To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: World League of American Football.
Journal articles on the topic 'World League of American Football'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'World League of American Football.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Khimenes, Kh, Yu Briskin, M. Pityn, I. Hluhov, and K. Drobot. "Monopoly and Rivalry in American Football in History and Nowadays." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 5, no. 5 (October 24, 2020): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs05.05.364.
Full textAbstract:
Professional sports leagues today are trying to increase their income and looking for new sources for this. In the United States, most leagues in one sport are monopoly structures. Considering the National Football League in this context, it is worth noting its rather strict policy towards possible competitors at the football market. At the same time, throughout the history of American football, there have been attempts to organize competing structures that have been more or less successful. The purpose of the study was to identify the features of the formation American football organizations in North America at different times, the factors of successes and failures. Material and methods. The main material on which the study was based was data from the Internet, official websites of American football organizations and official ratings of Forbes magazine. To achieve the stated purpose, we used the following research methods: data analysis and generalization; theoretical interpretation and explanation; analysis of documentary materials. Results and discussion. The study results showed that during the formation and development of American football in the United States, except for the National Football League, six other organizations tried to create competition for it at one time or another. Among them were All-American Football Conference, American Football League, World Football League, United State Football League, Xtreme Football League, and Alliance of American Football. All these organizations generally sought to be better than National Football League through more progressive steps towards the development of football, but the conservatism of the National Football League always allowed it to remain the winner. Most of the newly formed leagues could not withstand the uncompromising financial struggle for high-class athletes, but the XFL and AAF, which was created in the 21st century, were defeated by precautionary measures during the COVID-19 pandemic and the game seasons were canceled. Conclusion. The key factors formation of organizations that sought to develop American football in the United States (except the National Football League) were: the growing popularity of this sport; a large number of athletes, who aspired to develop in this sport, but could not do it in National Football League; the emergence of enthusiasts with significant financial resources, who sought to invest in football projects and at the same time increase their own resources; technological progress, in particular in football. However, none of these organizations stayed long in the football business and lost to the National Football League. The reasons for this were: improper distribution of financial resources in the middle of the leagues; unjustified steps in the desire to be more progressive than the National Football League; the dominant authority of the National Football League; external factors (wars, epidemics / pandemics, global economic and political crises, etc.)
2
Bingaman, James. "Australian Football in America During COVID-19." International Journal of Sport Communication 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0217.
Full textAbstract:
Despite its relative obscureness in the United States, Australian football has graced American airwaves since the 1990s. The outbreak of COVID-19 in the spring of 2020 paved the way for the Australian Football League to be one of the only professional sports leagues broadcasting games live on American television. Although the Australian Football League would later suspend the season, for at least one weekend, Australian football was the most popular sport in the United States. This short essay pulls from news articles, social media posts, and existing literature to explore this unique time in the American sports landscape by investigating the response to Australian football from fans, the response from media outlets, and the future directions of Australian football in the United States. The increase in exposure could help the Australian Football League become the next big spectator sport in the United States as well as help grow the game at a local, grassroots level.
3
Maxcy, Joel, and Michael Mondello. "The Impact of Free Agency on Competitive Balance in North American Professional Team Sports Leagues." Journal of Sport Management 20, no. 3 (July 2006): 345–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.3.345.
Full textAbstract:
Free agency was reintroduced to professional team sport leagues in the 1970s. Sport enthusiasts expressed concern that competitive balance would diminish as star players congregated to large market cities. However, the economic invariance principle rejects this notion, indicating that balance should remain unchanged. This article empirically examines the effects of changes in free agent rules on competitive balance over time in the National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), and National Hockey League (NHL). Regression analysis using within-season and between-season measures of competitive balance as dependent variables provides mixed results. The NFL and NHL provide evidence that an aspect of competitive balance has improved, but results from the NBA indicate that balance has worsened since the introduction of free agency. We conclude that the ambiguous results suggest that the effects are not independent, but instead depend on the interaction of free agent rights with other labor market and league rules.
4
Moura, Bruno Melo, and André Luiz Maranhão de Souza-Leão. "Consumption attachments of Brazilian fans of the National Football League." Innovation & Management Review 17, no. 3 (April 30, 2020): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/inmr-02-2019-0015.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The National Football League (NFL), the most lucrative sports league in the world, has its second largest foreign audience in Brazil. Its Brazilian broadcasts stimulate the audience to extrapolate television reception and interact through a social media platform, seeking to integrate a collective consumption. Thus, attachments are established between consumers and league. Based on this, this study aims to analyze how the interaction in social media of the Brazilian NFL audience, during the transmissions of its games, results in consumption attachments. Design/methodology/approach The method undertaken was Netnography, commonly used to investigate cultural practices occurring in online environments. The research corpus consisted of messages posted on Twitterhashtags created by the ESPN Brazil channels to reverberate its broadcasts of the league between 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 seasons. Findings The findings of this study indicate that Brazilian audience interaction in social media establishes consumer attachment with the NFL by means of the brand elements and aspects of social life, mediated by the league. Research limitations/implications The research observed only the part of the Brazilian audience of the NFL that engages in the broadcasts of the games through social media. Practical implications The research of this study demonstrates how brands can use social media to enable social interactions that create or improve consumer attachments with them. Originality/value The study presents how a media brand imbricated in the American culture has been the target of attachment by Brazilian fans through social media interactions.
5
Ehret, Marian. "3DTV Mass Adoption in the United States and the National Football League." Jurnal Pengajian Media Malaysia 22, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jpmm.vol22no2.1.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose was to examine how mass adoption of 3DTV in the United States as the next major step in TV evolution could take place, after the technology recently failed in the 2010s. Answers to the research questions focused on understanding what conditions for mass adoptions would need to exist and how the National Football League TV transmissions could support the adoption process until when. An integrated literature review defined inhibiting factors to adoption related to technology, health, content, marketing strategy and price. Solution paths were proposed. Rogers’ diffusion of innovation theory and the Bass model were applied in a comparatist perspective, comparing 3DTV to historical adoption pat-terns of both HDTV and color TV. The comparatist approach proved to be very useful, as forecast models ignoring historical adoption patterns usually failed. Findings revealed that most American households could possess 3DTV sets by 2032, if Avatar sequels would kick off another cycle of 3D cinema, followed by 3DTV re-introduction. NFL TV transmissions were found to be perhaps the single most important factor to motivate Americans buying 3DTV sets and supporting mass adoption. The study encountered limitations, related to the Bass model. Also, findings from the American market would need to be adapted carefully to situations in other countries, before generalizing them.
6
Chen, Tianwu, Austin Wetzler, Scott Singer, Michael Feldman, David Rubenstein, Gunnar Gillespie, Shiyi Chen, and Merrick Wetzler. "Injuries in the Chinese Arena Football League: American Versus Chinese Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 232596711878004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118780040.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Arena football is an indoor version of American football played in indoor arenas on a smaller field with 8 players per team. Only 1 study has evaluated injury rates in arena football, and no study had compared 2 distinct cohorts of players. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare injury rates in American versus Chinese athletes in the Chinese Arena Football League. Our hypothesis was that the rate of significant injuries (≥7 days of time lost from play) would be statistically significantly higher in Chinese athletes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Each of the 6 teams included in this study comprised 11 American and 11 Chinese athletes, for a total of 132 included athletes (66 Chinese, 66 American). All players stayed in the same hotel, trained and played in the same facilities, and were covered by the same medical staff. A total of 18 games were played consecutively in 6 cities from October 1 to November 6, 2016. At least 4 Chinese players had to be on the field for each team at all times during game play. Results: American athletes were significantly older, taller, and heavier than Chinese athletes. The total exposure was 759 athlete-hours, and there were 80 reported injuries, with 74 (92.5%) occurring during games (overall injury rate, 105.4 injuries per 1000 athlete-hours). For American athletes, the exposure was 387 athlete-hours with 38 injuries observed, and the injury rate was 98.2 injuries per 1000 athlete-hours. For Chinese athletes, the exposure was 372 athlete-hours with 42 injuries observed, and the injury rate was 112.9 injuries per 1000 athlete-hours. There was no statistically significant difference in exposure or overall injury rate between American and Chinese athletes. The rate of significant injuries was 30.3 per 1000 athlete-hours; there were 17 such injuries in Chinese athletes compared with 6 such injuries for American athletes. The rate of significant injuries was 45.7 (Chinese) and 15.5 (American) injuries per 1000 athlete-hours, and the relative risk for Chinese versus American athletes for significant injuries was 3.0 (95% CI, 1.2-7.8; P = .019) . Binary logistic regression models were utilized to analyze whether the baseline variables (height, weight, body mass index, age, years of experience, and nationality) were potential predictors for an injury, and only years of experience (odds ratio, 1.147 [95% CI, 1.034-1.271]; P = .009) was found to be associated with severe injuries (>21 days of time loss). Conclusion: The overall risk of injuries was similar between Chinese and American athletes, but Chinese athletes showed statistically higher rates of significant injuries than their American counterparts. Years of experience was the only factor that was associated with severe injuries. As professional sports become more global, medical personnel must take into account the distinct differences and levels of experience between the national and international professional athletes. The results of this study will be used to make recommendations to develop preventive training measures, including techniques to improve tackling.
7
Beal, Ryan, Timothy J. Norman, and Sarvapali D. Ramchurn. "A Critical Comparison of Machine Learning Classifiers to Predict Match Outcomes in the NFL." International Journal of Computer Science in Sport 19, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijcss-2020-0009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this paper, we critically evaluate the performance of nine machine learning classification techniques when applied to the match outcome prediction problem presented by American Football. Specifically, we implement and test nine techniques using real-world datasets of 1280 games over 5 seasons from the National Football League (NFL). We test the nine different classifier techniques using a total of 42 features for each team and we find that the best performing algorithms are able to improve one previous published works. The algoriothms achieve an accuracy of between 44.64% for a Guassian Process classifier to 67.53% with a Naïve Bayes classifer. We also test each classifier on a year by year basis and compare our results to those of the bookmakers and other leading academic papers.
8
Rugg, Adam. "Incorporating the Protests: The NFL, Social Justice, and the Constrained Activism of the “Inspire Change” Campaign." Communication & Sport 8, no. 4-5 (December 24, 2019): 611–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479519896325.
Full textAbstract:
On January 11, 2019, the National Football League (NFL) launched “Inspire Change,” a campaign for the league’s social justice efforts. The campaign, which would serve as the umbrella under which the NFL’s US$89 million social justice partnership with the players would be housed, launched with its own website, hashtag, commercial, and documentary series. This article textually examines the “Inspire Change” campaign and its associated media materials, contextualizing it against the kneeling protests carried out by Colin Kaepernick and other NFL players as well as the NFL’s reactions to those protests. In doing so, I argue that NFL’s response to its players’ call for social justice is at once a strategic expansion by the league that seeks to capitalize on the emergent activist power of professional players to build the league’s brand as an authoritative and inclusive American institution contributing to social good. At the same time, however, under withering criticism from President Trump and conservative media, it reestablishes league control over the voice of rebellious Black players by subsuming their social justice efforts under the auspices of a campaign that evades the ideological confrontation of the kneeling protests in favor of a more positive, market-friendly version of “justice” based in calls of unity.
9
Christenson, Andrew J., and Douglas J. Casa. "Analysis on the Effect of Ball Pressure on Head Acceleration to Ensure Safety in Soccer." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049003.
Full textAbstract:
Soccer/football is one of the most popular sports in the world. Any sport requires continuous adjustments to rules to keep the game safe and engaging. Increased awareness of concussions in the American National Football League (NFL) has consequently raised attention to concussion-related injuries in other sports. One of the first steps the United States Soccer Federation (USSF) has taken to reduce head injuries is to implement age restrictions on heading. This encourages safer play but discourages an important skill until players are a certain age which is not good for player development. An alternative is to ensure mean head acceleration from a header is reduced with minimal rule changes. This paper presents a dynamic model of a player heading a soccer ball to examine the general relationship between ball pressure and mean head acceleration toward the purpose of motivating a more complex and comprehensive analysis of heading in soccer.
10
Nikesh, Bajaj. "The gaps of concussion policy in soccer: A visual review." Neurology 91, no. 23 Supplement 1 (December 4, 2018): S23.4—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000550650.66298.fb.
Full textAbstract:
Concussion evaluation and treatment has been widely less widely publicized in soccer vs American football. However, a recent assessment found that in the previous FIFA World Cup in 2014, 63% of events when players involved in head collisions were not assessed by sideline healthcare personnel within the 64 matches of the tournament. The upcoming 2018 FIFA World Cup should be approached with a more critical eye in order to improve the rate of concussion assessment in head collisions. US Soccer National Team's Concussion policy “players who are suspected of having sustained a concussion shall be removed from play immediately and evaluated by team medical staff.” Not all head collisions are required to be examined and a physician is not required to perform the sideline evaluation. Since the start of the 2018 Major League Soccer season, at least 2 incidents of concussion diagnosis were instances which an initial evaluation allowed the player to return to play when a concussion diagnosis was made later. A detailed examination of professional soccer both on the American and World stage exposes gaps in concussion policy that must be addressed to improve the approach to athlete brain health.
11
Fredrick Brown, Sean. "Can European football spur interest in American soccer? A look at the champions world™ series and major league soccer." Soccer & Society 6, no. 1 (March 2005): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/146609705200037007.
Full text
12
Johnson, Brett D., and Norris R. Johnson. "Stacking and “Stoppers”: A Test of the Outcome Control Hypothesis." Sociology of Sport Journal 12, no. 1 (March 1995): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.12.1.105.
Full textAbstract:
One explanation for stacking in sports is that minorities are excluded from positions with the greatest opportunity for determining the outcome of the competition, with the place kicker in football cited as an example. This paper postulated that the short relief pitcher in baseball also has high outcome control, and it hypothesized that minorities would be underrepresented in that position as well. We classified major league pitchers from the 1992 and 1993 seasons as starters, stoppers, or others and tested whether race or ethnicity was a factor in assignment to these positions. The hypothesis was not supported for either African American or Latin American pitchers. Minority group members were equally underrepresented in all categories of the pitcher position.
13
Johnston, Jeffrey T., Bert R. Mandelbaum, David Schub, Scott A. Rodeo, Matthew J. Matava, Holly J. Silvers-Granelli, Brian J. Cole, Neil S. ElAttrache, Tim R. McAdams, and Robert H. Brophy. "Video Analysis of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears in Professional American Football Athletes." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 4 (February 21, 2018): 862–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518756328.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are prevalent in contact sports that feature cutting and pivoting, such as American football. These injuries typically require surgical treatment, can result in significant missed time from competition, and may have deleterious long-term effects on an athlete’s playing career and health. While the majority of ACL tears in other sports have been shown to occur from a noncontact mechanism, it stands to reason that a significant number of ACL tears in American football would occur after contact, given the nature of the sport. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose was to describe the mechanism, playing situation, and lower extremity limb position associated with ACL injuries in professional American football players through video analysis to test the hypothesis that a majority of injuries occur via a contact mechanism. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A retrospective cohort of National Football League (NFL) players with ACL injuries from 3 consecutive seasons (2013-2016) was populated by searching publicly available online databases and other traditional media sources. Of 156 ACL injuries identified, 77 occurred during the regular season and playoffs, with video analysis available for 69 injuries. The video of each injury was independently viewed by 2 reviewers to determine the nature of the injury (ie, whether it occurred via a noncontact mechanism), the position of the lower extremity, and the football activity at the time of injury. Playing surface, player position, and time that the injury occurred were also recorded. Results: Contrary to our hypothesis, the majority of ACL injuries occurred via a noncontact mechanism (50 of 69, 72.5%), with the exception of injury to offensive linemen, who had a noncontact mechanism in only 20% of injuries. For noncontact injuries, the most common football activity at the time of injury was pivoting/cutting, and the most common position of the injured extremity included hip abduction/flexion, early knee flexion/abduction, and foot abduction/external rotation. There was no association between injury mechanism and time of injury or playing surface in this cohort. Conclusion: In this study of players in the NFL, the majority of ACL tears involved a noncontact mechanism, with the lower extremity exhibiting a dynamic valgus moment at the knee. These findings suggest that ACL injury prevention programs may reduce the risk of noncontact ACL tears in American football players.
14
Davis, Gavin A., Michael Makdissi, Paul Bloomfield, Patrick Clifton, Ruben J. Echemendia, Éanna Cian Falvey, Gordon Ward Fuller, et al. "International study of video review of concussion in professional sports." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 20 (September 27, 2018): 1299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099727.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundVideo review has become an important tool in professional sporting codes to help sideline identification and management of players with a potential concussion.AimTo assess current practices related to video review of concussion in professional sports internationally, and compare protocols and diagnostic criteria used to identify and manage potential concussions.MethodsCurrent concussion management guidelines from professional national and international sporting codes were reviewed. Specific criteria and definitions of video signs associated with concussion were compared between codes. Rules and regulations adopted across the codes for processes around video review were also assessed.ResultsSix sports with specific diagnostic criteria and definitions for signs of concussion identified on video review participated in this study (Australian football, American football, world rugby, cricket, rugby league and ice hockey). Video signs common to all sports include lying motionless/loss of responsiveness and motor incoordination. The video signs considered by the majority of sports as most predictive of a diagnosis of concussion include motor incoordination, impact seizure, tonic posturing and lying motionless. Regulatory requirements, sideline availability of video, medical expertise of video reviewers and use of spotters differ across sports and geographical boundaries. By and large, these differences reflect a pragmatic approach from each sport, with limited underlying research and development of the video review process in some instances.ConclusionsThe use of video analysis in assisting medical staff with the diagnosis or identification of potential concussion is well established across different sports internationally. The diagnostic criteria used and the expertise of the video review personnel are not clearly established, and research efforts would benefit from a collaborative harmonisation across sporting codes.
15
Schallmo, Michael S., Thomas H. Fitzpatrick, Hunter B. Yancey, Alejandro Marquez-Lara, T. David Luo, and Allston J. Stubbs. "Return-to-Play and Performance Outcomes of Professional Athletes in North America After Hip Arthroscopy From 1999 to 2016." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 8 (May 16, 2018): 1959–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518773080.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The effect of hip arthroscopy on athletic performance compared with preinjury levels for professional athletes in different sports remains unknown. In addition, while return rates have been reported for professional baseball, football, and hockey players, return rates have not been reported for professional basketball players. Hypothesis: Professional athletes in 4 major North American sports would be able to return to their sport and preoperative level of performance at a high rate after arthroscopic hip surgery. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Major League Baseball (MLB), National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), and National Hockey League (NHL) athletes who underwent hip arthroscopy were identified through a previously reported protocol based on public sources. Successful return to play (RTP) was defined as returning for at least 1 professional regular season game after surgery. Performance scores were calculated by use of previously established scoring systems. Each player served as his own control, with the season prior to surgery defined as baseline. To make comparisons across sports, the authors adjusted for expected season and career length differences between sports and calculated percentage changes in performance. Results: The authors identified 227 procedures performed on 180 professional athletes between 1999 and 2016. Successful RTP was achieved in 84.6% (192/227) of the procedures. Compared with all other athletes, NBA athletes returned at a similar rate (85.7%, P ≥ .999). NFL offensive linemen returned at a significantly lower rate than all other athletes (61.1%, P = .010). NHL athletes returned at a significantly higher rate than all other athletes (91.8%, P = .048) and demonstrated significantly decreased performance during postoperative season 1 compared with baseline (–35.1%, P = .002). Lead leg surgery for MLB athletes (batting stance for hitters, pitching stance for pitchers) resulted in a 12.7% reduction in hitter performance score ( P = .041), a 1.3% reduction in pitcher fastball velocity ( P = .004), and a 60.7% reduction in pitch count ( P = .007) one season after surgery compared with baseline. Players in nearly every sport demonstrated significant reductions in game participation after surgery. Conclusion: This study supports the hypothesis that hip arthroscopy in professional athletes is associated with excellent rates of return at the professional level. However, postoperative performance outcomes varied based on sport and position.
16
Leshoele, Moorosi. "Power Lies in the Barrel of a Gun: Diplomacy Without Strategic Military Capability Is Futile." African and Asian Studies 20, no. 1-2 (April 27, 2021): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341484.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The United States of America invests heavily on their military capability and it is estimated that it spends, alone, approximately 40 per cent of what the whole world spends on military. Four of the other super powers that make up the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (UN-SC) also spend a significant percentage of their national budgets on military. Chinweizu has for a long time argued that Africa needs a well-resourced African Standby Force (or the Black Africa League) that will protect the interests of the continent so as to prevent the history of Africans enslavement and colonialism repeating itself. This article seeks to analyse Africa’s investment on its military defense capability vis-à-vis the five permanent members of the UN-SC and North Korea, by critiquing two case studies of two of the continent’s economic giants – South Africa and Egypt. Realist and Sankofa perspectives are used as the prisms through which the article was researched. In line with Chinweizu’s observation, the article argues that without serious political will and dedication to building Africa’s nuclear weapons capability and ensuring that Africa is economically self-reliant, diplomatic engagements with the rest of the world as (un)equal partners will remain a pipe dream and the looting of Africa’s mineral wealth will continue unabated. It is clear that given the reality of the African Holocust if African countries fail to collectively defend themselves, Africa will continue to be a political football for the rest of the world.
17
Warth, Ryan J., Matthew R. Hays, Cameron T. Dodd, Mayank Rao, Manickam Kumaravel, Walter R. Lowe, and Mark L. Prasarn. "On-Field Removal of Large Anti-Concussive Football Helmets Using Current Guidelines Leads to Increased Passive Cervical Lordosis." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 7_suppl5 (July 2019): 2325967119S0040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00405.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: Recent emphasis has been placed on concussion safety in American football and has driven the development of new anti-concussive helmet designs which are becoming more popular in the National Football League (NFL). However, their larger diameter may inadvertently complicate on-field stabilization procedures for players with suspected cervical spine injuries. The purpose of this study was to compare the total arc of extension in the supine position before and after removal of a traditional helmet and a larger-diameter anti-concussive helmet. We hypothesized that removal of the larger helmet would result in a significantly increased total arc of extension when compared to removal of a traditional helmet. Methods: IRB approval was obtained prior to initiation of this study. Following the guidance of a priori power analysis, 27 adult male volunteers between 20 and 30 years of age were enrolled. Head circumference, height, and weight measurements were obtained before being fitted with NFL-style shoulder pads, a traditional helmet (TH), and a newly-introduced, larger anti-concussive helmet (LH). With the shoulder pads in place, each subject was asked to lay supine on the x-ray table which was equipped with standardized visible landmarks to facilitate consistent positioning between patients. Lateral radiographs were then obtained while wearing the TH, the LH, and while wearing no helmet (NH). With assistance, subjects were immobilized to the extent possible while removing/exchanging headgear between radiographs. Three cobb angle measurements were obtained for each helmet condition beginning from the most caudal aspect of C1 to the most cranial aspects of the C3, C4, and C5 vertebral bodies, respectively. Maintenance of atlanto-dens intervals were confirmed between helmet conditions in each subject. All Cobb angles were measured in duplicate by two independent observers on two occasions separated by at least 2 weeks for calculation of inter- and intra-rater reliability (κ). Statistical comparisons between helmet conditions were performed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical significance was declared when p<0.05. Results: Twenty-seven male subjects with a mean age of 24.0 years (range, 22.0-36.0 years; standard deviation [SD], 3.0 years), mean body mass index (BMI) of 25.1 kg/m2 (range, 21.0-31.9 kg/m2; SD, 2.7 kg/m2), and mean head circumference of 58.2 cm (range, 53.0-62.0 cm; SD, 1.6 cm). Cobb angle measurements were found to have good-to-excellent intra-class correlation (κ). Relative to NH, the average total extension arc after removal LH removal was significantly greater than after SH removal between the C1-C3 (-2.6°; p=0.024), C1-C4 (-2.6°; p=0.036), and C1-C5 intervals (-2.9°; p=0.023), amounting to a 50-60% increased arc of cervical extension after removal of the LH relative to the TH (Table 1 and Figure 1). Conclusion: The degree of passive cervical lordosis that occurs after removal of new larger-diameter anti-concussive football helmets in the supine position is significantly greater than after removal of traditional helmets, thus potentially increasing the risk of iatrogenic cervical spine injury while attempting on-field helmet removal. Current guidelines and procedures for management of on-field cervical spine trauma in American football should be modified to account for larger helmet designs that are becoming more popular in American football. [Table: see text]
18
Bank, Steven A. "FIFA, Forced Arbitration, and the U.S. Soccer Lawsuits." Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 30, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/23892.
Full textAbstract:
American soccer has been besieged by lawsuits. In the last two years alone, the United States Soccer Federation (“U.S. Soccer”) has been hit with two antitrust lawsuits, two Equal Pay Act and Title VII gender discrimination lawsuits, and a trademark lawsuit, while two of its professional league members are engaged in their own trademark lawsuit. One threshold question that has received scant attention in the media is whether these disputes should be in federal court at all. Under the Statutes and Regulations of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (“FIFA”), soccer’s global governing organization, all disputes are required to be arbitrated. Taking a dispute to an ordinary court of law is potentially subject to sanction, which could include suspension or even expulsion. Given this forced arbitration rule, this article considers several possible explanations for why there has been no push to arbitrate the disputes in most of the lawsuits: (1) The enforceability of FIFA’s arbitration requirement has been called into question by recent rulings against forced arbitration clauses; (2) FIFA focuses the enforcement of its arbitration requirement on certain types of cases; (3) FIFA does not consider certain types of claims subject to arbitration; and (4) U.S. Soccer’s bylaws do not impose the arbitration requirement in such a way as it would apply to these types of cases. Although none of these entirely resolve the matter in a satisfactory way, in the aggregate they may help to define the emerging limits to arbitration for sports governing bodies in the U.S. and elsewhere.
19
Joe, Victor C. "870 Delineation of Burn Surgery Coaching Trees: Describing Generational Influences of Leadership in Burn Care." Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, Supplement_1 (March 2020): S274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa024.436.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Introduction Genealogies, or family trees, provide graphic representations of family history, tracing lines of decent among its members. Professional sports, most notably the National Football League (NFL), have borrowed this concept in delineating “coaching trees”. Connections among coaches can be described by the head coach-assistant coach relationships and utilized to demonstrate philosophical influences among coaches. This project was an attempt to explore the application of this concept to the profession of burn surgery and see if it could provide insight into the relationships (i.e., mentorship) that have influenced generations of burn surgeons over the past fifty years. Methods The first step in the process was to examine data sources. This consisted of gleaning information from the American Burn Association (ABA) archives (1976–1996) housed at the National Library of Medicine, the digital archives of the ABA, relevant review of the peer-reviewed literature, the public domain (world wide web), and documentation from various burn programs. The next step was to consider varying methodological approaches to the construction of the tree. Results While coaching relationships in the NFL represent a complex adaptive network, the relationships in an burn surgical coaching tree represent an even more complex network and the analogies between the two systems break down. As an exploratory project, the decision was made to construct several different trees with relative simple relational lines, concentrating central nodes on various past association presidents, prominent burn directors, and robust burn fellowship programs. This was done to illustrate proof-of-concept and inform future iterations of the project. Conclusions Creating burn surgery coaching trees can be done demonstrating relatively simple relational lines and provide basic illustrations of the influences of leadership among generations and institutions. More advanced mathematical and social science methodologies can be applied to explore these relationships in greater depth and elucidate a more thorough understanding of successful relationships, mentorship, and leadership dynamics in this complex adaptive network. Applicability of Research to Practice The description of coaching trees provides important insights into the history of burn surgery and the process can be replicated for other professions represented on the burn care team. It validates the importance of maintaining robust archives for our posterity. The information thus organized may inform the approach of the organization and/or inclined individual leaders on how mentorship occurs within our profession.
20
Yigit, Ahmet Talha, Baris Samak, and Tolga Kaya. "An XGBoost-lasso ensemble modeling approach to football player value assessment." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 39, no. 5 (November 19, 2020): 6303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-189098.
Full textAbstract:
Sports analytics is a field that is growing in popularity and application throughout the world. One of the open problems in this field is the valuation of football players. The aim of this study is to establish a football player value assessment model using machine learning techniques to support the transfer decisions of football clubs. The proposed model is mainly based on the intrinsic features of the individual players which are provided in Football Manager simulation game. To do this, based on the individual statistics of 5316 players who are active in 11 different major leagues from Europe and South America, different value assessment models are conducted using advanced supervised learning techniques which include ridge and lasso regressions, random forests and extreme gradient boosting. All the models have been built in R programming language. The performances of the models are compared based on their mean squared errors and their fit to the real world examples. An ensemble model with inflation is proposed as the output.
21
Jocqu, Alexander. "De plaats van Robert Verbelen in de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 71, no. 3 (September 11, 2012): 201–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v71i3.12249.
Full textAbstract:
Robert Verbelen is in België hoofdzakelijk bekend in de context van de radicale collaboratie tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Als leider van het zogenaamde Veiligheidskorps trad de toenmalige SS’er gewelddadig op tegen acties van het verzet. Desalniettemin beschouwde Verbelen zichzelf in eerste instantie als een Vlaamse idealist en voorman. Dit artikel onderzoekt waarop dit (zelf)beeld is gebaseerd en of het correct is.In zijn jeugd engageerde Verbelen zich inderdaad in Vlaamsgezinde organisaties, zoals de Vlaamsche Voetbalbond. Vanaf het uitbreken van de Tweede Wereldoorlog tot aan zijn dood heeft Verbelen echter geen enkele concrete bijdrage meer geleverd aan de Vlaamse ontvoogdingsstrijd. Nadat hij een tiental jaar actief was als spion in Amerikaanse loondienst, verwierf Verbelen in 1959 de Oostenrijkse nationaliteit en in 1965 werd hij te Wenen wegens oorlogsmisdaden berecht. Verbelen werd vrijgesproken en hij woonde tot zijn dood in 1990 in de Oostenrijkse hoofdstad.Verbelen handhaafde al die tijd wel een virtuele band met Vlaanderen: hij onderschreef een legitimerende en gemythologiseerde Vlaams-nationalistische geschiedenis, die hij via interviews, spreekbeurten en geschriften tevens vorm gaf en in stand hield. Omdat Verbelen daarin zo ver ging, terwijl hij zich tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog dermate had gecompromitteerd, distantieerde zelfs de meest extreem Vlaams-nationalistische strekking binnen de Vlaamse beweging zich van hem.________Robert Verbelen’s place in the history of the Flemish movement. Robert Verbelen is mainly known in Belgium in the context of his radical collaboration during the Second World War. As the head of the so-called Security Corps, the then SS member, engaged in violent repression of actions of resistance. However, Verbelen considered himself foremost a Flemish idealist and leader. This article investigates what this (self)image is based on and whether it is correct. In fact, during his youth, Verbelen was involved in Pro Flemish organisations like the Flemish Football League. However, from the outbreak of the Second World War until his death, Verbelen made no more concrete contributions to the Flemish battle for emancipation. After serving for around ten years as a spy employed by the Americans, Verbelen acquired the Austrian nationality in 1959; and in 1965, he was court-martialed in Vienna for war crimes. Verbelen was acquitted and until his death in 1990, he lived in the Austrian capital. During this entire period, Verbelen did in fact maintain a virtual link with Flanders: he endorsed a legitimising and mythologized Flemish National history, which he both shaped and preserved by means of interviews, lectures and writing. Because of Verbelen’s extreme views in these writings and the fact that he had seriously incriminated himself during the Second World War, even the most extreme Flemish-Nationalist tendencies within the Flemish movement distantiated themselves from him.
22
Gillen, Zachary M., Marni E. Shoemaker, Brianna D. McKay, and Joel T. Cramer. "Performance Differences between National Football League and High School American Football Combine Participants." Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 90, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1571679.
Full text
23
Clarke, Neil, and Mark Noon. "Editorial: Fatigue and Recovery in Football." Sports 7, no. 8 (August 13, 2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7080192.
Full textAbstract:
The football codes (soccer, American football, Australian rules football, rugby league, and union and Gaelic football) are intermittent team sports with bouts of high-intensity activity interspersed with low-intensity activities or rest [...]
24
Coombs, Danielle S., and Anne Osborne. "Sports Journalists and England’s Barclays Premier League: A Case Study Examining Reporters’ Takes on Modern Football." International Journal of Sport Communication 5, no. 3 (September 2012): 413–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.5.3.413.
Full textAbstract:
England’s Barclays Premier League is one of the most successful and widereaching sporting organizations in the world, attracting the best football players and managers from around the world as well as a global audience. Since its formation in 1992, the Premier League has focused on commercial success for both the League and its constituent clubs. This emphasis has brought tremendous change to English football as a whole. This case study analysis seeks to understand the perceptions and experiences of sports reporters tasked with covering these Premier League sides. These football journalists describe limited access brought on by the clubs’ decisions to emphasize global brands and manage their own branded content through club-run websites and material. Respondents also perceive this limited access is exacerbated by increased multiculturalism and a growing culture of suspicion that widens the gulfs between teams and the reporters who cover them.
25
Venkataramani, Atheendar S., Maheer Gandhavadi, and Anupam B. Jena. "Association Between Playing American Football in the National Football League and Long-term Mortality." JAMA 319, no. 8 (February 27, 2018): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.0140.
Full text
26
Mall, Nathan A., John C. Carlisle, Matthew J. Matava, John W. Powell, and Charles A. Goldfarb. "Upper Extremity Injuries in the National Football League." American Journal of Sports Medicine 36, no. 10 (May 23, 2008): 1938–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546508318197.
Full textAbstract:
Background Very little has been published regarding the incidence of and duration of time lost after hand injuries in professional American football players. Hypotheses (1) Hand, first ray, and finger injuries in professional American football players represent a common cause of missed time from practice and game participation. (2) The effect of upper extremity injuries differs as a function of the anatomic site involved, injury type, and athlete's position. Study Design Descriptive epidemiologic study. Methods A retrospective review of all documented injuries to the hand, first ray, and fingers sustained by American football players in the National Football League over a 10-year period (1996–2005) was performed using the League's injury surveillance database. The data were analyzed from multiple perspectives, with emphasis on the type of injury, athlete position, and activity at the time of injury. Results A total of 1385 injuries occurred to the hand, first ray, and fingers over the 10 seasons studied. Of these injuries, 48% involved the fingers, 30% involved the first ray, and 22% involved the hand, with game injuries more common than practice injuries at each location. Metacarpal fractures and proximal interphalangeal joint dislocations were the 2 most common injuries. Offensive and defensive linemen were the most likely to sustain a hand injury; 80% of hand injuries were metacarpal fractures. The most common injuries to the first ray were fractures (48%) and sprains (36%), which occurred most often in athletes playing a defensive secondary position. Finger injuries were most commonly dislocations at the level of the proximal interphalangeal joint, typically involving the ulnar 2 digits. Finger injuries were most common in wide receivers and defensive secondary players. The act of tackling produced the most injuries (28%). Conclusion Upper extremity trauma, especially injury to the hand, first ray, and fingers, is a significant source of morbidity for professional football players. The results of this study may be used to implement preventive measures to help minimize these injuries.
27
Denton, Phil. "The First 100 Days: Lessons from football." SecEd 2021, no. 2 (May 2, 2021): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/sece.2021.2.40.
Full textAbstract:
Headteacher Phil Denton has spent the last 30 months talking to Premier League managers about the lessons we can draw from the high-pressure, unforgiving world of football management, especially when it comes to tackling the first 100 days in post…
28
Maeda, Kenji, and George Moll. "American Football Sets Players’ Body Mass Index." Global Pediatric Health 5 (January 1, 2018): 2333794X1878554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x18785540.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives. Document American football, National Football League (NFL), Lean State (LS) or Heavy State (FS) Public High School (PHS), sets similar player position mean body mass indexes (BMI). Review health risks related to BMI. Methods. Public accessible 2014-2015 football rosters were used to calculate individual player’s BMI for four PHS teams about each LS and FS Capital City and 32 NFL teams. Mean BMI were compared for male player positions: quarterback (Q), backfield (B), and line (L) players. Results. Q, B, and L mean BMI were not significantly different for LS and FS PHS and NFL, but mean BMI was significantly ( P < .01) different for Q or B versus L. Conclusion. Football sets similar BMI for player positions with PHS line prone to obese BMI (considered healthy for NFL players) regardless of regional BMI trends. We propose PHS football set player BMI upper limit 30 to support public health and sports safety goals.
29
Carlisle, John C., Charles A. Goldfarb, Nathan Mall, John W. Powell, and Matthew J. Matava. "Upper Extremity Injuries in the National Football League." American Journal of Sports Medicine 36, no. 10 (June 26, 2008): 1945–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546508318198.
Full textAbstract:
Background Very little information is available regarding the incidence, causative mechanisms, and expected duration of time lost following upper extremity injuries in professional American football players. Hypotheses (1) Upper extremity injuries in professional American football players are a common cause of missed time from practice and game participation. (2) The effect of upper extremity injuries differs as a function of the site involved and the athlete's position. Study Design Descriptive epidemiologic study. Methods A retrospective review of all documented injuries to the elbow, forearm, and wrist sustained by all players in the National Football League over a 10-year period (1996–2005) was performed using the League's injury surveillance database. An injury was considered significant if it resulted in premature cessation of (or absence from) at least 1 practice, game, or training event. The data were analyzed from multiple perspectives, with emphasis on the type of injury, athlete position, and activity at the time of injury. Results There were 859 total injuries over the 10-year period: 58% involved the elbow, 30% involved the wrist, and 12% involved the forearm. Ligamentous injuries were the most common diagnosis in the elbow and wrist, with wrist sprains the most common of all diagnoses. Fractures were the most common injury occurring in the forearm. For all 3 anatomic locations, game injuries were much more common than practice injuries by a factor of 2.8 to 1. Forearm injuries led to a mean of 42 days lost, wrist injuries led to a mean of 27 days lost, and elbow injuries led to an average of 22 days lost. Fractures and dislocations led to the greatest amount of time lost (47 days and 53 days, respectively). Tackling was the activity most often (24%) implicated as causing injuries to the elbow, forearm, and wrist. Offensive and defensive linemen were most commonly injured. Elbow injuries were the most common at these positions, constituting approximately 75% of all injuries. Defensive backs sustained the greatest number of forearm injuries, approximately double the total number at any other position. Conclusion Upper extremity trauma is a significant issue for professional football players. In particular, the high incidence rates of elbow injuries in linemen and forearm injuries in defensive backs warrant further scrutiny.
30
Bruce, Scott L., and Kyra Dorney. "Posturing Responses in Concussions Sustained by Elite American Football Players." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 25, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2019-0031.
Full textAbstract:
Current literature indicates loss of consciousness occurs in about 10% of concussions. Posturing presentations represent brain injuries and a loss of consciousness. The purpose of this study was to observe video evidence of football-game-related concussions to determine the rate in which a posturing presentation occurs in reported concussion. Over the course of three National Football League and three National Collegiate Athletic Association football seasons, 103 videos of 805 reported concussions met the inclusion criteria; 35 videos demonstrated a posturing presentation, for a rate of 33.98%. Our study indicates that the published statistic regarding loss of consciousness (occurring only about 10% of the time) may be too conservative.
31
King, Doug, Patria Hume, Conor Gissane, and Trevor Clark. "Head impacts in a junior rugby league team measured with a wireless head impact sensor: an exploratory analysis." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 19, no. 1 (January 2017): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.7.peds1684.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, magnitude, and distribution of head impacts sustained by players in a junior rugby league over a season of matches. METHODS The authors performed a prospective cohort analysis of impact magnitude, frequency, and distribution on data collected with instrumented XPatches worn behind the ear of players in an “under-11” junior rugby league team (players under 11 years old). RESULTS A total of 1977 impacts were recorded. Over the course of the study, players sustained an average of 116 impacts (average of 13 impacts per player per match). The measured linear acceleration ranged from 10g to 123g (mean 22g, median 16g, and 95th percentile 57g). The rotational acceleration ranged from 89 rad/sec2 to 22,928 rad/sec2 (mean 4041 rad/sec2, median 2773 rad/sec2, and 95th percentile 11,384 rad/sec2). CONCLUSIONS The level of impact severity based on the magnitude of impacts for linear and rotational accelerations recorded was similar to the impacts reported in studies of American junior and high school football, collegiate football, and youth ice hockey players, but the players in the rugby league cohort were younger, had less body mass, and played at a slower speed than the American players. Junior rugby league players are required to tackle the player to the ground and use a different tackle technique than that used in American football, likely increasing the rotational accelerations recorded at the head.
32
Koutroumanides, Christos, Panagiotis Alexopoulos, Athanasios Laios, and John Douvis. "The English Premier League TV Rights Selling Model – Historical Study." GYMNASIUM XIX, no. 1 (June 24, 2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29081/gsjesh.2018.19.1.07.
Full textAbstract:
Football games broadcasting started in 1964, with the highlights broadcasting every Saturday night. In 1983 the first live broadcasting took place, and since PL establishment, the public BBC and secondly the private ITV held the tv rights for 2 million pound per year. In 1988, ITV acquired the rights for four years until 1992. The 2007-10 period tv rights were sold for 1,706 billion pounds and the 2010-13 period deal increased their value to 1,773 billion pounds. With the current 2016-19 deal of 3,018 billion pounds, EPL is getting the amazing 5,136 billion pounds fee, making EPL the world’s second wealthiest sporting league – in tv rights annual income terms – only after the American National Football League. The purpose of the study is to show how the collective selling model of an attractive televised football product could generate high income to the clubs league.
33
Roberts, Andrea L., Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Frank E. Speizer, Ross D. Zafonte, Aaron L. Baggish, Herman Taylor, Lee M. Nadler, et al. "Exposure to American Football and Neuropsychiatric Health in Former National Football League Players: Findings From the Football Players Health Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 12 (August 30, 2019): 2871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519868989.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Former American football players have a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment than that of the US general population. It remains unknown what aspects of playing football are associated with neuropsychiatric outcomes. Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that seasons of professional football, playing position, and experience of concussions were associated with cognition-related quality of life (QOL) and indicators of depression and anxiety. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: The authors examined whether seasons of professional football, playing position, and experience of concussions, as measured by self-report of 10 symptoms, were associated with cognition-related QOL and indicators of depression and anxiety in a cross-sectional survey conducted 2015 to 2017. Cognition-related QOL was measured by the short form of the Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders: Applied Cognition–General Concerns. The Patient Health Questionnaire–4 measured depression and anxiety symptoms. Of 13,720 eligible men with apparently valid contact information, 3506 players returned a questionnaire at the time of this analysis (response rate = 25.6%). Results: Seasons of professional play (risk ratio [RR] per 5 seasons = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.06-1.34) and playing position were associated with cognition-related QOL. Each 5 seasons of play was associated with 9% increased risk of indicators of depression at borderline statistical significance ( P = .05). When compared with former kickers, punters, and quarterbacks, men who played any other position had a higher risk of poor cognition-related QOL, depression, and anxiety. Concussion symptoms were strongly associated with poor cognition-related QOL (highest concussion quartile, RR = 22.3, P < .001), depression (highest quartile, RR = 6.0, P < .0001), and anxiety (highest quartile, RR = 6.4, P < .0001), even 20 years after last professional play. Conclusion: The data suggest that seasons of play and playing position in the NFL are associated with lasting neuropsychiatric health deficits. Additionally, poor cognition-related QOL, depression, and anxiety appear to be associated with concussion in the long term.
34
Rugg, Adam. "Civilizing the Child: Violence, Masculinity, and Race in Media Narratives of James Harrison." Communication & Sport 7, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479517745299.
Full textAbstract:
This article critically examines the media coverage surrounding National Football League (NFL) player James Harrison in 2010 and 2011. In 2009, medical research linking hits to the head and the Alzheimer’s-like condition known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy prompted the league to institute rule changes to limit violent tackles. Harrison was repeatedly punished by the league office and criticized by sports media outlets for his violent tackles and recalcitrant attitude. Guiding both the discipline and media coverage of Harrison are narratives rooted in a neoliberal logic situating the existence of and responsibility for football violence within the individual decisions of football players. Intensifying these narratives is the NFL and its media partners’ invocation of discourses of Black criminality to construct the most damaging moments of football violence as unsanctioned acts that operate “outside the game.” This invocation serves to place the authority over the judgment and legitimation of football violence within the White corporate morality of the league’s offices and its media partners, allowing them to preserve the sport’s central place in producing and maintaining dominant American masculinities through football violence while casting off the responsibility for the consequences of that violence to the footballing bodies that administer and receive it.
35
Yeargin, Susan, Toni M. Torres-McGehee, Dawn Emerson, Jessica Koller, and John Dickinson. "Hydration, Eating Attitudes and Behaviors in Age and Weight-Restricted Youth American Football Players." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 2565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082565.
Full textAbstract:
There is a paucity of research examining hydration and nutrition behaviors in youth American football players. A potentially unique risk factor are league restrictions based on weight (WR) or age (AR). The purpose of this study was to examine hydration status between WR and AR leagues. The secondary purpose was to describe eating patterns in players. An observational cohort design with 63 youth football players (10 ± 1 yrs, 148.2 ± 9.4 cm, 44.9 ± 15.3 kg) was utilized. Independent variables were league (AR (n = 36); WR (n = 27)) and activity type (practice (PX = 8); game (GM = 3)). Dependent variables were hydration status (urine osmolality; percent change in body mass (%BM)), eating attitudes (Children’s Eating Attitude Test (ChEAT-26)) and self-reported frequency of meals. On average, players arrived activity mildly hypohydrated (830 ± 296 mOsm/kg) and %BM was minimal (−0.1 ± 0.7%) during events. Players consumed 2 ± 1 meals and 1 ± 1 snack before events. The ChEAT-26 survey reported 21.6% (n = 8) of players were at risk for abnormal eating attitudes. Among these players, eating binges, vomiting, excessive exercise and drastic weight loss were reported. Youth American football players arrived activity mildly hypohydrated and consumed enough fluid during activity to maintain euhydration. Abnormal eating attitudes and the use of unhealthy weight loss methods were reported by some youth American football players.
36
Aryashila, Ni Made Distiara Landephy, Silvyana Nur Haliza, Naufal Farras Maulana, Doni Achmad Heniawan, and Yudianto Yudianto. "ANALISIS JARINGAN TRANSFER PEMAIN BOLA MENGGUNAKAN METODE SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS (STUDI KASUS : LIGA SPANYOL (LA LIGA) TAHUN 2015 – 2020)." JBMI (Jurnal Bisnis, Manajemen, dan Informatika) 17, no. 1 (June 24, 2020): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26487/jbmi.v17i1.9862.
Full textAbstract:
Football is a popular sport that is loved by a lot of society in the world, ranging from children to adult is very enthusiastic when discussing about soccer. The process of buying and transferring players is one element that can’t be separated in football, this process is done to improve performance and replace players who move to other clubs. Spanish league or known as La Liga is one of the major league that often transfers player, information regarding player transfers and the club itself can be seen in each season on the website transfermarkt.com. In this study we chose the Spanish League as an object of research, we use the Social Network Analysis Basic Concept technique to determine the key players of each club and players in the Spanish League in the 2015-2020 period by analyzing degree centrality, closeness centrality, dan betweenness centrality. the results of this study were displayed Sevilla FC as a club key player, and Juanfran as a key player player
37
Woodward, J. R. "Professional Football Scouts: An Investigation of Racial Stacking." Sociology of Sport Journal 21, no. 4 (December 2004): 356–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.21.4.356.
Full textAbstract:
In this article the author examines sports guides that are dedicated to critiquing collegiate football players eligible for the annual National Football League amateur draft. An effort is made to assess whether the scouts in these guides describe collegiate players in ways that correspond with U.S. race logic as articulated by Coakley (1998). More specifically, the article focuses on the mental and physical descriptions of African American and White athletes by professional scouts. The results show that African American players are more likely to be described in physical terms (rather than mental terms) than are White players in the same positions.
38
Dergaa, Ismail, Amit Varma, and Abdul Rafi Mohammed. "COVID-19 Return to Sporting Activities." International Journal of Sport, Exercise and Health Research 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/sportmed.4201.
Full textAbstract:
Analysis of the directives suggested by various sporting confederations across the world concerning return to sporting activities during the COVID-19 pandemic, to assure a prudent beginning of the new season of sporting-events particularly for football as the leagues across the world begin, with the English Premier League starting on 12th September 2020.
39
Heintz, Elizabeth C., Emily F. Foret, and Jeremy J. Foreman. "Effect of Concussions on National Football League Quarterback Performance." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 8, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.8n.4p.19.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Sports-related concussion (SRC) rates are higher in American football than any other sport; therefore, the effects of SRCs on professional football players is a prevalent topic. Previous research has shown that sustaining an SRC has negative financial and overall career outcomes for athletes and may cause performance decrements after an athlete returns to play, however, the results of previous research regarding athlete performance after returning from an SRC are mixed. While some studies found that player performance in the National Football League (NFL) was unaffected upon returning from an SRC, evidence also suggests significant scoring reductions in offensive players. Although previous research has found that NFL running backs and wide receivers perform at levels similar to their performance before sustaining an SRC, little is known about quarterback performance after an SRC. There is also evidence that SRCs decrease neurocognitive performance, a quality that is crucial, especially for quarterbacks. Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine changes in NFL quarterback performances upon return to play from an SRC. Method: Quarterback ratings (QBRs) and concussion data from 2012-2015 were used to determine if changes occurred in NFL quarterback performance following an SRC. Results: QBRs decreased by 13.3 points (p = 0.014) after quarterbacks return from an SRC. Conclusions: Changes in on-field performance for NFL quarterbacks after sustaining an SRC could be the result of neurocognitive decrements that impact quick reaction and decision-making skills, which may have greater impacts on quarterbacks than other positions.
40
Knapik, Derrick M., Robert J. Gillespie, Michael J. Salata, and James E. Voos. "Prevalence and Impact of Glenoid Augmentation in American Football Athletes Participating in the National Football League Scouting Combine." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 8 (August 2017): 232596711772294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117722945.
Full text
41
Zhang, Qing Lai, Xin Ming Tian, and Zhan Ling Meng. "Design of Intelligent System for Soccer Goal Detection Based on Opto-Electronic Technology." Advanced Materials Research 717 (July 2013): 585–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.717.585.
Full textAbstract:
With the continuous development of football games, more and more football matches are hold in the world. From the World Cup to the big league, the erroneous decisions of the goals by referee always became the focus of the games. Federation International de Football Association (FIFA) is discussing now to introduce high technology to the football games to assist the judgment of the referee. In this paper, an advanced detection technology for soccer goal is proposed. This goal detection technology is based on the optical principle, high speed camera, as long as infrared detection devices. By detecting the change of electronic signal in the moment of goal, which can cut off the laser beam, the goal can be detected. In addition, the detection results and in-situ video are transmitted in real time to the arbitrators, which can reduce the goal disputes and make the game of football more fair.
42
Al-Daaja, Yehia, and György Norbert Szabados. "The Current State of CSR in the Football Clubs of the Professional Football League in Jordan." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 12, no. 3-4 (December 13, 2018): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2018/3-4/3.
Full textAbstract:
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a common practice all over the world, however, social responsibility in the field of sport is still a new concept and received a little attention. This study aims to reveal the current state of social responsibility practices among the football clubs of the professional football league in Jordan. A descriptive survey method was used and a questionnaire was designed to collect the required data on three aspects (administrative, financial and CSR programs). The study found that there is a medium degree of availability of the administrative and financial aspects that activate the implementation of the CSR concept. Moreover, the study also revealed a medium degree of availability of the CSR programs offered by the selected clubs. Furthermore, the study proved that the football clubs in Jordan are aware of their social responsibility and recognize their role in the betterment of the society.
JEL Classification: C21, D24, Q12
43
Royuela, Vicente, and Roberto Gásquez. "On the Influence of Foreign Players on the Success of Football Clubs." Journal of Sports Economics 20, no. 5 (October 31, 2018): 718–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002518807960.
Full textAbstract:
This article analyzes whether having more foreign players influences the performance of football clubs. We do so by comparing a cross section of close to 1,000 football clubs all over the world. We find that, on average, those clubs in leagues with more foreign players display better results in the world rankings. Nevertheless, within each league, where all clubs have the same regulations, having more foreign players has no effect. In the end, when all clubs have the same possibilities for importing better players from abroad, what matters is the financial power to choose the better ones.
44
Amirnejad, Saeed, Ali Reza Elahi, and Hossein Akbari Yazdi. "A comparative study to identify a suitable model of ownership for Iran football pro league clubs." International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology 7, no. 1 (January 22, 2018): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22631/ijaep.v7i1.255.
Full textAbstract:
Today the government ownership of the professional football clubs is absolutely illogical view point. Most of sports clubs are conducted by private sector using different models of ownership all over the world. In Iran, government credits benefit was main reason that the professional sport was firstly developed by government firms and organizations. Therefore, the sports team ownership is without the professionalization standards. The present comparative study was to examine the different football club ownership structures of the top leagues and the current condition of Iran football pro league ownership and then present a suitable ownership structure of Iran football clubs to leave behind the government club ownership. Among the initial 120 scientific texts, the thirty two cases including papers, books and reports were found relevant to this study. We studied the ownership prominence and several football club models of ownership focused on stock listing model of ownership, private investor model of ownership, supporter trust model of ownership and Japan partnership model of ownership; theoretical concepts, empirical studies, main findings, strengths and weaknesses were covered in analysis procedure. According to various models of ownership in leagues and the models’ productivity in football clubs, each model of ownership considering national environmental, economic, social conditions has strengths and weaknesses. So, we cannot present a definite model of ownership for Iran football pro league clubs due to different micro-environments of Iran clubs. We need a big planning to provide a supporter-investor mixed model of ownership to Iranian clubs. Considering strengths and weaknesses in the models of ownership as well as the micro and macro environment of Iran football clubs, German model and Japan partnership model are offered as suitable ones to probable new model of ownership in Iran pro league clubs. Consequently, more studies are required to find a suitable model of ownership based on environmental conditions in Iran.
45
Ünsal, Efe, Sanem Kaptanoğlu, and Hayat Kabasakal. "The Turkish Super League meets its first female club president." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 11, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-10-2020-0375.
Full textAbstract:
Learning outcomes The learning outcomes are as follows. First, female managers can face gender inequity in different forms, such as the glass ceiling and glass cliff, while they run for leadership positions, especially in male-dominated business contexts. Second, managers can show high performance and be effective leaders as long as they are aware of that all managers are evaluated according to a wide variety of criteria, and play many different managerial roles, such as interpersonal, informational and decisional roles. Finally, managers should pay attention to all stakeholders’ demands in decision-making process for sustainability and performing better in the long run. Case overview/synopsis Since football began gaining popularity in Turkey at the dawn of the 20th century, the sport remains the most popular national sport today. However, recently, a new name has shaken the world of Turkish football: Berna Gozbasi, the first female football manager in Turkish history. In the middle of 2019–2020 football season, Gozbasi became the first female club president after she assumed leadership of Kayserispor. Kayserispor was officially founded as a Turkish professional football club in 1966, and, as its name suggests, was based in Kayseri, a sizeable industrialised city located in Central Anatolia. The team competes in the “Turkish Super League”, Turkey’s top football competition. In this case, to discuss gender inequity, leadership, and management in the sport context, the authors explained the dilemma Gozbasi faced while she decided whether or not to accept this challenging role. Then, the authors examined the experiences she gained as a leader and the dilemma she faced to diminish the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the organisation she led. Complexity academic level Undergraduate and MBA students. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 6: Human Resource Management.
46
Almusawi, Muhsen Ali, and Abdulrazaq Khadem Ali. "The use of video assistant referee (VAR) technology in football match management." Journal of Physical Education 32, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37359/jope.v32(4)2020.1124.
Full textAbstract:
The video assistant referee technology (VAR) is one of the most important modern electronic technologies used in the management of football matches at the international level, which has been adopted internationally in the most important world championships. The aim of the research is to identify cases of using video assistive judgment technology in the Spanish League and for the teams that won the first three places for the season (2019-2020). The researcher used the descriptive approach. The research sample was the Spanish League matches for the season (2019-2020) (Real Madrid, Barcelona, and Atletico Madrid). The researchers concluded that the assistive video referee technology has a great impact in determining the results of matches in a fair manner and without relying on the assessment of the personal situation by the referee, and that all teams benefit from the assistive video referee technology and that no differentiation occurs between teams because of its use. And the introduction of video assistant refereeing technology in the Iraqi league will have a positive impact on the accuracy of arbitration decisions
47
Andrew, Richard, and Ian Nurpatria Suryawan. "STUDI LITERASI PENGEMBANGAN MANAJEMEN KLUB SEPAKBOLA DI INDONESIA." MODUS 27, no. 2 (March 30, 2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/modus.v27i2.555.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Football is the most popular sport in the World and in Indonesia. However, it seems that at the moment many difculties and challenges occur in Indonesian sport industry that impede the development. Another problem that become serious issue is the dispute between Indonesian Football Association with the Indonesian Ministry of Youth and Sports. The issue grows since there was an organizational problem within Indonesian League clubs from Surabaya and Malang East Java Indonesia. Based on some similar event abroad, those kinds of issues should be resolved with an integrated management system within Indonesian Football Club. The main purpose of this literacy study is to improve the quality of football club management in Indonesian Football Clubs as an alternative to the development of tourism in Indonesia.Keywords: Football, Management, PSSI, Tourism.
48
Pitts, Joshua D., and Brent Evans. "Manager impacts on worker performance in American football: Do offensive coordinators impact quarterback performance in the National Football League?" Managerial and Decision Economics 40, no. 1 (November 8, 2018): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.2985.
Full text
49
Millward, Peter. "Spatial mobilities, football players and the World Cup: evidence from the English premier league." Soccer & Society 14, no. 1 (June 25, 2012): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2012.692676.
Full text
50
Madichie, Nnamdi O. "Re-branding the Nigerian Professional Football League: open play or dead ball?" Marketing Intelligence & Planning 34, no. 2 (April 4, 2016): 256–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-09-2014-0178.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight the challenges of Nigerian Professional Football League teams at the club level, with a view to aligning this with developments at the country level, and especially so in the aftermath of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil – an international event – where Nigeria participated alongside four others – Algeria, Cameroon, Ghana and Ivory Coast. Design/methodology/approach – The meta-analysis adopts a qualitative research approach, drawing upon a review of secondary data sources and the observation technique. Findings – Although Nigeria’s first team players ply their trade in Europe, there remains a challenge epitomised by the “disconnect” between the domestic league and the national team composition. As a consequence, brand ambassadors are proposed as one of the key conduits for re-aligning the identified disconnect. Research limitations/implications – The dual focus on club level and a single country – albeit in the light of Nigeria, former African champions, poses a limitation as the domestic league in that country may not be representative of others across the continent. However, some insight is also derived from developments in another African football giant – i.e. Ghana, runners-up of the recently concluded 2015 African Nations Cup. Practical implications – In the long history of the FIFA Football World Cup, only three African teams have ever reached the quarter-finals – notably Cameroon in 1990, Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010. Although the Super Eagles relished the label of African Champions going in the World Cup finals, they remain incapacitated, having failed to “fly” into the round of 16 since their 1994 debut. Furthermore, the alignment at the micro or club level to the meso or country level remains to be investigated at both scholarly and policy levels. Social implications – There are success stories on the management and development of football in Africa and as the case of Nigeria demonstrates, Stephen Keshi, the national coach, symbolises missed opportunities – i.e. brand ambassadors – to increase visibility and engagement with the domestic league. Originality/value – This is one of the very few studies that have sought to highlight the misalignment between club and country within the research context of Africa. It is also one of the few papers that have called on the need for brand ambassadors as a means of bridging the gap in this area.