Academic literature on the topic 'Works (Virgil)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Works (Virgil)"
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Bracken, Damian. "Virgil the Grammarian and Bede: a preliminary study." Anglo-Saxon England 35 (December 2006): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675106000020.
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AbstractThe chapters in Bede's De temporum ratione begin with an etymology for the name of the subject to be examined. Sources and analogues for some have not hitherto been identified. This article shows that some of these etymologies of words for the divisions of time come ultimately, though perhaps not directly, from bk XI of Virgil the Grammarian's Epitomae. These accounts of the origins of calendrical and cosmological terms wound their way through early western computistical works and eventually into Bede's De temporum ratione. The article identifies examples of Virgil's influence on anonymous early medieval biblical commentaries and discusses their significance as pointers towards their place of composition.
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Fratantuono, Lee. "The Wolf in Virgil." Revue des Études Anciennes 120, no. 1 (2018): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rea.2018.6870.
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The wolf is among the most significant animals in the zoology of Virgil’s poetic corpus. A careful study of each appearance and reference to the animal in Virgil’s works will reveal how the poet employs lupine imagery to special effect in his narrative of the transformation of Trojan customs and culture into Roman.
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Lowe, Dunstan. "WOMEN SCORNED: A NEW STICHOMETRIC ALLUSION IN THE AENEID." Classical Quarterly 63, no. 1 (April 24, 2013): 442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838812000742.
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Intense scrutiny can raise chimaeras, and Virgil is the most scrutinized of Roman poets, but he may have engineered coincidences in line number (‘stichometric allusions’) between certain of his verses and their Greek models. A handful of potential examples have now accumulated. Scholars have detected Virgilian citations of Homer, Callimachus and Aratus in this manner, as well as intratextual allusions by both Virgil and Ovid, and references to Virgil's works by later Roman poets using the same technique. (For present purposes I disregard the separate, though related, phenomenon of corresponding numbers of lines in parallel passages: G. Knauer, Die Aeneis und Homer (Göttingen, 1964) suggests several examples of such correspondences between Homer and Virgil, especially in speeches. Another purely formal mode of allusion faintly present in Roman poetry is homophonic translation (the technique which Louis Zukofsky's 1969 translations of Catullus pursue in extenso); thus Virgil's fagus, beech, corresponds with Theocritus' phagos, oak.) If genuine, the phenomenon lacks any consistent method or regular pattern (and the degree of plausibility varies); if genuine, it is very rare, even if accidents in textual transmission could have obscured some examples; if genuine, it probably originated in the Hellenistic period, although such a case has yet to be made. Virgil presently seems the earliest and most copious practitioner of stichometric allusion. A previously undetected example in the Aeneid is proposed below.
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Brammall, Sheldon. "The Politics of the Partial Translations of the Aeneid by Dudley Digges and Marie de Gournay." Translation and Literature 22, no. 2 (July 2013): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/tal.2013.0112.
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This is a comparative study of two almost exactly contemporary translations of Book 4 of Virgil's Aeneid: Marie de Gournay's of the last 500 lines (published 1620), and Sir Dudley Digges’ of the whole Book (published 1622). I show how these translators participated in what could be called ‘communities of Virgil translation’ in the early seventeenth century: they were both conspicuously part of local cultures of appropriating and translating Virgil, and these cultures provide the necessary context for reading these works. Second, I argue that one of the distinctive qualities of partial translations of the Aeneid in the early seventeenth century is that they make it possible to draw out particular political themes quickly and to enter them into the public debate. These themes are certainly not always the obvious ones.
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Cardigni, Julieta. "Tres versiones tardoantiguas de Virgilio: Servio, Macrobio y Fulgencio." Myrtia 35 (November 12, 2020): 347–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/myrtia.455301.
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El presente trabajo realiza un recorrido representativo por la construcción de la figura de Virgilio en la Antigüedad Tardía, tomando como corpus las obras de Servio, Macrobio y Fulgencio, textos latinos. El objetivo supone un doble movimiento: por un lado, dilucidar las distintas versiones de Virgilio en las lecturas del Tardoantiguo, por otro, vislumbrar algunos problemas y preocupaciones comunes a las producciones literarias de la época, quesur gen a partir del eje de la construcción del poeta. The present paper aims to trace a path of some of the late antique representations of Virgil, particularly those present in the works of Servius, Macrobius and Fulgentius, which constitute a group of encyclopedic Latin texts. Our purpose implies a double movement: on one hand, we will try to elucidate the different versions of Virgil in Late Antique readings; on the other hand, we plan to perceive how some reflections, which are common to the all the Literature of the period, emerge anchored to the figure of the Mantuan poet.
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Myers, K. Sara. "THE CULEX’S METAPOETIC FUNERARY GARDEN." Classical Quarterly 70, no. 2 (December 2020): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838821000045.
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The Culex is now widely recognized as a piece of post-Ovidian, possibly Tiberian, pseudo-juvenilia written by an author impersonating the young Virgil, although it was attached to Virgil's name already in the first century c.e., being identified as Virgilian by Statius, Suetonius and Martial. Dedicated to the young Octavian (Octaui in line 1), the poem seems to fill a biographical gap in Virgil's career before his composition of the Eclogues. It is introduced as a ludus, which Irene Peirano suggests may openly refer to ‘the act of impersonating Virgil’, and, like many of the poems in the Appendix Vergiliana, it seems to have a parodic intent. The Culex has been interpreted as a parody of neoteric style and the epyllion, as mock-epic, as Virgil parody (John Henderson called it a ‘spoof Aeneid in bucolic drag’), as pointed Augustan satire, as mock Ovidian ‘Weltgedicht’ and as just very bad poetry (Housman's ‘stutterer’). Glenn Most has observed that the poem's three ‘acts’ structurally recapitulate Virgil's three major works in chronological succession. Little attention, however, has been paid to the Culex's final lines, which contain a catalogue of flowers the pastor places on the gnat's tomb. Recent scholarship has reintroduced an older interpretation of the gnat's tomb as a political allegory of Augustus’ Mausoleum; in this paper I suggest instead that the tomb and its flowers serve a closural and metapoetic function at the end of the poem.
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Kearey, Talitha. "(MIS)READING THE GNAT: TRUTH AND DECEPTION IN THE PSEUDO-VIRGILIANCVLEX." Ramus 47, no. 2 (December 2018): 174–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rmu.2018.13.
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TheCulex—the earliest and best attested of the purported minor works of Virgil, and the most outright in gesturing towards Virgilian authorship—poses a problem for modern classical scholarship. Since at least the seventeenth century scholars have been preoccupied with the poem's authenticity. Is it a piece of early Virgilianiuuenilia, as the ancient testimonies and mediaeval transmission of the text seem to assert, or a later production? If a later production, should we see it as a deliberate forgery, or as a poem severed in the course of transmission from its original author and helplessly swept up in Virgil's train? The authenticity problem has proven persistent: as recently as the 1970s, scholars tried to claim theCulexfor Virgil. Even among those who think it non-Virgilian, the apparent consensus of anonymous late-Tiberian authorship has been contested by Otto Zwierlein's suggestion of M. Julius Montanus and Jean-Yves Maleuvre's, even more unlikely, of Augustus.
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Manczak, Witold. "József Herman, Vulgar Latin, translated by Roger Wright, The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, Pennsylvania, XIV+ 130 p." Linguistica 41, no. 1 (December 1, 2001): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.41.1.163-166.
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Selon l'auteur (p. 1), "the kind of language that must be taken to be the common origin for related words and similar phonetic and grammatical features in the Romance languages is often noticeably different from Classical Latin, as reflected in the works of Cicero or Virgil". Mais l'auteur passe sous silence le fait qu'en réalité, au sujet de l' origine des langues romanes, deux thèses s' affrontent, qui peuvent être représentées par les schémas suivants.
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Кусенко, Ольга Игоревна. "CURRENT RECEPTION OF VLADIMIR ZABUGINN’S WORKS IN ITALY." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Философия, no. 3(53) (October 30, 2020): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtphilos/2020.3.248.
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В начале 2000-х гг. в Италии были переизданы два ключевых труда русского филолога, мыслителя Владимира Николаевича Забугина: «Вергилий в итальянском Возрождении: от Данте до Торквато Тассо» и «История христианского Возрождения в Италии». Переиздание этих работ повлекло за собой новую волну интереса к наследию русского автора первой четверти XX в., жившего и работавшего в Италии. После долгих лет забвения труды Забугина о Вергилии, Помпонии Лете, Данте, истории итальянского Возрождения признаны классикой итальянской науки и переоценена его роль в герменевтическом обновлении истории искусств, главными героями которого были Аби Варбург и его школа. Об актуальной рецепции творчества Забугина в Италии пойдет речь в настоящей статье. In the early 2000s, two main works of the key Russian figure in the field of Italian Studies, philologist and thinker Vladimir Nikolaevich Zabugin «Virgil in the Italian Renaissance: from Dante to Torquato Tasso» and «The History of the Christian Renaissance in Italy» were republished in Italy. These editions provoked a new wave of interest to historical and philosophical heritage of the Russian author of the first quarter of the 20th century, who lived and worked in Italy. Previously neglected and forgotten Zabugin’s works on Virgil, Pomponius Lete, Dante, on the history of the Italian Renaissance were recognized as outstanding by leading historians, philologists, philosophers. Finally, his contribution to the hermeneutical turn of art history (whose main characters are considered Abi Warburg and his school) was also appreciated. The paper guides the reader through this current rediscovery and reception of Zabugin’s work in Italy with particular focus on his contribution to the field of renaissance studies.
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Putnam, Michael C. J. "Virgil and Sannazaro's Ekphrastic Vision." Ramus 40, no. 1 (2011): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x00000205.
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If the Neapolitan humanist Jacopo Sannazaro (1458-1530) receives any recognition in scholarly circles these days, it is usually for his Arcadia, an elaborate pastoral in twelve books, each combining prose and verse, that forms one of the most important links between the work of Petrarch, its inspiration, and that of Sir Philip Sidney. The Arcadia, published first authoritatively in 1504, is written in Italian, as are the hundred or so surviving Rime (songs and sonnets), largely products of the last decade of the fifteenth century. But Sannazaro was also a prolific writer in Latin. It is a question worth asking why, after the success of his vernacular magnum opus, he opted to use primarily a classical language for the major poetry that occupied his attention for the opening decades of the subsequent century. Perhaps a confirmation of his allegiance to Christian humanism is one reason. Perhaps also it was his devotion to Virgil whose three great works provided him with the most telling impetus for his own achievements in the Augustan poet's tongue.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Works (Virgil)"
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Baker, Jennifer. "Like a Virgil: Georgic Ontologies of Agrarian Work in Canadian Literature." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39179.
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In this dissertation, I argue that two dominant perspectives on farming in Canada—the technoscientific capitalist perspective on modern industrial farming and the popular vision of hard-won survival on the family farm—both draw on narrative and aesthetic strategies that have deep roots in distinct, but related variations of the georgic tradition, which arrived in Canada in the eighteenth century and continues to shape literary representations and material practices today. Critics of Canadian literature have tended to subsume the georgic under the category of pastoral, but I argue that the georgic is a separate and more useful category for understanding the complex myths and realities of agricultural production in Canada precisely because it is a literary genre that focuses on the labour of farming and because it constitutes a complex and multi-generic discourse which both promotes and enables critique of dominant agricultural practices. I argue that, despite its sublimation beneath the pastoral, the georgic mode has also been an important cultural nexus in Canadian literature and culture, and that it constitutes a set of conventions that have become so commonplace in writing that deals with agricultural labour and its related issues in Canada that they have come to seem both inevitable and natural within the Canadian cultural tradition, even if they have not been explicitly named as georgic.
By analyzing a variety of texts such as Oliver Goldmith’s The Rising Village, Isabella Valancy Crawford’s Malcolm’s Katie, Susanna Moodie’s Roughing It in the Bush, Frederick Philip Grove’s Settlers of the Marsh, Martha Ostenso’s Wild Geese, Al Purdy’s In Search of Owen Roblin, Robert Kroetsch’s “The Ledger,” Christian Bok’s Xenotext, Rita Wong’s Forage, and Phil Hall’s Amanuensis, I recontextualize Canadian writing that deals with agrarian work within two distinct but related georgic traditions. As Raymond Williams and others have shown, the georgic’s inclusion of both pastoralizing myths and material realities makes it useful for exploring ecological questions. The georgic is often understood in terms of what Karen O’Brien has called the imperial georgic mode, which involves a technocratic, imperialist, capitalist approach to agriculture, and which helped theorize and justify imperial expansion and the technological domination of nature. But as ecocritics like David Fairer, Margaret Ronda, and Kevin Goodman have argued, the georgic’s concern with the contingency and precariousness of human relationships with nonhuman systems also made it a productive site for imagining alternatives to imperial ways of organizing social and ecological relations. Ronda calls this more ecologically-focused and adaptable georgic the disenchanted georgic, but I call it the precarious georgic because of the way it enables engagement with what Anna Tsing calls precarity.
Precarity, as Tsing explains, describes life without the promise of mastery or stability, which is a condition that leaves us in a state of being radically dependent on other beings for survival. “The challenge for thinking with precarity,” she writes, “is to understand the ways projects for making scalability have transformed landscape and society, while seeing also where scalability fails—and where nonscalable ecological and economic relations erupt” (42). By tracing the interplay between imperial and precarious georgic modes in Canadian texts that have mistakenly been read as pastoral—from Moodie’s settler georgic to the queer gothic georgic of Ostenso’s Wild Geese to the provisional and object-oriented georgics of Robert Kroetsch and Phil Hall—I argue that the precarious georgic strain has always engaged in this process of thinking with precarity, and that it holds the potential for providing space to re-imagine our ecological relations.
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Simmonds, Ruby. "The words beneath the sand: an examination of the works of three Virgin Islands poets, Cyril Creque, J. P. Gimenez, and J. Antonio Jarvis." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1995. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/2552.
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This study is an excavation and examination of the works of Virgin Islands poets, Cyril Creque, I. P. Gimenez, and Antonio Jarvis, who wrote in the first half of the twentieth century. It looks at the historical and literary context that fostered them and provides a thorough study of one aspect of each man's poetry. In particular Creque's Romanticism is examined, as are Gimenez's vernacular poems, and Jarvis' dual consciousness. All three are examined from the perspective of the tensions created by their being products of the United States Virgin Islands, a territory at once Caribbean and American.
The study set out to refute the assertions of critics that Virgin Islands poets were mere imitators of the European style. What has been revealed is a rich tapestry of original imagery and language, reflective of the Virgin Islands unique history and culture.
A thorough examination of selected poems of each writer was conducted, as was research on each writer. This research was supported by available data and to a significant extent by information gathered from interviews with persons who knew the subjects of the study.
This dissertation is, most likely, the first comprehensive critical work on Virgin Islands poetry and on Creque, Gimenez, and Jarvis. As such it will be useful to scholars interested in the literature of the Virgin Islands and also of the Caribbean and the United States of which the territory is a part. It verifies, not only the presence of a poetic heritage, but testifies to its quality as well as its significance in the two poetic traditions of which it is a part.
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Cotton, Charles Dust Alvin Irwin. "Charles Cotton's works, 1663-1665 : critical editions of "The Valiant knight" and "Scarronides /." New York : Garland publ, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35718858x.
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Wang, Ling, and Shunbin Ning. "Viral and Cellular MicroRNAs in Regulation of EBV Latency and Oncogenesis." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6543.
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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an oncogenic virus that ubiquitously establishes life-long persistence in humans, encodes viral miRNAs in two clusters, BHRF1 and BART. EBV also regulates expression of a large pool of cellular miRNAs, including miR-155, miR-146a, miR-21, miR-29, and miR-34a. These miRNAs targets both viral and cellular genes involved in the entire viral lifetime from lytic infection to oncogenesis, including viral replication, immune responses, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and cell proliferation, and are indispensable for persistent infection, latency establishment and maintenance, and cancer development. Among them, circulating miRNAs and unique miRNA profiles are promising diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers alone or with other traditional biomarkers. Elucidation of the precise mechanisms of action of these miRNAs in EBV latent infection will improve our knowlege of EBV persistence and oncogenesis, and may foster new strategies to target these miRNAs for treatments of EBV-associated cancers.
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Ji, Yingjie, Xindi Dang, Lam Ngoc Thao Nguyen, Lam Nhat Nguyen, Jaun Zhao, Dechao Cao, Sushant Khanal, et al. "Topological DNA Damage, Telomere Attrition and T Cell Senescence During Chronic Viral Infections." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6522.
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Background: T cells play a key role in controlling viral infections; however, the underlying mechanisms regulating their functions during human viral infections remain incompletely understood. Here, we used CD4 T cells derived from individuals with chronic viral infections or healthy T cells treated with camptothecin (CPT) - a topoisomerase I (Top 1) inhibitor - as a model to investigate the role of DNA topology in reprogramming telomeric DNA damage responses (DDR) and remodeling T cell functions.
Results: We demonstrated that Top 1 protein expression and enzyme activity were significantly inhibited, while the Top 1 cleavage complex (TOP1cc) was trapped in genomic DNA, in T cells derived from individuals with chronic viral (HCV, HBV, or HIV) infections. Top 1 inhibition by CPT treatment of healthy CD4 T cells caused topological DNA damage, telomere attrition, and T cell apoptosis or dysfunction via inducing Top1cc accumulation, PARP1 cleavage, and failure in DNA repair, thus recapitulating T cell dysregulation in the setting of chronic viral infections. Moreover, T cells from virally infected subjects with inhibited Top 1 activity were more vulnerable to CPT-induced topological DNA damage and cell apoptosis, indicating an important role for Top 1 in securing DNA integrity and cell survival.
Conclusion: These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms for immunomodulation by chronic viral infections via disrupting DNA topology to induce telomeric DNA damage, T cell senescence, apoptosis and dysfunction. As such, restoring the impaired DNA topologic machinery may offer a new strategy for maintaining T cell function against human viral diseases.
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Mastrolia, Arthur J. "Uncovering a Marian attitude in the works of C.S. Lewis." IMRI - Marian Library / OhioLINK, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=udmarian1430401559.
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Hebbard, Matthew S. "The virgin of Guadalupe and Mexican religious belief." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2003. http://www.tren.com.
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Ottaviano, Silvia. "La tradizione delle opere di Virgilio tra IX e XI secolo." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/86182.
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Black, David S. "An analysis of the teaching of the Virgin Mary's co-redemptive work with Christ." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1987. http://www.tren.com.
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Wang, Ling, Yujia Wang, Juan Zhao, Junping Ren, Kenton H. Hall, Jonathon P. Moorman, Zhi Q. Yao, and Shunbin Ning. "The Linear Ubiquitin Assembly Complex Modulates Latent Membrane Protein 1 Activation of NF-κB and Interferon Regulatory Factor 7." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6529.
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Recently, linear ubiquitin assembly complex (LUBAC)-mediated linear ubiquitination has come into focus due to its emerging role in activation of NF-κB in different biological contexts. However, the role of LUBAC in LMP1 signaling leading to NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) activation has not been investigated. We show here that RNF31, the key component of LUBAC, interacts with LMP1 and IRF7 in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed cells and that LUBAC stimulates linear ubiquitination of NEMO and IRF7. Consequently, LUBAC is required for LMP1 signaling to full activation of NF-κB but inhibits LMP1-stimulated IRF7 transcriptional activity. The protein levels of RNF31 and LMP1 are correlated in EBV-transformed cells. Knockdown of RNF31 in EBV-transformed IB4 cells by RNA interference negatively regulates the expression of the genes downstream of LMP1 signaling and results in a decrease of cell proliferation. These lines of evidence indicate that LUBAC-mediated linear ubiquitination plays crucial roles in regulating LMP1 signaling and functions.
IMPORTANCE We show here that LUBAC-mediated linear ubiquitination is required for LMP1 activation of NF-κB but inhibits LMP1-mediated IRF7 activation. Our findings provide novel mechanisms underlying EBV-mediated oncogenesis and may have a broad impact on IRF7-mediated immune responses.
Books on the topic "Works (Virgil)"
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Gransden, K. W. Virgil, the Aeneid. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
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Virgil. The Georgics of Virgil. Loughcrew, Oldcastle, Co. Meath, Ireland: Gallery Books, 2004.
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Virgil. The gnat and other minor poems of Virgil. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Works (Virgil)"
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Čale, Morana. "Mediazioni e contaminazioni del modello dantesco nelle Montagne di Petar Zoranić (1508-1569?)." In Biblioteca di Studi di Filologia Moderna, 61–79. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-2150-003-5.04.
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The present paper is dedicated to 16th-century Croatian author Petar Zoranić’s (Zadar / Zara, 1508 – 1569?) direct and mediated echoing of Dante’s oeuvre. Zoranić’s pastoral novel Planine (Mountains) belongs to the consistent tradition of reuse, quotation and translation that the Italian poet’s legacy has enjoyed in Croatia from the 14th century to the present day. Building on the work of the humanist writer Marko Marulić (Marcus Marulus Spalatensis, Split / Spalato, 1450-1524), who aspired to do for the Croatian vernacular what Dante did for the Italian volgare, Zoranić adapted Dante’s example to his own purposes not only in the promotion of the Croatian language and literature, but also in the celebration of the beauty, history and cultural heritage of his homeland. A true connoisseur of Dante’s original, the author from Zadar was also competent in the art of appropriation and creative reemployment of the Commedia’s various aspects, an exercise inaugurated by Boccaccio, and practiced by 15th and 16th-century men and women of letters. My contribution will focus on the modalities through which the text of Planine transforms the materials derived from Dante by mixing them with elements from other prestigious literary sources, in their turn heirs or precursors of Dante, such as works by Virgil, Ovid, the Church doctors, the Roman de la rose, Petrarch’s Trionfi, the Decameron and the early narrative production by Boccaccio, Arcadia by Sannazaro and, according to my hypothesis, the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (Polifilo’s Dream) by Francesco Colonna.
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La Rose, Tara. "Viral Artifacts." In The Routledge International Handbook of Digital Social Work, 121–36. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003048459-13.
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Perry, Roland N. "Behavioural and physiological assays." In Techniques for work with plant and soil nematodes, 177–94. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786391759.0177.
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Abstract This chapter focuses on some of the principal techniques for analysing nematode behaviour and physiology, such as attraction/repulsion plate assays, pluronic gel assays, movement assays, electrophysiology, stylet activity, water content changes, oxygen consumption assays, collection of female sex pheromone, virgin females and males and viability tests, among others.
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Perry, Roland N. "Behavioural and physiological assays." In Techniques for work with plant and soil nematodes, 177–94. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786391759.0009.
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Abstract This chapter focuses on some of the principal techniques for analysing nematode behaviour and physiology, such as attraction/repulsion plate assays, pluronic gel assays, movement assays, electrophysiology, stylet activity, water content changes, oxygen consumption assays, collection of female sex pheromone, virgin females and males and viability tests, among others.
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Pugh, Syrithe. "Index of works and passages." In Spenser and Virgil. Manchester University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7765/9781526103888.00012.
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"List of works cited." In The Cambridge Companion to Virgil, 340–58. Cambridge University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ccol0521495393.024.
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"THE WORKS OF VIRGIL IN ENGLISH." In Poems, 569–806. University of California Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520905269-002.
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"Works Cited." In The Decline and Fall of Virgil in Eighteenth-Century Germany, 289–306. Boydell and Brewer, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781571136732-010.
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Wilde, Oscar. "85 Sir Charles Bowen's Virgil." In The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, Vol. 7: Journalism, Vol. 2, edited by John Stokes and Mark W. Turner. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00237219.
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Maystrenko, Lyudmila. "THE ORIGINALITY OF THE MYTHOLOGY OF EROS PLATO IN THE POETRY OF VERGILIUS." In Modernization of research area: national prospects and European practices. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-221-0-26.
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Eros is one of the main themes of world literature. The theory of love, dialectically expounded by Plato in The Banquet, had a great influence on all European cultures, especially on morality, fiction, and fine arts. The experience of world literature confirms Plato’s theory, including the poetry of Virgil, his works «Bucolic», «Georgica» and «Aeneid». The purpose of the paper is to identify the characteristic features of the mythology of Eros in the works of Virgil, to clarify the nature of the eternal relevance of Plato’s philosophical discovery of earthly love and heavenly love, his vitality in literary works. Methodology. The choice of methods is determined by the peculiarities of the scientific problems of the topic, the solution of which is based on the selection, systematization, comparison, and textual analysis of the relevant material. The main method of research is comparative-historical with genetic and contact approaches, which are in the direct or indirect dialogue of Virgil with other authors. The psychological method was used to know the inner world of the artist, and his author’s interpretation of the mythology of Eros. Results of the survey. Objectively substantiated results are obtained, structural, thematic, and ideological characteristics of Eros mythology are systematized in their interrelation as a complex phenomenon during a certain period in Virgil’s poetry, and established ideas about the mythopoetic paradigm in ancient literature are developed. Plato’s teachings on Eros, its two stages – lower (Earthly love) and higher (Heavenly love) actualize the works of Virgil: «Bucolics», «Georgics», «Aeneid». Рractical implications and value. The practical significance of the work and its value are determined by the possibility of using it in the course of lectures at higher educational institutions. The same results can be taken into account when writing monographs, textbooks, and manuals, in the development of lectures, courses, and special courses on the history of foreign literature. In the Bucolics, Virgil raises the issue of the harmony of man and nature associated with the beauty of Eros. Virgil’s «Bucolics» testify to the complex inner world of man, to the dissonances of his soul, tired of the big city. Rural themes, full of beauty and love of life with all the colors of the Italian land, with the poet’s favorite evening – the constant motifs of the idyllic world of Virgil, which encourages love. In the Georgics, Virgil considers four themes: love, renunciation, death, and rebirth, developing Plato’s theory of the lower and higher levels of Eros – earthly and heavenly love. Virgil denies earthly love. He focuses on libido sexual – sexual desire as the lower stage of Eros. Virgil condemns not only carnal love but also all passion. The vanity of horses rushing to the finish line is no different from human vanity. An example of renunciation of love and all passion is the bee kingdom in Book IV «Georgik». Dido’s tragic love for Aeneas began with libido. Virgil equates the queen’s love affair with illness, a terrible element, a catastrophe. The spirit of great tragedy hovers throughout the fourth book of the Aeneid. Sympathizing with Dido, Virgil condemns her love for Aeneas as a destructive, destructive force, a mad shawl of love passion. However, the poet does not deny purified, that is, ideal love in the Platonic sense. It begins with love for the native land, for beauty, and reigns in all his works. It is love for nature, which permeates the artistic world of the poet, for native lares and penates, love for parents and paternal and maternal love, a mutual friendship between kindred spirits, and finally – love for all things: trees, celestial bodies, space life. Universal love dominates all the works of Virgil.
Conference papers on the topic "Works (Virgil)"
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Halchuk, O. V. "THE QUESTION OF IDENTITY IN ANTIQUE LITERATURE: ‘WHO AM I’ AND ‘WHO ARE WE’ IN THE WORKS OF HOMER, SOPHOCLES AND VIRGIL." In MODERN PHILOLOGY: THEORY, HISTORY, METHODOLOGY. PART 1. Baltija Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-425-2-16.
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Chamakhud, D. V. "THE THEME OF THE VIRGIN CANTOS IN THE CHORAL WORK OF YAKIV YATSYNEVYCH." In АКТУАЛЬНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ РОЗВИТКУ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ТА ЗАРУБІЖНОГО МИСТЕЦТВ: КУЛЬТУРОЛОГІЧНИЙ, МИСТЕЦТВОЗНАВЧИЙ, ПЕДАГОГІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТИ. Liha-Pres, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36059/978-966-397-317-3-17.
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Gomez, Carlos, Gabriel Gonzalez, and Esteban Meneses. "Algorithm for History Reconstruction of Viral Recombination Events: Preliminary Results." In 2018 IEEE International Work Conference on Bioinspired Intelligence (IWOBI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwobi.2018.8464134.
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Santagata, Ezio, Sadegh Yeganeh, Haissam Sebaaly, Osman Elhussein, and Ali Mohammed Al Marri. "Preliminary Study on the Use of Reclaimed Asphalt in Public Works Authority Road Projects in the State of Qatar." In The 2nd International Conference on Civil Infrastructure and Construction. Qatar University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/cic.2023.0116.
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This paper describes the outcomes of a preliminary study focused on the evaluation of four full-scale pavement sections in which reclaimed asphalt (RAP) was used in partial substitution of virgin aggregates during the production of asphalt mixes. Considered mixes were produced with different RAP percentages and were thereafter laid on site for the formation of asphalt base course layers of pavements in local roads of the State of Qatar. For comparative purposes, two trials included asphalt mixes containing no RAP, and in one case use was made of a rejuvenating agent. Activities carried out for the monitoring of field trials included analysis of component materials, critical observation of production and laying operations, assessment of the most relevant characteristics of produced asphalt mixes, and evaluation of the degree of compaction achieved during construction. Experimental results were of crucial importance for the introduction of RAP-related paving technologies in the State of Qatar, providing a meaningful background to the preparation of the "Ashghal Recycling Manual" issued by Ashghal and of the draft updated version of Qatar Construction Specifications.
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Le Compte, Daniel, and Daniel Klug. "“It’s Viral!” - A Study of the Behaviors, Practices, and Motivations of TikTok Users and Social Activism." In CSCW '21: Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3462204.3481741.
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Helbert, Jörn, Nils Müller, Alessandro Maturilli, Riccardo Nadalini, Suzanne Smrekar, Piero D'Incecco, and Mario D'Amore. "Observing the surface of Venus after VIRTIS on VEX: new concepts and laboratory work." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Marija Strojnik Scholl and Gonzalo Páez. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2025582.
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PERINA, ALESSANDRO, PIETRO LOVATO, and NEBOJSA JOJIC. "BAGS OF WORDS MODELS OF EPITOPE SETS: HIV VIRAL LOAD REGRESSION WITH COUNTING GRIDS." In Proceedings of the Pacific Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814583220_0028.
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Vendittoli, V. "Dimensional and geometric deviations of parts in PA12 manufactured by selective laser sintering: numerical and experimental analyses." In Italian Manufacturing Association Conference. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902714-24.
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Abstract. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) uses a laser to sinter powdered polymeric materials, such as Polyamide 12 (PA12). Industrially, it is commonly used as a mixture of virgin and aged powder. The aged powder has undergone various thermal cycles without being sintered. This work aims to evaluate the differences in the dimensional and geometrical deviations of parts in PA12 obtained through SLS by virgin and aged powder. A numerical approach was used to simulate the SLS software to foresee these dimensional deviations as a function of the powder’s physical-chemical properties and the process parameters. The obtained results were validated through an experimental approach. Parallelepiped-shaped specimens were manufactured using an SLS printer and measured with a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). The numerical results agree with the experimental ones. It seems that the differences between the dimensional deviations of the
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Krishnakumar, R. "Reuse of Coarse Aggregate as Recycled Aggregate in Concrete." In Sustainable Materials and Smart Practices. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901953-3.
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Abstract. In the latest period, the volume of building material has greatly extended, raising social and environmental concerns surrounding waste recycling. Construction and demolition waste is a significant factor in global generated waste. Construction necessarily requires the use of massive quantities of aggregates. When the structure's useful life is up, it will be demolished, and all of the demolished waste will disposed of in landfills. It became increasingly difficult to identify large areas for landfills. Crushed, graded inorganic particles that have been processed from construction materials and demolition debris make up recycled aggregates. Aggregates that have been recycled for use in high-strength structural concrete. In this work, recycled coarse aggregate was employed to replace virgin coarse aggregate. The properties of both fresh and hardened concrete made from 100 % recycled coarse aggregate which has been internally or externally replaced found, and the effects are compared to concrete by applying the virgin coarse aggregate.
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Piva, Eduardo Fernandes, and Paulo Lício de Geus. "Using Virtal Machines to increase honeypot security." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Segurança da Informação e de Sistemas Computacionais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbseg.2005.21548.
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This work in progress discuss how virtual machines can be used to implement a data capture system for a honeynet. The main advantage of this approach is that the data capturing is done outside the honeypot kernel, making it practivally impossible to be detected and disabled by the intruder. By achiving this goal, a honeypot can be deployed in a safer environment, mitigating risks involved when using a honeynet.
Reports on the topic "Works (Virgil)"
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Sauer, Jennifer. 2022 U.S. Virgin Islands Registered Voters Work and Save Survey: Annotated Questionnaire. Washington, DC: AARP Research, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26419/res.00551.002.
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Singh, Anjali. What Is Optogenetics and How Does It Work? ConductScience, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55157/cs20220704.
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Optogenetics is a biotechnological method that combines optical systems and genetic engineering to control and monitor the functions of cells, tissues, and organisms. It involves using light-sensitive proteins called opsins to manipulate specific cells or regions with precision. This technique has revolutionized neuroscience, allowing researchers to study neural circuits and behavior by turning cells on and off. Opsins are categorized into microbial and animal types, each with specific functions. Optogenetic experiments require opsins, suitable plasmids or viral vectors, and a light source. This method has broad applications in neurology, animal behavior, and physiology, providing insights into various biological processes. It is used to map neural circuits, study diseases, and understand behaviors.
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Kress, Marin, David Young, Katherine Chambers, and Brandan Scully. Measuring maritime connectivity to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands using Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47495.
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The purpose of this Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering technical note (CHETN) is to summarize a portion of recently published work (Young, Kress, et al. 2022) that used archival Automatic Identification System (AIS) data to measure the commercial vessel traffic connected to Puerto Rican and US Virgin Island (USVI) port areas from January 2015 to June 2020. Vessel movement derived from AIS was aggregated to construct a network that measured the port-to-port connectivity for all ports in the network and the interconnectivity of traffic between those ports. AIS data provided a description of vessel movement and the identification of specific vessel classes. Metrics such as interconnectedness can be used in conjunction with standard US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) metrics describing waterway utilization, which traditionally have included total tonnage and specific commodity tonnage. The ability to consider the self-selected vessel-type broadcast via AIS, as well as dominant commodity type and tonnage reported through statistical publications, provides a fuller and more accurate description of waterway capacity utilization. This knowledge, along with port-to-port interconnectedness, reveals potential redundancies between ports, robustness across supply chains, and the impacts of seasonality, thereby allowing the USACE to expand its understanding of maritime supply-chain resilience.
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Mawassi, Munir, and Valerian V. Dolja. Role of the viral AlkB homologs in RNA repair. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594396.bard.
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AlkB proteins that repair DNA via reversing methylation damage are conserved in a broad range of prokaryotes and eukaryotes including plants. Surprisingly, AlkB-domains were discovered in the genomes of numerous plant positive-strand RNA viruses, majority of which belong to the family Flexiviridae. The major goal of this research was to reveal the AlkB functions in the viral infection cycle using a range of complementary genetic and biochemical approaches. Our hypotheses was that AlkB is required for efficient replication and genetic stability of viral RNA genomes The major objectives of the research were to identify the functions of GVA AlkB domain throughout the virus infection cycle in N. benthamiana and grapevine, to investigate possible RNA silencing suppression activity of the viral AlkBs, and to characterize the RNA demethylation activity of the mutated GVA AlkBs in vitro and in vivo to determine methylation status of the viral RNA. Over the duration of project, we have made a very substantial progress with the first two objectives. Because of the extreme low titer of the virus particles in plants infected with the AlkB mutant viruses, we were unable to analyze RNA demethylation activity and therefore had to abandon third objective. The major achievements with our objectives were demonstration of the AlkB function in virus spread and accumulation in both experimental and natural hosts of GVA, discovery of the functional cooperation and physical interaction between AlkB and p10 AlkB in suppression of plant RNA silencing response, developing a powerful virus vector technology for grapevine using GLRaV-2-derived vectors for functional genomics and pathogen control in grapevine, and in addition we used massive parallel sequencing of siRNAs to conduct comparative analysis of the siRNA populations in grape plants infected with AlkB-containing GLRaV-3 versus GLRaV-2 that does not encode AlkB. This analysis revealed dramatically reduced levels of virus-specific siRNAs in plants infected with GLRaV-3 compared to that in GLRaV-2 infection implicating AlkB in suppression of siRNA formation. We are pleased to report that BARD funding resulted in 5 publications directly supported by BARD, one US patent, and 9 more publications also relevant to project. Moreover, two joint manuscripts that summarize work on GVA AlkB (led by Israeli PI) and on viral siRNAs in grapevine (led by US PI in collaboration with University of Basel) are in preparation.
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Citovsky, Vitaly, and Yedidya Gafni. Nuclear Import of the Tomato Yellow Curl Leaf Virus in Tomato Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568765.bard.
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Tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus (TYLCV) is a major pathogen of cultivated tomato, causing up to 100% crop loss in many parts of the world. In Israel the disease is well known and has an economic significance. In recent years viral symptoms were found in countries of the "New World" and since 1997, in Florida. Surprisingly, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of TYLCV interaction with the host plant cells. This proposal was aimed at expanding our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which TYLCV enters the host cell nucleus. The main objective was to elucidate the TYLCV protein(s) involved in transport of the viral genomic DNA into the host cell nucleus. This goal was best served by collaboration between our laboratories one of which (V.C.) was already investigating the nuclear import of the T-DNA ofAgrobacterium tumefaciens, and the other (Y.G.) was studying the effect of TYLCV capsid protein (CP) in transgenic plants, hypothesizing its involvement in the viral nuclear entry. Three years of our collaborative work have provided signifcant data that strongly support our original hypothesis of the involvement of TYLCtr CP in viral nuclear import. Furthermore, our results have laid a foundation to study fundamental, but as yet practically unresolved, questions about the role ofthe host cell factors in the nuclear import of geminiviruses within their host plant. As a result, this research may lead to development of new approaches for plant protection based on control of TYLCV import to the host plant cell nucleus.
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Mizrach, Amos, Michal Mazor, Amots Hetzroni, Joseph Grinshpun, Richard Mankin, Dennis Shuman, Nancy Epsky, and Robert Heath. Male Song as a Tool for Trapping Female Medflies. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7586535.bard.
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This interdisciplinaray work combines expertise in engineering and entomology in Israel and the US, to develop an acoustic trap for mate-seeking female medflies. Medflies are among the world's most economically harmful pests, and monitoring and control efforts cost about $800 million each year in Israel and the US. Efficient traps are vitally important tools for medfly quarantine and pest management activities; they are needed for early detection, for predicting dispersal patterns and for estimating medfly abundance within infested regions. Early detection facilitates rapid response to invasions, in order to contain them. Prediction of dispersal patterns facilitates preemptive action, and estimates of the pests' abundance lead to quantification of medfly infestations and control efforts. Although olfactory attractants and traps exist for capturing male and mated female medflies, there are still no satisfactorily efficient means to attract and trap virgin and remating females (a significant and dangerous segment of the population). We proposed to explore the largely ignored mechanism of female attraction to male song that the flies use in courtship. The potential of such an approach is indicated by studies under this project. Our research involved the identification, isolation, and augmentation of the most attractive components of male medfly songs and the use of these components in the design and testing of traps incorporating acoustic lures. The project combined expertise in acoustic engineering and instrumentation, fruit fly behavior, and integrated pest management. The BARD support was provided for 1 year to enable proof-of-concept studies, aimed to determine: 1) whether mate-seeking female medflies are attracted to male songs; and 2) over what distance such attraction works. Male medfly calling song was recorded during courtship. Multiple acoustic components of male song were examined and tested for synergism with substrate vibrations produced by various surfaces, plates and loudspeakers, with natural and artificial sound playbacks. A speaker-funnel system was developed that focused the playback signal to reproduce as closely as possible the near-field spatial characteristics of the sounds produced by individual males. In initial studies, the system was tasted by observing the behavior of females while the speaker system played songs at various intensities. Through morning and early afternoon periods of peak sexual activity, virgin female medflies landed on a sheet of filter paper at the funnel outlet and stayed longer during broadcasting than during the silent part of the cycle. In later studies, females were captured on sticky paper at the funnel outlet. The mean capture rates were 67 and 44%, respectively, during sound emission and silent control periods. The findings confirmed that female trapping was improved if a male calling song was played. The second stage of the research focused on estimating the trapping range. Initial results indicated that the range possibly extended to 70 cm, but additional, verification tests remain to be conducted. Further studies are planned also to consider effects of combining acoustic and pheromonal cues.
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Chejanovsky, Nor, and Suzanne M. Thiem. Isolation of Baculoviruses with Expanded Spectrum of Action against Lepidopteran Pests. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7586457.bard.
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Our long-term goal is to learn to control (expand and restrict) the host range of baculoviruses. In this project our aim was to expand the host range of the prototype baculovirus Autographa cali/arnica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) towards American and Israeli pests. To achieve this objective we studied AcMNPV infection in the non-permissive hosts L. dispar and s. littoralis (Ld652Y and SL2 cells, respectively) as a model system and the major barriers to viral replication. We isolated recombinant baculoviruses with expanded infectivity towards L. dispar and S. littoralis and tested their infectivity towards other Lepidopteran pests. The restricted host range displayed by baculoviruses constitutes an obstacle to their further implementation in the control of diverse Lepidopteran pests, increasing the development costs. Our work points out that cellular defenses are major role blocks to AcMNPV replication in non- and semi-permissive hosts. Therefore a major determinant ofbaculovirus host range is the ability of the virus to effectively counter cellular defenses of host cells. This is exemplified by our findings showing tliat expressing the viral gene Ldhrf-l overcomes global translation arrest in AcMNPV -infected Ld652Y cells. Our data suggests that Ld652Y cells have two anti-viral defense pathways, because they are subject to global translation arrest when infected with AcMNPV carrying a baculovirus apoptotic suppressor (e.g., wild type AcMNPV carryingp35, or recombinant AcMNPV carrying Opiap, Cpiap. or p49 genes) but apoptose when infected with AcMNPV-Iacking a functional apoptotic suppressor. We have yet to elucidate how hrf-l precludes the translation arrest mechanism(s) in AcMNPV-infected Ld652Y cells. Ribosomal profiles of AcMNPV infected Ld652Y cells suggested that translation initiation is a major control point, but we were unable to rule-out a contribution from a block in translation elongation. Phosphorylation of eIF-2a did not appear to playa role in AcMNPV -induced translation arrest. Mutagenesis studies ofhrf-l suggest that a highly acidic domain plays a role in precluding translation arrest. Our findings indicate that translation arrest may be linked to apoptosis either through common sensors of virus infection or as a consequence of late events in the virus life-cycle that occur only if apoptosis is suppressed. ~ AcMNPV replicates poorly in SL2 cells and induces apoptosis. Our studies in AcMNPV - infected SL2ceils led us to conclude that the steady-state levels of lEI (product of the iel gene, major AcMNPV -transactivator and multifunctional protein) relative to those of the immediate early viral protein lEO, playa critical role in regulating the viral infection. By increasing the IEl\IEO ratio we achieved AcMNPV replication in S. littoralis and we were able to isolate recombinant AcMNPV s that replicated efficiently in S. lifforalis cells and larvae. Our data that indicated that AcMNPV - infection may be regulated by an interaction between IE 1 and lED (of previously unknown function). Indeed, we showed that IE 1 associates with lED by using protein "pull down" and immunoprecipitation approaches High steady state levels of "functional" IE 1 resulted in increased expression of the apoptosis suppressor p35 facilitating AcMNPV -replication in SL2 cells. Finally, we determined that lED accelerates the viral infection in AcMNPV -permissive cells. Our results show that expressing viral genes that are able to overcome the insect-pest defense system enable to expand baculovirus host range. Scientifically, this project highlights the need to further study the anti-viral defenses of invertebrates not only to maximi~e the possibilities for manipulating baculovirus genomes, but to better understand the evolutionary underpinnings of the immune systems of vertebrates towards virus infection.
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Sierra, Ricardo, and Inder J. Ruprah. Mothers Are Right: Eat Your Vegetables And Keep Away From The Girls (Boys): Bullying Victimization Profile in the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008446.
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About 29 percent of teenagers are bullied at school in the Caribbean. Victims of bullying are more lonely, sleep less, and have fewer friends than do their nonbullied peers. Although victims of bullying eat more frequently at fast food restaurants, they also experience more periods of hunger than do nonbullied children. Acting out with the goal of being considered a "cool" teenager does not work; even if adolescents frequently smoke cigarettes, bullies may still intimidate and harass them. The opposite is true for virgins. Good parenting can, however, make a difference in preventing a child from being a victim of bullying. Growing international evidence has shown that school-based programs can reduce the prevalence of bullying and that bullying has long-term negative consequences into adult life (for both bullies and victims).
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Wang, X. F., and M. Schuldiner. Systems biology approaches to dissect virus-host interactions to develop crops with broad-spectrum virus resistance. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8134163.bard.
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More than 60% of plant viruses are positive-strand RNA viruses that cause billion-dollar losses annually and pose a major threat to stable agricultural production, including cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) that infects numerous vegetables and ornamental trees. A highly conserved feature among these viruses is that they form viral replication complexes (VRCs) to multiply their genomes by hijacking host proteins and remodeling host intracellular membranes. As a conserved and indispensable process, VRC assembly also represents an excellent target for the development of antiviral strategies that can be used to control a wide-range of viruses. Using CMV and a model virus, brome mosaic virus (BMV), and relying on genomic tools and tailor-made large-scale resources specific for the project, our original objectives were to: 1) Identify host proteins that are required for viral replication complex assembly. 2) Dissect host requirements that determine viral host range. 3) Provide proof-of-concept evidence of a viral control strategy by blocking the viral replication complex-localized phospholipid synthesis. We expect to provide new ways and new concepts to control multiple viruses by targeting a conserved feature among positive-strand RNA viruses based on our results. Our work is going according to the expected timeline and we are progressing well on all aims. For Objective 1, among ~6,000 yeast genes, we have identified 96 hits that were possibly play critical roles in viral replication. These hits are involved in cellular pathways of 1) Phospholipid synthesis; 2) Membrane-shaping; 3) Sterol synthesis and transport; 4) Protein transport; 5) Protein modification, among many others. We are pursuing several genes involved in lipid metabolism and transport because cellular membranes are primarily composed of lipids and lipid compositional changes affect VRC formation and functions. For Objective 2, we have found that CPR5 proteins from monocotyledon plants promoted BMV replication while those from dicotyledon plants inhibited it, providing direct evidence that CPR5 protein determines the host range of BMV. We are currently examining the mechanisms by which dicot CPR5 genes inhibit BMV replication and expressing the dicot CPR5 genes in monocot plants to control BMV infection. For Objective 3, we have demonstrated that substitutions in a host gene involved in lipid synthesis, CHO2, prevented the VRC formation by directing BMV replication protein 1a (BMV 1a), which remodels the nuclear membrane to form VRCs, away from the nuclear membrane, and thus, no VRCs were formed. This has been reported in Journal of Biological Chemistry. Based on the results from Objective 3, we have extended our plan to demonstrate that an amphipathic alpha-helix in BMV 1a is necessary and sufficient to target BMV 1a to the nuclear membrane. We further found that the counterparts of the BMV 1a helix from a group of viruses in the alphavirus-like superfamily, such as CMV, hepatitis E virus, and Rubella virus, are sufficient to target VRCs to the designated membranes, revealing a conserved feature among the superfamily. A joint manuscript describing these exciting results and authored by the two labs will be submitted shortly. We have also successfully set up systems in tomato plants: 1) to efficiently knock down gene expression via virus-induced gene silencing so we could test effects of lacking a host gene(s) on CMV replication; 2) to overexpress any gene transiently from a mild virus (potato virus X) so we could test effects of the overexpressed gene(s) on CMV replication. In summary, we have made promising progress in all three Objectives. We have identified multiple new host proteins that are involved in VRC formation and may serve as good targets to develop antiviral strategies; have confirmed that CPR5 from dicot plants inhibited viral infection and are generating BMV-resistance rice and wheat crops by overexpressing dicot CPR5 genes; have demonstrated to block viral replication by preventing viral replication protein from targeting to the designated organelle membranes for the VRC formation and this concept can be further employed for virus control. We are grateful to BARD funding and are excited to carry on this project in collaboration.
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DeMartini, James C., Abraham Yaniv, Jonathan O. Carlson, Arnona Gazit, Leonard E. Pearson, Kalman Perk, J. K. Young, Noam Safran, and A. Friedman. Evaluation of Naked Proviral DNA as a Vaccine for Ovine Lentivirus Infection. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570553.bard.
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Ovine lentivirus (OvLV) infection is widespread in sheep of the United States and Israel and is responsible for substantial economic losses. The primary goal of this project was to evaluate naked proviral DNA as a vaccine to induce protective immunity in sheep in endemic areas. Contrary to expectations, inoculation of sheep with proviral DNA derived from the full length OvLV molecular clone pkv72 did not result in detectable OvLV infection, but infectious virus was recovered from transfected ovine cells. Kv72 virus produced by these cells infected sheep and induced antibody responses, and was used as a viral challenge in subsequent experiments. To improve in vivo transfection efficiency and compare the viral LTR with other romoters, expression of reporter genes was studied in sheep transfected in vivo by injection of cationic liposome-DNA complexes; one formulation produced gene expression in a sheep for 4 months following a single intravenous injection. Since the pol-deleted OvLV construct was not stable in vivo, twelve lambs were injected with plasmids containing the Kv72 gag region (pCMVgag) or env region (pCMVenv), or saline. Prior to challenge, no detectable anti-OvLV immune responses were detected. Following homologous challenge with OvLV. Although the naked DNA approach to vaccination holds promise for control of ovine lentivirus-induced disease, further work needs to be done to develop more effective methods of transfecting sheep with DNA.