests that if service planners or policy makers want to measure potential access to services for social groups in their cities, it would be useful to apply a more accurate population weighting technique, or to at least be aware of the implications of applying the PWC technique. The research also demonstrates the necessity of incorporating demand apart from equality and need and integrating quality in addition to size into spatial equity assessment framework. Thus, the GIS-based Spatial Equity Assessment Framework that is developed in this research is more comprehensive and accurate than the existing studies. The research summarizes how to apply the assessment framework to provide policy recommendations for cities on the city scale. The assessment framework has potential to extend from measuring potential access and assessing spatial equity of healthcare services to other services and from measuring potential access to realized access.

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35

Namoobe, Choolwe Chisuta. "An analysis of accessibility to grocery stores by walking and cycling. : A comparative study of Ålidhem, Tomtebo, Carlshem and Sofiehem neighbourhoods in Umeå using ArcGIS Network Dataset." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-151871.

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Accessibility is a gateway to accessing opportunities or service sites, i.e., grocery shopping, healthcare and jobs and it has been used as a proxy to measure inequalities. The equity, in travel time or distance, to accessing of these services is vital to ensure high accessibility hence providing equality. Population increase leading to urban sprawl affects accessibility in the absence of prudent residential spatial planning and transport systems and infrastructure. Urban sprawl creates a distance between populations and centres of services such as grocery stores. This promotes the growth of car-dependency to accessing these services that are not easily reachable by non-motorised transport of walking and biking.This thesis measures accessibility to grocery stores by comparing the travel time of populations in the four neighbourhoods, of Ålidhem, Tomtebo, Carlshem and Sofiehem, by walking and biking. The measuring is done by using the ArcGIS Network Analyst to create and build a single-modal network dataset of pedestrian and bike lanes in the study area. Accessibility to grocery stores is measured using the service areas created based on the grocery store location and it highlights all the accessible streets from the centre within a time impedance. Afterwards, the populations are aggregated in each service area of each neighbourhood to compare the time difference of accessibility to a grocery store.With distance decay effects, the walking time distance restricts accessibility to grocery stores to a limited population in the neighbourhoods. The bike time distance, however, increased the residents in the study area who can access the grocery stores. The new location for a Coop grocery store provides the highest accessibility to grocery stores compared to the Ålidhem Centre grocery store.From the results of the analysis, the bike travel is the most equitable hence equal mode of active transport for all the four neighbourhoods.

The best time to build walk and cycle paths was 20 years ago. The second best time is now! This publication is my first and very close to my heart as it shows how land use and transport are related to reduce travel times and also promote more non-motorised transport usage.

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Gil, Vanessa. "Evaluating the Effects of Utilizing a Mobile Device by Transitioning High School Students with Intellectual Disability to Locate Items from a Grocery List and Improve their Independence." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3682.

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Individuals with Intellectual Disability (ID) struggle to learn daily living skills (DLS) required for independent living. One specific skill set that is challenging for individuals with ID is grocery shopping. The current study is one of two investigations that have been undertaken entirely in the community and without the use of booster session simulations in a classroom. This study investigated the effects of using least-to-most prompting and mobile technology as a tool to assist 18 to 22-year-old adult students with ID to find six items from a grocery-shopping list. Dependent measures included the number of task steps completed correctly, selecting the correct items from the shopping list, and the duration of shopping. Sessions were conducted twice a week in a community grocery store. A single subject, multiple probe design across participants was employed. There were three phases in this study. The phases included: (a) teaching an initial grocery list, (b) teaching a re-sequenced grocery list, and (c) teaching a replacement grocery list. Overall, the participants demonstrated improvements in their ability to complete the task steps and locate grocery items during the intervention condition in phase one. Two of the three participants’ duration of shopping also improved over the course of the intervention in phase one. However, only one participant advanced to phases two and three of the study as the others did not meet the criterion of achieving 85% or better on the task analysis, which was needed to advance to the subsequent phases of the study. The results of this study suggest that the use of mobile devices used with least-to-most prompting can have a degree of positive effect on the acquisition of functional skills such as locating grocery items by 18 to 22-year-old students with ID. However, for some students either additional weekly sessions in the community setting or classroom simulations are needed. Alternatively, researchers and practitioners might consider pairing mobile technology with different prompting and prompt fading systems (e.g., most-to-least prompting) for students struggling to acquire this skill set in a community setting.

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Zuo, Ting. "Synthetic Modeling Analytics of Bike-Transit Integration Over Auto-Dependent Infrastructural System." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613751016160793.

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38

Allansson, Jakob, and Elin Kajander. "Equity in public transport planning? : An investigation of the planning and implementation of a new public transport system and its social consequences in Cape Town." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för Urbana Studier (US), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-36866.

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Since the 1990s sustainability has been a keyword in all kinds of development. Urban planning is not an exception. The three most common aspects of sustainable development are economic, social, and ecological. However, there are many academics that claim that these three aspects are not prioritized equally. Patsy Healey (2007) among others argues that the economical aspect is hegemony and that sustainable social and ecological development is dependent on economic measures. The purpose of this thesis is to study the planning and implementation of a new public transport system in Cape Town, South Africa, and to investigate how it relates to sustainable social development in particular. This since Cape Town has a long history of segregation of different groups, and today there are large income inequalities and geographical distances that increase the social exclusion in the city. The theoretical framework is concentrated into three themes; Social justice and equity in public transport planning, accessibility and mobility, and finally, social exclusion. The empirical data is collected with a qualitative method in the form of a case study. We can conclude that even though the notion of investing in public transport to combat social exclusion is present in the planning documents in Cape Town, the implementation and investments in the new public transport system do not always follow the documents’ principles. This contributes to little or no change regarding social exclusion in Cape Town.

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Inoa-Peña, Ignacio. "Sur l’interdépendance entre localisation résidentielle et localisationprofessionnelle : modèles de choix discrets." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CERG0792.

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Cette thèse se concentre sur l'interdépendance entre les choix de localisation résidentielle et professionnelle. Des questions telles que le processus de prise de décision, l'accessibilité à l'emploi, la répartition géographique des emplois, et le prise de décision collective des conjoints, entre autres, sont analysées en développant des modèles de choix discrets. Dans ce cadre, nous étudions les choix de localisation à partir de deux points de vues complémentaires. (1) Premièrement, nous étudions l'interdépendance entre les deux choix de localisation sans considérer le processus de décision au sein des ménages. Nous développons un modèle logit emboîté à trois niveaux, pour les choix de localisation résidentielle et professionnelle et nous étudions l'effet des mesures d'attractivité et d'accessibilité spécifiques à chaque individu (log-sommes). Les résultats du premier chapitre montrent que l'accessibilité spécifique à chaque individu est un facteur déterminant du choix de localisation résidentielle et que son effet diffère le long du cycle de vie des ménages. L'attractivité des types d'emploi est un meilleur indicateur du choix de localisation professionnelle que le nombre d'emplois. L'évolution des mesures d'attractivité et d'accessibilité aux emplois est analysée dans le deuxième chapitre. (2) Deuxièmement, nous étudions l'interdépendance de la localisation résidentielle et professionnelle au sein du ménage. Cette thèse contribue à la littérature des modèles collectifs en développant un modèle de choix avec processus de négociation au sein des ménages à la Chiappori, pour décrire le choix de localisation résidentielle des ménages bi-actifs. Le dernier chapitre développe et estime un modèle structurel en deux étapes pour faire la part des choses entre le pouvoir de négociation et les valeurs du temps des conjoints. Les résultats montrent que les nationalités du couple, leur niveau d'éducation, ainsi que la différence d'âge entre les conjoints jouent un rôle crucial dans la détermination de pouvoir de négociation
This thesis studies the interdependency between the choices of residential and workplace location. Issues such as the decision-making process, the accessibility to jobs, the geographical distribution of job types, and the spouses collective decision process, among others, are analyzed with discrete choice models. In this setting, we study the location decisions from two complementary points of view. (1) First, we study the interdependency between the two location choices without any within-household consideration. We develop a three-level nested logit model of residential and workplace location and study the effect of individual-specific attractiveness and accessibility (log-sum) measures. Results presented in the first chapter show that the individual-specific accessibility measure is an important determinant of the choice of residential location and its effect differs along the household life cycle. Additionally, the attractiveness of the types of employment is a better predictor of the workplace location than the usual total number of jobs. We analyze the evolution of the attractiveness and attractivity measures in the second chapter. (2) Second, we study the interdependency of residential location and workplaces within the household. This thesis contributes with a within-household bargaining process model of location decisions. As such, it applies the collectiveapproach à la Chiappori of household behavior to describe residential location choice of two-worker households. The last chapter develops and estimates a two-step structural model to disentangle bargaining powers from spouses' values of time. Results show that the nationalities of the couple, their education level, as well as the age difference between spouses play a crucial role in determining bargaining power

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Lewis, YoLanda S. "Dual Leadership: Perspectives of African American Women Leaders in Ministry and the Workplace." Franklin University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=frank1628006636888803.

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Tsomo, Zixolele. "An evaluation of gender equity in the Amathole District Council head office, East London 2006-2010." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012685.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the promotion of gender equity in the Amathole District Municipality (ADM). This investigation originated against the phenomenon that women are continuously faced with barriers to progress in the workplace. In an endeavour to find a meaningful solution to the problem, it was necessary to assess the degree of transformational change in the workplace; to ascertain what these barriers are; and how they can be overcome. The study commenced with an overview of the stance of women in the Republic of South Africa, especially their struggle to find a platform from where their voice could be heard. In order to achieve the research objectives, an in-depth literature study was undertaken. A survey was also conducted to examine the perceptions of gender equity in the ADM. The required data was collected by means of face-to-face semi-structured interviews with female officials in senior managerial positions. The study concludes with a number of recommendations that emanate from the literature review and qualitative study.

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Kgapola, Leslie Seth. "Perceptions of compensation fund employees towards affirmative action." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11212008-120643.

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Van, der Schyff Sedick. "Men's attitudes and responses to the Gender Equity Strategy at South African Nylon Spinner Polymer Plant (2002-2004): Implications for an education and training intervention." University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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This study investigated the attitudes and responses of male employees to the implemention of the Gender Equity Strategy and considered the implementation for the development of a gender education and training intervention. The study investigated the initial resistance to the introduction and implementation of the Gender Equity Strategy at the Polymer Plant by male employees.

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Ryklief, Mogamat Yasien. "The equity composition of employees in a selected provincial government department in the Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2582.

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Thesis (MTech (Public Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
In 1994 the newly elected democratic South African government inherited a nation deeply scarred by a history of racial division and social, political and economic inequality. The democratic government was determined to create an environment that felt like home to all, a society that welcomed all and a political environment that catered for all. The democratic government therefore introduced laws and structures designed to promote the principle of “equity.” Although these have been in force for more than 22 years, statistics indicate that white people continue to receive preference over other racial groups. This study sought to provide an overview of the equity composition of employees in the Department of the Premier in the Western Cape government. “Equity composition” refers to the categories of race and gender invoked by the Employment Equity Act in order to promote equality. The aim was to reach a set of conclusions and make recommendations that might improve the equity composition of employees in the direction envisaged by the legislation. The researcher has made use of a qualitative research methodology for this study. Unstructured interviews were conducted with twenty research participants purposively selected from the Department of the Premier, and the data gathered from the interviews was analysed using content analysis. The study found that there has been an increase in efforts to accommodate people with disabilities. It recommends that a dedicated training workshop regarding employment equity be designed by the director of the people management practices unit and rolled out throughout the department.

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Vazquez, Fabiana de Lima 1968. "Referencia e contra-referencia na atenção secundária em odontologia na cidade de Campinas, SP, Brazil." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290233.

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Orientador: Antonio Carlos Pereira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T15:40:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vazquez_FabianadeLima_M.pdf: 487353 bytes, checksum: c792b68994c2b784e1167b3ad6bbaa4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: A literatura acerca da atenção secundária em saúde bucal no âmbito do SUS ainda é escassa. Há indícios de melhoria de indicadores de processo no que se diz respeito à cobertura e utilização dos serviços de atenção secundária no SUS, todavia não se sabe ao certo e, em que proporção, as ações e intervenções têm tido impacto no que diz respeito à integralidade da assistência. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o sistema de referência e contrareferência dos procedimentos de atenção secundária na cidade de Campinas, a distribuição das referências em saúde bucal em relação às demandas atendida e reprimida, além de aspectos da contra-referência. Trata-se de um estudo observacional exploratório, onde duas Regiões Administrativas de Saúde (RAS) foram selecionadas: Sudoeste - que possui Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas (CEO), e Norte (não possui CEO). O estudo apresentou 2 fases: fase 1 - todos os encaminhamentos para atenção secundária foram coletados por meio do agendamento de primeira consulta de todas as equipes de Saúde Bucal (23 Centros de Saúde CS). Nesse momento foram coletados dados populacionais, sócio-econômicos e distribuição dos encaminhamentos. Na Fase 2 foram listados todos os encaminhamentos e selecionados aleatoriamente 331 usuários para entrevistas por meio de questões abertas, realizada por telefone, onde se verificou a questão da contra-referência, qualidade de atendimento e razões para faltas ou desistências. Considerou-se para esta fase do estudo uma resposta para a população geral, com amostragem probabilística para a entrevista proporcional por RAS, CS, especialidade e ano de atendimento. Verificou-se que a especialidade Endodontia foi a demanda mais atendida, sendo responsável por 75,0% e 35,9% dos atendimentos para as regiões Norte e Sudoeste, respectivamente. Em relação à oferta de atendimentos houve discrepâncias em relação à distribuição por especialidades por CS em ambas as RASs, o mesmo ocorrendo para os coeficientes de tratamentos especializados por grupo de 100 habitantes, variando de 0,37 a 3,68 (Norte) e 0,24 a 4,98 (Sudoeste). Duas variáveis socioeconômicas foram estatisticamente correlacionadas (p<0,05) com os coeficientes de tratamentos especializados totais e de endodontia por grupo de 100 habitantes (% responsáveis com renda até 2 Salários Mínimos e Média de número de anos estudados) somente para a região Norte. A demanda reprimida apresentou variações bastante acentuadas em ambas as RASs, variando de 0,64 a 10,25 (RAS Norte) e 0,7 a 11,65 (RAS Sudoeste). Em relação à contra referência, os resultados apontaram que a maioria dos usuários realizou os tratamentos especializados, todos consideraram que foram bem atendidos e a maioria esperou menos de 1 mês para o agendamento, enquanto que a principal justificativa apontada para falta ou abandono foi por falta de tempo, problemas particulares ou procura por dentista particular. Conclui-se que o modelo de gestão com ou sem a instalação do CEO não influenciou estatisticamente no acesso à atenção secundária em saúde bucal quando se comparou as duas RAS da cidade de Campinas, havendo claras discrepâncias nas distribuições dos atendimentos de referência, bem como da demanda reprimida por CS. Contudo, verificou-se que na Região Norte, onde o agendamento passa pelo crivo do gerente de saúde, as discrepâncias são menos evidentes, havendo uma correlação dos coeficientes de demanda atendida em relação à variáveis socioeconômicas, além de menor percentual de faltas, demonstrando um maior compromisso com a integralidade e equidade
Abstract: The literature on oral health about secondary care in the Unified Health System (SUS) in Brazil is still scarce. There are signs of improvement of health indicators as regards the coverage and utilization of secondary care services in SUS, but no one knows for sure, and in what proportion, the actions and interventions have had an impact with regard to the Integrality. This study aimed to evaluate the system of referral and counter-referral procedures for secondary care in the city of Campinas, measuring resolubility, discussing aspects related to the distribution by specialty, type of management and users' perceptions about the system. This is a proposal involving an exploratory observational study, being selected two Health Administrative Regions (HAR) in Campinas, the Southwest region - which possesses Center Dental Specialties, and selected randomly a HAR (North) that has no CEO. The study has two phases: Phase 1 - all referrals to secondary care were conferred in the list of schedule for the first appointment, made by all teams of Oral Health (23 Health Centers- HC). At =this time were collected population data, socio-economic status and distribution of referrals by HC. In Phase 2 were listed all the referrals and 331 randomly selected users for interviews through open questions, conducted by telephone, where there was the issue of cross-referral, quality of service and reasons for absences or withdrawals. It was considered a response to this study for the general population, with sampling proportional to the interview (for HAR, specialty, gender and year of treatment) for each HC selected. The specialty of endodontics was the most satisfied demand, accounting for 75% of specialized care in the northern region and 35.9% in the Southwest. Provision was inconsistent regarding the distribution of specialties according to the North and South HAR, the same happened for coefficients of specialized treatments per 100 inhabitants, ranging from 0.37 to 3.68 (North) and from 0.24 to 4.98 (southwest). Two socioeconomic variables were significantly correlated (p <0.05) with coefficients of specialized treatment and endodontics per 100 inhabitants ("% responsible with incomes up to two minimum wages" and "average number of years studied") only to the North HAR. Then non satisfied demand was varied quite pronounced in both HAR, ranging from 0.64 to 10.25 (North) and from 0.7 to 11.65 (Southwest). Regarding the counter reference was observed that most users realized the specialized treatments scheduled, all considered that were well attended, the majority waited less than one month to the schedule. The main reasons for absence or abandonment of treatment were lack of not having been warned, lack of time, private problems and treatment in private office. We conclude that the management model with or without installing the CEO did not influence the outcomes of oral health in secondary care when comparing the two HAR in Campinas, there were clear inconsistencies in the distributions of the specialized treatments and non satisfied demand by HC when it looked the absolute values and coefficients for specialized care in both HAR. However, it was found that the Northern region, where the schedule is filtered by manager of health, the discrepancies are less clear, with a correlation of coefficients with social and economic variables, and lower level of lack appointment, demonstrating a greater commitment to integrality and equity
Mestrado
Saude Coletiva
Mestre em Odontologia

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Masembate, Vivienne Mtombizodwa. "Is the composition of staff within Tygerberg Administration in terms of employment equity, representative of the demographics of the Western Cape from 05/01/2000 - 31/12/2001?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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The shift from an ethnocentric, monocultural society to a more inclusive and democratic society should be accompanied by a national policy providing equal access to resources in a proactive, affirmative manner. This can be achieved in one of the two ways, either through equal employment opportunity or Affirmative Action. Affirmative Action is a specific intervention directed toward ensuring that employment opportunities are created by actively correcting imbalances caused by past discrimination and achieving employment targets. Equal employment opportunity implies an absence of discrimination, whereas Affirmative Action denotes compensatory discrimination in favour of disadvantaged groups.

Affirmative Action is a supplement to, rather than equivalent to equal employment opportunities in that equality cannot be a genuine option where the effects of previous discriminatory practices have not been redressed. In an equal opportunities system, not all persons have the same chance of achieving the desired goal, but all are provided with equal means to achieve it. The unequal outcome of such a system is caused by the unequal skills for talents of the past discrimination, especially in terms of education and experience. All the Directors of Tygerberg Administration who responded to the questionnaires supported this and all of them agreed that training is necessary for all employees, especially the previously discriminated groups. The primary objective of Affirmative Action can therefore said to be the adequate advancement of disadvantaged groups for the purpose of securing equal rights, freedom and opportunities.

Equal employment opportunity is seen as a passive agreement on the part of the employer not to discriminate against any particular group. Employers adhering to the principle of equal employment opportunity evaluates candidates for employment according to performance criteria which relates directly to the requirements of a particular position. Affirmative Action seeks to go beyond equal employment opportunity in that it recognises that, when members of disadvantaged groups constitute only a small percentage of the labour pool, passively providing equality of opportunity will not suffice in overcoming the effects of previous discriminatory employment practices. Affirmative Action employers are therefore given the mandate to identify and remove the barriers to the employment of those under-represented in the workplace. Merely removing the present obstacles to equality does not necessarily ensure equality between groups since the effects of previous discrimination need to be actively redressed.
It can be noted that equal employment and Affirmative Action programmes should not be equated with each other as they imply different approaches to overcoming the effects of previous discrimination. Affirmative Action is said to be a supplement to, rather than the equivalent of equal employment opportunity, in that it is required to eliminate the barriers to real equality in the workplace. In this regard, it is essential to point out that Affirmative Action programmes are a means to an end, namely equal employment opportunity, and should not continue after this end has been achieved. Due to the similarity between the two terms, Affirmative Action and equal employment opportunity are often equated with one another when, in essence, they have different meanings.

From the information gathered for this research it was clear that not many Blacks were employed in management and supervisory positions of the City of Tygerberg. The research revealed that despite adopting the Agreement on Affirmative Action and equal employment practice of the National Labour Relations Forum for Local Government as its policy framework, the Tygerberg Administration had not succeeded in meeting most of its obligations in terms of the above mentioned policy framework. This is largely ascribed to problems experienced with the implementation of equal employment and Affirmative Action programmes within the local authority. The methods of communicating these programmes to especially its lower category of disadvantaged employees to participate in training opportunities to improve their working skills, were not capitalised on. There was an unequal distribution of skills due to the effects of past discrimination, especially in terms of education. Active steps therefore need to be taken to ensure that the intentions of the local authority with repect to equal employment and Affirmative Action are implemented efficiently and effectively.

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Juks, Reimo. "Corporate governance and the firm's behaviour towards stakeholders." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Finansiell Ekonomi (FI), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-938.

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Obey the Law and Do a Little Bit Extra? The paper provides evidence on how firms’ stakeholder orientation is associated with standard measures of corporate governance using a panel of 1778 US companies during the period of 1995-2006. We construct two binary indicators, one measuring stakeholder hostility and the other stakeholder friendliness using data from KLD ratings agency. Based on these indicators, we classify firms into four groups representing stakeholder hostile, neutral, friendly and ”friendly and hostile” firms. Our results show that both stakeholder friendly and hostile firms tend to have significantly lower insider ownership, smaller option grants, lower pay-performance sensitivities, larger boards, older executive officers and directors, lower institutional ownership and larger number of anti-takeover defenses than the firms in the neutral group. We also find that the probability of stakeholder hostile activity is positively related to the strength of corporate governance, but the effect is insignificant except in local and global community areas. A possible explanation is that in these areas stakeholders are protected mainly by ethics and social norms rather than by various regulations that is commonplace in labour, environment and customer related areas. These findings lend support for the idea that stakeholders are best protected by various regulations. Corporate Governance and Workplace Safety. This paper examines how the weakening in corporate governance affects workplace safety. We use anti-takeover laws in the US in the 1980s as a source of variation in corporate governance. Our measures of workplace safety are the number of violations of OSHA workplace safety regulation, penalties paid for these violations, the number of accidents and employees’ complaints about their workplace safety. We find that firms affected by the regulation presented significantly more workplace safety violations and penalties than otherwise similar firms that were not affected by the regulation. Accidents and complaints tend to decrease as a result of the anti-takeover regulation, but the results are not entirely robust. We also document that the increase in workplace safety violations was significantly smaller in unionized firms. This suggests that unions can play an important role in curbing managerial discretion. How Responsible is Private Equity? The financial success of leveraged buyout targets (LBOs) is frequently associated with deteriorating conditions for other stakeholders, such as workers, customers, suppliers, tax-payers and society as a whole. We obtain a comprehensive set of stakeholder ratings for a sample of 373 LBOs and examine the pre-and post-LBO performance of these ratings. LBO targets are characterized by weak stakeholder relations across a number of measures compared to their peers, in terms of corporate governance, transparency, employee relations and community relations. Controlling for this selection, we do not find systematic evidence in favor of the idea that private equity funds gain at the expense of other stakeholders. Private equity ownership alters targets in the direction of higher pay, improved work-life benefits, increased charitable giving, and decreased concerns related to retirement benefits, adverse economic impact, tax disputes, unfair marketing practices and antitrust problems.
Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2010; Sammanfattning jämte 3 uppsatser.

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Rodrigues, Marcelo Augusto Ferraz Ruas do Amaral. "Fatores associados à dificuldade de acesso aos serviços de saúde infantil em São Luís/MA e Ribeirão Preto/SP: contribuições da coorte BRISA." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2016. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1673.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T19:59:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloRodrigues.pdf: 8995271 bytes, checksum: 112019fbb382d1d188823f17595346f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-17
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA)
Programa de Apoio à Núcleos de Excelência (PROCEX)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Introduction: the inequities in access to health care have directly interfered in infant mortality’s indicators and also have changed the dynamic of health’s system. Despite the importance of the issue, most studies did not analyses with details the factors associated with the difficulty of access at regions that have different socioeconomic characteristics. Objective: analyze the factors associated with the difficulty of access to child’s health services at São Luis/MA and Ribeirão Preto/SP. Methods: a prospective cohort study which involved 3308 children at São Luís and 3128 children at Ribeirão Preto, 13-35 months old. The prevalence rate (RP) was estimated by the Poisson regression with robust error variance in a hierarchical modeling, based on the adaptation of the Behavioral Model of Andersen. Results: the rate of difficult access at São Luís was 29,4%, while at Ribeirão Preto, the rate was 9,0%. At São Luís, the hierarchical analysis showed that the difficult of access was associated with the following variables: male child, more than a brother at home, lower maternal education, lower maternal age, be registered in the Family Health Strategy (ESF), has morbidity and wore perception of health’s state. At Ribeirão Preto, the difficulty of access was associated with the highest number of brothers at home, higher maternal education, lower economic class and be registered in the ESF. Conclusions: social inequalities in access to health were more prevalent at São Luis. The demographic’s predisposing and need factors were more expressive at São Luís, while the social structure’s predisposing and the enabling factors were more expressive at Ribeirão Preto.
Introdução: as iniquidades no acesso aos serviços de saúde têm interferido diretamente nos indicadores de morbimortalidade infantil, além de alterar a dinâmica do sistema de saúde. Apesar da importância do tema, a maior parte dos estudos não analisa detalhadamente os fatores associados às dificuldades de acesso em regiões socioeconômicas distintas. Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados à dificuldade de acesso aos serviços de saúde infantil em São Luís/MA e Ribeirão Preto/SP. Métodos: estudo de coorte prospectivo do qual participaram 3308 crianças em São Luís e 3128 crianças em Ribeirão Preto, de 13 a 35 meses de idade. Foram estimadas as razões de prevalência (RP) por meio da regressão de Poisson com variância robusta em uma modelagem hierarquizada, baseada na adaptação do Modelo Comportamental de Andersen. Resultados: a taxa de dificuldade de acesso em São Luís foi de 29,4%, enquanto que a de Ribeirão Preto foi de 9,0%. Em São Luís, na análise hierarquizada, dificuldade de acesso associou-se às seguintes variáveis: criança do sexo masculino, mais de um irmão no domicílio, baixa escolaridade materna, menor idade da mãe, ter cadastro na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), presença de morbidade e pior percepção do estado de saúde. Em Ribeirão Preto, a dificuldade de acesso foi associada ao maior número de irmãos no domicílio, maior escolaridade materna, classe econômica mais baixa e ter cadastro na ESF. Conclusões: as desigualdades sociais no acesso à saúde foram mais prevalentes em São Luis. Os fatores predisponentes demográficos e de necessidade em saúde foram mais expressivos em São Luís, ao passo que os fatores predisponentes de estrutura social e capacitantes o foram em Ribeirão Preto.

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Rahimi, Golkhandan Armin. "Characterization and Assessment of Transportation Diversity: Impacts on Mobility and Resilience Planning in Urban Communities." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99146.

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A transportation system is a critical infrastructure that is key for mobility in any community. Natural hazards can cause failure in transportation infrastructure and impede its routine performance. Ecological systems are resilient systems that are very similar to transportation systems. Diversity is a fundamental factor in ecological resilience, and it is recognized as an important property of transportation resilience. However, quantifying transportation diversity remains challenging, which makes it difficult to understand the influence of diversity on transportation performance and resilience. Consequently, three studies are undertaken to remedy this circumstance. The first study develops a novel approach – inspired by biodiversity in ecological stability theory – to characterize and measure transportation diversity by its richness (availability) and evenness (distribution). This transportation diversity approach is then applied to New York City (NYC) at the zip code level using the GIS data of transportation modes. The results demonstrate the variation of transportation diversity across the city. The characterized inherent and augmented complementarities start to uncover the dynamics of modal compensation and to demonstrate how transportation diversity contributes to this phenomenon. Moreover, the NYC zip codes with low transportation diversity are mainly in hurricane evacuation zones that are more vulnerable. Consequently, low transportation diversity in these areas could affect their post-disaster mobility. In the second study, the influence of transportation diversity on post-disaster mobility is examined by investigating the patterns of mobility in New York City one month before and after Hurricane Sandy using Twitter data. To characterize pre- and post-Sandy mobility patterns, the locations that individuals visited frequently were identified and travel distance, the radius of gyration, and mobility entropy were measured. Individuals were grouped according to the transportation diversity of their frequently visited locations. The findings reveal that individuals that lived in or visited zip codes with higher transportation diversity mostly experienced less disturbance in their mobility patterns after Sandy and the recovery of their mobility patterns was faster. The results confirm that transportation diversity affects the resilience of individual post-disaster mobility. The approach used in this study is one of the first to examine the root causes of changes in mobility patterns after extreme events by linking transportation infrastructure diversity to post-disaster mobility. Finally, the third study employs the transportation diversity approach to investigate modal accessibility and social exclusion. Transportation infrastructure is a sociotechnical system and transport equity is crucial for access to opportunities and services such as jobs and infrastructure. The social exclusion caused by transport inequity could be intensified after natural disasters that can cause failure in a transportation system. One approach to determine transport equity is access to transportation modes. Common catchment area approaches to assess the equity of access to transportation modes cannot differentiate between the equity of access to modes in sub-regions of an area. The transportation diversity approach overcomes this shortcoming, and it is applied to all transportation modes in NYC zip codes to measure the equity of access. Zip codes were grouped in quartiles based on their transportation diversity. Using the American Community Survey data, a set of important socioeconomic and transport usage factors were compared in the quartile groups. The results indicated the relationship between transportation diversity and income, vehicle ownership, commute time, and commute mode. This relationship highlighted that social exclusion is linked with transport inequity. The results also revealed that the inequity of the transport system in zip codes with low transportation diversity affects poor individuals more than non-poor and the zip codes with a majority of black and Hispanic populations are impacted more. Further consideration of the impacts of Hurricanes Irene and Sandy in NYC shows that people in areas with a lower transportation diversity were affected more and the transport inequity in these areas made it difficult to cope with these disasters and caused post-disaster social exclusion. Therefore, enhancing transportation diversity should support transport equity and reduce social exclusion under normal situations and during extreme events. Together, these three studies illustrate the influence of transportation diversity on the resilience of this infrastructure. They highlight the importance of the provision and distribution of all transportation modes, their influence on mobility during normal situations and extreme events and their contribution toward mitigating social exclusion. Finally, these studies suggest that transportation diversity can contribute to more targeted and equitable transportation and community resilience planning, which should help decision-makers allocate scarce resources more effectively.
Doctor of Philosophy
Transportation systems are very important in every city. Natural disasters like hurricanes and floods can destroy roads and inundate metro tunnels that can cause problems for mobility. Ecological systems like forests are very resilient because they have experienced disturbances like natural disasters for millions of years. Ecological systems and transportation systems are very similar; for example, both have different components (different species in an ecological system and different modes in a transportation system). Because of such similarities, we can learn from ecological resilience to improve transportation resilience. Having a variety of species in an ecological system makes it diverse. Diversity is the most important factor in ecological resilience, and it is also recognized as an important factor in transportation resilience. Current methods cannot effectively quantify transportation diversity – the variety of modes in a system – so determining its impact on transportation resilience remains a challenge. In this dissertation, principles of ecological diversity are adapted to characterize transportation infrastructure to develop a new approach to measure transportation diversity; metrics include the availability of transportation modes and their distribution in a community. The developed approach was applied in New York City (NYC) at the zip code level. Locations with low transportation diversity (fewer modes and/or unequal distribution) were identified, and most of these zip codes are located in hurricane evacuation zones. Consequently, these zip codes with the least diverse transportation systems are the most vulnerable, which can cause serious issues during emergency evacuations and the ability of people to access work or essential services. Therefore, in a city hit by a natural disaster, understanding the relationship between people's mobility and a transportation system's diversity is important. Twitter data was used to find the places that people in NYC visited regularly for one month before and one month after Hurricane Sandy. Subsequently, using different methods, the pre- and post-disaster mobility patterns of these individuals were characterized. The results show that after the disaster, individuals had a higher chance of maintaining their pre-disaster mobility patterns if they were living in and/or visiting areas with high transportation diversity. Based on these findings, we confirmed the influence of transportation diversity on post-disaster mobility. In addition, the transportation infrastructure should provide equitable service to all individuals, during normal operations and extreme events. One of the ways to determine this equality is equity of access to transportation modes. Hence, transportation diversity was used as an indicator for equity of access to transportation modes to overcome the limitations of current methods like catchment area approaches. NYC zip codes were grouped based on their transportation diversity and a set of important socioeconomic and transport related factors were compared among these groups. The comparison of socioeconomic and transport related factors in zip codes showed that the zip codes with lower transportation diversity are also more socioeconomically deprived. This highlights the likely influence of transportation diversity on social exclusion. Further consideration of the impacts of Hurricanes Irene and Sandy in NYC shows that people in areas with a lower transportation diversity were affected more and the transport inequity in these areas made it difficult to cope with these disasters and caused post-disaster social exclusion. Therefore, enhancing transportation diversity should support transport equity and reduce social exclusion under normal situations and during extreme events. The investigations conducted highlight the importance of the provision and distribution of all transportation modes, their influence on mobility during normal situations and extreme events and their contribution toward mitigating social exclusion. Finally, the collective results suggest that transportation diversity can contribute to more targeted and equitable transportation and community resilience planning, which should help decision-makers allocate scarce resources more effectively.

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Vaddepalli, Srikanth. "An analysis of characteristics of long and short commuters in the United States." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000324.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Workplace equity and accessibility'

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