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Martins, Alexandre Nunes, Thiago Oliveira Borges, Marcelo Massa, Reury Frank Bacurau, Alexandre Moreira, and Marcelo Saldanha Aoki. "Pacing Strategy of Single Scullers during Rowing World Championships." IJASS(International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences) 34, no. 2 (2022): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24985/ijass.2022.34.2.215.
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This study aimed to describe and compare the pacing strategy and performance of world level under 19 (U19), under 23(U23) and senior single scullers during world championship races. Data are from 8 years of Rowing World Championships A and B finals of single scull races for U19, U23 and senior age scullers. Pacing was determined for velocity, stroke rate and, distance per stroke (SD). Scullers presented a fast start strategy for all races investigated. There was no significant difference in pacing between age groups. Velocity peaked at the 100m (U19) and 150m (U23 and senior) mark. The scullers in the older age groups showed superior performance scores of the studied variables. U19, Under 23 and senior single scullers present similar pacing regardless of their age group. Performance of single sculler improve from U19, to U23 to senior for both lightweight and heavyweight classes. The results of this study may serve as a reference for athletes, coaches, and sports scientists to be implemented in training.
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Latyshev, M., I. Holovach, O. Polianychko, А. Yeretyk, and O. Lakhtadyr. "The importance of achievements at the U23 freestyle wrestling competition." Єдиноборства, no. 2(28) (February 3, 2023): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/ed.2023-2.07.
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Purpose: to analyze the results of the performances of the winners of the U23 World Championship in freestyle wrestling and to establish their importance. Material and methods. The research used the following methods: analysis of scientific and methodological information and Internet sources, analysis of competitive activity, methods of mathematical statistics. All sportsmen's performances after the performance at the U23 World Championship in freestyle wrestling were analyzed. The sports careers of all wrestlers who won at the competitions in 2017, 2018 and 2019 were analyzed. The total number of winners was 28 athletes. In order to determine the further achievements of the sports result, the performances at the continental, world championships and the Olympic Games were analyzed. The considered characteristics were separately analyzed for weight groups: light weight group (weight categories up to 69 kg), medium weight group (weight categories from 70 to 89 kg) and heavy weight group (more than 90 kg). Results: аmong all the winners, there are representatives of only three continents: Asia (32,1 %), Europe (53,6 %) and North America (14,3 %). More than half of the athletes of the light weight group (66,7 %) took part more than once in competitions among U23 representatives. It should be noted that all winners took part (100,0 %) in continental competitions and among them 88,9 % were successful (placed prizes). Also, the rate of participation in the world championships among adults is quite high – 88,9 %, but only 33,3 % succeeded in these competitions. Only one representative (11,1 %) of the light weight group took part in the Olympic Games and did not take a prize place. The analysis of middleweight wrestlers showed that the majority of athletes (72,7 %) competed at the U23 competition and all wrestlers were successful. At the same time, more than half (63,6 %) participated in continental championships and 45,5 % achieved success. Less than half of the athletes (45,5 %) took part in the world championships, but all of them took prize places. Only one wrestler of the middle weight group took part in the Olympic Games (9,1 %), but he could not take the prize place. Representatives of the heavy weight group continue to compete in competitions of all levels. Thus, 62,5 % of wrestlers took part in U23 competitions and 50,0 % of all athletes took prize places. The same number of representatives had achievements at the continental championships. At that time, the results of achievements at the world championships were higher, so 75,0 % of athletes took part in these competitions, and more than 80,0 % of the participants won prizes. In general, the analysis showed that competitions among athletes under the age of 23 have a certain influence on the further career of athletes. Conclusions. More than half of the athletes took part in U23 competitions, continental championships and world championships. The majority of athletes were successful at the U23 (89,4 %) and continental competitions (80,9 %), while the number of athletes who were able to take the medal places at the World Championships was lower at 68,3 %. Four athletes (14,3 %) took part in the Olympic Games and two of them (7,1 %) won prizes. In general, the analysis showed that competitions among athletes under the age of 23 have a certain influence on the further career of athletes.
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Shandrygos, V. "Result analysis of fighters from different countries at World Wrestling Championship among the man till 23." EDINOBORSTVA 3(9) (June 1, 2018): 86–96. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1255718.
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<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><strong><em>. </em></strong><strong><em>Shandrygos V. </em></strong><strong><em>Result analysis of fighters from different countries at World Wrestling Championship among the man till 23. Objective:</em></strong><em> Release analysis results of team performances at World Wrestling Championship among the man till 23. <strong>Materials and methods:</strong> pedagogical observations have been released the competitive activity of high-qualified athlete-fighters at World Wrestling Championship among the man till 23(</em><em>ЧС</em><em> U23) 2017. The methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of literature sources, internet-sources, analysis of reporting documents, videos and methods of mathematical statistics. <strong>Results:</strong> discovered that in world wrestling championship take part a representative of 41 countries in quantity of 173 persons. The 10 countries was presented of full squad by 8 participant. In continental section 25 countries present the Europe (61%) Asia–9 (22%); America and Africa, three countries (in accordance – 7,3% and 7,3%) Australia and Oceania – one country (2,4%). Russian team take part at first general command place in unofficial and medal competition, despite the hard rivalry took 3 golden, 1 silver and 1 bronze medals, which is testifies a advantage and dominance at worldwide carpet. The fighters from 25 countries got credit points (60,97%), and 15 fighters got on pedestal of respect(36,58%).Quality coefficient analysis of fighters testifies that high value of coefficient quality of Russian athletes performance(62,5%), Georgia and Israel about (50%). It means, that not less than half of members specified countries won. In that time low coefficient values of athletes performance quality, spotted in athletes from USA, Iran, Turkey, Ukraine and Japan (about 37,5), Cuba and Slovakia (about 33,3%), Kazakhstan and India (about 25%). In one hand, this data is the testimonies of unfortunate performance of athletes from this countries, In other hand, thats approves low informative medal record before analysis of athletes championship results.In way of analysis competitive activity, discovered that in consisting of competitive technique, prevail offensive actions, the fight is going on constantly high pace, touch is made after preliminary preparation and in that case when the athlete is assured, that the touch is going to be done. Fighters of high rank have the high touch performance implementation during all fight. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Detected, that for development and spectacle of wrestling necessary to take the effort improving performance of wrestling fights by saving high intensity of fight during the all clash, thats why the frequent changes and additions on rules are made.</em><em>The traditionally confidently and stable, fighters, are having a good performance, they </em><em>perform the countries of post-soviet area, a specially Russia, Kazakhstan, Belorussia, Georgia and Ukraine, that have entered in wrestling elite ten of the leading ones countries.Leading in international calendar the world wrestling championship among the man till 23 (U23) is the positive moment regarding to popularization of wrestling in world, expansion calendar of official fights, gradually moving junior-fighters to adult fight and preparing reserve to the next Olympic Games.All this facts objectively confirm a leading role of the native wrestling school and high ranking fighters preparation system effectiveness, which provide and save a worthy status of sport fight in structure of modern olympic sport. Thats was demanded by historical preconditions of occurrence and development of sport fight, and also prospects and improvements boundaries in modern olympic way.</em>
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Stanković, Mladen, Dušan Perić, Guillermo Ruiz-Llamas, and Miriam E. Quiroga-Escudero. "Effects of Tested Rules on Work-Rest Time in Volleyball." Motricidade 13, no. 3 (2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.8990.
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The aim of this study was to determine the influence of new rules tested at the inaugural Men’s Under 23 (U23) World Championship (set to 21 points and 15 seconds between the end of a point and the new serve) on all aspects of time in volleyball matches. The study sample comprised 36 matches partially segmented into 123 sets and 4583 points played. Applying one-way ANOVA, it was shown that the active part of the set and the whole match last slightly more than one third of the total time. The most frequent rally duration was 5 to 10 seconds (43.5% of points). As sets became more unpredictable and approached the end, rest time between points was longer. Time analysis of volleyball matches is important as it helps with proper development of physical preparation for players, gives coaches insight into appropriate match flow and provides a clear time frame of each part of a volleyball match for organisers of competitive events, pools, championships and tournaments.
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Matić, Radenko M., Nikola Todorović, Ivana M. Milovanović, et al. "Sports event quality and athlete’s behavioural intentions at the World Wrestling Championship." Management & Marketing 19, no. 3 (2024): 419–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2024-0019.
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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic caused unpredictable times and led to changes in tourism, sporting society, and events organisations. Sports events were postponed or cancelled. Indeed, there was a need to reconstruct the event circumstances for safety reasons. Therefore, this study aimed to provide insights into relationships between sports event quality, satisfaction, and behavioural intentions (repeated destination visits, positive word-of-mouth communication) during the implementation of COVID-19 security risk measures. The sample included 150 athletes from the U23 World Wrestling Championship organised in Belgrade, Serbia, in 2021. The sport event quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions were measured with a questionnaire. The proposed model was assessed using a confirmatory factor analysis with structural equation modeling using Smart PLS, SPSS, and AMOS. Results revealed a significant direct effect of the sport event quality (core dimension) and an indirect effect across satisfaction (tangibles and COVID-19 risk measures) on the athletes’ behavioural intentions. As wrestlers lived in a „bubble” and competed without spectators during the competition, it is not a surprise that the core dimension of service quality, including the competition itself, the opening ceremony, organisation, time schedule, medal ceremonies, and the total quality of the event, has a significant impact for wrestlers’ likelihood of coming back to the city or the country and to recommend the destination to others. Thisstudy contributes to advancing the general scientific knowledge concerning understanding sports events from the aspect of sports tourism and event organisation, especially in the post-COVID-19 era.
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Mestecăneanu, Adrian, and Radu Gava. "The species of birds from the protected area ROSPA0062 – The dam basins from the Argeş River – observed during the World Championship of Kaiac-Canoe Sprint Juniors and Youth U23 (Bascov Basin, 2017)." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Biologia 63, no. 2 (2018): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbbiol.2018.2.03.
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Gardasevic, Jovan, Dusko Bjelica, Ivan Vasiljevic, and Bojan Masanovic. "DIFFERENCES IN BODY COMPOSITION WITH WATER POLO NATIONAL TEAMS PLAYERS PARTICIPATED IN THE WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP." Kinesiologia Slovenica 27, no. 1 (2021): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.27.1.97-107.
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This research aimed to determine the differences between the junior (U20) water polo players of national teams of Serbia, Montenegro, and Australia in the anthropometric characteristics and body composition. The first sub-sample of the subjects consisted of 15 water polo players of the Serbian national team, the vice-champions of the FINA World Men's Junior Water Polo Championship in Kuwait 2019. The second sub-sample consisted of 18 water polo players of the Montenegrin national team, who occupied the sixth position and the last sub-sample of the examinees consisted of 13 water polo players of the Australian national team, who occupied the eleventh position on the championship. The players were tested at the final preparations just before the World Championship. Anthropometric characteristics and body composition were evaluated using a battery of 11 tests: body height, body weight, triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, skinfold of the back, abdominal skinfold, upper-leg skinfold, lower leg skinfold, body mass index, fat percentage, and muscle mass. The results of the ANOVA displayed that the water polo players of the three national teams do not have statistically significant differences in the variables for assessing anthropometric characteristics and body composition. The results obtained in this research showed average team values for the estimated variables of water polo players of the three national teams (U20) who participated in the World Championship. That can serve as model parameters for all teams who want to participate in U20 water polo World Championship. Differences in classification among water polo players may be related to the motor abilities, technical and tactical parameters as their anthropometric parameters were found to be similar.
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Klusiewicz, Andrzej, Michał Starczewski, Maria Ładyga, et al. "Reference Values of Maximal Oxygen Uptake for Polish Rowers." Journal of Human Kinetics 44, no. 1 (2014): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0117.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize changes in maximal oxygen uptake over several years and to elaborate current reference values of this index based on determinations carried out in large and representative groups of top Polish rowers. For this study 81 female and 159 male rowers from the sub-junior to senior categories were recruited from the Polish National Team and its direct backup. All the subjects performed an incremental exercise test on a rowing ergometer. During the test maximal oxygen uptake was measured with the BxB method. The calculated reference values for elite Polish junior and U23 rowers allowed to evaluate the athletes’ fitness level against the respective reference group and may aid the coach in controlling the training process. Mean values of VO2max achieved by members of the top Polish rowing crews who over the last five years competed in the Olympic Games or World Championships were also presented. The results of the research on the “trainability” of the maximal oxygen uptake may lead to a conclusion that the growth rate of the index is larger in case of high-level athletes and that the index (in absolute values) increases significantly between the age of 19-22 years (U23 category).
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Batista, Marco, Jose Catarino, Helder Fernandes, Luis Vaz, João Serrano, and Samuel Honório. "Anxiety levels in "Under 18" and "Under 20" Elite Rugby Players of National Teams in different field positions (Niveles de ansiedad en jugadores de Elite de equipos de Rugby "Sub-18" y “Sub-20" en diferentes posiciones de campo)." Retos, no. 35 (December 14, 2018): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i35.63734.
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Abstract. The objective of this study was to encourage Rugby players to promote abilities in this sport, therefore we have evaluated the somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety and self-confidence values of U18 and U20 rugby athletes of the Portuguese Nationals Rugby Teams, who participated respectively in the U18 Elite European Championship and in the U20 Trophy World Rugby, comparing forwards and defenders. For data collection, we used the CSAI-2 which assesses cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence. The results showed more favourable average parameters for the group of athletes U20. However, there were only significant differences favourable to the U20 team in the domain of self-confidence, in a general level between teams and in the forward positions. Resumen. El objetivo de este estudio fue animar a los jugadores de rugby para promover las habilidades en este deporte, la evaluación de la ansiedad somática, ansiedad cognitiva y la autoconfianza de los atletas de rugby Sub 18 y Sub 20 de los equipos nacionales de rugby portugués que participó, respectivamente, en U18 European Elite Campeonato y en el U20 Trophy World Rugby, comparando avanzados y defensas. Para la recolección de datos, utilizamos el CSAI-2 que evalúa la ansiedad cognitiva, la ansiedad somática y la autoconfianza. Los resultados mostraron parámetros medios más favorables para el grupo de atletas Sub-20. Sin embargo, sólo hubo diferencias significativas favorables para el equipo Sub-20 en el dominio de la autoconfianza, en un nivel general entre equipos y en las posiciones de avanzados.
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Martín Marzano-Felisatti, Joaquín, José Ignacio Priego Quesada Priego Quesada, and José Franciso José Franciso Guzmán Lujá. "Women’s volleyball performance indicators according to age category and teams’ final position in international competitions." European Journal of Human Movement 48 (2022): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21134/eurjhm.2022.48.3.
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The aim was to determine which performance indicators show significant differences in connection with age category and team’s level in women's international volleyball. The competitions analyzed were Senior Volleyball Nations League (n= 130 games) and U20 (n= 64 games) and U18 (n= 63 games) World Championships held in 2019. The results obtained in this study showed that inthe U18 category there were more errorsper set(U18 8.33vs. Senior 5.25 vs. U20 6.00errorspoints, p<.001) and greater serve effectiveness (U18 9.00% vs. Senior 6.00%vs. U20 7.00%, p<.001). In U20 there was a huge leap in quality with maximum values in block performance (U20 25.00%vs. Senior 15.00% vs. U18 15.00%, p<.001) and an increase in attack variables (U20 39.00%vs U18 33.00%, p<.001) accompanied by a decrease in errorspoints per set(U20 6.00vs U18 8.33errors points, p<.001) and serve effectiveness (U20 7.00%vs U18 9.00%, p<.001). In the Seniors category, there was a decrease in block effectiveness (Senior 15.00%vs U20 25.00%, p<.001) and an increase in attackspoints per set (Senior 13.30vs U20 12.00 vs U18 9.70points, p<.001). In the comparison between levels, more differences were detected when teams were further apart in the ranking, and attack and block effectiveness were the most relevant indicatorsin thethree-agecategory. Based on the findings of this study, we can determine performance indicators for each age category and level, allowing coaches and technical staff to establish new training strategies for their team’s improvement and success.
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Munro, David. "Are there lane advantages in track and field?" PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (2022): e0271670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271670.
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Shorter distance events in track and field are replete with folk tales about which lane assignments on the track are advantageous. Estimating the causal effect of lane assignments on race times is a difficult task as lane assignments are typically non-random. To estimate these effects I exploit a random assignment rule for the first round of races in short distance events. Using twenty years of data from the IAAF world athletic championships and U20 world championships, there is no evidence of lane advantages in the 100m. Contrary to popular belief, the data suggest that outside lanes in the 200m and 400m produce faster race times. In the 800m, which is unique in having a lane break, there is some weak evidence that outside lanes producer slower race times, possibly reflecting the advantage of inside lanes having an established position on the track at the lane break. Given that these results do not support common convictions on lane advantages, they also serve as an interesting case study on false beliefs.
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Čierna, Dušana, Merce Barrientos, Carlos Agrasar, and Rafael Arriaza. "Epidemiology of injuries in juniors participating in top-level karate competition: a prospective cohort study." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 11 (2017): 730–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097756.
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BackgroundKarate is a popular combat semi-contact sport among juniors, but there are only few studies available on the epidemiology of injuries in karate junior athletes.AimThe aims of this study were to determine the incidence and pattern of injuries in top-level karate competition for athletes aged 16 to 20 years, and to compare injury rates between age groups (ie, under 18-year-old [U18] and under 21-year-old [U21]) and genders, following the introduction of new weight categories.MethodsA prospective injury surveillance was undertaken at four consecutive World Karate Championships (2009 to 2015), following the same protocols used in previous investigations.ResultsDuring the four championships, a total of 257 injuries were recorded, with an incidence of 41.4/1,000 athlete exposures (AEs, 95% CI 36.4 to 46.3). The injury rate was significantly lower for females with a rate ratio 0.63 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.82). Most of the injuries were minor ones: contusions (n=100), followed by abrasions (n=63) and epistaxis (n=62). Only 10% of the injuries were time-loss injuries (injury incidence rates 4.2/1,000 AEs; 95% CI 2.7 to 6.1). Face injuries represented 69.6% of the injuries, most of them were minor ones (light abrasions 24.5%, epistaxis 24.1%, contusion 16.7%). Change of rules (raising the number of weight categories from three to five) reduced injury incidence in the U21 category.ConclusionsThe total injury rate in junior competitions is lower compared with elite adult athletes and higher compared with younger elite athletes. Time-loss injuries are rare. The implementation of the new competition categories in U21 karate has been associated with a significant reduction in injury rate.
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Mikulič, Martin, Pavol Gregora, Ľuboš Benkovský, and Pavol Peráček. "The Relative Age Effect On The Selection In The Slovakia National Football Teams." Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae 55, no. 2 (2015): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afepuc-2015-0013.
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SummaryThe focus of this research was to determine the relative age effect (RAE) on selection in the Slovakia national football teams. A factor that may have a significant impact on the quality of players chosen for the national teams or may result in a poor selection of players for the elite teams. Anthropometric and cognitive acceleration of players born in the first months of the calendar year concerning the overall context of the competition for placement in the national teams may be considered as a significant advantage. The aim of this research was to examine, determine and verify the presence of relative age effect in the selection of football players for the Slovakia national teams starting with the under 16 age category (U-16) through to the A - senior national football team. We presumed that the elite teams under this review and study consisted predominantly of players born in the first quarter of the calendar year, while also presuming that relative age effect receded with the increasing age category. Our survey sample U16 consisted of 79 players, U17 consisted of 47 players, U18 consisted of 58 players, U19 consisted of 71 players, U21 consisted of 52 players and A - senior national team consisted of 302 Slovakia national football players. The information obtained from the Slovak Football Association has been processed by the application of statistical methods and statistical significance test (T-test). Our research confirmed the presence of relative age effect in the U-16, U-17 and U-18 teams under our investigation (p≤0.01). In the U19 and U21 age categories, statistical significance has not been confirmed. As for the senior national team, statistically significant difference has been found in relation to players born in the last quarter of the year as opposed to players born in the first three months of the year (p≤0.01). Our results have shown that with the increasing age, the relative age effect fades and vanishes in full in the category of senior elite players. In the U-19 and U-21 age categories, statistical significance has not been confirmed. Based on this research results it may be recommended to use the advantage of relative age effect for the selection of players of the particular age category in the particular competition (such as e.g. the European Championship qualification, the European Championship final tournament qualification, or the World Cup qualification in the U-16, U-17, U-18 age categories).
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Amoroso, José Pedro, Luís Coelho, Henrietta Papp, et al. "Self-Refereeing System in Ultimate during the Joint Junior Ultimate Championship in Three Different Divisions—A Different Way to Promote Fair-Play?" Youth 3, no. 1 (2023): 414–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/youth3010028.
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In ultimate games governed by the World Flying Disc Federation (WFDF), all competitors also take on the role of referee. The players discuss disputed calls with each other during the game, and then follow rules designed for these situations to determine how the play continues. The number one rule of the sport is to respect the spirit of the game (SOTG), which encourages competitive play while preserving mutual respect and minimizing the risk of injury. The use of SOTG in ultimate in the framework of self-arbitration as a moral practice aligns well with other tools of critical pedagogy. For this study, the SOTG scores of the WFDF Joint Junior Ultimate Championship (JJUC 2022) were analyzed. A total of 1009 players from 19 countries competed in 434 self-refereed games (29 national teams in the WJUC Under-20 (U20) tournament and 20 teams in the EYUC Under-17 (U17) tournament). All the scores from the individual criteria correlated well with the overall scores, but for the most part, they did not correlate with each other. Our experience with the scoring system has highlighted the importance of participants understanding the meaning of the results and how they may lead to a constructive reflection to improve exceptions, including scores representing fouls and rules knowledge. The findings provide important information for physical education teachers, coaches, and sport consultants and may be of use to design SOTG programs that could foster the experience of sportsmanship and to facilitate the ethical conduct of athletes in either recreative or in competitive contexts.
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Perazzetti, Andrea, Milivoj Dopsaj, and Antonio Tessitore. "Technical and tactical evaluation of ball possession in international youth water polo matches using the Team Sport Assessment Procedure (TSAP) instrument." Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 12, no. 2 (2023): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.230901.
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In water polo, the playing style of a team is characterized by players’ tactical behaviour. The purpose of this study was to provide an analysis of offensive actions, by means of the Team Sport Assessment Procedure (TSAP) of the first four youth national teams during the 20th FINA Junior Water Polo World Championships. Twenty-nine elite youth (U20) water polo matches, involving the national teams of Greece (n=7), Serbia (n=7), Italy (n=7) and Croatia (n=8) were selected for the analysis. The TSAP included: i) two indicators of gaining possession of the ball; ii) four indicators of disposing the ball. Using these indicators, the following indices of technical performance were computed: Volume of Play (VP), Efficiency Index (EI) and Performance Score (PS). The field was divided in twelve zones. The one-way ANOVA showed no significant differences between teams for all parameters (p>0.05), except that for Offensive Balls (OB) and Successful Shots (SS) occurred in specific zones of the field: for OB significant differences were found in zone 1 (p=.019), in zone 2 (p=.014) and in zone 5 (p=.007); for SS significant differences were found in zone 1 (p=.026) and in zone 2 (p=.008). The main reason of between-teams differences could be explained by the presence of a left-hand player in the game, and by the tactical behaviour of coaches and players. The TSAP instrument could offer productive feedback to coaches to perceive the different requirements of playing and to evaluate how players understand the game.
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Le Hyaric, Antoine, Amandine Aftalion, and Brian Hanley. "Modelling the optimization of world-class 400 m and 1,500 m running performances using high-resolution data." Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 6 (March 5, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1293145.
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The 400 m and 1,500 m are track events that rely on different but important contributions from both the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. The purpose of this study is to model men's and women's 400 m and 1,500 m championship performances to gain a deeper understanding of the key mechanical and physiological factors affecting running speed and bend running using high-resolution data from live competition (10 Hz). To investigate World-class athletes' instantaneous speeds, propulsive forces and aerobic and anaerobic energy, we model and simulate the performances of the men's and women's European Athletics 400 m champions, Matthew Hudson–Smith and Femke Bol, as well as the men's European Athletics 1,500 m champion, Jakob Ingebrigtsen, and the women's European Athletics U23 1,500 m champion, Gaia Sabbatini. The simulations show that a fast start is essential in both the 400 m and 1,500 m because of the need for fast oxygen kinetics, with peak running speeds occurring within the first ∼50 m in both events. Subsequently, 400 m athletes slow continually from this maximum speed to the finish, and a total anaerobic contribution of ∼77% is found for both male and female champions. The key to faster 400 m racing is to reduce the decrease in velocity: this comes from both a high VO2 and a high anaerobic contribution. Ingebrigtsen's winning tactic in the European 1,500 m final is to adopt a very fast cruising pace from 300 m onwards that is possible because he is able to maintain a high VO2 value until the end of the race and has a large anaerobic contribution. He has fast VO2 kinetics that does not require as fast a start as his opponents, but then he speeds up in the last two laps, without a fast sprint finish. The comparison between Sabbatini's slower and quicker races (∼8 s difference) shows that it is the improvement of aerobic metabolism that has the greatest effect on 1,500 m performance. Coaches should note in particular that the all-out pacing nature of the 400 m requires the prioritization of anaerobic energy system development, and those who coach the 1,500 m should note the differing energy contributions between even-paced races and championship racing.
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Dell'Antonio, Elisa, Jean Marlon Machado, Felipe G. Mendes, and Gabriel Henrique Treter Gonçalves. "Road to Paris-2024: The Path of Brazilian Volleyball Athletes Goes Through the Youth National Teams." Journal of Human Kinetics, December 19, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/191099.
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This study analyzed the transition of Brazilian volleyball athletes from youth national teams to adult national teams, and examined the relative age effect in the selection of athletes for youth categories and their transition to the adult category. In youth categories, 326 athletes participating in the U18 and U20 women's and U19 and U21 men's world championships between 2001 and 2021 were prospectively analyzed. In the adult category, a retrospective analysis was conducted on 55 athletes who participated in the Olympic Games or World Championships between 2004 and 2022. Our results showed that approximately 20% of athletes participating in youth categories advanced to the adult national team. However, around 80% of adult teams comprised athletes who were part of youth categories. An athlete who progressed through both youth categories was 35 times more likely to be selected to the adult national teams compared to an athlete who only participated in the U18/U19 youth team. In youth national teams, there was a higher call-up rate for athletes born earlier. Despite this, athletes born later were more likely to advance to the adult national team.
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Bielik, Viktor, Leonard Lendvorský, Matej Vajda, et al. "Comparison of Aerobic and Muscular Power Between Junior/U23 Slalom and Sprint Paddlers: An Analysis of International Medalists and Non-medalists." Frontiers in Physiology 11 (January 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.617041.
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This study aimed to compare the aerobic power (treadmill running) and muscle power (bench press and bench pull) of Junior/U23 paddlers from Slovakia who won medals in international championships with that of those who did not take the podium. Forty-three Slovak Junior/U23 paddlers (sprint = 24, medalists = 8, non-medalists = 16; slalom = 19, medalists = 11, non-medalists = 8) were tested in 2018 and 2019 after the world championships. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and the velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (vVO2max) were determined by the incremental running protocol (0% slope and 1 km⋅h–1 increments every minute until volitional exhaustion). Mean maximal power from the entire concentric phase was recorded during bench press and bench pull exercises by the validated TENDO weightlifting analyzer. No interaction was obtained between medal and canoe discipline for VO2max (p = 0.069, F = 3.495), vVO2max (p = 0.552, F = 0.361) and absolute (bench press: p = 0.486, F = 0.495; bench pull: p = 0.429, F = 0.640) or relative (bench press: p = 0.767, F = 0.089; bench pull: p = 0.696, F = 0.155) mean maximal power. Conversely, a significant effect for the medal on the bench press (absolute p = 0.017, F = 6.170; relative p = 0.043, F = 4.384) and the bench pull (absolute p = 0.041, F = 4.470) mean maximal power were observed. Our study indicates the absolute mean power on the bench press as a prerequisite for success in international Junior/U23 championships of slalom and sprint canoeing. However, the mean power on bench pull seems to have a deeper influence on sprint paddlers when compared to slalom athletes. Regarding the aerobic power, the data from the treadmill testing did not reveal outcomes between medalists and non-medalists. This result can be associated with the lack of specificity of the incremental treadmill testing for canoeing, and future studies are encouraged to propose specific protocols to compare the aerobic power of medalists and non-medalists in international slalom and sprint championships.
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Latyshev, Mykola, Inna Holovach, Olena Polianychko, Yrui Tropin, Dmytro Shtanagei, and Olena Lakhtadyr. "The Significance of U23 Competitions in Wrestling Career." Studia sportiva 18, no. 2 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2024-2-11.
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Background. Designing the training of athletes should be based on specific goals and objectives at each stage of the long-term development. Each age stage in the development of an elite athlete has its own significance. The U23 competitions are organized to facilitate a smoother and more effective transition of wrestlers from junior to senior levels. The aim of the study is to determine the significance of performances in the U23 competitions for the subsequent development process of wrestlers. Materials and Methods. The following research methods have been used in the paper: the analysis of the scientific and methodological literature, the analysis of the official results, and methods of mathematical statistics. We have studied the sports careers of participants in the 2017, 2018, and 2019 World Championships in freestyle, Greco-Roman, and women's wrestling. A total of 1277 wrestlers’ sporting biographies have been analyzed. Results. The majority of participants (73.7 %) in the U23 age category competitions previously competed at the junior level. Moreover, more than half of the athletes (58.4 %) had prior experience of participating in cadet competitions. It is worth noting that 63.7 % of all wrestlers participated in senior-level competitions, and 31.5 % of them achieved podium finishes. Among women, a higher percentage of athletes continue their careers (46.3 %) and achieve success (20.1 %) on the international stage after the U23 competitions. For male freestyle wrestlers, the figures are lower, with only 38.2 % continuing their careers. Conclusion. The analysis demonstrated that the U23 competitions, which serve as a continuation of the cadet and junior age groups, are part of the overall sequence of competitions in the development of wrestlers at the international level. However, the importance of the U23 competitions varies depending on the level of athletes, and they serve both as preparatory and main competitions within the athletes' training system.
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Bezuglov, Eduard, Nadezhda Semeniuk, Maria Shoshorina, et al. "Is there a relative age effect among the most successful track and field athletes?" Journal of Human Kinetics, November 28, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/jhk/174497.
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The prevalence of Relative Age Effect (RAE) was studied among medalists from the World Athletics Championships at U18, U20 and Senior age groups and from the Olympic Games during 2000 to 2022. The specific events examined were the 100, 200, 400, 800, 1500, and 3000/5000 m, long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault. Dates of birth from 1,858 outdoor track and field athletes were analysed and further divided into four groups according to the quartile of birth. The RAE was found to be widespread among athletes of both sexes in the U18 and U20 age groups in all examined disciplines. There was no difference between the most successful U18 and U20 athletes (p=0.52). Among senior athletes of both sexes this effect was not detected and the number of 'late-born' athletes in this age group was higher than athletes born in the first three quarters. The prevalence of the RAE across the four discipline groups was found in the U18 and U20 age groups. Additionally, within each age group, the difference between disciplines was statistically significant. In the most successful track and field athletes, RAE is only significant in U18 and U20 age groups. In senior athletes, the number of "late-born" athletes is significant while RAE disappears. These data may be considered when assessing the athletic potential of an individual athlete.
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Menting, Stein Gerrit Paul, Brian Hanley, Marije Titia Elferink-Gemser, and Florentina Johanna Hettinga. "Pacing behaviour of middle-long distance running & race-walking athletes at the IAAF U18 and U20 World Championship finals." European Journal of Sport Science, March 14, 2021, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1893828.
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Espejo, Raúl, Jesús Martínez-Sobrino, and Santiago Veiga. "Competitive demands during international sprint-distance triathlon races according to the course type: The influence of cycling on subsequent running performance." Sports Medicine - Open 11, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00828-7.
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Abstract Background Despite the great contribution of the cycling segment to the Sprint-Distance Triathlon (SDT) races, very few studies have reported the power output of elite triathletes during races. The aim of this study was to analyse the competitive demands of elite triathletes during the cycling segment of SDT races and their influence on the subsequent running segment performance, considering the different types of race courses. Methods Power variables during the cycling segment as well as the running performance metrics during 82 SDT races organised by World Triathlon (68 Continental Cups and Championships, 12 World Cups, and 2 World Triathlon Series) were analysed in 10 male and 7 female U23 participants. Results The number of power peaks above 800 W and 1000 W for males was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the technical courses (23 ± 13 and 5 ± 6 peaks, respectively) compared to the rolling courses (10 ± 6 and 2 ± 2 peaks, respectively). Similarly, females presented more (p < 0.05) power peaks above 500 W in the technical courses (24 ± 9 peaks) than in the rolling courses (14 ± 7 peaks). Additionally, the percentage of race time in severe power bands increased from rolling to technical courses in both sexes (males 21 ± 1% to 24 ± 2% and females 12 ± 1% to 15 ± 1%, both p < 0.05). Males spent a greater percentage of race time in the moderate (< 2 W·kg⁻¹) and severe (> 6 W·kg⁻¹) power bands, but a lower percentage in the heavy (2–6 W·kg⁻¹) band compared to females (p < 0.05). Time spent in the heavy (200–400 W) and severe (> 400 W) power bands showed a strong correlation with running rankings for males on both rolling (r = 0.62) and technical (r = 0.55) courses, as well as for females on rolling courses (r = 0.52). Conclusions An increased number of corners in SDT cycling courses requires more focused training on repeated power peaks and spending more time in the > 6 W·kg⁻¹ power bands to minimize performance losses in the subsequent running segment.
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Mykola, Latyshev, Boychenko Natalia, Shandrygos Victor, Shandrygos Victor, and Hryhorovych Oleksandr. "THE MIGRATION INFLUENCE ON THE RESULTS OF WRESTLERS." Sport Science and Human Health 7, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2664-2069.2022.15.
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Introduction. Modern society is characterized by permanent large-scale transformations, which entail the transformation of social institutions. The course of the process of internationalization of professional sports is significantly influenced by economic factors. Becoming an important element of international relations, sports migration helps to realize humanitarian and cultural dialogue between countries and peoples. Aim of the research: to identify the main trends of migration processes in Olympic wrestling and their impact on the achievements of athletes. Material and methods. The careers of the participants of the 2018 and 2019 World Championships in wrestling (a total of 28 careers of migrant wrestlers) were analyzed. In order to determine the main ways of development of athletes, an analysis of age and results of achievements before and after migration was conducted. Results. Seven athletes (25.0%) changed their citizenship before the age of 22, and another six athletes (17.9%) changed their citizenship between the ages of 22 and 23, while still in the U23 age group. The largest number of athletes change their citizenship after the age of 26: 10 wrestlers (35.7%) changed their citizenship at the age of 27-29 and two wrestlers (7.1%) changed their age at the age of 30 and older. Before migration, athletes participated on average 7.4 times and 2.1 times less than after migration, respectively, freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers. Conclusions. Based on the analysis, it is advisable to identify two main groups of wrestlers who have changed their citizenship to continue their sports careers: - wrestlers under 23 years old and wrestlers over 26 years old. The analysis of achievements showed that the average number of performances in the international arena and the average number of won prizes after migration increases several times.
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James, Carl A., Ashley G. B. Willmott, C. W. Daniel Lee, T. K. Gabriel Pun, Ray Tai, and Oliver R. Gibson. "Mixed-Method Heat Acclimation Induces Heat Adaptations in International Triathletes Without Training Modification." Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, April 24, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42978-024-00278-9.
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Abstract Purpose Heat acclimation (HA) kinetics often necessitates that the intervention is conducted in the weeks immediately preceding athletic competitions, potentially interfering with a training taper. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of a mixed-method HA protocol, superimposed over planned external training loads, during the 3-weeks prior to the 2022 U23 World Triathlon Championships. Methods Six international triathletes completed 8 pre-competition HA sessions (5 active: running/cycling, 3 passive: hot water immersion [HWI]), across 2-weeks. Outdoor high-intensity training sessions were followed by 30–60 min HWI, whilst low-intensity cycling/running sessions were completed in a hot, humid environmental chamber. To assess heat adaptations, participants completed three 25 min heat stress tests (HST) involving iso-speed treadmill running (session 1 = HST1, session 5 = HST2, and session 8 = HST3). Physiological, haematological and wellbeing monitoring were conducted throughout HA. Results Reduced heart rate (~ − 6 beats/min) was observed within HST3 (P = 0.01, ηp2 = 0.64), versus HST1 and HST2. No changes in core temperature were observed across HSTs (P = 0.055,ηp2 = 0.44). Sweat sodium concentration was lower by HST2 at the arm (− 23 ± 16 mmol/L, P = 0.02) and back (− 27 ± 17 mmol/L, P = 0.01). White blood cell count reduced from baseline to the end of HA (P = 0.02, ηp2 = 0.27), but no changes were found in any other haematological markers (all P > 0.05). Perceptual wellbeing measures did not change across HA (all P > 0.05). Conclusion By HST3, seven prior mixed-method HA sessions improved markers of heat adaptation (exercising HR and sweat concentration) within international triathletes. Mixed-method HA may be implemented without modifying training load, with no apparent detrimental effects on athlete health or training stress markers.