Relevant bibliographies by topics / World League of American Football

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'World League of American Football'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "World League of American Football"

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Khimenes, Kh, Yu Briskin, M. Pityn, I. Hluhov, and K. Drobot. "Monopoly and Rivalry in American Football in History and Nowadays." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 5, no. 5 (October 24, 2020): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs05.05.364.

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Professional sports leagues today are trying to increase their income and looking for new sources for this. In the United States, most leagues in one sport are monopoly structures. Considering the National Football League in this context, it is worth noting its rather strict policy towards possible competitors at the football market. At the same time, throughout the history of American football, there have been attempts to organize competing structures that have been more or less successful. The purpose of the study was to identify the features of the formation American football organizations in North America at different times, the factors of successes and failures. Material and methods. The main material on which the study was based was data from the Internet, official websites of American football organizations and official ratings of Forbes magazine. To achieve the stated purpose, we used the following research methods: data analysis and generalization; theoretical interpretation and explanation; analysis of documentary materials. Results and discussion. The study results showed that during the formation and development of American football in the United States, except for the National Football League, six other organizations tried to create competition for it at one time or another. Among them were All-American Football Conference, American Football League, World Football League, United State Football League, Xtreme Football League, and Alliance of American Football. All these organizations generally sought to be better than National Football League through more progressive steps towards the development of football, but the conservatism of the National Football League always allowed it to remain the winner. Most of the newly formed leagues could not withstand the uncompromising financial struggle for high-class athletes, but the XFL and AAF, which was created in the 21st century, were defeated by precautionary measures during the COVID-19 pandemic and the game seasons were canceled. Conclusion. The key factors formation of organizations that sought to develop American football in the United States (except the National Football League) were: the growing popularity of this sport; a large number of athletes, who aspired to develop in this sport, but could not do it in National Football League; the emergence of enthusiasts with significant financial resources, who sought to invest in football projects and at the same time increase their own resources; technological progress, in particular in football. However, none of these organizations stayed long in the football business and lost to the National Football League. The reasons for this were: improper distribution of financial resources in the middle of the leagues; unjustified steps in the desire to be more progressive than the National Football League; the dominant authority of the National Football League; external factors (wars, epidemics / pandemics, global economic and political crises, etc.)
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Bingaman, James. "Australian Football in America During COVID-19." International Journal of Sport Communication 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0217.

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Despite its relative obscureness in the United States, Australian football has graced American airwaves since the 1990s. The outbreak of COVID-19 in the spring of 2020 paved the way for the Australian Football League to be one of the only professional sports leagues broadcasting games live on American television. Although the Australian Football League would later suspend the season, for at least one weekend, Australian football was the most popular sport in the United States. This short essay pulls from news articles, social media posts, and existing literature to explore this unique time in the American sports landscape by investigating the response to Australian football from fans, the response from media outlets, and the future directions of Australian football in the United States. The increase in exposure could help the Australian Football League become the next big spectator sport in the United States as well as help grow the game at a local, grassroots level.
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Maxcy, Joel, and Michael Mondello. "The Impact of Free Agency on Competitive Balance in North American Professional Team Sports Leagues." Journal of Sport Management 20, no. 3 (July 2006): 345–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.3.345.

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Free agency was reintroduced to professional team sport leagues in the 1970s. Sport enthusiasts expressed concern that competitive balance would diminish as star players congregated to large market cities. However, the economic invariance principle rejects this notion, indicating that balance should remain unchanged. This article empirically examines the effects of changes in free agent rules on competitive balance over time in the National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), and National Hockey League (NHL). Regression analysis using within-season and between-season measures of competitive balance as dependent variables provides mixed results. The NFL and NHL provide evidence that an aspect of competitive balance has improved, but results from the NBA indicate that balance has worsened since the introduction of free agency. We conclude that the ambiguous results suggest that the effects are not independent, but instead depend on the interaction of free agent rights with other labor market and league rules.
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Moura, Bruno Melo, and André Luiz Maranhão de Souza-Leão. "Consumption attachments of Brazilian fans of the National Football League." Innovation & Management Review 17, no. 3 (April 30, 2020): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/inmr-02-2019-0015.

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Purpose The National Football League (NFL), the most lucrative sports league in the world, has its second largest foreign audience in Brazil. Its Brazilian broadcasts stimulate the audience to extrapolate television reception and interact through a social media platform, seeking to integrate a collective consumption. Thus, attachments are established between consumers and league. Based on this, this study aims to analyze how the interaction in social media of the Brazilian NFL audience, during the transmissions of its games, results in consumption attachments. Design/methodology/approach The method undertaken was Netnography, commonly used to investigate cultural practices occurring in online environments. The research corpus consisted of messages posted on Twitterhashtags created by the ESPN Brazil channels to reverberate its broadcasts of the league between 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 seasons. Findings The findings of this study indicate that Brazilian audience interaction in social media establishes consumer attachment with the NFL by means of the brand elements and aspects of social life, mediated by the league. Research limitations/implications The research observed only the part of the Brazilian audience of the NFL that engages in the broadcasts of the games through social media. Practical implications The research of this study demonstrates how brands can use social media to enable social interactions that create or improve consumer attachments with them. Originality/value The study presents how a media brand imbricated in the American culture has been the target of attachment by Brazilian fans through social media interactions.
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Ehret, Marian. "3DTV Mass Adoption in the United States and the National Football League." Jurnal Pengajian Media Malaysia 22, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jpmm.vol22no2.1.

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Purpose was to examine how mass adoption of 3DTV in the United States as the next major step in TV evolution could take place, after the technology recently failed in the 2010s. Answers to the research questions focused on understanding what conditions for mass adoptions would need to exist and how the National Football League TV transmissions could support the adoption process until when. An integrated literature review defined inhibiting factors to adoption related to technology, health, content, marketing strategy and price. Solution paths were proposed. Rogers’ diffusion of innovation theory and the Bass model were applied in a comparatist perspective, comparing 3DTV to historical adoption pat-terns of both HDTV and color TV. The comparatist approach proved to be very useful, as forecast models ignoring historical adoption patterns usually failed. Findings revealed that most American households could possess 3DTV sets by 2032, if Avatar sequels would kick off another cycle of 3D cinema, followed by 3DTV re-introduction. NFL TV transmissions were found to be perhaps the single most important factor to motivate Americans buying 3DTV sets and supporting mass adoption. The study encountered limitations, related to the Bass model. Also, findings from the American market would need to be adapted carefully to situations in other countries, before generalizing them.
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Chen, Tianwu, Austin Wetzler, Scott Singer, Michael Feldman, David Rubenstein, Gunnar Gillespie, Shiyi Chen, and Merrick Wetzler. "Injuries in the Chinese Arena Football League: American Versus Chinese Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 232596711878004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118780040.

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Background: Arena football is an indoor version of American football played in indoor arenas on a smaller field with 8 players per team. Only 1 study has evaluated injury rates in arena football, and no study had compared 2 distinct cohorts of players. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare injury rates in American versus Chinese athletes in the Chinese Arena Football League. Our hypothesis was that the rate of significant injuries (≥7 days of time lost from play) would be statistically significantly higher in Chinese athletes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Each of the 6 teams included in this study comprised 11 American and 11 Chinese athletes, for a total of 132 included athletes (66 Chinese, 66 American). All players stayed in the same hotel, trained and played in the same facilities, and were covered by the same medical staff. A total of 18 games were played consecutively in 6 cities from October 1 to November 6, 2016. At least 4 Chinese players had to be on the field for each team at all times during game play. Results: American athletes were significantly older, taller, and heavier than Chinese athletes. The total exposure was 759 athlete-hours, and there were 80 reported injuries, with 74 (92.5%) occurring during games (overall injury rate, 105.4 injuries per 1000 athlete-hours). For American athletes, the exposure was 387 athlete-hours with 38 injuries observed, and the injury rate was 98.2 injuries per 1000 athlete-hours. For Chinese athletes, the exposure was 372 athlete-hours with 42 injuries observed, and the injury rate was 112.9 injuries per 1000 athlete-hours. There was no statistically significant difference in exposure or overall injury rate between American and Chinese athletes. The rate of significant injuries was 30.3 per 1000 athlete-hours; there were 17 such injuries in Chinese athletes compared with 6 such injuries for American athletes. The rate of significant injuries was 45.7 (Chinese) and 15.5 (American) injuries per 1000 athlete-hours, and the relative risk for Chinese versus American athletes for significant injuries was 3.0 (95% CI, 1.2-7.8; P = .019) . Binary logistic regression models were utilized to analyze whether the baseline variables (height, weight, body mass index, age, years of experience, and nationality) were potential predictors for an injury, and only years of experience (odds ratio, 1.147 [95% CI, 1.034-1.271]; P = .009) was found to be associated with severe injuries (>21 days of time loss). Conclusion: The overall risk of injuries was similar between Chinese and American athletes, but Chinese athletes showed statistically higher rates of significant injuries than their American counterparts. Years of experience was the only factor that was associated with severe injuries. As professional sports become more global, medical personnel must take into account the distinct differences and levels of experience between the national and international professional athletes. The results of this study will be used to make recommendations to develop preventive training measures, including techniques to improve tackling.
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Beal, Ryan, Timothy J. Norman, and Sarvapali D. Ramchurn. "A Critical Comparison of Machine Learning Classifiers to Predict Match Outcomes in the NFL." International Journal of Computer Science in Sport 19, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijcss-2020-0009.

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Abstract In this paper, we critically evaluate the performance of nine machine learning classification techniques when applied to the match outcome prediction problem presented by American Football. Specifically, we implement and test nine techniques using real-world datasets of 1280 games over 5 seasons from the National Football League (NFL). We test the nine different classifier techniques using a total of 42 features for each team and we find that the best performing algorithms are able to improve one previous published works. The algoriothms achieve an accuracy of between 44.64% for a Guassian Process classifier to 67.53% with a Naïve Bayes classifer. We also test each classifier on a year by year basis and compare our results to those of the bookmakers and other leading academic papers.
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Rugg, Adam. "Incorporating the Protests: The NFL, Social Justice, and the Constrained Activism of the “Inspire Change” Campaign." Communication & Sport 8, no. 4-5 (December 24, 2019): 611–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479519896325.

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On January 11, 2019, the National Football League (NFL) launched “Inspire Change,” a campaign for the league’s social justice efforts. The campaign, which would serve as the umbrella under which the NFL’s US$89 million social justice partnership with the players would be housed, launched with its own website, hashtag, commercial, and documentary series. This article textually examines the “Inspire Change” campaign and its associated media materials, contextualizing it against the kneeling protests carried out by Colin Kaepernick and other NFL players as well as the NFL’s reactions to those protests. In doing so, I argue that NFL’s response to its players’ call for social justice is at once a strategic expansion by the league that seeks to capitalize on the emergent activist power of professional players to build the league’s brand as an authoritative and inclusive American institution contributing to social good. At the same time, however, under withering criticism from President Trump and conservative media, it reestablishes league control over the voice of rebellious Black players by subsuming their social justice efforts under the auspices of a campaign that evades the ideological confrontation of the kneeling protests in favor of a more positive, market-friendly version of “justice” based in calls of unity.
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Christenson, Andrew J., and Douglas J. Casa. "Analysis on the Effect of Ball Pressure on Head Acceleration to Ensure Safety in Soccer." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049003.

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Soccer/football is one of the most popular sports in the world. Any sport requires continuous adjustments to rules to keep the game safe and engaging. Increased awareness of concussions in the American National Football League (NFL) has consequently raised attention to concussion-related injuries in other sports. One of the first steps the United States Soccer Federation (USSF) has taken to reduce head injuries is to implement age restrictions on heading. This encourages safer play but discourages an important skill until players are a certain age which is not good for player development. An alternative is to ensure mean head acceleration from a header is reduced with minimal rule changes. This paper presents a dynamic model of a player heading a soccer ball to examine the general relationship between ball pressure and mean head acceleration toward the purpose of motivating a more complex and comprehensive analysis of heading in soccer.
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Nikesh, Bajaj. "The gaps of concussion policy in soccer: A visual review." Neurology 91, no. 23 Supplement 1 (December 4, 2018): S23.4—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000550650.66298.fb.

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Concussion evaluation and treatment has been widely less widely publicized in soccer vs American football. However, a recent assessment found that in the previous FIFA World Cup in 2014, 63% of events when players involved in head collisions were not assessed by sideline healthcare personnel within the 64 matches of the tournament. The upcoming 2018 FIFA World Cup should be approached with a more critical eye in order to improve the rate of concussion assessment in head collisions. US Soccer National Team's Concussion policy “players who are suspected of having sustained a concussion shall be removed from play immediately and evaluated by team medical staff.” Not all head collisions are required to be examined and a physician is not required to perform the sideline evaluation. Since the start of the 2018 Major League Soccer season, at least 2 incidents of concussion diagnosis were instances which an initial evaluation allowed the player to return to play when a concussion diagnosis was made later. A detailed examination of professional soccer both on the American and World stage exposes gaps in concussion policy that must be addressed to improve the approach to athlete brain health.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "World League of American Football"

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Dzikus, Lars. "From violence to party a history of the presentation of American football in England and Germany /." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1123873905.

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Blackburn, Botswana Toney Thompson Carolyn. "Racial stacking in the National Football League reality or relic of the past? /." Diss., UMK access, 2007.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Education and Dept. of Sociology. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007.
"A dissertation in education and social science." Advisor: Carolyn Thompson. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed July 30, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-121). Online version of the print edition.
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Fisher, Jocelyn Alexis. "The experience of media and race in the National Football League an existential phenomological study /." Click here to access dissertation, 2008. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/spring2008/jocelyn_a_fisher/fisher_jocelyn_a_200801_ms.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Georgia Southern University, 2008.
"A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science." Under the direction of Daniel R. Czech. ETD. Electronic version approved: May 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-91) and appendices.
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Wolf, Dominik [Verfasser]. "Reading the Game : Anglo-American Perspectives on Football Fandom in the Age of Premier League Football [[Elektronische Ressource]] / Dominik Wolf." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1060045338/34.

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White, Ryan Edward. "Staging the (American) nation production practices at the 2003 little league world series /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2145.

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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Kinesiology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Crawford, Denis M. "It Wasn't a Revolution, but it was Televised: The Crafting of the Sports Broadcasting Act." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1491393327773836.

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Lewis, Scott Charles. "Reframing The National Football League: An Organizational Analysis Of The Construction Of A Modern Spectacle." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001363.

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Boynton, Virginia Ruth. "Surviving adversity: the United States section of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom during World War II." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1399559427.

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Ryan, Mackenzie Anne. "An Analysis of National Football League Fandom and Its Promotion of Conservative Cultural Ideals About Race, Religion, and Gender." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1343359916.

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Knight, Dawn K. "A biography of George Taliaferro and his impact on the integration of professional football." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1272767.

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George Taliaferro was a trailblazer. He was the first black quarterback in professional football, the first black quarterback in the National Football League (NFL), and the first black man to be drafted by an NFL team.Taliaferro's story of perseverance revealed the slow and difficult process of integration in high school, at Indiana University, and in his professional football career. The obstacles he faced and the lessons he learned were representative of issues related to the integration of the NFL.A combination of personal narrative and historical investigation was used in this creative project. In addition to Taliaferro's first-hand accounts, depth and perspective were added through interviews and reportage.The biography that resulted, the story of Taliaferro's resolve, became a vehicle for telling a larger story, the integration of the NFL.
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Books on the topic "World League of American Football"

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World League of American Football. Official ... World League fact book. New York, NY: World League, 1992.

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NFL unplugged: The brutal, brilliant world of professional football. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010.

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The little league that could: A history of the American Football League. Lanham, Md: Taylor Trade Pub., 2010.

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Bloody Sundays: Inside the dazzling, rough-and-tumble world of the NFL. New York: W. Morrow, 2003.

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James, Buckley. The Child's World encyclopedia of the NFL. Mankato, Minn: Child's World, 2007.

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Pro football championships before the Super Bowl: A year-by-year history, 1926-1965. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co., 2011.

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Whiticker, Alan. Captaining the Kangaroos: Rugby League Test and World Cup captains. Sydney: New Holland, 2004.

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Bob, Carroll. Total football: The official encyclopedia of the National Football League. Edited by Carroll Bob. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1997.

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Plassmann, Jens. NFL - American Football: Das Spiel, die Stars, die Stories. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1995.

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Run it! and let's get the hell out of here: 100 football plays that shook the world. Guilford, Conn: Globe Pequot Press, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "World League of American Football"

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Jozsa, Frank P. "American Football League-National Football League." In National Football League Strategies, 97–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05705-7_9.

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Berrett, Jesse. "Introduction." In Pigskin Nation. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041709.003.0001.

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The introduction lays out the rising popularity of the football in the 60s. It was acclaimed as America’s new national pastime by observers as different as Gallup, Liberation News Service, Marshall McLuhan, and Richard Nixon. ““Baseball is what we were, football is what we have become,” remarked columnist Mary McGrory. Rather than settling for the appeal of its product, the NFL promoted football as quintessentially American and perfectly in tune with the contemporary world. This notion of football’s popularity led to its use in politics as both metaphor for achievement and means of reaching voters. The politics created by the league and aspiring politicians absolutely sold appearance, but we should consider their substantive aspects as well.
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Tamte, Roger R. "Rivalry Demands Rules." In Walter Camp and the Creation of American Football, 120–28. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041617.003.0022.

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Harvard alleges Princeton’s 1889 football team includes professional players, paid for playing baseball in the summer. Camp proposes the first eligibility provision in the Intercollegiate Football Association constitution, barring professionals (paid for any sport, not only football) from IFA teams, and the Graduate Advisory Committee approves the provision. Later, by a 3–2 vote, the GAC refuses to apply the provision against Princeton because Harvard’s action was filed too late for Princeton to prepare a defense. Harvard leaves the IFA, and some supporters of both Harvard and Yale promote a “dual league” limited to those two schools; negotiations proceed but do not result in an agreement, and Camp says it was never contemplated that the schools would limit their contests to only one another.
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Feldmann, Doug, and Mike Ditka. "Claimed on Waivers." In A View from Two Benches, 30–46. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749988.003.0003.

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This chapter details how, after a few days back home in Rochester basking in success, it was time for Bob Thomas to return to South Bend for the start of classes in January of 1974. As the month of snowy northern Indiana winter crept along, Thomas's thoughts turned to what would be occurring at the Americana Hotel in New York City beginning on January 29: the National Football League (NFL) draft. When draft day arrived, Bob went about his usual business on campus as the selection process got under way in New York. The call came from the Los Angeles Rams, informing Bob he had been their fifteenth-round selection in the draft. Bob felt anxious, despite the good news. He knew the Rams already had a veteran kicker in David Ray. Thomas began getting his law school application materials ready as a backup plan. Then suddenly, a different opportunity arrived in the form of a new competitor with the NFL: the World Football League.
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McDonald, Andrew T., and Verlaine Stoner McDonald. "Early Life." In Paul Rusch in Postwar Japan, 9–43. University Press of Kentucky, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813176079.003.0002.

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Chapter 1 traces Paul Rusch’s early life in Louisville as the son of a grocer and as a soldier in World War I. After the war, Rusch led an effort to establish a bohemian art colony in Louisville, though his venture eventually went bankrupt and landed Rusch in court. Rusch left Kentucky and then on a lark volunteered to help rebuild the Tokyo and Yokohama YMCA branches after the Great Kanto Earthquake. His connections at Holy Trinity Church in Tokyo led to positions on the Rikkyo University faculty and as a fund-raiser for St. Luke’s International Hospital in Tokyo. As Rusch worked to convert young Japanese men to Christianity by relaunching the Brotherhood of St. Andrew, Japan was swept up in political and social turmoil and militarism. Along the way, he staged the first organized game of American football in Japan and laid the foundation for Japan’s collegiate football league. Dr. Rudolf Teusler mentored Rusch during tours in America, honing Rusch’s skills in fund-raising, expanding his network to include wealthy patrons, and shaping Rusch’s staunch anti-Communist views.
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Lule, Jack. "Afterword: The Wide Worlds of Sport Text." In More than Cricket and Football, 297–304. University Press of Mississippi, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496809889.003.0015.

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Often in academic life, we encourage our students to develop what we now call a global perspective. We perhaps assume that there is value in situating ourselves and our students—intellectually, perhaps even physically—outside of national and cultural boundaries. Indeed, at my university in the United States, I am part of a faculty group that created a new interdisciplinary major we call Global Studies. We require interdisciplinary coursework on the study of globalization. We require language study. We require study abroad. We do all this with the hope that our students attain in the classroom, in careers, and in daily life a global perspective. But this is not just an American educational phenomenon. Around the world, millions of students leave their nations and families for an opportunity at global study....
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Tamte, Roger R. "Why American Football Grew." In Walter Camp and the Creation of American Football, 128–34. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041617.003.0023.

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The huge newspaper coverage given American football beginning especially in the late 1880s and led by Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World contributes importantly to the game’s growth. But the game’s inherent appeal comes first, foundational and indispensable, and Camp’s downs-and-distance, five-yard (or ten-yard) rule is central to that appeal. By subdividing the game into downs that each tell a story, Camp’s rule creates a stream of compelling narratives that propel the game forward. Also, the existence for each down of a defined and often imperative yardage goal presents tasks suitable for study, planning, innovation, and strategy, all of which strengthen and build interest in the game. A conviction among faculty of football’s educational value further promotes growth.
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Jinxia, Dong, Zhong Yijing, and Li Luyang. "The Interaction of Personal, Local, and Global Forces." In More than Cricket and Football, 75–98. University Press of Mississippi, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496809889.003.0005.

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Yao Ming, while not the first Chinese athlete to play in the NBA, is the most well known and regarded Chinese athlete to star in America’s professional league. Groomed at a young age to follow his parents into the sport of basketball, Yao Ming has competed for the Chinese national team, in addition to the NBA. Yao Ming’s stardom in the NBA translated into the NBA’s successful expansion of the league into one of the world’s largest populations. The all-star appeared in a number of commercial endorsements, making him a familiar face to Chinese and American consumers.
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Lorbiecki, Marybeth. "Women and Wise Use: 1905– 1909." In A Fierce Green Fire. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199965038.003.0009.

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New Haven, Connecticut, where the Yale campus stretched its ivy-hung halls, was a far larger, busier, less countrified place than Lawrenceville. The Yale Forest School granted only graduate degrees, so Aldo enrolled in the Sheffield Scientific School on the Yale campus for his undergraduate studies. The college offered students a program of preparatory courses for the Forest School: physics, chemistry, German, mechanical drawing, and analytical geometry. In a room at 400 Temple Street, Aldo set up a lifestyle as frugal and selfreliant as he had in Lawrenceville. He stayed loyal to his plan for studying, working out in the gymnasium, and running cross-country track, while attending a variety of special lectures and expanding his reading list. In his reading as in his running, he covered great distances in a short time. He read Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter by Theodore Roosevelt alongside the Bible; books on forestry accompanied the works of Longfellow, Emerson, Thoreau, Cicero, and others. A tome inspiring “much interest and surprise” was Charles Darwin’s Vegetable Mould and Earthworms. (A year or so earlier, he had read A Naturalist’s Voyage Around the World and proclaimed it “very instructive.”) Aldo had far less time for tramping now. The countryside was farther away, and his four-to seven-a-week treks dwindled to one or two. Though he enjoyed the outings just as much, they were becoming a hobby rather than a way of life. His courses were more challenging, and he was beguiled by Ivy League activities and a new group of friends. Descriptions of football games and college parties began to fill his letters. He even let his sister Marie arrange a Christmastime schedule of dances and social engagements for him in Burlington, and then surprised himself by enjoying it all. Women, many of them Marie’s friends, had entered his domain of interest with a flourish, and his dancing lessons finally proved useful. Ham, from Lawrenceville, teased Aldo for his new fancies: “You have decayed into what I used to be— the lover with his ballad, the devoted sweetheart; the passionate letter-writer. Ah me!”
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"Don’t Read University Rankings Like Reading Football League Tables: Taking a Close Look at the Indicators." In World University Rankings, 1–17. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813200807_0001.

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