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Journal articles on the topic 'World Trade Center 5'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Badger, S. R., K. P. Rickabaugh, M. S. Potter, B. E. Scheetz, H. R. Bhattacharjee, and R. J. Lee. "World Trade Center Particulate Contamination Signature." Microscopy and Microanalysis 10, S02 (August 2004): 948–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927604887452.

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2

LaMalva, K. J., J. R. Barnett, and D. O. Dusenberry. "Failure Analysis of the World Trade Center 5 Building." Journal of Fire Protection Engineering 19, no. 4 (November 1, 2009): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1042391509105596.

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3

Ault, Alicia. "World Trade Center rescuers face lung distress." Lancet 363, no. 9421 (May 2004): 1614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16240-5.

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4

Fahy, R., and G. Proulx. "Human Behavior In The World Trade Center Evacuation." Fire Safety Science 5 (1997): 713–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.5-713.

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5

Levin, S. M., R. Herbert, and J. Moline. "36 Health effects among World Trade Center responders." Lung Cancer 54 (October 2006): S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5002(07)70112-5.

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6

Furlow, Bryant. "World Trade Center dust-inhalation: assessing the fallout." Lancet Respiratory Medicine 3, no. 9 (September 2015): 680–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00318-5.

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7

Jordan, Hannah T., Robert M. Brackbill, James E. Cone, Indira Debchoudhury, Mark R. Farfel, Carolyn M. Greene, James L. Hadler, et al. "Mortality among survivors of the Sept 11, 2001, World Trade Center disaster: results from the World Trade Center Health Registry cohort." Lancet 378, no. 9794 (September 2011): 879–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60966-5.

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8

Durmus, Nedim, Sultan Pehlivan, Yian Zhang, Yongzhao Shao, Alan A. Arslan, Rachel Corona, Ian Henderson, Daniel H. Sterman, and Joan Reibman. "Lung Cancer Characteristics in the World Trade Center Environmental Health Center." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 7, 2021): 2689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052689.

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The destruction of the World Trade Center (WTC) towers on 11 September 2001 resulted in acute and chronic dust and fume exposures to community members, including local workers and residents, with well-described aerodigestive adverse health effects. This study aimed to characterize lung cancer in the WTC Environmental Health Center (WTC EHC) focusing on gender and smoking history. WTC EHC patients undergo an initial evaluation that includes WTC exposure information, demographics, and tobacco use. Detailed cancer characteristics are recorded from pathology reports. As of 31 December 2019, 248 WTC EHC patients had a diagnosis of lung cancer. More patients with lung cancer were women (57%) compared to men (43%). Many cases (47% women, 51% men) reported acute dust cloud exposure. Thirty-seven percent of lung cancer cases with available smoking history were never-smokers (≤1 pack-years) and 42% had a ≤5 pack-year history. The median age of cancer diagnosis in never-smoking women was 61 years compared to 66 years in men. Adenocarcinoma was more common in never-smokers compared to ever-smokers (72% vs. 65%) and in women compared to men (70% vs. 65%). We provide an initial description of lung cancers in local community members with documented exposure to the WTC dust and fumes.

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9

Hitt, Emma. "The World Trade Center attack and cancer: a waiting game." Lancet Oncology 2, no. 11 (November 2001): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(01)00543-5.

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10

Crowley, George, Sophia Kwon, Syed Hissam Haider, Erin J. Caraher, Rachel Lam, David E. St-Jules, Mengling Liu, David J. Prezant, and Anna Nolan. "Metabolomics of World Trade Center-Lung Injury: a machine learning approach." BMJ Open Respiratory Research 5, no. 1 (August 2018): e000274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2017-000274.

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IntroductionBiomarkers of metabolic syndrome expressed soon after World Trade Center (WTC) exposure predict development of WTC Lung Injury (WTC-LI). The metabolome remains an untapped resource with potential to comprehensively characterise many aspects of WTC-LI. This case–control study identified a clinically relevant, robust subset of metabolic contributors of WTC-LI through comprehensive high-dimensional metabolic profiling and integration of machine learning techniques.MethodsNever-smoking, male, WTC-exposed firefighters with normal pre-9/11 lung function were segregated by post-9/11 lung function. Cases of WTC-LI (forced expiratory volume in 1s <lower limit of normal, n=15) and controls (n=15) were identified from previous cohorts. The metabolome of serum drawn within 6 months of 9/11 was quantified. Machine learning was used for dimension reduction to identify metabolites associated with WTC-LI.Results580 metabolites qualified for random forests (RF) analysis to identify a refined metabolite profile that yielded maximal class separation. RF of the refined profile correctly classified subjects with a 93.3% estimated success rate. 5 clusters of metabolites emerged within the refined profile. Prominent subpathways include known mediators of lung disease such as sphingolipids (elevated in cases of WTC-LI), and branched-chain amino acids (reduced in cases of WTC-LI). Principal component analysis of the refined profile explained 68.3% of variance in five components, demonstrating class separation.ConclusionAnalysis of the metabolome of WTC-exposed 9/11 rescue workers has identified biologically plausible pathways associated with loss of lung function. Since metabolites are proximal markers of disease processes, metabolites could capture the complexity of past exposures and better inform treatment. These pathways warrant further mechanistic research.

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11

McAllister, Therese P., Fahim Sadek, John L. Gross, Steven Kirkpatrick, Robert A. MacNeill, Robert T. Bocchieri, Mehdi Zarghamee, Omer O. Erbay, and Andrew T. Sarawit. "Structural Analysis of Impact Damage to World Trade Center Buildings 1, 2, and 7." Fire Technology 49, no. 3 (August 12, 2012): 615–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-012-0286-5.

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12

Arshad, Aysha, Marcin Kowalski, Atul Kukar, Valentin Suma, Margot E. Vloka, Frederick A. Ehlert, Bengt Herweg, et al. "Frequency of implantable cardioverter fibrillator discharges in New York following the world trade center attack." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 41, no. 6 (March 2003): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(03)80986-5.

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13

Kudratov, Shukhrat Y. "THE FUNСTIONING OF MARKETS IN THE EMIRATE OF BUKHARA IN THE END OF 19TH–END OF THE 20THCENTURIES." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 4, no. 5 (May 30, 2021): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2021-5-11.

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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Emirate of Bukhara was known among the eastern countries as an important center of trade. Due to its favorable economic and geographical location, Bukhara connects the east and south of Asia with its north and west, and through Russia with European countries.The following article provides information about the popularity of the Emirate of Bukhara as the most important center of trade among the countries of the East in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the abundance of majestic markets for various goods produced in the countries of the world. It is also separately provided about the division of markets by type, the performance of their role in economic life, their specialization in trade, the establishment of separate markets where various goods are sold and the high development of the culture of trade.Index Terms:market, trade, commerce, merchant, dome, tim, trade house, batman, foreign firm, intermediary, product.

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14

Parekh, Ankit, Bresne Castillo, Do Hyung Kim, Kathleen Black, Rafael de la Hoz, David Rapoport, Jag Sunderram, and Indu Ayappa. "401 Clinical Phenotypes of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in World Trade Center Responders." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A159—A160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.400.

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Abstract Introduction The heterogeneity of symptoms in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients has been recently formalized into 3 distinct clusters: Sleepy, Disturbed Sleep, and Minimally Symptomatic. Our previous data showed that OSA is highly prevalent (>75%) in World Trade Center (WTC) responders, and positive airway pressure (PAP) treatment adherence is very poor (<20%). To better understand the heterogeneity of OSA in the WTC cohort, here we sought to examine the distribution of these distinct clinical phenotypes. Methods 643 subjects with no history of OSA or reported loud and frequent snoring before 9/11/2001 from the WTC health program clinical centers at Rutgers RWJMS, New Jersey, NYU School of Medicine, and Icahn School Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York underwent 2 nights of home sleep testing using the ARES unicorder (SleepMed, Inc., West Palm Beach, FL, USA). Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), sleep onset insomnia, and sleep maintenance insomnia were assessed with questionnaires. OSA was defined as (AHI4%>=5 or RDI>=15/hr). The three clusters were defined as 1) Sleepy (ESS>10 and/or sleep onset/maintenance insomnia); 2) Disturbed Sleep (not sleepy (ESS<=10) and sleep onset/maintenance insomnia); and 3) Minimally Symptomatic (not sleepy (ESS<=10) and no sleep onset/maintenance insomnia). Distribution of clusters in the WTC cohort was compared to published data from the Sleep Apnea Global Interdisciplinary Consortium (SAGIC) and the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Results Among the subjects diagnosed with OSA (N 440; AHI4%=13(15); RDI =28(19); median(iqr); 81% men; age, 33–87 years; BMI, 27.4±3.7 kg/m2), the distribution of clinical phenotypes was 31.4% sleepy, 48.9% disturbed sleep, and 19.7% minimally symptomatic, and did not differ between OSA severity groups. In comparison to SAGIC and HCHS/SOL, the WTC cohort exhibited significantly increased prevalence of the disturbed sleep phenotype (WTC vs SAGIC: 48.9% vs. 19.8%, □2=54.9; p<0.001; WTC vs. HCHS/SOL: 48.9% vs. 38.1%, □2=26.1, p<0.001). Conclusion The predominant clinical phenotype of OSA in the WTC cohort is disturbed sleep (insomnia) and its prevalence is significantly greater than what has been observed in other large OSA cohorts. These findings may help explain the poor adherence to PAP treatment observed in the WTC cohort. Support (if any) NIOSH U01OH01415; AASM Foundation 233-BS-20.

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15

Kung, Winnie W., Xinhua Liu, Debbie Huang, Patricia Kim, Xiaoran Wang, and Lawrence H. Yang. "Factors Related to the Probable PTSD after the 9/11 World Trade Center Attack among Asian Americans." Journal of Urban Health 95, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-017-0223-5.

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16

Malin, Adam M., and Blaine J. Fowers. "Adolescents’ reactions to the world trade center destruction: A study of political trauma in metropolitan New York." Current Psychology 23, no. 1 (March 2004): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-004-1010-5.

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17

Bello, Ghalib A., Roberto G. Lucchini, Susan L. Teitelbaum, Moshe Shapiro, Michael A. Crane, and Andrew C. Todd. "Development of a Physiological Frailty Index for the World Trade Center General Responder Cohort." Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3725926.

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Responders to the 9/11/2001 WTC attacks were exposed to multiple toxic pollutants. Since 2002, the health of the responder cohort has been continuously tracked by the WTC Health Monitoring Program. However, no assessments have been made of frailty, an important health metric given the current average age of the WTC responder cohort (55 years). In this study, we use laboratory test results and other physiological parameters to construct a physiological frailty index (FI-Lab) for this cohort. The study sample comprised responders aged 40 years or older who completed a health monitoring visit at Mount Sinai Center within the past 5 years. For each subject, FI-Lab was computed as the proportion of 20 physiological parameters (lab tests, pulmonary function, and blood pressure) on which the subject had abnormal values. Using negative binomial regression models, we tested FI-Lab’s association with the SF-12 wellbeing score and various demographic characteristics. FI-Lab showed strong associations with the physical and mental components of the SF-12 as well as age, race, and smoking status. Using a cutoff of 0.25 to define presence of physiological/preclinical frailty, we found frailty prevalence in the study sample to be approximately 12%. This study demonstrates the feasibility of assessing preclinical frailty in the WTC responder cohort.

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18

Brackbill, Robert M. "Asthma and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms 5 to 6 Years Following Exposure to the World Trade Center Terrorist Attack." JAMA 302, no. 5 (August 5, 2009): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1121.

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19

Pradhan, Deepak, Ning Xu, Joan Reibman, Roberta M. Goldring, Yongzhao Shao, Mengling Liu, and Kenneth I. Berger. "Bronchodilator Response Predicts Longitudinal Improvement in Small Airway Function in World Trade Center Dust Exposed Community Members." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 20, 2019): 1421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081421.

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The evolution of lung function, including assessment of small airways, was assessed in individuals enrolled in the World Trade Center Environmental Health Center (WTC-EHC). We hypothesized that a bronchodilator response at initial evaluation shown by spirometry or in small airways, as measured by forced oscillation technique (FOT), would be associated with improvement in large and small airway function over time. Standardized longitudinal assessment included pre and post bronchodilator (BD) spirometry (forced vital capacity, FVC; forced expiratory volume in 1 second, FEV1) and FOT (resistance at 5 Hz, R5; resistance at 5 minus 20 Hz, R5–20). Longitudinal changes were assessed using linear mixed-effects modelling with adjustment for potential confounders (median follow-up 2.86 years; 95% measurements within 4.9 years). Data demonstrated: (1) parallel improvement in airflow and volume measured by spirometry and small airway function (R5 and R5–20) measured by FOT; (2) the magnitude of longitudinal improvement was tightly linked to the initial BD response; and (3) longitudinal values for small airway function on FOT were similar to residual abnormality observed post BD at initial visit. These findings suggest presence of reversible and irreversible components of small airway injury that are identifiable at initial presentation. These results have implications for treatment of isolated small airway abnormalities that can be identified by non-invasive effort independent FOT particularly in symptomatic individuals with normal spirometry indices. This study underscores the need to study small airway function to understand physiologic changes over time following environmental and occupational lung injury.

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Nair, Hemanth P., Christine C. Ekenga, James E. Cone, Robert M. Brackbill, Mark R. Farfel, and Steven D. Stellman. "Co-occurring Lower Respiratory Symptoms and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 5 to 6 Years After the World Trade Center Terrorist Attack." American Journal of Public Health 102, no. 10 (October 2012): 1964–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2012.300690.

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21

de Weerdt, Gerald A. "A Preliminary Assessment and Identification of the Shipwreck Remains Uncovered in 1916 at the World Trade Center Site in New York City." Northeast Historical Archaeology 34, no. 1 (2005): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22191/neha/vol34/iss1/5.

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22

Maqbool, Muhammad Shahid, Furrukh Bashir, Hafeez ur Rehman, and Rashid Ahmad. "Revealed Comparative Advantages and Exports Competitiveness of ASEAN-5 Countries in the Global Market." Review of Economics and Development Studies 7, no. 2 (June 26, 2021): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/reads.v7i2.360.

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This study aims at measuring the comparative advantage and competitiveness of the ASEAN-5 (Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) economies in the world market. The current study employed four indices of Revealed Comparative Advantage namely Revealed Comparative Advantage index (RCA), LnRCA, Vollrath index (RCA#) and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage index (RSCA). The data for the analysis has been taken from International trade center UN-COMTRADE statistics for the exports of electrical machinery for these selected economies from 2003-2020. The findings of the analysis portray that Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand had a comparative and competitive advantage, while Indonesia had a comparative and competitive disadvantage in the electrical machinery in the global economy. This study will be helpful for the policy makers to boost human capital formation and to increase technology transfer and innovation to enhance the competitiveness and comparative advantage.

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23

Hutchinson, Harry. "Rough Water." Mechanical Engineering 126, no. 01 (January 1, 2004): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2004-jan-5.

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This article reviews about the new landing platform dock (LPD) that is an Advanced Enclosed Mast/Sensor system, a composite material structure that protects radar and communication antennas from weather, and helps reduce the ship’s vulnerability to detection by hostile radar. The San Antonio has hydraulically controlled gates at the stem, where the landing craft and assault vehicles leave the ship and return. The hydraulic system underwent several design changes in virtual prototype before it ever rocked in the water. Northrop Grumman is building three more San Antonio-class vessels, LPD 18 through 20. The Navy is planning to incorporate into the New York some of the steel that was recovered from the World Trade Center as a memorial to victims of the attack on September 11, 2001.

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Hamwey, Meghan K., Lisa M. Gargano, Liza G. Friedman, Lydia F. Leon, Lysa J. Petrsoric, and Robert M. Brackbill. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Survivors of the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center Attacks: A Review of the Literature." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 4344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124344.

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Prior reviews of 9/11-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have not focused on the civilian survivors most directly exposed to the attacks. Survivors include those individuals who were occupants of buildings in or near the World Trade Center (WTC) towers, those whose primary residence or workplace was in the vicinity, and persons who were on the street passing through the area. This review reports published information on the prevalence of and risk factors for PTSD, as well as comorbidities associated with PTSD among 9/11 survivors. Articles selected for inclusion met the following criteria: (1) full-length, original peer-reviewed empirical articles; (2) published in English from 2002–2019; (3) collected data from persons directly exposed; (4) adult populations; and (5) focused on non-rescue or recovery workers (i.e., survivors). Data were extracted with focus on study design, sample size, time frame of data collection post-9/11, PTSD assessment instrument, and PTSD prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidities. Our review identified the use of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, finding multiple direct comorbidities with PTSD, as well as the prevalence and persistence of PTSD. Future research would benefit from incorporating more mixed methods designs, and exploring the mediating mechanisms and protective factors of the known associations of PTSD among the 9/11 survivor population.

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Pfefferbaum, Betty, Zorica Simic, and Carol S. North. "Parent-Reported Child Reactions to the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center Attacks (New York USA) in Relation to Parent Post-Disaster Psychopathology Three Years After the Event." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 33, no. 5 (October 2018): 558–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x18000869.

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AbstractIntroductionParents are a primary support for children following disasters, even though they face numerous challenges in addressing the physical and social consequences of an event. Parents who are directly exposed to a disaster and those who develop psychiatric disorders post-event are likely to be especially challenged and may be limited in their ability to support their children. This Brief Report describes a pilot study of survivors of the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center (New York USA) attacks who reported their own psychosocial consequences and the reactions of their children three years post-event.HypothesesThe primary hypothesis of the study was that children’s September 11th reactions would be associated with their parents’ psychiatric status. Secondary hypotheses were that the children’s disaster reactions would be associated with direct exposure to the disaster in children and/or their parents, parent-child separation due to the disaster, and disaster-related school absence.MethodsApproximately three years after the 2001 World Trade Center attacks, 116 parents recruited from disaster-affected or disaster-related organizations were assessed using structured diagnostic interviews and queried about their children’s (188 youths, aged three to 17 years at the time of the attacks) posttraumatic stress symptoms and behavioral changes.ResultsAlmost one-half of the parents had a post-disaster psychiatric disorder, including major depression in 27% and disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 11%. More than three-fourths of the children had at least one disaster-related posttraumatic stress symptom, and more than one-half experienced at least one post-disaster behavior change. A minority of the children were reported to have increased school behavior problems or a decline in their grades. Key correlates of children’s disaster-related posttraumatic stress symptoms and post-disaster behavior changes were parent-child separation due to the disaster and parental post-disaster psychiatric disorders.ConclusionBecause parents provide primary caretaking and support for children post-disaster, addressing the needs of parents is critical to their ability to assist their children. Reducing parents’ symptoms should increase their emotional availability and enhance their ability to address the needs of their children. Given the challenges in providing disaster interventions directly to children, especially when resources are limited, addressing parent psychopathology and distress (even in the absence of focusing on children’s symptoms) may benefit children.PfefferbaumB, SimicZ, NorthCS. Parent-reported child reactions to the September 11, 2001, World Trade Center attacks (New York USA) in relation to parent post-disaster psychopathology three years after the event. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(5):558–564.

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M. García-Núñez, Luis, Ruy Cabello-Pasini, Ricardo Padilla-Solis, and Pedro Garduño-Manjarrez. "Anatomía del desastre del World Trade Center, Nueva York, E.U.A., desde una perspectiva epidemiológica. ¿Qué debemos aprender de la destrucción urbana masiva?" REVISTA BIOMÉDICA 16, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32776/revbiomed.v16i3.413.

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Objetivo. El análisis de la destrucción urbana masiva, como aquella ocurrida el 11 de septiembre de 2001 en Manhattan, Nueva York, Estados Unidos de América, nos permite conocer la naturaleza y comportamiento de estos hechos y organizar la distribución de los recursos humanos y materiales para planear la mejor solución al problema. Fuentes. Búsqueda bibliográfica y a través de la Internet de información epidemiológica reciente relativa a la destrucción urbana masiva. Resultados. De 5 a 26% por ciento de los pacientes evaluados en los Departamentos de Urgencias necesitan ingreso hospitalario. Las principales causas de ingreso son lesiones por inhalación y quemaduras; el trauma mayor multisistémico es raramente observado. De los pacientes admitidos, 11-13% requieren tratamiento quirúrgico y 6-17% requieren cuidados críticos, la mayoría (88%) para ser sometidos a ventilación mecánica. Entre el 5 y 15% de los pacientes presenta un valor del índice de severidad (ISS) ›15; ‹2% presenta un ISS ›25. La mortalidad global de los eventos de destrucción urbana masiva es de 16-25%, con una tasa de mortalidad inmediata (en el lugar del desastre) de 90-99 %. Conclusiones. A pesar del hecho de que estos eventos generan un número masivo de víctimas, sólo una pequeña proporción requiere tratamiento médico de alta especialidad. Es importante colaborar para mantener la integridad física de los rescatadores.

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Marshall, Randall D. "If We Had Known Then What We Know Now: A Review of Local and National Surveys Following September 11, 2001." CNS Spectrums 7, no. 9 (September 2002): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900022124.

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ABSTRACTThere is little research on the consequences of large-scale violent disasters in a community despite their unfortunate prevalence over many decades. The primary source of epidemiological data for the greater New York community in dealing with the September 11, 2001, attacks was the Oklahoma City bombing. In the latter event, 45% of directly exposed adults met criteria for a major psychiatric disorder 6 months later, including 34% with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The first survey after the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks, conducted within one week, revealed a remarkable degree of symptomatology across the nation in both adults and children. Forty-four percent of adults reported at least 1 of 5 PTSD screening symptoms in the 3–5 days after the attacks; 35% of parents reported children who had at least one symptom, and 47% of children worried about their own or someone else's safety. Coping behaviors were consistent with a community mental health model and included turning to open discussion (98%), religion (90%), and community activities (60%) in order to cope with their reactions.Rates of disorder were also high in a survey conducted 5–8 weeks later in Manhattan below 110th Street, with 38% saying they directly witnessed the World Trade Center attack. The current prevalence of new-onset PTSD was 7.5%, and of new-onset major depressive disorder, 9.7%. This translates into 67,000 persons with PTSD and 87,000 persons with major depression. This survey also found a significant increase in tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use, but primarily among adults already using these substances. All surveys found strong associations between media exposure and symptomatology. The greatest need at this point in the literature is therapeutics research after such traumatic events.

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Allen, Steven L., Ruthee-Lu Bayer, Dilip Patel, and Jonathan E. Kolitz. "Acute Myeloid Leukemia Occurring in Responders to the 9/11 Attack on the World Trade Center: A Single Institution Case Series." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 3997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.3997.3997.

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Abstract Responders to the 9/11/01 attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) were exposed to a variety of toxins resulting from the combustion of jet fuels, collapse of the towers, smoldering fires, and diesel exhaust generated by heavy equipment during debris removal. These toxins included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and furans, and dioxins. The potential for subsequent development of secondary malignancies has been of concern. We report a single institution series of 6 cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) occurring in responders to the WTC disaster. All spent extended periods of time at Ground Zero. Case Age WTC Role 9/11 to Dx (months) FAB Karyotype Response Status 1 38 Construction worker 29 M2 46, XY CR Relapse at 33 mos; expired 2 43 Bus driver 57 M4 48, XY, +8, +11 CMMoL Alive s/p allo SCT 3 38 Glass cutter 71 M3 46, XY, t (15;17) CR Alive 4 53 Police 74 M4 46, XY CR Relapse at 8 mos; alive 5 45 Police 79 M1 46, XY CR Alive 6 62 Police 79 M5a 46, XY CR Alive AML arising in WTC responders after a latency period of at least 29 months raises the possibility of an association. There are no distinctive characteristics apparent in this small single institution series. Case 2 has myelodysplasia at a relatively young age, consistent with a possible toxic etiology. AML patients should be questioned regarding activity at Ground Zero and identified cases should be asked about the duration and types of exposure at the WTC, in addition to other occupational or environmental exposures. Clinicians should report cases of hematologic malignancy in WTC responders to the appropriate state cancer registry to facilitate epidemiologic investigation. Studies of cancer among persons exposed to the 9/11 disaster are ongoing by the New York City Fire Department, the WTC Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program and the WTC Health Registry.

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Kwon, Sophia, Myeonggyun Lee, Theresa Schwartz, Rachel Zeig-Owens, David Prezant, Mengling Liu, and Anna Nolan. "4088 Longitudinal Assessment of Metabolic Syndrome as a Modifiable Risk factor of World Trade Center Particulate Matter Exposure Associated Lung Disease." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 4, s1 (June 2020): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.180.

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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is a risk for World Trade Center-Lung Injury (WTC-LI; defined as developing FEV1<lower limit of normal [LLN]). Metabolic health is a modifiable disease risk factor. We propose to characterize how time-dependent covariates of MetSyn are longitudinally associated with WTC-LI. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: WTC-particulate exposed firefighters, consented, with pre-9/11 FEV1 LLN (N = 5,746). Data assessed from last pre-9/11 till August 1, 2017. Longitudinal MetSyn characteristics were assessed using 3 models: i. A linear mixed effect model to assess the effect size of longitudinal MetSyn and its components on longitudinal FEV1% predicted as an outcome; ii. a time-dependent Cox regression to assess the associations of MetSyn to time of onset of WTC-LI; iii. a novel, partially linear single index regression model with repeatedly measured MetSyn to assess their joint effects and delineate their relative contribution on the longitudinal lung function in the WTC-FDNY cohort. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In Model I, BMI 30 kg/m2 had the largest effect size compared to ever-smoking, with −2.524 (95%CI: −2.708,−2.340) compared to −1.681(−2.325,−1.038) respectively. Having MetSyn, defined as 3/5 risk factors, had an effect size of −2.319(−2.526,−2.112). In Model II, hazards of triglycerides 150mg/dL were highest at 1.497(1.336, 1.677), followed by BMI 30 kg/m2 at 1.406(1.256, 1.575), and HDL<40mg/dL 1.355(1.176-1.561), compared to ever-smoking (1.201, p = 0.002). Having high exposure to PM by being present in the morning of 9/11 was a significant covariate only in Model II investigating HDL<40mg/dL or triglycerides 150mg/dL. Model III The proposed methods will be applied to our cohort study. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: MetSyn is both a predictor and concurrent marker of WTC-LI. The single index model can not only reduce dimensionality of the covariates, but also provides efficient estimates of the joint MetSyn effects, allowing linear or nonlinear effects. Future studies will investigate dietary intervention as a potential disease-modifying factor. CONFLICT OF INTEREST DESCRIPTION: NA, nothing to disclose.

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Johnson, C. W. "Lessons from the evacuation of the world trade centre, 9/11 2001 for the development of computer-based simulations." Cognition, Technology & Work 7, no. 4 (November 2005): 214–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10111-005-0009-5.

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Pavlyshyn, Damian, Iain Johnstone, and Richard Saller. "Lead pollution and the Roman economy." Journal of Roman Archaeology 33 (2020): 354–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759420001051.

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More than a decade ago, the Oxford Roman Economy Project (OXREP)1 and the Cambridge economic history of the Greco-Roman world put the question of the performance of the Roman economy at the center of historical debate, prompting a flood of books and articles attempting to assess the degree of growth in the economy.2 The issue is of sufficient importance that it has figured in the narratives of economists analyzing the impact of institutional frameworks on the potential for growth.3 As the debate has continued, there has been some convergence: most historians would agree that there was some Smithian growth as evidenced by urbanization and trade, while acknowledging that production remained predominantly agricultural and based primarily on somatic energy (i.e., human and animal).4 This is, of course, a very broad framework that does not differentiate the Roman empire from other complex pre-industrial societies. The challenge is to refine the analysis in order to put content into the broad description of “modest though significant growth”5 and to offer a deeper understanding of the dynamics of the economy.

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Chernikova, T. V. "Crimean-Ottoman Factor in the Socio-Cultural System of Russia in Early Modern Times." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 5 (November 11, 2020): 115–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-5-74-115-148.

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Abstract: The article gives a description of the sociocultural organization of Russia and the peculiarities of its geopolitical position in the system of international relations of the early modern period. Questions were raised about the reasons for the rapid territorial expansion of the Russian state in the second half of the 15-17 centuries, as well as its high competitiveness in foreign policy both in relations with its western neighbors and in the eastern direction.For the states of Western Europe with the beginning of their modernization, modern age has come, however “Muscovy” in the 15-17 centuries remained a medieval country. At the same time, it not only did not share the fate of many eastern powers with a traditional way, which turned into the 17th-19th centuries in the colony and semi-colony, but also, on the contrary, it led a successful colonial expansion and demonstrated externally the almost synchronous trends in state building that were inherent in the Western European countries.The author believes that the patrimonial structure of the sociocultural system of the Russian state in the 15-17 centuries contributed to the mobilization of internal material and human resources, coupled with an early superficial “Europeanization” (regular borrowing the military, technical, and cultural experience of modernizing Western Europe), ensured Russia's competitiveness in the world. Since the emergence of the united Moscow state, Russia has developed as a land empire.However, the strategic national task of Russia was not to preserve the medieval patrimony, but to create the prerequisites for its modernization. Amid the socio-economic development, which is characteristic of all countries with a patrimonial structure, that could have started only by transferring the center of Russian extensive agriculture to the southern fertile lands. This would free part of the population of the non-chernozem center for trade and industrial activities. But the transfer of the agrarian center to the south was restrained by the constant military danger from the Wild Field, which was part of the Horde, and then the Crimean Khanate, backed until the end of the 18 century by the Ottoman Empire, perceiving the Black Sea with its “inland lake”. As a result, the struggle for the Black Sea and Crimea to become a part of Russia, as well as the overcoming the patrimonial order, becomes a matter of civilizational success or failure of Russia in the context of world history.

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Tuychiyeva, Rano Almamatovna. "LATE XX CEN TE XX CENTURY – EARL Y – EARLY XXI CEN Y XXI CENTURY GEOPOLI Y GEOPOLITICAL VIEW TICAL VIEW OF THE ASIAN REGION." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 5, no. 2 (May 24, 2021): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2021/5/2/21.

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Introduction. Describe the geopolitical structure of the Asian region - to cover political, economic, social, cultural and ethnic issues in East Asia, Southeast Asia (the main part of the Asia-Pacific region), South Asia, the Indian Ocean region, Central Asia and the Middle East. The number of dedicated scientific publications is significantly exceeding the number and volume of similar texts being written about other regions of the world. A review of Asian security shows that security concerns have spread throughout Asia. At the same time, such problems also have a significant negative impact on mutual economic, trade and investment relations. Research methods. In writing this article, historical, the methods of comparative analysis, theoretical, general logic and forecasting of political science were used. In particular, the formation and development of the political system of different societies in Asia during this period was covered by historical and chronological approaches, while the development of individuals, social groups, nations and peoples, peoples and states was analyzed using the method of comparative analysis.

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Diamond, Benjamin, Kylee H. Maclachlan, Andriy Derkach, Venkata Yellapantula, Even H. Rustad, Malin Hultcrantz, Urvi A. Shah, et al. "Initial Whole Genome Sequencing of Plasma Cell Neoplasms in First Responders and Recovery Workers Exposed to the World Trade Center Attack of September 11, 2001." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-136212.

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PURPOSE : The World Trade Center (WTC) attack of September 11, 2001 created an unprecedented environmental exposure to known and suspected carcinogens. A higher incidence of multiple myeloma (MM) and precursor disease has been reported among first responders to the WTC disaster compared to the unexposed population (Landgren, 2018). To expand on prior screening studies, and to characterize the genomic impact of the exposure to known and potential carcinogens in the WTC debris, we were motivated to perform whole genome sequencing (WGS) of WTC first responders and recovery workers who were diagnosed with a plasma cell disorder after the attack. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed WGS of 9 CD138-positive bone marrow mononuclear samples from patients who were diagnosed with plasma cell disorders after exposure to the WTC disaster: 4 monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), 2 smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), 2 MMs, and 1 patient with plasma cell leukemia (PCL). Eight patients (88%) were first responders and one was a recovery worker. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used as normal match. Median coverage for tumor and normal samples was 50.9X (range 47-76) and 37X (range 35-41), respectively. The landscape of genomic drivers and complex structural events was compared to 752 MM patients enrolled in the CoMMpass trial with available whole exome and low-coverage long-insert WGS data (IA15; NCT01454297). To characterize the mutational signature landscape we combined the WTC cohort with 110 whole genomes from 56 patients with multiple myeloma and myeloma precursor disease (Rustad et al. 2020; Landau et al. 2020) and we ran our three-step workflow: de novo extraction (i.e. sigprofiler), assignment, and fitting (i.e. mmsig). To exclude contribution of any environmental agents in the WTC debris with known mutational signatures (Kucab et al., 2019), we ran our fitting algorithm mmsig in each post-WTC case, including and forcing the extraction of these mutational signatures. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in comparing the post-WTC driver and mutational signatures landscape with 110 previously published WGS from 56 patients with MM and the CoMMpass WGS cohort (n=752). Likewise, we did not observe any new or distinct mutational signatures among WTC-exposed patients. Following forced extraction of 5 mutational signatures associated with environmental agents detected in the WTC debris (e.g. PAHs), we did not find significant contributions from any of these described environmental mutational signatures. To reconstruct the temporal activity of each mutational process we divided all single nucleotide variants into subclonal and clonal. Clonal mutations were further subdivided into duplicated (acquired before a chromosomal gain) and unduplicated (Rustad et al. 2020). WTC-exposed patients had differing patterns in mutational signature timelines of AID and APOBEC activity. Overall, the mutational signature activity over time in post-WTC plasma cell dyscrasia reflects what has been previously observed in multiple myeloma without WTC-exposure (Rustad et al., 2020). Finally, leveraging constant activity of the clock-like single base substitution mutational signatures 1 and 5 over time and our molecular time workflow (Rustad et al., 2020), we estimated the age at which each evaluable patient acquired a tumor-initiating chromosomal gain and found that they were windowed to both pre- and post-WTC exposure across neoplasms (Figure 1). In some cases, clonal multi-chromosomal gain events were acquired decades before both the diagnosis and the WTC exposure. Specifically, of 6 patients with large clonal chromosomal gains, 1 MM case, 1 SMM, and 1 MGUS showed evidence of a pre-existing clone prior to WTC exposure, two MGUS showed evidence of multi-gain events following the exposure, and one MM case had a 1q gain in the same time window as the attack. CONCLUSIONS: Post-WTC plasma cell neoplasms had similar genomic landscapes to non-exposed cases. Although limitations in sample size preclude any definitive conclusions, our findings suggest that the observed increased incidence of plasma cell neoplasms in this population is due to complex and heterogeneous effects of the WTC exposure that may have initiated or contributed to progression of malignancy. The existence of pre-malignant clonal entities at time of WTC exposure may therefore be relevant for future WTC-related study. Figure 1 Disclosures Hultcrantz: Intellisphere LLC: Consultancy; Amgen: Research Funding; Daiichi Sankyo: Research Funding; GSK: Research Funding. Shah:Physicians Education Resource: Honoraria; Celgene/BMS: Research Funding. Iacobuzio-Donahue:BMS: Research Funding. Papaemmanuil:Isabl: Current equity holder in private company, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Illumina: Consultancy, Honoraria; Kyowa Hakko Kirin: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Prime Oncology: Consultancy, Honoraria; MSKCC: Patents & Royalties. Verma:BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding; acceleron: Consultancy, Honoraria; stelexis: Current equity holder in private company; Janssen: Research Funding; Medpacto: Research Funding. Dogan:National Cancer Institute: Research Funding; EUSA Pharma: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy; Corvus Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Physicians Education Resource: Consultancy; Roche: Consultancy, Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy. Landgren:Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Cellectis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Juno: Consultancy, Honoraria; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria; Merck: Other; Karyopharma: Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Independent Data Monitoring Committees for clinical trials, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria; Merck: Other; Karyopharma: Research Funding; Binding Site: Consultancy, Honoraria; Takeda: Other: Independent Data Monitoring Committees for clinical trials, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Takeda: Other: Independent Data Monitoring Committees for clinical trials, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Independent Data Monitoring Committees for clinical trials, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria; Juno: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Adaptive: Consultancy, Honoraria; Cellectis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Glenmark: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Binding Site: Consultancy, Honoraria; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria; Glenmark: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding.

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Giosan, C., and K. Wyka. "FC01-03 - High-K reproductive strategy as a negative predictor of PTSD." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73516-7.

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This study examined the associations between a high-K fitness strategy (i.e., a Darwinian reproductive strategy where the individual invests significantly in a small number of offspring) and PTSD on a sample of 1400 disaster workers who had exposure to a singular traumatic event (the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center in New York City). The participants underwent psychological evaluations consisting of1) Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and2) PTSD Checklist (PCL). The participants were also administered the3) High-K Strategy Scale (HKSS) (Giosan, 2006).Other factors, such as demographics, prior trauma, prior psychiatric history, and the severity of exposure to 9/11 were also captured. The results showed that HKSS score was an important negative predictor of PTSD, accounting for 10% of the variance in the PCL and 5% of the variance in the CAPS, after controlling for demographics, prior trauma, prior psychiatric history and the severity of exposure to 9/11. The findings speak against the evolutionary view that PTSD symptoms are adaptive while strengthening the evolutionary view that PTSD is the expression of an overlearned survival response in vulnerable individuals (Silove, 1998), which, when activated, can have significant negative effects on fitness.

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Luthra, Antriksh, Aruna Ravi, Sirui Li, Steven V. Nystrom, Zechariah Thompson, and James V. Coe. "Dust Library of Plasmonically Enhanced Infrared Spectra of Individual Respirable Particles." Applied Spectroscopy 70, no. 9 (July 22, 2016): 1546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702816653126.

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This work characterizes collections of infrared spectra of individual dust particles of ∼4 µm size that were obtained from three very different environments: our lab air, a home air filter, and the 11 September 2001 World Trade Center event. Particle collection was done either directly from the air or by placing dust powder from various samples directly on the plasmonic mesh with 5 µm square holes as air is pumped through the mesh. This arrangement enables the recording of “scatter-free” infrared absorption spectra of individual particles of size comparable to the probing wavelengths whose vibrational signatures are otherwise dominated by scattering and dispersive line shape distortions. The spectra are sensitive to the amounts of various infrared active components and analysis using a Mie–Bruggeman model for mixed composition particles provides volume fractions of the components. Inhalation of dust particles of ∼4 µm size has significant health consequences as these are among the largest inhaled into people's lungs. The chemical composition of ∼4 µm respirable particles is of great interest from health, atmospheric, and environmental perspectives as different environments may pose different hazards and spectroscopic challenges.

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Zbrozhek, S. I., V. O. Shapovalova, V. V. Shapovalov (Jr.), V. V. Andrieieva, and V. V. Shapovalov. "PROCESSING OF THE CONTROL REGIME OF MEDICINES FOR PHARMACOTHERAPY OF CHRONIC PAIN SYNDROME IN THE FIELD OF PALLIATIVE AID." Likarska sprava, no. 5-6 (September 26, 2019): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31640/jvd.5-6.2019(15).

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In the world from 10 to 55% people suffer from chronic pain syndrome. Therefore, timely reduction of pain helps to improve the quality of their life in all areas of activity. To improve the organizational and legal procedure for providing patients with drugs as part of palliative care, a control regime for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, non-narcotic and narcotic (opioid) analgesics and adjuvant (auxiliary) drugs, which prescribed by doctors for chronic pain syndrome was developed. The research materials were the current regulatory, legislative and instructive documents; statistics of the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine; instructions for medical use of medicines, websites of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine, the State Expert Center of the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine and others. We used documentary, comparative, systemic and regulatory methods of analysis. In the article, based on the analysis of the normative base, analyzed the medical and technological documents concerning the pharmacotherapy of chronic pain syndrome, allocated three classes of medicines. Processed the control regime of non-steroidal medicines, non-narcotic analgesics, narcotic (opioid) analgesics and adjuvant (auxiliary) drugs prescribed by doctors for chronic pain syndrome. Analyzed the normative and legal documents on the procedure for the circulation of narcotic, psychotropic and potent medicines in medical and pharmaceutical healthcare institutions in accordance with the licensed conditions for the conduct of economic activity. Established that the circulation of medicines for pharmacotherapy of chronic pain syndrome within palliative care in medical institutions carried out based on a license for medical practice, and in pharmacy institutions – based on a license for wholesale and retail trade of medicines.

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Jack, David, and Stuart Hampshire. "Kenneth Henderson Jack. 12 October 1918—28 January 2013." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 69 (September 16, 2020): 247–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2020.0026.

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For all but 5 of his 94 years Kenneth Henderson Jack lived, studied, and worked within 10 miles of where he was born, in the North-East of England. Educated in chemistry, he became an X-ray crystallographer. He applied his knowledge of chemistry and his skills in crystallography to the three main areas of materials science: metals, glasses and ceramics. In the 1940s and 1950s he carried out classic studies of the interstitial alloys of the iron–carbon–nitrogen system; between 1957 and 1964, when he worked in industry, he made seminal contributions to glass technology; from 1964 onwards he pioneered a whole new field of oxy-nitride ceramics and glasses, the sialons, and by doing so put his beloved North-East firmly on the international map as a centre of excellence in ceramic science. Ken Jack was fond of saying that, had it not been for World War II, which interrupted his teacher training and took him into university research, he would probably have remained a school teacher and been happy to do so. But, in fact, he did remain a teacher. He was an inspiring lecturer and the researchers who learned their trade by his example went on to lead academic and industrial research groups around the world.

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Barinov, A. K. "Transport Infrastructure in Ethiopia." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 11, no. 5 (December 3, 2018): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2018-11-5-105-118.

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The development of transport infrastructure is a priority objective for many African countries. This process has significant impact on the efficiency of continental and world trade corridors, and also influence on the costs of economic activity. In this case, the transformation in the transport sector of Ethiopia must be noted. The government of the country has taken a decision to create national railway network and develop aviation and road lines of communication. After The Eritrean War of Independence Eritrean separation was announced and Ethiopia lost its maritime infrastructure and became a landlocked country. This situation provides great difficulties in process of international trade and economic activity for the region. Now the development of transport corridors which connect economic centers with large ports of the region is a priority task for Ethiopian government. In this case Ethiopia is actively attracting foreign investors and world financial organizations to create stable, efficient and economically profitable ways of transport communication with the port infrastructure of neighboring countries. This year, Chinese companies finished to rebuilt the railway line Addis Ababa-Djibouti, in the coming years, governments of Kenya and Ethiopia, will launch new Mombasa-Nairobi-Addis Ababa motorway. This infrastructure projects are essential for enhancing Ethiopian competitiveness and economic activity and provide opportunity to reduce transport costs. Moreover, the Ethiopian authorities are making great progress in developing the internal transport infrastructure, first of all, in terms of increased paved road and development of railway infrastructure, which promotes more efficient use of natural,economic and human resources. Foreign companies are actively involved in realization of this transport projects and it can be a perspective area for cooperation between Russian Federation and Ethiopia. The article provides a detailed overview of Ethiopian transport sector and describes the key infrastructureprojects which can be interesting for Russian companies.

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Haider, Syed H., Assad Oskuei, George Crowley, Sophia Kwon, Rachel Lam, Jessica Riggs, Mena Mikhail, et al. "Receptor for advanced glycation end-products and environmental exposure related obstructive airways disease: a systematic review." European Respiratory Review 28, no. 151 (March 27, 2019): 180096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0096-2018.

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BackgroundOur group has identified the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) as a predictor of World Trade Center particulate matter associated lung injury. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the relationship between RAGE and obstructive airways disease secondary to environmental exposure.MethodsA comprehensive search using PubMed and Embase was performed on January 5, 2018 utilising keywords focusing on environmental exposure, obstructive airways disease and RAGE and was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018093834). We included original human research studies in English, focusing on pulmonary end-points associated with RAGE and environmental exposure.ResultsA total of 213 studies were identified by the initial search. After removing the duplicates and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, we screened the titles and abstracts of 61 studies. Finally, 19 full-text articles were included. The exposures discussed in these articles include particulate matter (n=2) and cigarette smoke (n=17).ConclusionRAGE is a mediator of inflammation associated end-organ dysfunction such as obstructive airways disease. Soluble RAGE, a decoy receptor, may have a protective effect in some pulmonary processes. Overall, RAGE is biologically relevant in environmental exposure associated lung disease. Future investigations should focus on further understanding the role and therapeutic potential of RAGE in particulate matter exposure associated lung disease.

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Davies, David. "WORLD TRADE CENTER LESSONS." Computer Law & Security Review 18, no. 2 (March 2002): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0267-3649(02)03012-1.

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Chen, Lung Chi, and George Thurston. "World Trade Center cough." Lancet 360 (December 2002): s37—s38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11814-9.

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Mitka, Mike. "World Trade Center Attacks." JAMA 306, no. 14 (October 12, 2011): 1535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1440.

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Hanajima, Akira, Tomiyuki Hirano, and Hirokazu Tohki. "Osaka World Trade Center." Structural Engineering International 8, no. 1 (February 1998): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686698780489711.

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Marchello, Joseph M. "Virginia Center for World Trade." Industry and Higher Education 1, no. 2 (December 1987): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042228700100209.

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Virginia has begun a programme to establish itself as a leader in the international trade and development field. One of the components of this programme is the Virginia Center for World Trade. In fulfilling its mission of nurturing the growth of foreign commerce, the Center provides education and applied research to the international trade community throughout the Commonwealth.

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Clarke, Lee. "The Ex-World Trade Center." Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 4, no. 2 (May 2004): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532708603262722.

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Borg, Robert F., John Gambatese, Kenneth Haines, Chris Hendrickson, Jimmie Hinze, Arpad Horvath, Enno Koehn, Scott L. Moritz, Marvin Mass, and Robert A. Haughney. "Rebuilding the World Trade Center." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 8, no. 3 (August 2003): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(2003)8:3(137).

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Balmes, John R. "The World Trade Center Collapse." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 174, no. 3 (August 2006): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200605-636ed.

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Pawlukewicz, Justine. "World Trade Center Trauma Interventions." Psychoanalytic Social Work 10, no. 1 (May 22, 2003): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j032v10n01_07.

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Fernando, Lal. "The World Trade Center Disaster." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 47, no. 3 (April 2002): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370204700322.

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