Academic literature on the topic 'World politics – 21st century'
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Journal articles on the topic "World politics – 21st century"
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Dror, Yehezkel. "World politics towards the 21st century." Futures 20, no. 1 (February 1988): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(88)90041-9.
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Simic, Predrag. "World politics, globalization and the crisis." Medjunarodni problemi 65, no. 1 (2013): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1301024s.
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In the early 21st century, globalization and the world economic crisis changed the balance of powers between the old (declining) and new (emerging) industrial states replacing the unilateral with a multilateral system of international relations and changing the way in which world politics was functioning. Globalization has increased the number of transnational problems (protection of human environment, international traffic and communications, flows of capital, energy, migrations, etc.) that require global governance. However, these trends also indicate that in the 21st century, international relations and world politics will function in a significantly different manner than they did within the bipolar and unipolar order, which characterized the second half of the 20th century.
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Cerny, Philip G. "Capitalism, Democracy and World Politics in the 21st Century." European Review of International Studies 10, no. 2 (October 20, 2023): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21967415-10020016.
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Abstract World Politics is undergoing a range of crucial structural changes in the 21st century. The relationship between the states system that evolved since the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 and became predominant in the 19th and 20th centuries is being increasingly challenged in a number of complex ways. The core problématique, as addressed in different ways in these books, is whether states are still predominant hierarchical structures in an anarchical world system – “nodes” or building blocks – as argued in particular by realist and neo-realist theorists exemplified by Kenneth Waltz, or whether they are increasingly criss-crossed and undercut by what are sometimes called “heterarchical” structure and processes. These include macro-, meso-, and mini-hierarchies that are turning states from “proactive” institutions and processes to “reactive” or even or even “residual” ones. The core of these analyses is whether and how states are still the main independent variables in what has been called International Relations or whether and how far they are increasingly dependent variables in a changing World Politics. These books all make interesting and useful contributions to this question.
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Kavalski, Emilian. "Book Review: International Relations: Issues in 21st Century World Politics." Political Studies Review 10, no. 3 (August 7, 2012): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9302.2012.00279_3.x.
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Dauvergne, Peter, and Jennifer Clapp. "Researching Global Environmental Politics in the 21st Century." Global Environmental Politics 16, no. 1 (February 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_e_00333.
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This forum article highlights three major research trends we have observed in the journal Global Environmental Politics since 2000. First, research has increasingly focused on specific and formal mechanisms of global environmental governance, contributing to more elaborate and refined methodologies that span more scales and levels of analysis. Second, research increasingly has concentrated on the rise of market-based governance mechanisms and the influence of private actors, reflecting a broader shift among policymakers toward liberal approaches to governance. Third, over this time empirical research has shifted significantly toward analyzing issues through a lens of climate change, providing valuable insights into environmental change, but narrowing the journal’s empirical focus. These trends, which overlap in complex ways, arise partly from shifts in real-world politics, partly from broader shifts in the overall field of global environmental politics (GEP), and partly from the advancing capacity of GEP theories and methodologies to investigate the full complexity of local to global governance. This maturing of GEP scholarship does present challenges for the field, however, including the ability of field-defining journals such as Global Environmental Politics to engage a diversity of critical scholarly voices and to influence policy and activism.
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Karve, Priyadarshini. "Big-Historical Environmentalism for the 21st Century." Journal of Big History 6, no. 2 (October 1, 2023): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22339/jbh.v6i2.6202.
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The beginning of the 21st century witnessed terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre in the United States. This incident changed global politics and brought new twists and turns in world history. The last two decades have seen the rise of identity politics, leading to the escalation of local conflicts across the world. At the same time, environmental challenges to human societies have become increasingly threatening, manifested on a planetary scale through global warming and loss of biodiversity. The effect of political and environmental challenges happening together is being felt in social-cultural-economic realms. All of these tensions have been starkly laid bare in the way governments and societies in different parts of the world have responded to the challenge of the global covid pandemic that we are currently facing. The pandemic will ebb and flow, and reduce itself to a non-threatening form in a few years, but the challenges of global warming and loss of biodiversity just keep growing and will plague us for decades to come. While the battle against alarming changes in the environment around us will continue till the end of the century, many experts believe that the seeds of our success or failure will be sown in this decade. The actions we take and the social-economic-political systems we set up by 2030 will largely cast the die for the future of humanity beyond the 21st century. This situation underlines the importance of seeing the big picture that only Big History can reveal by connecting the dots of events in different spheres of human activity on a planetary scale. Our big-history thinking clearly shows interlinkages between seemingly independent crises that seem to be bombarding us one after the other.
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Lantsov, Sergey A., and Irina S. Lantsova. "World Politics in Early 21st Century: Theoretical Forecasts and Contemporary Trends." Comparative Politics Russia 8, no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18611/2221-3279-2017-8-2-8-18.
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Hassan Farooq and Muhammad Khan. "Sino-Russian Role in the 21st Century World Order." Central Asia 86, Summer (November 28, 2020): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-86.79.
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China and Russia have developed an underlying empathy on the transition of the contemporary US-led hegemonic world order. Since the dawn of the 21st century, the two Eurasian powers have been striving for transforming the global system to a multipolar world system. As Beijing and Moscow, along with other emerging powers were already weary of Washington’s unipolar moment and its self-proclaimed authority of overriding the entire international system. In the American worldwide hegemony, the rest of the nations; neither alone nor collectively could challenge its supremacy; as the political, economic and military dominance of the US was ascertained by its ascendency in the post-World war II established international organizations. However, during the past few decades the rapid rise of China; the resurgence of Russia and the relative decline of the US; evidently specify that the era of Pax-American is on the go. Moreover, the launching of Beijing sponsored transnational initiatives can be acknowledged as the pillars of a new multicentric global system in future. Hence, the dynamics of international politics are apparently heading towards the transition of the contemporary world system to a multipolar structure; where besides the US, China and Russia would also play significant role.
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Gul, Saima, Syed Sabir Muhammad, and Ahmad Ali. "Capitalism in the 21st Century: A Marxist Perspective." Global Economics Review II, no. I (December 30, 2017): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(ii-i).06.
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A Marxist understanding of the ills of capitalism is applicable to 21st -century capitalism. Motivated by surpluses, capitalism become global in its endeavour of outsourcing production and capital labour substitution. As a result, the capitalist core established an exploitative relationship with the developing and under-developed third world countries. In order to protect their interests and to keep the antagonistic feelings below the threshold, the bourgeoisie elite utilized every tool available to strengthen their control over the resources, maintained their hegemony and absorb counter-hegemonic ideas. The article is an attempt to understand the Marxist interpretation of capitalism and debate in its relevance to 21st -century international politics. With the help of the Iraq war, the article concludes that Marxism and Marxist inspired theoretical interpretation is the best lens to explain the operation of capitalism at the world stage.
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Somer, Murat, and Jennifer McCoy. "Déjà vu? Polarization and Endangered Democracies in the 21st Century." American Behavioral Scientist 62, no. 1 (January 2018): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218760371.
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As political and societal polarization deepens, democracies are under stress around the world. This article examines the complex relationship and causal direction between democracy and polarization and posits three theoretical possibilities: (1) polarization contributes to democratic backsliding and decay, (2) polarization results from democratic crisis, and (3) polarization contributes to democratic deepening. We argue “politics” is central to polarization and identify as a key feature of the process of polarization the manner in which it simplifies the normal complexity of politics and social relations. Polarization does so by aligning otherwise unrelated divisions, emasculating cross-cutting cleavages, and dividing society and politics into two separate, opposing, and unyielding blocks. As such, it often has pernicious consequences for democracy, emerging as an intended or unintended consequence of political interest–based and purposeful political mobilization. Polarization over the very concept of democracy may also be the product of democratic crisis. Finally, in certain circumstances, polarization may strengthen democratic institutions and citizen choice. The article then introduces the articles in this issue that address these three theoretical and empirical possibilities.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "World politics – 21st century"
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Bassani, J. A. "Saving the world for democracy : an historical analysis of America's grand strategy in the 21st century /." Norfolk, Va. : Joint Forces Staff College, Joint Advanced Warfighting School, 2005. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA436658.
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Thesis (M.S. in Joint Campaign Planning and Strategy)--Joint Forces Staff College, Joint Advanced Warfighting School, 2005."National Defense Univ Norfolk VA"--DTIC cover. "13 May 05." Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-73). Also available via the Internet.
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Parker, Arah M. "Race and Inequality in Cuban Tourism During the 21st Century." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/194.
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As the largest island in the Caribbean, Cuba boasts beautiful scenery, as well as a rich and diverse culture. Yet, throughout Cuban history, the beauty of this famous socialist nation has been marred by social inequalities, primarily affecting class, gender, and race. In the Cuban tourism sector in particular, the three aforementioned components have been prevalent since the island’s inception of tourism in the early 20th Century. With the recent political changes marked by the attempt to restore relations with the United States, this thesis will critically analyze the theories of Black Marxism, Intersectionality, and World Systems Analysis (WSA), to explain how racism has affected the overall quality of life for Afro-Cubans. In addition, the theories applied to Cuban tourism also cause the tourist sector to be racialized in the 21st Century. Furthermore, this thesis will analyze how Cuban tourism is maintained from a Socialist perspective, as well demonstrate that the tourism advertisements in the 21st Century are greatly racialized, depicting Afro-Cubans in the mode of servitude to the tourist. In addition, it will reveal that gender also plays a significant role in the way Afro-Cubans are perceived by society. This thesis will conclude with how the WSA theory can be hypothetically applied to the recent changes in U.S. policy, promoting greater interaction with Cuba and American tourism, after more than five decades of travel ban.
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Silove, Nina. "Do great powers plan grand strategies? : the effects of strategic plans on the formation of grand strategy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711731.
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Kavaker, Vahap. "Quo Vadis NATO? collective defense, collective security, and the Euro-Atlantic realm in the second decade of the 21st century." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Mar%5FKavaker.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Defense Decision-Making and Planning))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2006.Thesis Advisor(s): Donald Abenheim. "March 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p.73-80). Also available online.
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Mecum, Mark M. "Solving Alliance Cohesion: NATO Cohesion After the Cold War." Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1180549294.
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Marx, Andrew Morne. "Increasing soft power - a case study of South Africa's bid to host the FIFA 2010 World Cup." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16386.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study attempts to determine if South Africa was actively attempting to boost its soft power or symbolic power during the country’s bid to host the Fifa 2010 World Cup. Preceding works dealing with mega-events identified a number of potential benefits to the hosting nation. Some of these benefits include opportunities for development (sport and socio-economic), nation building, urban regeneration, and marketing. Previous works have focused a great deal on economic and nation building aspects of mega-events. The marketing possibility for a host to develop as a tourist destination has also enjoyed some focus. There also exists a large amount of literature dealing with power – its nature, resources and types. There is for instance structural and relational power while, in the traditional sense, wealth and military might may be seen as power resources. However, the importance and maintenance of soft power – or symbolic or co-optive power, as defined in this study – has been greatly overshadowed by the traditional ideas of power and as a result, neglected by International Relations scholars. This study links the marketing potential of mega-events with the deployment of soft power. The case study specifically deals with South Africa’s World Cup bid as a marketing forum for enhancing the country’s soft power. For such an analysis it is necessary to investigate South Africa’s diplomatic status, global position, relationship with the North and South, and power resources. The importance of soft power being essential to South Africa’s specific situation, global position and future, is also investigated. Using the bid for the 2010 World Cup, this study concludes that South Africa was indeed projecting specifically chosen images of the country with the intention of enhancing the country’s soft power. It is furthermore argued that these images are both a reflection and in support of South Africa’s foreign policy and emerging middle power position.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie poog om vas te stel of Suid Afrika doelgerig probeer het om die land se sagte mag te versterk tydens die Fifa 2010 Wêreldbekerbod. Vorige studies oor grootskaalse gebeurtenisse meen dat dit sekere potensieële voordele inhou vir die gasheer. Dit sluit in geleenthede vir ontwikkeling (sport en sosio-ekonomies), nasiebou, en stedelike herlewing en bemarking. Vorige werke het ook meerendeels gefokus op die ekonomiese en nasie-bou aspekte van grootskaalse gebeurtenisse. Die bemarkingsvoordele wat dit inhou vir die gasheer se toerismebedryf is ook gereeld vehandel. Daar bestaan ook vele geskrewe werke oor mag. Verskillende bronne van mag is ondermeer ‘n gewilde onderwerp. Daar is byvoorbeeld strukturele mag en verhoudings mag. Tradisioneel word militêre en ekonomiese vermoëns gesien as bronne van mag. Die belangrikheid van sagte mag of simboliese mag, soos dit in hierdie studie gedefinieër word, is egter tot ‘n groot mate oorskadu deur traditionele idees van mag. Daardeur het Internasionale Betrekkinge akademici dit ook tot ‘n mate afgeskeep. Hierdie studie illustreer die bemarkingspotentiaal wat grootskaalse gebeurtenisse inhou vir sagte mag. Die gevallestudie handel spesifiek oor Suid Afrika se 2010 bod as ‘n potentieële bemarkingsforum vir die bevordering van die land se sagte mag. Die analise het vereis dat Suid Afrika se diplomatieke status, globale posisie, verhouding met die Noorde en Suide, en bronne van mag behandel word. Die belangrikheid van sagte mag vir Suid Afrika se toekoms word ook aangespreek. Die gevolgtrekking is dat Suid Afrika wel gepoog het om sekere gekose beelde na die buiteland te projekteer. Die spesifieke doel met die beelde was om die land se sagte mag uit te brei. ‘n Verdere bevinding is dat die beelde gelyktydig Suid Afrika se buitelandse beleid en ontluikende middel magsposisie gereflekteer het.
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Kokkinos, Stephanie Helen. "China in Africa: The use of soft power and its implications for a global peaceful rise." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20172.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Soft power is more relevant now than ever before. In fact, in the current world system it has become an important element in exercising state power and mapping out leadership strategies. This assignment attempts to analyse the use of soft power as a post-Cold War foreign policy strategy on the part of China. Chinese relations with the African continent are assessed to prove the increasing rate at which China has expended trade and diplomatic relations in the past two decades, and to determine the degree to which soft power is contributing to China’s prospects of a harmonious rise to a position of global power. China’s foreign policy is ideologically underpinned by nationalism and confucianism. This stance is based on the need to protect and promote the economic and social stability of the state, as well as to secure a sound diplomatic identity in the international arena. For this reason, China has expanded economic interests abroad, particularly, looking upon Africa as a source of mutual development and investement, economic cooperation and an enhanced network for trade. This has lead to the growth of ‘soft’ ties between the Chinese nation and many African states, through the provision of aid, diplomatic cooperation on policy issues and the sharing of cultural values and institutional norms. In this way, China has been able to promote the perception of a peaceful rise to power and make a valuable contribution to the Chinese goal of constructing a harmonious world. Concluding a thorough analysis of China’s foreign policy behaviour it is determined that China-Africa relations are based, at least in part, on soft power, as a means to gain increased international influence. This is contended by the likeness between the behaviour advocated by soft power theory and that of Chinese interaction with African states. Furthermore, this partnership can be understood as a potential global shift towards multilateralism and the belief in an emerging international order that organised by regionalised powers that cooperate with each other on international platforms. The theory of constructivism, particularly its emaphasis on the roles of ideas, identities and institutions, is a valuable perspective to consider in approaching this discussion of China as a peacefully emerging global power.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ‘Sagtemag’ is nou meer relevante vandag as ooit tevore. Dit is inderdaad ‘n belangrike element in die uitoefening van staat mag en leierskap strategieë in die huidige wêreld. Hierdie werkstuk poog om die gebruik van sagte mag te ontleed as ‘n buitelandse beleid strategie op die deel van Sjina sedert die einde van die Koue Oorlog. Sjinese verhoudings met Arika word geassesseer om te bewys die toenemende tempo waarteen diplomatieke betrekkinge in die afgelope twee dekades bestee het, en die graad aan wat sagte mag dra Sjina se vooruitsigte van ‘n harmonieuse aanleiding tot wêreld mag te bepaal. Sjina se buitelandse beleid is ideologies ondersteun deur nasionalisme en Confucianisme. Hierdie standpunt is gebaseer op die behoefte om die ekonomiese stabiliteit van die staat te beskerm en om ‘n gesonde diplomatieke indentiteit te verseker op ‘n internasionale vlak. Om hierdie rede het Sjina uigebrei om die ekonomiese belange in die buiteland, veral op soek op die Afrika-vasteland as ‘n bron van wedersydse ontwikkeling en belegging, ekonomiese samewerking en ‘n groter handelsmerk netwerk. Dit het gelei tot die groei van die ‘sagte’ bande tussen Sjina en baie Afrika-lande, deur die voorsiening van fonds, diplomatieke samewerking oor beleidskwessies en die deel van kulturele waardes en institusionele norme. Op hierdie manier het Sjina die persepsie van ‘n vreedsame opkoms by wêreld mag te bevorder en ‘n waardevolle bydrae tot die Sjinese doel vir ‘n ‘Harmonious World’ te bou. Die sluiting van ‘n deeglike ontleding van Sjina se buitelandse beleid word bepaal dat Sjina-Afrika verhoudings is op sagtemag gebou om ‘n verhoogde internaionale invloed te kry. Dit is aangevoer deur die gelykenis tussen sagtemag teorie en die gedrag wat bepleit word deur Sjinese interaksie met Afrika-lande. Verder kan hierdie vennootskap verstaan word as ‘n moontlike globale verskuiwing na multilateralisme en die potensiële van ‘n nuwe internationale bestel wat gereël is deur regionalisering magte. Konstruktivisme, veral die teorie se nadruk op die rolle van idees, indentiteite en instellings, is ook ‘n waardevolle perspektief te oorweeg in die nader van heirdie bespreking van Sjina as ‘n vreedsame wyse opkomende wêreld mag.
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Ghattas, Micheline Germanos. "The Consolidation of the Consociational Democracy in Lebanon: The Challenges to Democracy in Lebanon." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1415.
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This dissertation looks at democracy in Lebanon, a country that has a pluralistic society with many societal cleavages. The subject of this study is the consolidation of democracy in Lebanon, described by Arend Lijphart as a "consociational democracy". The research question and sub-question posed are:
1- How consolidated is democracy in Lebanon?
2- What are the challenges facing the consolidation of democracy in Lebanon?
The preamble of the 1926 Lebanese Constitution declares the country to be a parliamentary democratic republic. The political regime is a democracy, but one that is not built on the rule of the majority in numbers, since the numbers do not reflect the history of the country and its distinguishing characteristics. The division of power is built on religion, which defies the concept prevailing in western democracies of the separation between church and state. As the internal and the external conditions change, sometimes in a violent manner, the democracy in the country still survives. Today, after the war that ravaged Lebanon from 1975 to 1990, the Syrian occupation that lasted until 2005, the Israeli war in the summer of 2006, and the roadblocks in the face of the overdue presidential election in 2008, democracy is still struggling to stay alive in the country. There is no denying or ignoring the challenges and the attempts against democracy in Lebanon from 1975 to the present. Even with these challenges, there are some strong elements that let democracy survive all these predicaments. The reasons and events of the 1975-1995 war are still being sorted out and only history will clear that up. Can we say today that the Consociational democracy in Lebanon is consolidated? To answer this question Linz & Stepan's three elements of a consolidated democracy are used as the criteria: the constitution of the land, people's attitude towards democracy and their behavior. The analysis examines the Lebanese Constitution, surveys about people's attitude towards democracy, and reported events about their behavior, such as political demonstrations and political violence narrated in the media. The findings of this study show that although the Lebanese find democracy as being the only game in town, the consolidation of democracy in the country still faces some challenges, both internal and external. The study also shows that the criteria used for western democracies need to be adjusted to apply to a society such as the one in Lebanon: plural, religious and traditional.
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GILIBERTO, FRANCESCA. "Linking Theory with Practice: Assessing the Integration of a 21st Century Approach to Urban Heritage Conservation, Management and Development in the World Heritage Cities of Florence and Edinburgh." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2699491.
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Reconciling heritage conservation and development within the management of historic urban environments is recognised as one of the most challenging issues in the field of heritage conservation and urban management by academics and practioners. Existing urban heritage conservation policies, regulatory frameworks and tools operating around the world proved to be inadequate or insufficient in regulating urban transformations in historic urban environments. The “heritage versus development dilemma” has been a central argument in the 21st international discourse on urban heritage conservation management and development. UNESCO, the United Nations, ICOMOS and the Council of Europe have tried to overcome this persisting dichotomy through the adoption of a series of international texts. The evolution of a 21st century international discourse represents the international recognition that a “new paradigm for urban heritage conservation and management” has gradually taken shape since the beginning of the century. From this moment, urban heritage conservation can be seen as an all-encompassing, integrated urban management strategy, which incorporates the perspectives of urban planning and socio-economic development.
The contemporary approach suggests moving beyond existing regulatory and management frameworks, recommending a revision of local practices so that they are consistent with the key principles of the new paradigm. However, there is still a need to carry out further research in order to understand how existing and consolidated urban management systems currently operate. This is a fundamental step towards effectively implementing the new paradigm into local practices. This interdisciplinary study aims to advance knowledge in the field of urban heritage conservation and management through a detailed assessment of the level of consistency of existing policies with the key principles of the 21st century approach. To the knowledge of the author, this is the first comprehensive and comparative assessment of multi-scalar (at national, regional, provincial and local levels) and multi-sectorial (including heritage conservation, urban planning and socio-economic development) urban management policies that has been carried out so far. To conduct this study, an original assessment framework was developed by the author with the objective of providing a qualitative evaluation tool which was able to link the international theory with local practices.
The thesis focused on the two World Heritage cities of Florence (Italy) and Edinburgh (UK). It systematically demonstrated how some of the key principles of the new paradigm are already integrated into local urban management policies of these two historic urban environments. The study was first conducted by testing the assessment framework on the two case studies. Subsequently, a critical analysis of the two urban management systems was carried out, integrating the assessment results with data collected through semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders involved in the definition and implementation of the assessed policies. Finally, a comparison of Florence and Edinburgh’s approaches to urban heritage conservation, management and development were illustrated and discussed. In this way, it was possible to discuss the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of different urban management systems in incorporating a 21st century international approach. Moreover, the study identified existing similarities and discrepancies between different approaches and to highlight good practices and critical aspects. The research findings constitute a step towards understanding whether a revision of existing policies and tools is necessary and how this could be done. The assessment results could be used by national and local governments to revise their current urban management policies according to the contemporary international approach to urban heritage conservation, management and development.
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Feinman, David Eric. "Divided government and congressional foreign policy a case study of the post-World War II era in American government." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4891.
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The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship between the executive and legislative branches of American federal government, during periods within which these two branches are led by different political parties, to discover whether the legislative branch attempts to independently legislate and enact foreign policy by using "the power of the purse" to either appropriate in support of or refuse to appropriate in opposition to military engagement abroad. The methodology for this research includes the analysis and comparison of certain variables, including public opinion, budgetary constraints, and the relative majority of the party that holds power in one or both chambers, and the ways these variables may impact the behavior of the legislative branch in this regard. It also includes the analysis of appropriations requests made by the legislative branch for funding military engagement in rejection of requests from the executive branch for all military engagements that occurred during periods of divided government from 1946 through 2009.ID: 029809199; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 110-112).
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Books on the topic "World politics – 21st century"
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Beeson, Mark, and Nick Bisley. Issues in 21st Century World Politics. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58900-2.
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Beeson, Mark, and Nick Bisley, eds. Issues in 21st Century World Politics. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-15470-5.
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1935-, Jancar-Webster Barbara, and Switky Bob, eds. World politics in the 21st century. 3rd ed. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2006.
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Duncan, W. Raymond. World politics in the 21st century. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009.
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Duncan, W. Raymond. World politics in the 21st century. New York, NY: Longman, 2002.
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Hutchings, Robert L. World politics in the 21st century. Washington, D.C: Division of International Studies, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1996.
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Aziz, Farida J. New world order, the 21st century. Islamabad: F.J. Aziz Consultancy and Institute for Social, Political and Mimitary Studies, Strategic and International Affairs, 1992.
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1943-, Tammen Ronald L., ed. Power transitions: Strategies for the 21st century. New York: Chatham House Publishers, 2000.
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Hammond, Allen L. Which world?: Scenarios for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1998.
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Hackett, Ian. Succeeding revolutions: 18th century America and the 21st century world. London: Campaign for Earth Federation, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "World politics – 21st century"
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van Onselen, Peter. "Media and World Politics." In Issues in 21st Century World Politics, 263–76. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-15470-5_19.
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Sjoberg, Laura, and Natalia Fontoura. "Gender and World Politics." In Issues in 21st Century World Politics, 172–84. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58900-2_13.
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Hadfield, Amelia. "Energy Security and World Politics." In Issues in 21st Century World Politics, 192–209. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-15470-5_14.
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Gerard, Kelly, and Sky Croeser. "Social Movements in World Politics." In Issues in 21st Century World Politics, 217–32. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58900-2_16.
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Hehir, Aidan. "International Law and World Politics." In Issues in 21st Century World Politics, 113–25. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58900-2_9.
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Kunz, Rahel, and Marianne H. Marchand. "Gendering World Politics in the 21st Century." In Issues in 21st Century World Politics, 225–34. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-15470-5_16.
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Hehir, Aidan. "International Law, Justice and World Politics." In Issues in 21st Century World Politics, 251–62. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-15470-5_18.
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Breslin, Shaun. "Regions and Regionalism in World Politics." In Issues in 21st Century World Politics, 60–79. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-15470-5_5.
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Cook, Alistair D. B. "Non-traditional Security and World Politics." In Issues in 21st Century World Politics, 38–51. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58900-2_4.
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Kennedy, Caroline, and Thomas Waldman. "Ways of War in the 21st Century." In Issues in 21st Century World Politics, 92–105. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-15470-5_7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "World politics – 21st century"
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Axinte, Teofan Narcis. "Educational Policy and Education Management. Study Case: Israel." In Eighth International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2022.275.
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The world today faces new realities, conditions, and challenges as a result of the remarkable development in many fields. Across the past century, education systems all over the world have seen significant improvements. The educational system has evolved, progressed, and transformed in a way that emphasizes the democratization of education. To adapt their educational systems and objectives to the 21st century, all developed nations are coping with and confronting changes and difficulties both locally and globally. The present article wants to present some specific aspects related to educational policy and education management in Israel. Israel is a relatively new state, found in 1948 and the Israeli educational system reflects Israeli society, similarly to anywhere else in the world. In all these years of existence, Israel’s educational system has accomplished prodigious achievements. As it is obvious, Israel is a relatively young nation, hence its educational system faces various challenges, some of which are exclusive to Israel. This presentation proposes to explain briefly the roots of Israel’s education system, which began before it was recognized as a state, and will illustrate some concrete facets of the actual education system, educational policy, and education management, as well, as in Israel
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Thomas, Joyce, and Megan Strickfaden. "Design for the Real World: a look back at Papanek from the 21st Century." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002010.
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This paper presents an overview of Victor Papanek’s book Design for the Real World (1971) from the perspective of current 3rd year industrial design students, members of GenZ, combined with the perspectives of the educators/authors who read the original edition of the book in the 70s and 80s. Students read individual chapters the 2019 edition of this book, wrote a critical review, and presented their overviews and findings in two lengthy class discussions that allowed them to ‘read’ the entire book. The perspectives of the students and educators (from very different generations) reveal an interesting story about the Austrian-born American designer and educator’s writings. In this paper we reveal the continued relevance and critically analyze Papanek’s writings by illustrating how his views on socially and environmentally responsible design live on.Taking his early design inspiration from Raymond Loewy, Papanek went on to study architecture with Frank Lloyd Wright. An early follower and ally of Buckminster Fuller, a designer and systems theorist, Papanek applied principles of socially responsible design, both in theory and practice ultimately working on collaborative projects with UNESCO and the World Health Organization. In Design for the Real World, Papanek professed his philosophy that objects or systems work as political tools for change. He became a controversial voice within that time frame as he declared that many consumer products were frivolous, excessive, and lacked basic functionality causing them to be recklessly dangerous to the users. His ideas seemed extreme, echoed by many other environmental philosophers at the time, at that point in history, but perhaps viewed from the 21st century seem prophetic. An advocate for responsible design, Papanek had visionary ideas on design theory. Papanek felt it was important to put the user first when designing. He spent time observing indigenous communities in developing countries, working directly with, and studying people of different cultures and backgrounds. Papanek designed for people with disabilities often in pursuit of a better world for all. He also addressed themes that have continue to be overlooked in design in the 21st century - inclusion, social justice, appropriate technology, and sustainability.Papanek ultimately earned the respect of many talented colleagues. He would go on to design, teach, and write for future generations. Opposing the ideals of planned obsolescence and the mass consumerism that fuels it, his work encompassed what would become the idea of sustainable design and decreasing overproduction for the consumer market. Themes from Design for the Real World remain relevant, and today it has become one of the most widely read books on design; resulting in Papanek’s voice continuing to push designers to uplift their morals and standards in practicing design.This paper highlights Papanek’s values of designing thoughtfully and for all, while revealing the details on the relevance of his writings five decades after the original publication.
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Alikberov, Eduard Shabanovich, and Alfiya Rafisovna Alikberova. "THE ANALYSIS OF RELATIONS IN THE CHINA-INDIA-USA STRATEGIC TRIANGLE." In Chinese Studies in the 21st Century. Buryat State University Publishing Department, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18101/978-5-9793-1678-9-2021-1-14-20.
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The presented work is devoted to the study of the influence of such a form of rela-tionship as a triangle on the behavior of states and their interaction within the frame-work of a tripartite format. The relevance of this topic is due to the dominant position of the United States in the world, as well as the growing role in the system of interna-tional relations of two Asian giants, China and India, capable in the 21st century to-confront Western countries in the international arena. The role of the China–India–USA strategic triangle — key players in the world political arena — will increase in the near future. Using the example of the interaction of the three states of the People's Republic of China, the Republic of India and the United States of America, the study examines and analyzes the main principles of the successful coordination of the three sides in the triangle: balance of power, refraining, and security. The main conclusion of the presented study is the importance of maintaining a balance in the strategic tri-angle "China-India-USA", since the aforementioned countries occupy important posi-tions in the main areas of international relations: economy and security, the world or-der in the Asia-Pacific region depends on them. The methodological basis of the work is the general humanitarian research method-system analysis, which allowed us to analyze the principles of construction and functioning of the triangle as a system as a whole, and also to study the features of all components of this system, their interde-pendence and internal patterns of development. The materials of this article can be used in the future by international experts, orientalists and economists studying the Indo-Pacific and Asia-Pacific regions, as well as when reading a course of lectures and writing textbooks.
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Radysh, O. I. "KEY WORLD PROBLEMS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE FORMATION OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC." In HISTORY, POLITICAL SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY, AND SOCIOLOGY: DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY. Izdevnieciba “Baltija Publishing”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-343-9-10.
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Ternovskyi, A. M. "GROUPS OF ASSISTANCE TO ACCUSATORY BATTALIONS IN THE DNIPROPETROVSK REGION DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR (1941–1945)." In HISTORY, POLITICAL SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY, AND SOCIOLOGY: DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY. Izdevnieciba “Baltija Publishing”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-343-9-4.
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Chornyi, O. V. "THE CONCEPT OF “BATTLE” IN MODERN MILITARY-HISTORICAL SCIENCE (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE BATTLE OF THE DNIEPER IN WORLD WAR II)." In HISTORY, POLITICAL SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY, AND SOCIOLOGY: DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY. Izdevnieciba “Baltija Publishing”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-343-9-6.
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Dugošija, Tatjana. "Integrating the 21st Century Skills into the Business English Classroom." In 7th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2021.283.
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In a globalized world, characterized by the interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures and populations and therefore requiring a shared means of communication, English has obtained the status of the lingua franca in both academic and business contexts and it has been extensively used in scientific, economic and political fields. Consequently, English has become essential for the entire workforce whose career prospects on the labor market are largely dependent on their English language proficiency, the ability to communicate effectively and overcome language and cultural barriers. Being spoken by over one billion people, English is used in a wide range of settings such as international business, diplomacy, science, technology, education, travel and entertainment. The status of English as an international language and its impact on the improvement of career prospects have resulted in enormous development of English for Specific Purposes (ESP), an approach primarily focusing on developing learners’ communicative competence in specific professional fields such as business and economics, science, medicine, technology, tourism, social studies, etc. Business English (BE), as a branch of ESP, implies teaching specialized vocabulary and different skills enabling learners to effectively communicate in a business environment. However, major technological and scientific advances in the last few decades and the age of the knowledge-based economy in which we now live have caused society and the business environment to be changing rapidly. As a result, employers are looking for skills that go beyond academic qualifications and work experience, and match the requirements of the current age. These skills, variously labeled and frequently referred to as the 21st-century skills, comprise communication, critical thinking and problem solving, teamwork, creativity and innovation, decision making, digital literacy, leadership, etc. The aim of this paper is to explore how the 21st-century skills can be integrated and developed in the Business English classroom at tertiary education level since the traditionally taught skills such as giving opinions, negotiating, participating in meetings, reporting, making arrangements, telephoning and socializing in business contexts, no longer seem to meet the requirements of the current age and the contemporary labor market. Business English courses at the university level can significantly contribute to developing these skills and thus prepare students for their future careers.
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Nagel, Jacquelyn K. S., and Ramana M. Pidaparti. "Significance, Prevalence and Implications for Bio-Inspired Design Courses in the Undergraduate Engineering Curriculum." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59661.
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Engineers in the 21st century can no longer isolate themselves and must be prepared to work across disciplinary, cultural, political, and economic boundaries to meet challenges facing the US and the world. Recently, a greater emphasis is being placed on understanding social, economic and environmental impacts of engineered solutions. Undergraduate education must train students to not only solve engineering challenges that transcend disciplinary boundaries, but also communicate, transfer knowledge, and collaborate across technical and non-technical boundaries. One approach to achieving this goal is through introducing bio-inspired design in the engineering curriculum. Bio-inspired design encourages learning from nature to generate innovative designs for man-made technical challenges that are more economic, efficient and sustainable than ones conceived entirely from first principles. This paper reviews the literature pertaining to current approaches to teaching bio-inspired design in and engineering curriculum curriculum at different institutions as well as the essential competencies of the 21st century engineering. At James Madison University a Concept-Knowledge Theory instructional approach was adopted for teaching sophomore engineering design students bio-inspired design to foster many of the 21st century competencies. A pilot study was conducted to demonstrate that the 21st century competencies can be targeted and achieved. The results of study are presented, and the significance and implications of teaching bio-inspired design in an engineering curriculum are discussed.
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Rohrbach, Wolfgang. "WECHSELBEZIEHUNGEN ZWISCHEN DER UNTERGEHENDEN DONAUMONARCHIE, ÖSTERREICH UND DEM SHS-KÖNIGREICH." In 100 GODINA OD VIDOVDANSKOG USTAVA. Faculty of law, University of Kragujevac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/zbvu21.353r.
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Much of the literature that emerged in the 20th century about relationships between Serbia and the Republic of Austria, is marked by emotional guilt assigning and political or nationalist influences. That is why, since the beginning of the 21st century, a group of European historians researched events in the Balkans in the first third of the 21st century. The results of this research are partly contrary to all previous theses on the completion of the First World War II and its influence on the creation of Yugoslavia. In addition to South Slavic experts, the authors of this paper also belong to this group of researchers. Our own analyzes and conclusions, as well as quotes from colleagues show how often partial information were consciously taken from archival material, from which (sometimes voluntarily), distorted overall picture were made. This article tries to, through additional source material and contemporary literature on the years 1914-2021, acts enlightening in areas where percepciones of Austrian and Serbian authors differ in most cases.
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Moy, James S. "SOVEREIGN GEOGRAPHIES, ERRANT PARTS & EVERYTHING IN ITS PLACE." In 2024 SoRes Dubai –International Conference on Interdisciplinary Research in Social Sciences, 19-20 February. Global Research & Development Services, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/icssh.2024.128149.
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We exist in a significant geo-political nexus in the history of global development. African nations of the Sahel and indigenous peoples around the world have begun to kinetically resist neo-colonial initiatives to reimpose past suppressions. This paper surveys developments from 15th and 16th Century Papal Bulls through, government legislation and policy developments including the American Indian removal act of 1830, Berlin Conference of 1884-85, the Morgenthau Plan, late 20th Century Neo-Colonial exploitation and continuing early 21st century attempts at re-inscription of emergent rentier oppressions and trajectories. Within this context, this piece concludes with a pointed discussion of social media and its place in subverting the governmental attempts to control the narrative of the global order in light of recent geo-political developments and the global history of suppression.
Reports on the topic "World politics – 21st century"
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Pillay, Hitendra, and Brajesh Pant. Foundational ( K-12) Education System: Navigating 21st Century Challenges. QUT and Asian Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.226350.
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Foundational education system commonly referred to as K-12 school education is fundamental for people to succeed in life as noted in United Nations declaration of human rights. Consequently, decades of investments have helped K-12 sector evolve and respond to new demands but many of the traditional thinking has remained and thus hinder agility and disruptive evolution of the system. In most countries the national school education systems are perhaps the largest single enterprise and subjected to socio-cultural, economic and political influences, which in turn make it reluctant and/or difficult to change the system. However, as the world transitions from industrial revolution to information revolution and now to knowledge economy, the foundational education sector has been confronted with several simultaneous challenges. The monograph reviews and analyses how these challenges may be supported in a system that is reliant on traditional rigid time frames and confronted by complex external pressures that are blurring the boundaries of the school education landscape. It is apparent that doing more of the same may not provide the necessary solutions. There is a need to explore new opportunities for reforming the school education space, including system structures, human resources, curriculum designs, and delivery strategies. This analytical work critiques current practices to encourage K-12 educators recognize the need to evolve and embrace disruptions in a culture that tends to be wary of change. The key considerations identified through this analytical work is presented as a set of recommendations captured under four broad areas commonly used in school improvement literature
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Stavrakis, Peter J. Shadow Politics: The Russian State in the 21st Century. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada336600.
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Zhytaryuk, Marian. Агресія росії проти України і світу. Рефлексії в контексті виправдання війни д. мєдвєдєвим та в. путіним 4 листопада 2022 р. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11744.
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In this article the author analyzes in detail the “holiday” speeches by the former president of the russian federation dmitry medvedev and the current president vladimir putin devoted to the day of national unity of russia on November 4, 2022, in which politicians justify the war, call it sacred, a struggle between Good and Evil and predict their own victory. With the help of methods of critical analysis, the refutation of historical myths, the denial, an exposure and the generalization, the falsity and cynicism of the statements made regarding the expediency and possibility of geopolitical changes are demonstrated. The civilizational war of the russian federation against the Western democratic world, which began with aggression against the disobedience of neighboring Ukraine, which chose the Western vector of development, is gaining momentum. It would seem that in the 21st century global conflicts over territories are almost impossible, it is the time for the fourth-generation of war, but we can see that russia has various means in its arsenal, including weapons of mass destruction: aerial bombs, artillery, aviation, missile attacks, nuclear blackmail, rewriting history and ordinary lies. An analysis of the kremlin leaders’ military-strategic narratives about Ukraine and the West, shows the inadequacy and detachment of moscow politicians at the highest echelon of power from reality. Their aggressive and false rhetoric based on historical manipulations and maniacal efforts to transform the world order suggests that the kremlin will not stop on its own. Someone must stop him just decisively: either Ukraine or Ukraine’s allies. Sanction policy against the russian federation, political statements and words of support for Ukraine, even assistance with military equipment and finances may not be enough, because all these are certain procedures, a waste of time, and time today is the greatest value. Key words: Ukraine, russian federation, russian aggression, dmitry medvedev, vladimir putin, geopolitics.
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Becker, Mark A. Influencing the World-Island: A Maritime Strategy for the 21st Century. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada383112.
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. Мова війни і «контрнаступальна» лексика у стислих медійних текстах. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11742.
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The article examines the language of the russian-ukrainian war of the 21st century based on the materials of compressed media texts; the role of political narratives and psychological-emotional markers in the creation of new lexemes is clarified; the verbal expression of forecasts of ukrainian and foreign analysts regarding the course of hostilities on the territory of Ukraine is shown. Compressed media texts reflect the main meanings of the language of the russian-ukrainian war in relation to the surrounding world. First of all, the media vocabulary was supplemented with neologisms – aggressive and sad: “rashism”, “denazification”, “katsapstan”, “orks”, “rusnia”, “kremlins”, “parebrik”, “in the swamps”, “nuclear dictator”, “putinism”, “two hundred” and others. Numerals acquired new expressive and evaluative meanings: “200s” (dead), “300s” (wounded), “400s” (russian military personnel who filed reports for termination of the contract), “500s” (hopelessly drunk russian soldiers, alcoholics who are unable to perform combat tasks). The language of war intensified the slogans of the struggle for state independence and people’s freedom. The scope of the greeting “Glory to Ukraine! – Glory to Heroes!”. New official holidays have appeared in the history of Ukraine since 2014: “Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred” Day (February 20), “Ukrainian Volunteer Day” (March 14), “Defenders and Defenders of Ukraine Day” (October 14), “Volunteer Day” (5 December). As you know, the professional holiday of the military is the Day of the Armed Forces of Ukraine” (December 6). A special style is characteristic of media texts on military topics: “Iron Force of Ukraine” (Iron Force of Ukraine), “digitize the Army” (for effective simulation of military operations); “grain corridor” (export of Ukrainian grain to African and European countries); “don’t let Ukraine lose” (the position of the Allies at the first stage of the war), “Ukraine must win!” (the position of the Allies in the second stage of the war); “in the Russian-Ukrainian war, the thinking of the 19th century collided with the thinking of the 21st century”, “a politician is a person who understands time” (Grigori Yavlinskyy, Russian oppositionist); “aggressive neutrality” (about Turkey’s position); “in Russia”, “there, in the swamps” (in Russia), “weak, inadequate evil” (about Russia), “behind the fence”; “a great reset of the world order”; “technology of military creativity”; “they are not Russian and not Ukrainian, they are Soviet”, “people without mentality”, “in Ukraine and without Ukraine” (Vitaly Portnikov about a separate category of Russian-speaking citizens in Ukraine); “information bed of Ukraine” (about combat operations on the front line; “when a descendant asks me what I did in those terrifying moments, I will know what to answer. At the very least, I did not stand aside” (opinion of a Ukrainian fighter). Compressed in media texts is implemented in the headline, note, infographic, chronicle, digest, help, caption for photos, blitz poll, interview, short articles, caricature, visual text, commercial, etc. Researchers add “nominative-representative text (business card text, titles of sections, pages, names of presenters, etc.) to concise media texts for a functional and pragmatic purpose.” accent text (quote, key idea); text-navigator (content, news feed, indication of movement or time); chronotope”. A specific linguistic phenomenon known as “language compression” is widespread in media texts. Language compression is the art of minimization; attention is focused on the main, the most essential, everything secondary is filtered out. Compression uses words succinctly and sparingly to convey the meaning as much as possible. For example, the headline “Racism. What is the essence of the new ideology of the Russian occupiers?”. The note briefly explains the meaning of this concept and explains the difference from “nazism” and “fascism”. Key words: compressed media text, language compression, language of war, emotional markers, expressive neologisms, political journalism.
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Lenhardt, Amanda. Defining Characteristics of Democracy in the 21st Century. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.064.
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This report offers a brief overview of the literature on the defining characteristics of democracy in the 21st century. This report seeks to map out a range of conceptual approaches to understanding democracy, evidence on emerging trends in democratisation, and challenges to realising democracy in its varied forms. The report begins with a discussion on definitions of democracy that have emerged in recent decades (Section 2), highlighting a range of qualifiers that are widely used to differentiate and analyse different democratic regime types. Section 3 summarises trends in key indicators of democracy from widely cited observers – The Economist Intelligence Unit and the V-Dem Institute - and recent trends in public opinion towards democracy, according to World Values and Pew Centre surveys. Section 4 gives a very brief overview of three leading challenges to democracy discussed widely in the literature – gender inequality; the role of media and social media; and declining quality of elections, freedom of expression and civic space.
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Nye, Ryan S. Living with the Devil: Stability in the 21st Century World With or Without Nuclear Weapons. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada571848.
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Pritchett, Lant, Kirsty Newman, and Jason Silberstein. Focus to Flourish: Five Actions to Accelerate Progress in Learning. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-misc_2022/07.
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There is a severe global learning crisis. While nearly all children start school, far too many do not learn even the most foundational skills of reading, writing, and basic mathematics during the years they spend there. The urgent need to address this crisis requires no elaborate reasoning. If one starts with love for a child, a human universal, it is easy to see that in the modern world a child’s dignity, self-worth, and freedom to define their own destiny require an adequate education. An adequate education is what will then enable that child to lead a full adult life as a parent, community member, citizen, and worker in the 21st century. To enable every child to leave school with the foundational skills they need will require fundamental changes to education systems. Since 2015, the Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE) Programme, with which we are affiliated, has been conducting research exploring how to make these changes through country research teams in seven countries (Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Vietnam) and crosscutting teams on the political economy of education reform. Drawing on the cumulative body of research on learning outcomes and systems of education in the developing world, both from the RISE Programme and other sources, we advocate for five key actions to drive system transformation. (See next page.) A message cutting across all five actions is “focus to flourish”. Education systems have been tremendously successful at achieving specific educational goals, such as expanding schooling, because that is what they committed to, that is what they measured, that is what they were aligned for, and that is what they supported. In order to achieve system transformation for learning, systems must focus on learning and then act accordingly. Only after a system prioritises learning from among myriad competing educational goals can it dedicate the tremendous energies necessary to succeed at improving learning. The research points to these five actions as a means to chart a path out of the learning crisis and toward a future that offers foundational skills to all children. The first section that follows provides background on the depth and nature of the learning crisis. The remainder of the document explains each of the five actions in turn, synthesising the research that informs each action, contrasting that action with the prevailing status quo, and describing what the action would entail in practice.
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Petrie, Christopher, and Clara García-Millán. Spotlight: 21st Century Skills in Latin America and the Caribbean. HundrED, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.58261/jicv5454.
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There is a wealth of conversation around the world today on the future of the workplace and the skills required for children to thrive in that future. Most everyone can agree that the schools of today are not effectively preparing children for that workforce, but it’s much more difficult to predict what it will actually look like. Instead perhaps we should be focusing on outlining a few key principles that will help people thrive in life no matter what happens. Without certain core abilities, even extreme knowledge or job-specific skills will not be worth much in the long run. To address these issues, HundrED and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) conducted this Spotlight project with the goal of identifying and researching leading innovations that focus on 21st Century Skills in Latin America and the Caribbean.
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Petrie, Christopher, Clara García-Millán, and María Mercedes Mateo-Berganza Díaz. Spotlight: 21st Century Skills in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003343.
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There is a wealth of conversation around the world today on the future of the workplace and the skills required for children to thrive in that future. Without certain core abilities, even extreme knowledge or job-specific skills will not be worth much in the long run. To address these issues, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and HundrED conducted this Spotlight project with the goal of identifying and researching leading innovations that focus on 21st Century Skills in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Spotlight program was supported by J.P. Morgan. The purpose of this project is to shine a spotlight, and make globally visible, leading education innovations from Latin America and the Caribbean doing exceptional work on developing 21st Century Skills for all students, teachers, and leaders in schools today. The main aims of this Spotlight are to: Discover the leading innovations cultivating 21st century skills in students globally; understand how schools or organizations can implement these innovations; gain insight into any required social or economic conditions for these innovations to be effectively introduced into a learning context; celebrate and broadcast these innovations to help them spread to new countries. All the findings of the Spotlight in 21st Century Skills are included in this report.