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1
Batisse, Michel. "Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves." Environmental Conservation 12, no. 1 (1985): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900015113.
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On the basis of the results of the First International Biosphere Reserve Congress, jointly convened in Minsk in 1983 by UNESCO and UNEP in cooperation with FAO and IUCN, at the invitation of the USSR, and of consultations with conservation specialists and scientists which have since taken place, an Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves was adopted by the International Coordinating Council of the Programme on Man and the Biosphere at its eighth session (Paris, 3–8 December 1984) and is presented in this document as a programme framework. This framework identifies a range of actions for consideration by Governments and concerned international organizations in developing the multiple functions of Biosphere Reserves within the overall context of the MAB Programme. Those actions concretely serve the implementation of the World Conservation Strategy. While a number of actions are of a permanent nature, the stress is placed on activities which can be carried out in the period 1985–89—see the following Table.In summary, Governments and international organizations are invited to undertake activities which will improve and expand the international Biosphere Reserve network, to develop basic knowledge for conserving ecosystems and biological diversity, and to make Biosphere Reserves more effective in linking conservation and development in fulfilling the broad objectives of MAB.
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Koy, Justin Kyale, Alphonse Maindo Monga Ngonga, and D. Andrew Wardell. "Moving beyond the illusion of participation in the governance of Yangambi Biosphere Reserve (Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo)." Nature Conservation 33 (April 22, 2019): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.33.30781.
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The participation of local communities in the governance of protected areas in the Democratic Republic of Congo is challenged by several external and local factors. This article aims to understand the representation of local communities and factors that influence their participation in the governance of the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve. Three principal sources of information (archival records, focus group and semi-structured interviews) were used to collect data. The results indicate a top-down participatory approach. The cumulative failure of several projects in the context of local development has led to different perceptions by local communities of their role in the participative governance of Yangambi Biosphere Reserve. Initiatives in participatory management and local development only function during the lifetime of externally-funded projects when initiators are present in the intervention area. The results call into question formal claims made by both conservation projects and the Congolese government regarding the actual participation of local communities in the governance of Biosphere Reserves. Furthermore, although Biosphere Reserves in DRC are recognized as part of the national network of protected areas since 2002, their management is still not aligned to either the Seville Strategy or the statutory framework of the world network of Biosphere Reserves. To achieve this, local development initiatives need to focus on poverty alleviation (through the diversification of income sources, entrepreneurship, farmer training and the creation of employment opportunities) and a better understanding of local practices and cultures in the design of such projects.
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Lotze-Campen, Hermann, Fritz Reusswig, and Susanne Stoll-Kleemann. "Socio-Ecological Monitoring of Biodiversity Change: Building upon the World Network of Biosphere Reserves." GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/gaia.17.s1.8.
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Schultz, Lisen, Andreas Duit, and Carl Folke. "Participation, Adaptive Co-management, and Management Performance in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves." World Development 39, no. 4 (April 2011): 662–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.09.014.
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Kozlova, S. A. "THE PROSPECTS OF INCLUDING THE NATIONAL PARK «CHIKOY» TO THE WORLD NETWORK OF BIOSPHERE RESERVES." Успехи современного естествознания (Advances in Current Natural Sciences), no. 5 2019 (2019): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/use.37123.
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STOLL-KLEEMANN, S., A. C. DE LA VEGA-LEINERT, and L. SCHULTZ. "The role of community participation in the effectiveness of UNESCO Biosphere Reserve management: evidence and reflections from two parallel global surveys." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 3 (June 2, 2010): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689291000038x.
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SUMMARYBiodiversity management has traditionally followed two contradictory approaches. One champions ecosystem protection through rigorous law enforcement and exclusion of humans. The other promotes community-based sustainable use of natural resources. Participatory conservation, a major paradigm shift, nowadays strongly guides the concept of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves (BRs). In this paper, the rationale for community participation, and the perception of its effectiveness among BR managers are analysed. Within the World Network of BRs (553 sites in 107 countries) diverse participatory approaches are being tried to advance community-based natural resource management (CBNRM). Data from two parallel surveys, involving managers from 276 BRs worldwide, reveal how far this participation paradigm shift has really occurred, and its influence on managers’ self-evaluated effectiveness. There is substantial regional disparity, although in general BR managers endorse inclusive conservation, despite critical implementation hurdles. The process of participatory conservation carries new dangers for effective biosphere reserve management, when the aspirations of communities and other stakeholders do not ‘fit’ with a predetermined interpretation of sustainable development.
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Chen, Guojun, and A. Townsend Peterson. "Prioritization of areas in China for the conservation of endangered birds using modelled geographical distributions." Bird Conservation International 12, no. 3 (September 2002): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270902002125.
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We developed distributional models for 90 threatened bird species in China, and used heuristic complementarity algorithms to prioritize areas for conservation. The pixel-based area selection prioritized 20 areas for protection, which covered all species analysed. Area selecting for endangered species based on the existing biosphere reserve system included only 37-62 species in eleven reserves, leaving 28-53 species unprotected. We employed algorithms for area selection based on species richness and rarity and obtained two views of a most efficient reserve network. We used the distributional hypotheses to identify additions to the reserve system that would improve its effectiveness substantially. The pixel-based area selection approach includes species much more efficiently on a per-area basis, and thus offers exciting perspectives for improved protection of the country's endangered avifauna.
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CORNELIS, Daniel, Elena KAN, Valéry GOND, Jean-Daniel CESARO, and Régis PELTIER. "Estimation of the red deer population and its impact on the Tugay forest ecosystem in the Lower Amu Darya State Biosphere Reserve, Uzbekistan." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 346 (January 13, 2021): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2020.346.a36297.
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In 2011, the Government of Uzbekistan established the Lower Amu Darya State Biosphere Reserve (LABR). This reserve aims to conserve the Tugay, an endangered riparian forest ecosystem straddling the main rivers of Central Asia’s drylands, which is under extreme anthropogenic pressure. The LABR has reintroduced Bukhara red deer (Cervus hanglu bactrianus), a subspecies endemic to Asia whose numbers declined severely over the 20th century. The LABR development project aims to provide operational support to the Uzbek authorities for their application to join the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. GIZ (German Society for International Cooperation) requested CIRAD to provide a science-based estimate of the deer population in the LABR, using an internationally recognized method, and to issue recommendations to ensure ecologically and socio-economically sustainable management. The survey of the Bukhara red deer population began in October 2019. The study area covered 88 km2. The survey design consisted of 12 parallel straight lines 1400 m apart; the total transect length was 65 km. During the count, 127 observations of individuals or herds were made and a total of 336 individuals were observed. The data were analysed using DISTANCE 7.3 software. The encounter rates were 1.95 obs./km and 5.17 animals/km. The estimated density was 24 deer/km2 and the estimated total population was 2,112 deer [1,320 - 3,344, 95% CI]. The proportion of dead, dying or severely affected trees was roughly estimated at 10%, and the proportion of trees affected but with a good chance of survival at 15%. In the southern core area of the LABR, a very high proportion of seedlings and suckers was being eaten and the forest is no longer regenerating. Maintaining a population of 24 deer/km2 in the southern core area of LABR clearly seems incompatible with either the conservation of the Tugay forest ecosystem or the peaceful coexistence of deer with human populations adjacent to the LABR. Options to mitigate deer pressure include translocation to the northern core area of the LABR or other areas, and regulation of the deer population. The density is too high to ensure effective preservation of the species locally, although the deer population is under severe pressure in Asia as a whole.
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Fischer-Kowalski, Marina, Markus Löw, Dominik Noll, Panos Petridis, and Nikolaos Skoulikidis. "Samothraki in Transition: A Report on a Real-World Lab to Promote the Sustainability of a Greek Island." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2020): 1932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051932.
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This is a case study on a small mountainous island in the Aegean Sea with the policy goal of preparing it to become member of UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves. While the local community opted for such an identity very early on, there are a number of obstacles to be overcome. The multidisciplinary research is based upon a sociometabolic approach and focuses on two issues: The transformation of agriculture, mainly herding of sheep and goats, and the shift to tourism. The degradation of the landscape caused by extensive roaming of goats and sheep constitute one of the major sustainability challenges of the island. We analyze farmers’ opportunities and describe new initiatives to get out of this deadlock. The impacts of the transition to tourism are addressed from an infrastructural perspective: A shift from traditional stone buildings to bricks and concrete, the establishment of new roads and ports, and the challenges to water supply and wastewater removal, also with reference to the quality and amounts of wastes generated that need to be dealt with. The island has so far escaped mass tourism and attracts mainly eco-tourists who value its remoteness and wilderness. We discuss how to serve this clientele best in the future, and increase local job opportunities and income while maintaining environmental quality. Finally, we reflect upon emerging new forms of local collaboration and the impact of our research efforts on a sustainability transition that might be on its way.
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Stoll-Kleemann, Susanne, Rainer Schliep, and Christoph Nolte. "The Global Research Centre for Biosphere Reserve Advancement – A New Emphasis on Social Dynamics and Exchange in UNESCO's World Network." GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society 18, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 270–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/gaia.18.3.18.
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Rahmanita, Myrza, Fetty Asmaniati, and Triana Rosalina Dewi. "Profiling Local Business Enterprises and Direct Effect of Tourism in Villages of Muntei, Madobag and Matotonan, South Siberut, Mentawai, Indonesia." TRJ Tourism Research Journal 4, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.30647/trj.v4i2.99.
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Mentawai is well known as an ecotourism area in Indonesia, with its Siberut National Park recognized as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. People come to visit this exotic area every year to do activities and enjoying the natural surroundings. Tourist visits to Mentawai were escalating by years, both domestic and foreign tourists. Regional income from tourism was also increasing. Ecotourism is known worldwide for its benefit for economic contribution to local communities and poverty alleviation. The economic contribution of ecotourism is often appreciated through its direct effect on local business enterprises on sites. However, statistics today showed that Mentawai are still categorized as underdeveloped and poor. Therefore, this descriptive research objective was to assess tourism contribution by means of direct effect to local business enterprises and challenges faced by villages near Siberut National Park, South Siberut, Mentawai. A survey was conducted in November 2018 by distributing questionnaires to 19 representatives of tourism-related Local Business Enterprises (LBEs) using an accidental sampling technique. Data collected were then processed, analyzed and interpreted. In conclusion, this study shows that there is a low direct effect of tourism to the existing Local Business Enterprise in the villages of Muntei, Madobag, and Matotonan of South Siberut, Mentawai Island Regency, West Sumatera, Indonesia. In addition, essential challenges exist, not to mention managerial, predominantly concerning financial and legal matters. It is recommended that local government and other stakeholders put more consideration not only on environmental and social aspects, but also economy, represented by local business enterprises. Initiatives and integrated actions should be arranged and put in practice as empowering tourism, particularly ecotourism to its optimum, to bring about foremost contribution to local economy through direct effect of tourism to local business enterprises.
Keywords: Tourism contribution, Direct effect of tourism, Local Business Enterprise, Ecotourism, Mentawai
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Mathevet, Raphaël, Aurélien Allouche, Laurence Nicolas, Veronica Mitroi, Christo Fabricius, Chloé Guerbois, and John Anderies. "A Conceptual Framework for Heuristic Progress in Exploring Management Regime Shifts in Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Change Adaptation of Coastal Areas." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2018): 4171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114171.
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Social conflicts related to biodiversity conservation and adaptation policy to climate change in coastal areas illustrate the need to reinforce understanding of the “matters of concern” as well as the “matters of fact”. In this paper, we argue that we must rethink adaptation from a new perspective, considering that humans together function as both ecological actors and social actors. Using international examples from the UNESCO world biosphere reserve network, we show that an ontological perspective may provide a simple and compact way to think about coupled infrastructure systems and systematic formalism, allowing for understanding of the relational matrix between actors, institutions and ecosystems. We contend that our formalism responds to three challenges. First, it encompasses the different regional contexts and policies that rely on the same ontology. Second, it provides a method to relate any local adaptation plan to the conservation paradigms that originate from the ecological modernization of policies. Third, it facilitates the discovery of drivers and processes involved in adaptation and management regime shifts by highlighting the way contextual factors configure, determine the structure of the action situation of the Institutional Analysis and Development framework (IAD) (Ostrom 2005), and how it operates.
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Cirino, G. G., R. A. F. Souza, D. K. Adams, and P. Artaxo. "The effect of atmospheric aerosol particles and clouds on net ecosystem exchange in the Amazon." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 13 (July 1, 2014): 6523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6523-2014.
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Abstract. Carbon cycling in the Amazon is closely linked to atmospheric processes and climate in the region as a consequence of the strong coupling between the atmosphere and biosphere. This work examines the effects of changes in net radiation due to atmospheric aerosol particles and clouds on the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 in the Amazon region. Some of the major environmental factors affecting the photosynthetic activity of plants, such as air temperature and relative humidity, were also examined. An algorithm for clear-sky irradiance was developed and used to determine the relative irradiance, f, which quantifies the percentage of solar radiation absorbed and scattered due to atmospheric aerosol particles and clouds. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) was calculated from irradiances measured with the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor, onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites, and was validated with ground-based AOD measurements from AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) sun photometers. Carbon fluxes were measured using eddy covariance technique at the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) flux towers. Two sites were studied: the Jaru Biological Reserve (RBJ), located in Rondonia, and the Cuieiras Biological Reserve at the K34 LBA tower (located in a preserved region in the central Amazon). Analysis was performed continuously from 1999 to 2009 at K34 and from 1999 to 2002 at RBJ, and includes wet, dry and transition seasons. In the Jaru Biological Reserve, a 29% increase in carbon uptake (NEE) was observed when the AOD ranged from 0.10 to 1.5 at 550 nm. In the Cuieiras Biological Reserve, the aerosol effect on NEE was smaller, accounting for an approximate 20% increase in NEE. High aerosol loading (AOD above 3 at 550 nm) or high cloud cover leads to reductions in solar flux and strong decreases in photosynthesis up to the point where NEE approaches zero. The observed increase in NEE is attributed to an enhancement (~50%) in the diffuse fraction of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). The enhancement in diffuse PAR can be done through increases in aerosols and/or clouds. In the present study, it was not possible to separate these two components. Significant changes in air temperature and relative humidity resulting from changes in solar radiation fluxes under high aerosol loading were also observed at both sites. Considering the long-range transport of aerosols in the Amazon, the observed changes in NEE for these two sites may occur over large areas in the Amazon, significantly altering the carbon balance in the largest rainforest in the world.
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Bell, Andrew. "Geographic solutions through UNESCO World Biosphere Reserves." International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 2, no. 3 (September 2006): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451590609618121.
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de la Vega-Leinert, A. Cristina, Marcelo Antunes Nolasco, and Susanne Stoll-Kleemann. "UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in an Urbanized World." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 54, no. 1 (January 2012): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00139157.2012.639603.
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Zagorodny, A. G., P. N. Cherinko, and T. V. Poltoratska. "National Network of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in Ukraine." Visnik Nacional'noi' akademii' nauk Ukrai'ni, no. 2 (February 25, 2014): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/visn2014.02.055.
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Barclay, Leah. "Biosphere Soundscapes." Leonardo 47, no. 5 (October 2014): 496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_00820.
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Biosphere Soundscapes (BioScapes) is a large-scale interdisciplinary art project underpinned by the creative possibilities of soundscape ecology, a rapidly evolving field of biology used to record environmental patterns and changes. This project is designed to inspire communities across the world to listen to the environment and re-imagine the potential of International UNESCO Biosphere Reserves as learning laboratories for a sustainable future.
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Krychevska, D. "The conceptual models evolution of biosphere reserves functional zoning." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 2, no. 40 (December 12, 2012): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2012.40.2080.
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The evolution stages of biosphere reserves (BR) functional zoning dimensional models from ideal to clustered has been reviewed. The classification of world modern biosphere reserves has been realized based on their territorial structure. Two types, four species and seven subspecies of BR dimensional models have been distinguished. Key words: biosphere reserve, the main area (the nature protected core), the buffer zone, the transition area (transit zone), the cluster structure.
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Kratzer, Armin, and Ute Ammering. "Rural innovations in biosphere reserves – A social network approach." Journal of Rural Studies 71 (October 2019): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.01.001.
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Ferreira, Ana, Heike Zimmermann, Rui Santos, and Henrik von Wehrden. "A Social–Ecological Systems Framework as a Tool for Understanding the Effectiveness of Biosphere Reserve Management." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 3608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103608.
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Biosphere reserves aim to reconciliate social and economic development with biodiversity conservation through complex spatial and governance arrangements. However, there is a generalized lack of information about how biosphere reserves are being managed and governed, and at what point their goals are being achieved, which limits a better understanding of the factors influencing biosphere reserve management effectiveness. Building on a systematic review of existing empirical studies, we developed a framework that identifies the main features related to biosphere reserve management effectiveness. We identified four main categories—context, inputs, process and outcomes—and 53 sub-categories, which interact at different scales and shape biosphere reserve effectiveness. We found that the capacity of biosphere reserves to achieve their goals is not only related to the way they are managed/governed, or to the inputs invested, but to many social and ecological contextual factors. We also identified benefits and impacts that were associated to biosphere reserves around the world. Comparing to other social–ecological system frameworks, ours provides a more inclusive approach, since it integrates the findings of studies with different research perspectives, considers a plurality of values attributed to natural resources, and the social–ecological system’s scales dynamics.
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Ferreira, Ana Filipa, Heike Zimmermann, Rui Santos, and Henrik von Wehrden. "Biosphere Reserves’ Management Effectiveness—A Systematic Literature Review and a Research Agenda." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 5497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145497.
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Research about biosphere reserves’ management effectiveness can contribute to better understanding of the existing gap between the biosphere reserve concept and its implementation. However, there is a limited understanding about where and how research about biosphere reserves’ management effectiveness has been conducted, what topics are investigated, and which are the main findings. This study addresses these gaps in the field, building on a systematic literature review of scientific papers. To this end, we investigated characteristics of publications, scope, status and location of biosphere reserves, research methods and management effectiveness. The results indicate that research is conceptually and methodologically diverse, but unevenly distributed. Three groups of papers associated with different goals of biosphere reserves were identified: capacity building, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. In general, each group is associated with different methodological approaches and different regions of the world. The results indicate the importance of scale dynamics and trade-offs between goals, which are advanced as important leverage points for the success of biosphere reserves. Building on the gaps identified in the literature, a research agenda is proposed, focusing on the need to investigate mechanisms for holistic research, outcomes and trade-offs, transformations for social-ecological fit and institutions for integrated management across scales.
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Köck, Günter, Martha Umhack, and Christian Diry. "The Austrian Biosphere Reserves. A (connoisseur’s) world beyond the cookery book." eco.mont (Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research) 5, no. 2 (2014): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/ecomont-5-2s59.
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FALL, JULIET J. "Transboundary biosphere reserves: a new framework for cooperation." Environmental Conservation 26, no. 4 (December 1999): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892999000363.
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Despite the increasing call for cooperation amongst the states parties to the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (UNTS 3069; see especially its Articles 5, 17, 18 and 20), the management of protected areas adjacent to political borders is rarely thought of as a common necessity for neighbouring countries. Setting up a zone dedicated to conservation is already a formidable challenge in the face of strongly competing interests for land. Bringing this about with two or more sovereign states sometimes seems a ‘gratuitous layer of complexity that spells almost certain failure’ (Westing 1998b). Nevertheless, transboundary protected areas are becoming increasingly common (IUCN, unpublished 1998). In fact, no less than 136 such protected area complexes involving over 406 individual protected areas and 112 different international boundaries (Zbicz & Green 1997) have been identified around the world. If proposed areas are also included, this figure can be pushed up to 200 complexes (Brunner 1998).
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Romano, Joaquin, Emilio Pérez-Chinarro, and Byron V. Coral. "Network of Landscapes in the Sustainable Management of Transboundary Biosphere Reserves." Land 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9090320.
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The creation of Transboundary Biosphere Reserves (TBRs) is one of the most outstanding contributions of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB). Recent revisions have shown that there is a gap between its biodiversity conservation proposals and the theoretical convergence of nations towards sustainable development goals with the practices in action. By applying the landscape approach to the case study of the rural system of the Spanish–Portuguese border, declared Meseta Ibérica TBR (MITBR), it is verified that the spatial zoning of TBRs is a prominent factor in this gap, since they do not correspond to the landscape units and bioregions. This has led to the formulation and implementation of strategic proposals for the reorientation of TBRs towards the stimulation of landscape networks in the transboundary framework. Agroecological networks in this territory stand out, which brings together one of the highest concentrations of indigenous breeds in Europe. A breeder replacement experience was carried out based on the social networks of the MITBR that protect the landscape. The main conclusion of this article is that TBRs are effective in practice through the promotion of cross-border networks of governance and social participation, and mainly through agroecological ones due to their outstanding effect on biodiversity.
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Pidal, Juan Antonio Menendez. "The East Atlantic network of biosphere reserves: its origin, development and future." International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development 7, no. 2 (2008): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijesd.2008.018365.
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Peregrym, M., O. Vasyliuk, and E. Pénzesné Kónya. "Artificial Light at Night as a New Threat for Nature Conservation in Ukraine." Vestnik Zoologii 53, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2019-0041.
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Abstract Human society benefits a lot from artificial light at night (ALAN), but in the same time it has led to a significant increase in light pollution of the night sky during the past decades. It has serious consequences on reproduction, navigation, foraging, habitat selection, communication, trophic and social interactions of the biota. Also widespread incursion of ALAN within protected areas has been evidenced for some countries, including the National Nature Parks (NNPs), Biosphere and Nature Reserves in the Steppe Zone and Crimea Mountains of Ukraine. However, the common situation with ALAN impact on protected areas within Ukraine is unclear yet. This research attempted to estimate the level of light pollution on the NNPs, Biosphere and Nature Reserves in the Forest, Forest-Steppe zones and Carpathian Mountains within Ukraine. Kmz layers of these protected areas and the New World Atlas of Artificial Sky Brightness, through Google Earth Pro, were used to calculate the level of artificial sky brightness for 33 NNPs, 2 Biosphere Reserves and 9 Nature Reserves. The results show that majority of studied protected areas are impacted by ALAN, but some of them stay almost under the dark sky still. The situation is unique for Europe, therefore these areas have the special value for biodiversity conservation and can be recognized as refugia where natural habitats are not influenced by ALAN. Based on obtained results, recommendations for improving of nature conservation management are given in the context of ALAN problem.
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Neronov, V. M., and A. A. Lushchekina. "History and further tasks of the development of the UNESCO program «Man and the Biosphere» and biosphere reserves network in Russia." Post-Soviet Issues 5, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 336–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2018-5-4-336-350.
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Lange, Sigrun. "Biosphere reserves in the mountains of the world and their standing after 40 years of UNESCO’s MAB Programme." eco.mont (Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research) 3, no. 1 (2011): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/eco.mont-3-1s55.
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Batisse, Michel. "Development and Implementation of the Biosphere Reserve Concept and Its Applicability to Coastal Regions." Environmental Conservation 17, no. 2 (1990): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900031878.
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Generally speaking, the fragile and highly-coveted coastal regions of the world badly need integrated land-and water-use planning to reconcile their multiple functions, including that of terrestrial and marine conservation. Properly designed and managed, coastal Biosphere Reserves could constitute a most useful tool for this purpose. Ideally, they would pay equal attention to conservation requirements on the land side and on the marine side, keeping particularly in mind the impact of land-based activities on the marine side. On the land side, consideration should be given not only to the type of ecosystems to be included, but also to land-use in coastal plains and to coastal landscapes. On the marine side the precise place of traditional activities, such as various forms of fishing, will have to be appreciated. Fig. 5 suggests a very idealized zonation pattern for a hypothetical Biosphere Reserve where the above considerations have been kept in mind.
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Abdul Rahaman, S., and R. Venkatesh. "APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE FOR MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN THE NILGIRI BIOSPHERE RESERVE AND ITS ECOSYSTEM OF WESTERN GHATS, INDIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 21, 2020): 933–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-933-2020.
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Abstract. Biosphere Reserves are archetypal parts of natural and cultural landscapes encompassing over large area of different ecosystem, it represents bio-geographic zones of an region. Globally, the areas of biosphere reserve is shrinking and exploiting due to the extreme climatic condition, natural calamities and anthropogenic activities, which leads to environmental and land degradation. In this paper Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBSR) area has been selected and it represents a biodiversity-rich ecosystem in the Western Ghats and includes two of the ten biogeographical provinces of India. Amongst the most insubstantial ecosystems in the world, the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is bearing the substance of climate change evident in increasingly unpredictable rainfall and higher temperatures during recent years. The region was mostly unscathed till two centuries ago, but has witnessed large-scale destruction ever since. In this scenario, a need of application of remote sensing and advance machine learning techniques to monitor environmental degradation and its ecosystem in NBSR is more essential. The objective of the present study is to develop satellite image classification techniques that can reliably to map forest cover and land use, and provide the basis for long-term monitoring. Advanced image classification techniques on the cloud-based platform Google Earth Engine (GEE) for mapping vegetation and land use types, and analyse their spatial distributions. To restore degraded ecosystems to their natural conditions through proper management and conservation practices. In order to understand the nature of environmental degradation and its ecosystem in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve; following thematic criteria’s were grouped in to four major indicators such as Terrain Indicator (TI), Environmental Indicator (EI), Hydro-Meteorological Indicator (HMI) and Socio-Economic Indicator (SEI). The utilisation of remote sensing product of huge datasets and various data product in analysis and advanced machine learning algorithm through Google earth engine are indispensable. After extraction of all the thematic layers by using multi criteria decision and fuzzy linear member based weight and ranks were assigned and overlay in GIS environment at a common pixel size of 30 m. Based on the analysis the resultant layer has been classified into five environmental degraded classes i.e., very high, high, moderate, slight and no degradation. This study is help to identify the degradation and long term monitoring and suggest the appropriate conservation, management and policies, it is a time to implement and protect the Nilgiri biosphere reserves without hindering present stage of natural environment in a sustainable manner.
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Bao, Wei Dong, Xu Wei Zhou, Shu Li Zhang, and Kun Shi. "Home Range Shift and Dispersal of Red Deer: Implications for Establishing Nature Reserve Networks in China." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 2600–2606. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2600.
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The establishment of nature reserves is critical for saving endangered wild animal species, however, most of the reserves are separated by human settlements in China. It is unknown that how those animals inside the reserve adapted to the isolated environment in habitat use and dispersal. We studied red deer seasonal home range and dispersal by radio-tracking from 2006 to 2011 at Saihanwula Biosphere Reserve, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that home range sizes of female deer had seasonal differences with the smallest range in autumn and largest in spring which was different from home range variation of red deer in Europe. Home ranges overlapped between female deer, particularly in autumn and winter seasons. A young male showed dispersal behavior, several times during dispersal period it tried to find suitable habitat outside of the reserve. Our results indicated that a connected nature reserve network is needed to protect wild ungulates in China.
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Liyandja, Tobit L. D., Michael J. Andersen, Carl H. Oliveros, Lem’s N. Kalemba, Trésor L. Bakambana, Ben D. Marks, Charles Kahindo, and Jean M. Malekani. "Birds of the Man and Biosphere Reserve of Luki, Bas-Congo province, Democratic Republic of Congo." Check List 11, no. 5 (September 30, 2015): 1755. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.5.1755.
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The Democratic Republic of Congo holds the most diverse assemblage of birds in Africa. However, ornithological surveys in its network of reserves are rare. In this paper we pre-sent the first detailed list of birds from the Man and Biosphere Reserve of Luki in the country’s southwestern tip based on collected specimens, photographs, audio recordings, and direct observations from two surveys conducted in 2012–2013. We document a total of 136 species, including the threatened Psittacus erithacus. Range extensions of four species and breeding records for 19 species are also reported. Further surveys in the reserve, which covers the largest remaining forest patch along the Lower Congo River, are highly recommended.
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FANG, YAN, YIJIE YAN, and ZHENYU JIN. "Description of a new species of Dascillus Latreille from Henan, China (Coleoptera: Dascillidae)." Zootaxa 4732, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4732.2.11.
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Dascillus Latreille, 1797 (Coleoptera: Dascillidae) currently contains about 40 species, of which 32 have been reported from China (Jin et al. 2013, 2018; Hájek 2016; Terzani et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2019). The Baotianman National Nature Reserve of Henan (33°20ʹ–33°36ʹN, 111°47ʹ–112°04ʹE) which is one of the “world biosphere reserves” recognized by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization for their high ecosystem and species diversity (Zhu et al. 2002). While examining specimens collected from the survey of the Baotianman National Nature Reserve in 2017, conducted by the Hunan Agricultural University (Changsha, China), a new species of Dascillus was identified and is described in this paper.
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PFUELLER, SHARRON L. "Role of bioregionalism in Bookmark Biosphere Reserve, Australia." Environmental Conservation 35, no. 2 (June 2008): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892908004839.
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SUMMARYBioregionalism claims that interaction between the biophysical and human components of a region generates place-based environmental and social understanding and concern, which lead to locally shared power and responsibility in cooperative land management and governance. The Man and the Biosphere Programme's Seville Strategy calls for local community participation in a multi-stakeholder ecosystem-based approach to conservation, but it is unclear if tenets of bioregionalism play a role in its implementation. Bookmark Biosphere Reserve (BBR) in Australia has substantially succeeded in scientific research and monitoring, conservation, environmental education and sustainable land-use initiatives. Aspects of bioregionalism (for example recognition of the region's unique identity, local community sense of responsibility, integration of local knowledge, presence of motivated local leaders and cooperative community-based management through a network of groups) have contributed to success. Other crucial factors were funding, technical and scientific information and support from government agencies, leadership from members of state and federal government and from private philanthropic foundations, community capacity-building for sustainable land management and availability of volunteers from outside the region. Nevertheless, conflict arose in relation to governance, originating from the recognized difficulties of reconciling a diversity of allegiances, motivations, management styles and personalities, and resulted in division of BBR into two, one section being managed largely through the private sector and community volunteers, the other (renamed Riverland Biosphere Reserve) coordinated by a committee with more diverse affiliations. Bioregionalism can play a role in biosphere reserves but motivations and resources of external public and private organizations are also vital. Avoiding weaknesses of bioregional approaches requires greater attention to social aspects of environmental management. Governance structures and processes need to be inclusive, flexible and equitable in decision making and access to funds. They should support both agency and community-initiated activities and include conflict resolution mechanisms.
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Petrushenko, E. S., V. K. Khilchevskyi, M. S. Lubskyi, M. R. Zabokrytska, and M. R. Zabokrytska. "USE OF VARIOUS SATELLITE IMAGERY TO MONITOR HYDROGRAPHIC CONDITIONS IN THE DANUBE DELTA." Hydrology, hydrochemistry and hydroecology, no. 3 (58) (2020): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2306-5680.2020.3.3.
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The Danube Delta, the second largest river delta in Europe, is the center of global biodiversity. The Danube Delta plays an important role in the self-purification of the Danube water and the binding of pollutants. But over the past 100 years, human intervention has begun in natural processes in the estuary of the Danube, a change in the hydrography of the delta. To ensure the protection of natural complexes of the Danube region, in accordance with the Decree of the President of Ukraine in 1998. The Danube Biosphere Reserve, subordinate to the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, was created on the basis of the Danube Plavni Nature Reserve. By the decision of the International Coordinating Committee of the UNESCO Program “Man and the Biosphere” in 1999 The Danube Biosphere Reserve is included in the global network of biosphere reserves as part of the bilateral Romanian-Ukrainian biosphere reserve “Danube Delta”. According to Article 18 of the Law of Ukraine “On the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine” (1992), the legal regime of protected areas of biosphere reserves provides for the limited use of this territory, in particular the prohibition of the construction of structures, roads, linear and other transport and communication facilities not related to the activity of the reserve, as well as the passage and passage of unauthorized persons, the movement of mechanical vehicles. A promising approach in obtaining relevant information for monitoring hydrographic conditions and other environmental components on the territory of the Danube Delta is the use of remote sensing methods of the Earth (ERS). First of all, this is a thematic analysis of images in various spectral ranges obtained by an onboard special complex of remote sensing spacecraft. With their help, you can track changes in the water area of water bodies. After analyzing the results of satellite imagery research for 1987 and 2017, we can conclude that in a fairly short period of time (30 years), significant changes occurred on the territory of the Danube Delta: 1) old lake formed in almost every channel, or the river changed its way; 2) also tangible economic activity of a person – the outlines of the shores have changed, drainage reclamation has been carried out in some wetlands and they have been converted into farmland; 3) part of the territory is untouched – probably refers to the reserve fund. The coastline has changed, which can be explained by the creation of fish farms there, or the flooding of land, since they coincide spectrally with the water surface. As for the technique of working with satellite images, it is better to use the NIR (near infrared) channel, which is in the wavelength range from 0.76 to 0.9 μm with a discontinuity of 30 meters, to determine objects.
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Burgess, Neil D., Colby Loucks, Sue Stolton, and Nigel Dudley. "The potential of forest reserves for augmenting the protected area network in Africa." Oryx 41, no. 2 (April 2007): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307001895.
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AbstractThe protected area network of Africa has grown from nothing to over 2 million km2 in the past 110 years. This network covers parts of all biomes and priority areas for biodiversity conservation but protected area gaps remain, as identified at the 5th World Parks Congress in 2003. Forest reserves, managed by Forest Departments, are typically excluded from global protected area lists, but in Africa they are found in 23 countries and cover at least 549,788 km2, adding 25% to the conservation estate. Forest reserves protect 5.3% (2,027 km2) of the dry forest habitats, 5% (165,285 km2) of lowland and montane moist forests, 2.6% (364,354 km2) of savannah woodlands, 1.8% (10,561 km2) of flooded grasslands, and 1.65% (1,177 km2) of mangroves. Forest reserves also protect parts of three conservation schemes: 6.5% (61,630 km2) of BirdLife's Endemic Bird Areas, 3.4% (147,718 km2) of Conservation International's Hotpots and 3.4% (346,864 km2) of WWF's Global 200 Ecoregions. Several of the global protected area gaps identified in Africa are also covered by forest reserves, in the Eastern Arc Mountains, Eastern African coastal forests, Kenyan Highlands, Cameroon-Nigerian Mountains, West African Forests and mountain areas of Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Zambia. Some African forest reserves have a legally defined role in biodiversity conservation and are strictly protected; they thus fit criteria for protected areas. Working with forest departments in individual countries may help develop a more comprehensive protected area network without creating additional new reserves.
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Bortnyk, Serhii, Olha Kovtoniuk, Illia Kravchuk, Teiana Lavruk, Vladlena Ostrikova, and Liubov Tymuliak. "The Chorna Tysa river basin is the perspective area to extend borders of Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (CBR)." Physical Geography and Geomorphology 90, no. 2 (2018): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/phgg.2018.2.12.
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Іn this article, we substantiate the practicability of incorporating the upper part of the Chorna Tysa river basin in to the Svydovets preservation massif (CBR). This expansion will not only increase the value of this object of protection of the natural and cultural heritage, but also will allow the introduction of semi-stationary scientific research within the practice area with the students of Taras Shevchenko National University's for the further study and monitoring of natural processes and anthropogenic influences. This territory is characterized by increased vulnerability to human impacts, therefore it is proposed to provide it with a differentiated conservation regime including planning of economic activities and implementation of constant monitoring of the state of landscapes and dangerous natural processes . We offer functional zoning based on the landscape structure of the territory with allocation of conservation, buffer and economic zones. It is proposed to include the relict subalpine glacial landscapes with mountain glacial lakes, subalpine meadows and forests that are unique to the Ukrainian Carpathians, to the protected area. The recreational potential of the territory can be realized by creating a modern European tourist and recreational infrastructure in the economic zone of Chorna Tysa village, Yasinya settlement and Rakhiv city. The restricted tourism with corresponding arrangement of a tourist and ecological routes is possible to develop in buffer and protected areas. The development of tourism infrastructure will increase the attractiveness of the area for tourists and increase the competitiveness of local communities. The unique and rare scenic landscapes of the Chorna Tysa Basin should form the basis for the creation of a The Pan European Ecological Network, since the sourses of the Tysa are a natural and cultural symbol for the countries of basin of the middle Danube. Natural conditions and resources of this region in Ukraine require special attention. In our opinion, the future ecological corridor along the whole valley of the Tysa River, which would combine the protected areas of the CBR is very relevant for all countries of the Tysa Basin. However, currently, construction of the tourist-recreation complex "Svydovets" is planned on this territory, which, judging by the detailed plan of the territory for the implementation of this project, can completely destroy the natural ecosystems of the region.
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Price, Martin F. "Managing MIDAs: Harmonising the Management of Multi-Internationally Designated Areas-Ramsar Sites, World Heritage Sites, Biosphere Reserves and UNESCO Global Geoparks." Mountain Research and Development 37, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/mrd.mm210.
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Rodionov, Alexander, Alexander Ovsianik, Marina Danilina, Mikhail Shahramanyan, and Peter Godlevskij. "Protection from emergencies, use of natural resources and system of economic loss evaluation in Russia." E3S Web of Conferences 203 (2020): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020303008.
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In recent years, the world has experienced large-scale pollution and poisoning of environmental objects and the disappearance of certain parts of natural resources. The current research uses statistical data and methods in order to analyze the situation in the sphere of ecological and biological development on the basis of the main indicators. Among these indicators was chosen the current (operating) costs of environmental protection. The natural resource base of the Russian economy, the problems of which require immediate solutions, must be protected by the state. The country’s environmental policy is aimed at creating appropriate conditions for reducing the anthropogenic impact on the environment to an acceptable level and restructuring this impact. Maintaining the life-supporting systems of the biosphere, protecting and reproducing reserves are the primary actions that the natural resource base of the Russian economy requires. The problems facing today can be solved as follows: improving the regulatory system, developing the institution of state property, taking into account the division of competence between the state and the subjects, reforming and improving the system of economic assessment and accounting of natural resources, environmental restrictions, licensing the use of reserves, gradual changes in tax legislation, aimed at increasing the share of environmental payments while reducing rates for other fees, improving economic and financial mechanisms for the reproduction of reserves, developing the market for services and work in the field of environmental management.
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Маiorova, О. Yu, N. M. Yurkevych, and M. Z. Prokopiak. "ПРИРОДНО-ЗАПОВІДНИЙ ФОНД ТЕРНОПІЛЬСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ: СТАН, ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ШЛЯХИ ЇХ ВИРІШЕННЯ." Scientific Issue Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: Biology 79, no. 1-2 (June 6, 2020): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2078-2357.20.1-2.10.
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The development of the nature reserve fund of Ternopil region over the last 30 years has been analyzed and the current situation has been assessed. A significant increase in the number (by 236 units) of protected areas and an insignificant increase of area of the nature reserve fund (by 21.34 kha) have been showed. There are 643 objects in the nature reserve fund of Ternopil region (January 1, 2020). The nature reserve fund of this region includes all categories of protected areas except for biosphere reserves. The nature reserve fund of Ternopil region is able to ensure rational and effective reproduction and preservation of landscapes, unique natural objects, valuable and rare species of flora and fauna. The problems in the formation of the nature reserve fund of this region have been identified. There are such problems as low percentages of nature reserves and strict nature reserves; high insularization index, low degree of landscape representativeness; unregulated and unauthorized anthropogenic activities. The measures of effective functioning of the protected areas network has been suggested. The action points include such measures as an increase of the area of the nature reserve fund of Ternopil region to the average level in Europe (15 %); increasing the area of ecologically unstable areas to 50 ha; creating the conditions necessary for the preservation, restoration and balanced use of protected areas; reducing the anthropogenic load on protected objects; raising public awareness of tourist and educational services provided by protected areas.
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Sousa, Wilson Trigueiro de, Luiz Henrique de Campos Merschmann, and José Thomaz Gama da Silva. "Iron ore review 1990-1998." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 55, no. 1 (March 2002): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672002000100009.
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One of the world's largest iron-ore reserves lies in Brazil. The country is a major iron-ore producer and exporter due to modern mines, an efficient railway and port network and skilled mining personnel. A review of this reality is presented in this paper. This review considers the general aspects of iron ore, such as definitions, geology, world resources and reserves, ore size specifications, mining, ore treatment and transport. Moreover, it summarizes the worldwide iron ore market in the 1990's.
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Benalcazar, Pablo, Małgorzata Krawczyk, and Jacek Kamiński. "Forecasting global coal consumption: An artificial neural network approach." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 33, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2017-0042.
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Abstract In the 21st century, energy has become an integral part of our society and of global economic development. Although the world has experienced tremendous technological advancements, fossil fuels (including coal, natural gas, and oil) continue to be the world’s primary energy source. At the current production level, it has been estimated that coal reserves (economically recoverable) would last approximately 130 years (with the biggest reserves found in the USA, Russia, China, and India). The intricate relationship between economic growth, demographics and energy consumption (particularly in countries with coal intensive industries and heavy reliance on fossil fuels), along with the elevated amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, have raised serious concerns within the scientific community about the future of coal. Thus, various studies have focused on the development and application of forecasting methods to predict the economic prospects of coal, future levels of reserves, production, consumption, and its environmental impact. With this scope in mind, the goal of this article is to contribute to the scarce literature on global coal consumption forecasting with the aid of an artificial neural network method. This paper proposes a Multilayer Perceptron neural network (MLP) for the prediction of global coal consumption for the years 2020-2030. The MLP-based model is trained with historical data sets gathered from financial institutions, global energy authorities, and energy statistic agencies, covering the years 1970 through 2016. The results of this study show a deceleration in global coal consumption for the years 2020 (3 932 Mtoe), 2025 (4 069 Mtoe) and 2030 (4 182 Mtoe).
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Guzmán-Cornejo, Carmen, Angel Herrera-Mares, Ana Ugalde-Medina, Andrés M. López-Pérez, Laura Del Castillo-Martínez, Roxana Acosta-Gutiérrez, Martín Cabrera-Garrido, and Juan B. Morales-Malacara. "Arthropods Associated with Mammals. Their Importance as Part of the Richness in a Biosphere Reserve in Mexico." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 3 (December 27, 2019): 780–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz237.
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Abstract The Chamela Biological Station (ChBS) is located in the Pacific Coast of Mexico in the State of Jalisco. This represents one of the core areas of the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, characterized by one of the most threatened ecosystems, the tropical dry forest. Although accumulated knowledge of biological diversity, only few studies have been focused on ectoparasites or ectodytes associated with mammals, only 23 arthropod taxa had been recorded. In order to increase knowledge about arthropods associated with Mexican mammals, the objective of this work was to record the richness of arthropods (mites, ticks, lice, and fleas) associated with small and medium-sized mammals in the ChBS. A total of 81 hosts belonging to four orders, six families and nine species were captured. From these hosts, 4,946 arthropods were recovered: 4,007 mites, 673 ticks, 230 lice, and 36 fleas. Among medium-sized mammals, Nasua narica (L.) and Didelphis virginiana Kerr showed the highest levels of richness, with six arthropod taxa; among rodents, Heteromys pictus (Thomas) had the highest number of associated species (five). Within the 22 arthropod taxa registered in the present work, 12 represent new records for the reserve, and 3 represent new records for Mexico. With this study, the arthropod fauna associated with mammals in the ChBS has been raised to 38 taxa. In terms of biological conservation, knowledge of the species that inhabit natural reserves must be a priority, since this represents the baseline for species protected, not only in Mexico but around the world.
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Harris, Maryann, Claire Cave, Karen Foley, Thomas Bolger, and Tamara Hochstrasser. "Urbanisation of Protected Areas within the European Union—An Analysis of UNESCO Biospheres and the Need for New Strategies." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 5899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11215899.
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The UNESCO Biosphere Reserves (BRs) comprise core conservation areas supported by a buffer and transition zone of sustainable development. This zoning can help manage urbanisation around conservation areas. Although it is UNESCO policy to measure the number of BRs that have interactions with urban areas, there has been no systematic assessment of urban biospheres since 2008. This research addresses this deficit by measuring the extent of urbanisation of all designated BRs within the European Union (EU). Using the Copernicus Urban Atlas, the proximity of BRs to Functional Urban Areas (FUA) was determined. The results show that 46% (76/167) of BRs are situated within FUAs, including 11% (18/167) entirely within an FUA. The majority (64%) of EU-28 countries have BRs within FUAs. Urban influences on EU-28 BRs are extensive, as 90% are found within 50 km of an FUA. However, integration with urban areas may be lacking as 14% of EU BRs were adjacent to an FUA. Urban pressures are acute for 11% of EU BRs which had multiple FUAs within a 50 km radius. Therefore, urbanisation of BRs is a widespread challenge and recommendations are provided for BRs to function as an information sharing network and develop a new urban strategy.
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Perry, Jim, and Iain J. Gordon. "Adaptive Heritage: Is This Creative Thinking or Abandoning Our Values?" Climate 9, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9080128.
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Protected areas, such as natural World Heritage sites, RAMSAR wetlands and Biosphere Reserves, are ecosystems within landscapes. Each site meets certain criteria that allow it to qualify as a heritage or protected area. Both climate change and human influence (e.g., incursion, increased tourist visitation) are altering biophysical conditions at many such sites. As a result, conditions at many sites are falling outside the criteria for their original designation. The alternatives are to change the criteria, remove protection from the site, change site boundaries such that the larger or smaller landscape meets the criteria, or manage the existing landscape in some way that reduces the threat. This paper argues for adaptive heritage, an approach that explicitly recognizes changing conditions and societal value. We discuss the need to view heritage areas as parts of a larger landscape, and to take an adaptive approach to the management of that landscape. We offer five themes of adaptive heritage: (1) treat sites as living heritage, (2) employ innovative governance, (3) embrace transparency and accountability, (4) invest in monitoring and evaluation, and (5) manage adaptively. We offer the Australian Wet Tropics as an example where aspects of adaptive heritage currently are practiced, highlighting the tools being used. This paper offers guidance supporting decisions about natural heritage in the face of climate change and non-climatic pressures. Rather than delisting or lowering standards, we argue for adaptive approaches.
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Fernandez, Sara, Miguel M. Sandin, Paul G. Beaulieu, Laura Clusa, Jose L. Martinez, Alba Ardura, and Eva García-Vázquez. "Environmental DNA for freshwater fish monitoring: insights for conservation within a protected area." PeerJ 6 (March 6, 2018): e4486. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4486.
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BackgroundMany fish species have been introduced in wild ecosystems around the world to provide food or leisure, deliberately or from farm escapes. Some of those introductions have had large ecological effects. The north American native rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykissWalbaum, 1792) is one of the most widely farmed fish species in the world. It was first introduced in Spain in the late 19th century for sport fishing (Elvira 1995) and nowadays is used there for both fishing and aquaculture. On the other hand, the European native brown trout (Salmo truttaL.) is catalogued as vulnerable in Spain. Detecting native and invasive fish populations in ecosystem monitoring is crucial, but it may be difficult from conventional sampling methods such as electrofishing. These techniques encompass some mortality, thus are not adequate for some ecosystems as the case of protected areas. Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is a sensitive and non-invasive method that can be especially useful for rare and low-density species detection and inventory in water bodies.MethodsIn this study we employed two eDNA based methods (qPCR and nested PCR-RFLP) to detect salmonid species from mountain streams within a protected area, The Biosphere Reserve and Natural Park of Redes (Upper Nalón Basin, Asturias, Northern Spain), where brown trout is the only native salmonid. We also measured some habitat variables to see how appropriate for salmonids the area is. The sampling area is located upstream impassable dams and contains one rainbow trout fish farm.ResultsEmploying qPCR methodology, brown trout eDNA was detected in all the nine sampling sites surveyed, while nested PCR-RFLP method failed to detect it in two sampling points. Rainbow trout eDNA was detected with both techniques at all sites in the Nalón River’ (n1, n2 and n3). Salmonid habitat units and water quality were high from the area studied.DiscussionIn this study, a high quantity of rainbow trout eDNA was found upstream and downstream of a fish farm located inside a Biosphere Reserve. Unreported escapes from the fish farm are a likely explanation of these results. Since salmonid habitat is abundant and the water quality high, the establishment of rainbow trout populations would be favored should escapes occur. Environmental DNA has here proved to be a valuable tool for species detection in freshwater environments, and the probe-based qPCR highly sensitive technique for detection of scarce species. We would recommend this method for routine monitoring and early detection of introduced species within natural reserves.
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Danielopol, Dan L., Christian Griebler, Amara Gunatilaka, and Jos Notenboom. "Present state and future prospects for groundwater ecosystems." Environmental Conservation 30, no. 2 (June 2003): 104–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892903000109.
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Ecological and socioeconomic aspects of subterranean hydrosystems have changed during the past 40–50 years. The major environmental pressures (mainly anthropogenic ones) impact the quantity and quality of groundwater resources and the state of subsurface ecosystems, and it is expected that the environmental pressures on groundwater will continue, at least until 2025, unless new environmental policies change this state of affairs. The world demographic increase and the general rise of water demand constitute one of the major environmental pressures on groundwater ecosystems especially in less developed countries in Africa, Asia and South America. Specific human activities leading to the depletion of groundwater reserves include agricultural practices, landscape alteration, urbanization demand for domestic and public drinking water, various industrial activities such as thermoelectric production and mining, and the rise of tourism in coastal areas. Climate change is contributing to the water crisis too, especially in areas with arid climate and/or in some humid monsoonal countries. The overload of aquifers with pollutants derived from agriculture (fertilizers and pesticides), from industry (release of hydrocarbon chemicals, especially spills), from waste and industrial waters, from domestic and industrial landfills, from the infiltration of pollutants from surface and from the intrusion of saline water affect groundwater quality. The dangerous increase in contaminated subsurface sites with chemicals and microbial pathogens brings with it health risks to humans. Changes of redox condition in groundwater zones, changes of biological diversity, vegetation changes with modification of agriculture practices and impacts at the biosphere scale, such as the increase in the concentration of nitrous oxides in the atmosphere, all impact groundwater ecosystems. Groundwater ecosystems must be better investigated and understood. Economic, social and ecological lines of thinking have to be combined in order to achieve meaningful policies for the sustainable development of groundwater reserves and for the protection of subsurface ecosystems. Practical measures and ideas for the development of policies up to the 2025 time-horizon should improve the sustainable usage of the world's groundwater resources.
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Prots, B., V. Pokynchereda, and Y. Berkela. "The result of the second stage of nomination of beech virgin and old-growth forests of Ukraine to the World Natural Heritage of UNESCO." Proceedings of the State Natural History Museum, no. 35 (December 8, 2019): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2019.35.89-96.
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The information about the process and the main results of the second stage of the process of nomination of Ukrainian sites of beech virgin and old-growth forests of Ukraine to the pan-European site of UNESCO World Natural Heritage "Beech forests and ancient forests of the Carpathians and other regions of Europe" are provided. Despite the individual comments of IUCN experts on the pan-European nomination, on July 7, 2017, at the UNESCO World Heritage Committee's 41 session (Krakow, Poland), a historic decision was made to extend the existing UNESCO World Heritage Site by 63 areas of beech forests and ancient forests from 10 European countries and its renaming to "Beech forests and ancient forests of the Carpathians and other regions of Europe". The World Heritage Committee has recognized the forests of Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Italy, Romania, Slovenia, Spain and Ukraine as being a testament to the exceptional evolution and impact of beech ecosystems in Europe since the last ice age. In this new list Ukraine is represented by 9 sites, which are protected in the National Nature Parks "Synevyr", "Zacharovanyi Krai" and "Podilsky Tovtry" and Nature Reserves "Gorgany" and "Roztochia" with a total area of 5473,47 ha and an area of buffer zones 8161,55 ha. These parts are located on the territory of two beech forest regions, like Carpathian and Polonic-Podolic-Moldovan. As a result of the expansion, at present the Ukrainian component of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Beech forests and ancient forests of the Carpathians and other regions of Europe" consists of 15 components with a total area of 28 985,97 hectares and an area of buffer zones 43035,85 hectares. The share of Ukraine in the territory of transnational serial heritage consists of 31.5%, and the share of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve - 22.8%. A new European dimension to nature protection cooperation (12 countries) has been created to improve the management and research of beech stands within the continent, to stimulate the creation of new nature conservation areas, as well as to create models of public approximation to UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
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Ceballos, Jorge Luis, Christian Euscátegui, Jair Ramírez, Marcela Cañon, Christian Huggel, Wilfried Haeberli, and Horst Machguth. "Fast shrinkage of tropical glaciers in Colombia." Annals of Glaciology 43 (2006): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756406781812429.
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AbstractAs a consequence of ongoing atmospheric temperature rise, tropical glaciers belong to the unique and threatened ecosystems on Earth, as defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Houghton and others, 2001). Worldwide glacier monitoring, especially as part of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), includes the systematic collection of data on such perennial surface ice masses. Several peaks in the sierras of Colombia have lost their glacier cover during recent decades. Today, high-altitude glaciers still exist in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in Sierra Nevada del Cocuy and on the volcanoes of Nevados del Ruiz, de Santa Isabel, del Tolima and del Huila. Comparison of reconstructions of maximum glacier area extent during the Little Ice Age with more recent information from aerial photographs and satellite images clearly documents a fast-shrinking tendency and potential disappearance of the remaining glaciers within the next few decades. In the past 50 years, Colombian glaciers have lost 5 0% or more of their area. Glacier shrinkage has continued to be strong in the last 15 years, with a loss of 10−50% of the glacier area. The relationship between fast glacier retreat and local, regional and global climate change is now being investigated. Preliminary analyses indicate that the temperature rise of roughly 1°C in the last 30 years recorded at high-altitude meteorological stations exerts a primary control on glacier retreat. The investigations on the Colombian glaciers thus corroborate earlier findings concerning the high sensitivity of glaciers in the wet inner tropics to temperature rise. To improve understanding of fast glacier retreat in Colombia, a modern monitoring network has been established according to the multilevel strategy of the Global Terrestrial Network for Glaciers (GTN-G) within GCOS. The observations are also contributions to continued assessments of hazards from the glacier-covered volcanoes and to integrated global change research in mountain biosphere reserves.
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Manko, Andrii, Petro Voitkiv, and Yurii Nakonechnyi. "Virgin forests as environmental, educational and scientific object of the Ukrainian Carpathians." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 53 (December 18, 2019): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2019.53.10668.
Full textAbstract:
The virgin forests of the Ukrainian Carpathians are unique ecosystems in which preserved natural, protected, recreational, historical and cultural objects. That is why a comprehensive study of the forest ecosystems of the Ukrainian Carpathians is needed in order to preserve these unique treasures of our country. The Ukrainian Carpathians are characterized in ecological, educational and scientific-cognitive aspects, as a significant number of objects and monuments of nature, history, architecture and culture are concentrated here. In the region under study, there is a well-developed network of nature reserve fund, the objects of which are basic for the organization of tourist activity. The importance of virgin forests as an ecological-educational and scientific-cognitive object of the Ukrainian Carpathians is revealed. The purpose of the research was to study the forests of the Ukrainian Carpathians, as an object of ecological, educational and cognitive perception. The object of the research was the forest ecosystems within the conservation areas of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The subject of the study was the consideration of forest ecosystems as an ecological-educational and scientific-cognitive object. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to give a complete definition of the term “primaeval” forests and their varieties; to identify, establish distribution areas and forest areas in the Ukrainian Carpathians; to analyze their ecological-educational and scientific-cognitive functions. It is revealed that the centres of distribution of forest ecosystems in the Ukrainian Carpathians are nature conservation areas, namely: Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, Carpathian National Park, Uzhansky, Synevyr Verkhovyna, Cheremosky, Hutsulshchyna, Vyzhnytsya, Zacharovanyi Krai. It is stated that ecological-educational and scientific-cognitive objects in the region are natural undisturbed by the anthropogenic activity of the place. The best network of ecological-educational and scientific-educational trails is set up in the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve. The most popular are the eco-routes “To Goverla Mountain from Lazeshchyna”, “Kevelsky Forests to Petros”, “Beech Forests of Velyka Ugolka”, “To Sokolino Berdo”. It is revealed that the ecological-educational and scientific-cognitive potential of the forests of the Ukrainian Carpathians is special. The primaeval forests are widespread in the Ukrainian Carpathians, and their area is about 50 thousand hectares, and much of it requires identification. Forests have a special status in Ukraine and are strictly protected in nature reserves and perform ecological-educational and scientific-cognitive functions, since within them preserved natural, intact, virgin objects and also represent the cultural heritage of the region. Key words: Ukrainian Carpathians, virgin forests, quasi-virgin forests, ancient forests, ecological-educational and scientific-cognitive objects.