Journal articles: 'World Trade Center terrorist attack, 2001'

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Grossman, Robert, and Rachel Yehuda. "Treating Survivors of the World Trade Center Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001." CNS Spectrums 7, no. 8 (August 2002): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900018228.

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ABSTRACTAs part of an established traumatic stress research and treatment program located in New York City, we experienced the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center first as New Yorkers, but also as professionals with an interest in both treating the survivors and furthering scientific knowledge regarding the neurobiology and treatment of traumatic stress. This paper gives vignettes of calls to our program and the treatment of World Trade Center terrorist attack survivors.

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Heger, Martin. "Terrorist Attacks Against the Natural Environment: A Phantom or a Real Danger." German Law Journal 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 1066–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200018058.

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During the last few decades scholars have discussed various different scenarios of modern terrorism. One of these scenarios –– Islamic motivated terrorism –– came to light with the attacks on the World Trade Center on 11 September 2001. Another scenario discussed involves terrorist attacks against the natural environment as part of so-called “eco-terrorism”. These attacks are either carried out using traditional weapons or the often-discussed “bioterrorism”, where biological weapons are manufactured and misused by terrorists.

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Chan, JTS, WHK Lau, and YF Wu. "Confidence Test for Personal Protective Equipment." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 9, no. 4 (October 2002): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790200900403.

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After the sarin attack in Tokyo Subway in 1995 and terrorist attack in World Trade Center of New York City in 2001, many countries are alerted by the risk of terrorist attack. International experiences show that many victims would arrive at hospital by their own transport. Staff safety is an important issue to be addressed. This study is to determine the skin and respiratory protection of a model of level C personal protective equipment which is currently available in Hong Kong.

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Susilowati, Ida, Nur Rohim Yunus, and Muhammad Sholeh. "United States Intervention Against Terrorism in Iraq." SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i 5, no. 1 (April 16, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v5i1.10372.

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Abstract: Terrorism is a crime committed by a group of people to frighten, terrorize, intimidate a country's government. In the case of the September 11, 2001 terror that occurred at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States accused the al-Qaeda group of being behind the attack. Furthermore, the United States attacked Afghanistan and Iraq. America considers the attacks carried out are legitimate because they are carried out to reduce world terrorism crimes. Whereas behind that there is another motive for controlling the oil in the country that it attacked.Keywords: Terrorism, Intervention, United States. Abstrak:Terorisme merupakan kejahatan yang dilakukan oleh sekelompok orang guna menakuti, meneror, mengintimidasi pemerintahan suatu negara. Dalam kasus teror 11 September 2001 yang terjadi pada World Trade Center dan Pentagon, Amerika Serikat menuduh kelompok al-qaidah di balik serangan tersebut. Selanjutnya Amerika Serikat melakukan penyerangan terhadap Afghanistan dan Iraq. Amerika menganggap serangan yang dilakukan adalah sah karena dilakukan untuk meredam kejahatan terorisme dunia. Padahal di balik itu ada motif lain untuk menguasai minyak yang ada di negara yang diserangnya.Kata Kunci: Terrorisme, Intervensi, Amerika Serikat

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Millette, J. R., R. Boltin, P. Few, and W. Turner. "Microscopical Studies of World Trade Center Disaster Dust Particles." Microscopy Today 11, no. 5 (October 2003): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500053220.

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The terrorist attack and collapse of two towers of the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City on September 11, 2001 generated tremendous clouds of dust that settled over a wide area. Concern over the potential health effects of breathing this dust made it imperative that the WTC dust be characterized as completely as possible. As part of this characterization, a microscopical examination using several types of microscopes provided key data on the components of the dust. The WTC dust sample that is the primary focus of this report was collected by F.C. Ewing from an outdoor window ledge at 33 Maiden Lane, New York City, NY on October 7, 2001.

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Herman, Daniel B., and Ezra S. Susser. "The World Trade Center attack: mental health needs and treatment implications." International Psychiatry 1, no. 1 (July 2003): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600007591.

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On 11 September 2001, the United States suffered the worst terrorist attacks in its history. In New York City, approximately 3000 persons were killed at the World Trade Center, while many thousands fled for their lives. Millions of other city residents observed the burning towers and breathed the acrid smoke that blanketed the city. Compounding the massive physical destruction and loss of life, the psychological impact of these terrifying events on the populace was profound – there were significant increases in mental distress and symptoms of disorder.

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DiMaggio, Charles, Sandro Galea, and Paula A. Madrid. "Population Psychiatric Medication Prescription Rates following a Terrorist Attack." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 22, no. 6 (December 2007): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0000529x.

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AbstractIntroduction:While several population-based studies have documented behavioral health disturbances following terrorist attacks, a number of mental health service utilization analyses present conflicting conclusions.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine if mental health service utilization increased following a terrorist attack by assessing changes in psychoactive drug prescription rates.Methods:The rate of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) prescriptions was measured among New York State Medicaid enrollees before and after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. The association between geographic proximity to the events and changes in the rate of SSRI prescriptions around 11 September 2001 was assessed.Results:From September to December 2001, among individuals residing within three miles of the World Trade Center site, there was an 18.2% increase in the SSRI prescription rate compared to the previous eight-month period (p = 0.0011). While there was a 9.3% increase for non-New York City residents, this change was not statistically significant (p = 0.74).Conclusions:There was a quantifiable increase in the dispensing of psychoactive drugs following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, and this effect varied by geographic proximity to the events. These findings build on the growing body of knowledge on the pervasive effects of disasters and terrorist events for population health, and demonstrate the need to include mental and behavioral health as key components of surge capacity and public health response to mass traumas.

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Gosling, Samuel D., and Sanjay Srivastava. "Changes in Perceptions of George W. Bush’s Personality in the Wake of the September 11 2001 World Trade Center Attacks." Acta de Investigación Psicológica 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2011.3.202.

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Using data gathered just before and just after the September 11th terrorist attacks, we examine how perceptions of Bush’s personality changed in the following two weeks. Fifty participants provided ratings of Bush using the California Q-sort at various times before (including immediately before) and after the attacks. At each time interjudge agreement was strong. There was general consistency between the pre- and post-attack assessments, but the common view of Bush shifted in several important ways. Consistent with his soaring popularity, the changes were toward more positive perceptions, even for characteristics unrelated to the attacks. Findings are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms driving the changes in perception. These findings, which are based on careful assessments conducted shortly before the emergence of any hint of what was to come, provide a unique perspective on changes in Bush’s image as they unfolded in the immediate wake of the terrorist attacks.

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Ilchenko, Sergey Nikolaevich. "Live Broadcast of Terrorist Acts as Media Mythology of Show-Civilization." Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2011): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik33100-108.

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The article surveys the interpretation of September 11th, 2001 in the context of modern media culture development. The author concludes that the broadcasting of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York City and the subsequent tragic events were predetermined by the modern show- civilization in which visualization of any event makes a powerful impact on mass audience.

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Wang, Soon Joo, Jin Tae Choi, and Jeffrey Arnold. "Terrorism in South Korea." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0000090x.

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AbstractSouth Korea has experienced >30 suspected terrorism-related events since 1958, including attacks against South Korean citizens in foreign countries. The most common types of terrorism used have included bombings, shootings, hijackings, and kidnappings. Prior to 1990, North Korea was responsible for almost all terrorism-related events inside of South Korea, including multiple assassination attempts on its presidents, regular kidnappings of South Korean fisherman, and several high-profile bombings. Since 1990, most of the terrorist attacks against South Korean citizens have occurred abroad and have been related to the emerging worldwide pattern of terrorism by international terrorist organizations or deranged individuals.The 1988 Seoul Olympic Games provided a major stimulus for South Korea to develop a national emergency response system for terrorism-related events based on the participation of multiple ministries. The 11 September 2001 World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks and the 2001 United States of America (US) anthrax letter attacks prompted South Korea to organize a new national system of emergency response for terrorism-related events. The system is based on five divisions for the response to specific types of terrorist events, involving conventional terrorism, bioterrorism, chemical terrorism, radiological terrorism, and cyber-terrorism. No terrorism-related events occurred during the 2002 World Cup and Asian Games held in South Korea. The emergency management of terrorism-related events in South Korea is adapting to the changing risk of terrorism in the new century.

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Galieriková, Andrea, Matúš Materna, and Andrej Dávid. "Unlawful Acts in Maritime Transport & Civil Aviation." Naše more 68, no. 3 (September 2021): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/nm/2021/3.8.

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Maritime and civil aviation security is a global problem posed by terrorism and illegal acts and therefore requires global attention and solutions that can only be provided by relevant international organizations (International Maritime Organization and International Civil Aviation Organization). Nineteen years have passed since the attacks of 11 September 2001 on the World Trade Center, but the threat of another terrorist attack is still just as possible and unacceptable. The series of attacks in the USA have started a new period of history. This period can be characterised as unsteady, unpredictable, and transforming of complex systems, including new types of dangers. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis and comparison of the most serious types of unlawful acts (terrorism and piracy) regarding legislation and jurisdiction. For the sake of comparability of legal phenomena, special attention is paid to illegal acts at sea and in the airspace above the sea.

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Miller-Archie, Sara A., Hannah T. Jordan, Howard Alper, Juan P. Wisnivesky, James E. Cone, Stephen M. Friedman, and Robert M. Brackbill. "Hospitalizations for asthma among adults exposed to the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attack." Journal of Asthma 55, no. 4 (July 20, 2017): 354–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2017.1337787.

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McEntire, PhD, David A., and Jill Souza, MPA. "Responding to catastrophic disasters: Lessons from the World Trade Center terrorist attacks." Journal of Emergency Management 7, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2009.0011.

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The following article uses the 2001 World Trade Center Terrorist attacks as a case study to illustrate the major challenges presented to responders and emergency management officials. It examines not only the consequences of this disaster but also the immediate and long-term measures to deal with it. The article concludes with suggestions on how to prepare for such events in the future.

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Rukavisnjikov, Vladimir. "The Russians and the American 'war on terrorism': Lessons learned after September 11." Medjunarodni problemi 54, no. 4 (2002): 379–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0204379r.

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Paper deals with the Russian perception of the American 'war against terrorism' started after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon. It shows how the Russian attitudes towards the American foreign policy have changed during the first year of this war - from September 11, 2001 to September 11, 2002. The American 'global war on terrorism' is reviving and crystallizing deep-seated cultural and ideological differences between the United States and Russia and becoming a factor jeopardizing global stability. The analysis is based on data of opinion surveys, official documents and messages conveyed to the public by the national electronic and printed media.

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Claassen, Cynthia A., Thomas Carmody, Sunita M. Stewart, Robert M. Bossarte, Gregory L. Larkin, Wayne A. Woodward, and Madhukar H. Trivedi. "Effect of 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the USA on suicide in areas surrounding the crash sites." British Journal of Psychiatry 196, no. 5 (May 2010): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.071928.

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BackgroundThe terrorist attacks in the USA on 11 September 2001 affected suicide rates in two European countries, whereas overall US rates remained stable. The effect on attack site rates, however, has not been studied.AimsTo examine post-attack suicide rates in areas surrounding the three airline crash sites.MethodDaily mortality rates were modelled using time series techniques. Where rate change was significant, both duration and geographic scope were analysed.ResultsAround the World Trade Center, post-attack 180-day rates dropped significantly (t = 2.4, P = 0.0046), whereas comparison condition rates remained stable. No change was observed for Pentagon or Flight 93 crash sites.ConclusionsThe differential effect by site suggests that proximity may be less important that other event characteristics. Both temporal and geographic aspects of rate fluctuation after sentinel events appear measurable and further analyses may contribute valuable knowledge about how sociological forces affect these rates.

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Colelli, Gina, and Bruce Patterson. "Three Case Reports Illustrating the Use of the Protocol for Recent Traumatic Events Following the World Trade Center Terrorist Attack." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 2, no. 2 (June 2008): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.114.

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Following the attacks on the New York World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, the EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Program initiated a response establishing the New York City Disaster Mental Health Recovery Network. The network provided coordination and assistance to local psychotherapists who volunteered to provide treatment to individuals directly affected by the tragedy. The psychotherapists utilized both the EMDR standard protocol and the EMDR Recent Events protocol during the initial aftermath and ongoing recovery at the World Trade Center site. The development of the network is reviewed, and detailed descriptions are provided regarding three cases to illustrate the use of the EMDR Recent Events protocol. The research findings reported by Silver, Rogers, Knipe, & Colelli (2005) that demonstrated support for EMDR as a postdisaster treatment are summarized. Further research is recommended.

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Durmus, Nedim, Yongzhao Shao, Alan A. Arslan, Yian Zhang, Sultan Pehlivan, Maria-Elena Fernandez-Beros, Lisette Umana, et al. "Characteristics of Cancer Patients in the World Trade Center Environmental Health Center." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 7190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197190.

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The destruction of the World Trade Center (WTC) towers on 11 September 2001 released many tons of aerosolized dust and smoke with potential for carcinogenic exposures to community members as well as responders. The WTC Environmental Health Center (WTC EHC) is a surveillance and treatment program for a diverse population of community members (“Survivors”), including local residents and workers, present in the NYC disaster area on 9/11 or in the days or weeks following. We report a case series of cancers identified in the WTC EHC as of 31 December 2019. Descriptive characteristics are presented for 2561 cancer patients (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) and 5377 non-cancer WTC-EHC participants who signed informed consent. We identified a total of 2999 cancer diagnoses in 2561 patients: 2534 solid tumors (84.5%) and 465 lymphoid and hematopoietic tissue cancers (15.5%) with forty-one different cancer types. We describe the distribution, frequency, median age of cancer diagnosis and median latency from 9/11 by cancer site. In addition to common cancer types, rare cancers, including male breast cancers and mesotheliomas have been identified. The current study is the first report on cancer characteristics of enrollees at WTC EHC, a federally designated treatment and surveillance program for local community members affected by the 9/11 terrorist attack on the WTC.

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Romeu, Pilar Ferré. "Memories of the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001: A Study of the Consistency and Phenomenal Characteristics of Flashbulb Memories." Spanish Journal of Psychology 9, no. 1 (May 2006): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600005977.

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In this study, I investigated students' memories of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, carried out by Al Qaeda terrorists against the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington. Participants completed on two occasions (2 weeks and 8 months after the events took place) a memory questionnaire that included an assessment of the phenomenal richness of their memories. The results showed that the participants remembered very well the circumstances in which they first heard about the terrorist attacks, that they were very confident about this information, and that these memories were characterized by a high phenomenal richness. Over time, there was a decrease in all of these variables, but people's ratings of phenomenology and confidence were still very high.

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Waage, Agne, Bertil Hamberger, Tom Lundin, Björn-Ove Suserud, and Louis Riddez. "KAMEDO Report No. 84 Terrorist Attacks Against the World Trade Center, 11 September 2001." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 21, no. 2 (April 2006): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00003526.

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AbstractOn 11 September 2001, two hijacked airplanes collided with the World Trade Center in New York. Both towers collapsed, spreading smoke and debris for miles. Rescue personnel arrived rapidly, but the collapse of the towers made the scene too dangerous for these teams to rescue all those trapped inside. Although this collapse was impossible to predict, fires occurring in skyscrapers can cause the structures to collapse. When a fire erupts in the upper levels of the building, it is even more difficult for those trapped inside to escape. Communications systems were shut down. In future incidents with large numbers of injured victims, the injured should be transported to hospitals by non-traditional medical transport vehicles (taxis, cars, etc.). If future disasters occur in the vicinity of a hospital, the most severely injured victims should go to the hospital instead of congregating at assembly points. These victims often are already at hospitals before substantial aid arrives at the assembly points. On-scene care must be documented, and easy-to-read triage tags should be used. Reserve power supplies in major cities should be maintained in preparation for emergencies. Both victims and rescue personnel are susceptible to post-traumatic, psychosocial reactions.

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Bowler, Rosemarie M., Hui Han, Vihra Gocheva, Sanae Nakagawa, Howard Alper, Laura DiGrande, and James E. Cone. "Gender differences in probable posttraumatic stress disorder among police responders to the 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attack." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 53, no. 12 (July 15, 2010): 1186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20876.

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Santiago-Colón, Albeliz, Robert Daniels, Dori Reissman, Kristi Anderson, Geoffrey Calvert, Alexis Caplan, Tania Carreón, et al. "World Trade Center Health Program: First Decade of Research." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (October 6, 2020): 7290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197290.

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The terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 placed nearly a half million people at increased risk of adverse health. Health effects research began shortly after and continues today, now mostly as a coordinated effort under the federally mandated World Trade Center (WTC) Health Program (WTCHP). Established in 2011, the WTCHP provides medical monitoring and treatment of covered health conditions for responders and survivors and maintains a research program aimed to improve the care and well-being of the affected population. By 2020, funds in excess of USD 127 M had been awarded for health effects research. This review describes research findings and provides an overview of the WTCHP and its future directions. The literature was systematically searched for relevant articles published from 11 September 2001 through 30 June 2020. Synthesis was limited to broad categories of mental health, cancer, respiratory disease, vulnerable populations, and emerging conditions. In total, 944 WTC articles were published, including peer-reviewed articles funded by the WTCHP (n = 291) and other sources. Research has focused on characterizing the burden and etiology of WTC-related health conditions. As the program moves forward, translational research that directly enhances the care of individuals with chronic mental and physical health conditions is needed.

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Brackbill, Robert M., Judith M. Graber, and William A. (Allen) Robison. "Editorial for “Long-Term Health Effects of the 9/11 Disaster” in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (September 7, 2019): 3289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183289.

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The call for articles on the long term health effects of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks (9/11) has resulted in twenty-three papers that add a significant amount of information to the growing body of research on the effects of the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster almost two decades later [...]

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Perng, Fai-nan. "Speech Delivered for the Acceptance of an Honorary Ph.D. Degree in Economics at National Tsing Hua University." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 24, no. 03 (September 2021): 2150026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091521500260.

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This is a speech that Dr. Fai-nan Perng delivered for the acceptance of an honorary Ph.D. degree in economics at National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan. Dr. Fai-nan Perng was appointed as the Governor of the Central Bank of the R.O.C. (Taiwan) by President Teng-hui Lee in February 1998. He served in this position for 20 years. During this 20-year period, he faced the 1998 Asian financial crisis, terrorist attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, and the 2008 U.S. financial crisis. He handled monetary policy smoothly and led the economic growth in Taiwan very well. Overall, he is one of the longest-serving and most well-known governors in the world. He represented Taiwan in the 2000 APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting, was The Banker Magazine’s 2009 Central Banker of the Year, Asia, and received Central Banking Publications’ Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018. He also served as the associate editor for the Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies (RPBFMP) from 2005 to 2018.

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Zadeh, Mohamad Esmael, Mahdi Najjar Sadeghi, and Amir Mohammad Babaee. "Analysis of International Terrorism Criminography in the Event of September 11th, 2011." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 2 (March 31, 2016): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n2p138.

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<p>Terrorism and terroristic system are among domestic, regional and international challenging problem in the first decade of the 21st century in the era when terrorism has turned from an individual threat to a global problem as a weapon to achieve national goals, specific groups have become no longer limited to national and regional borders and are gaining new concept and application (or they are trying to develop a new international purpose). It is feared that the spread of international peace and security in its all areas exposed to risk. In fact, the international communities felt the crisis and the danger and criminalizing this phenomenon after the attack on the twin towers of the world trade center on September 11, 2001 with unknown purposes in New York City [29] determining the failure of the international anti-terrorism strategies of these events, showed that anti-terrorism system is unsuccessful. So shortly after the attacks, the UN Security Council , recognizing the possibility of resorting to self-defense against international terrorism, subjects of international law again to pass the international anti-terrorism calls for conventions domestic laws to crack down terrorists.</p>

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Soo, Jackie, Mayris P. Webber, Jackson Gustave, Roy Lee, Charles B. Hall, Hillel W. Cohen, Kerry J. Kelly, and David J. Prezant. "Trends in Probable PTSD in Firefighters Exposed to the World Trade Center Disaster, 2001–2010." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 5, S2 (September 2011): S197—S203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2011.48.

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ABSTRACTObjective: We present the longest follow-up, to date, of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after the 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City firefighters who participated in the rescue/recovery effort.Methods: We examined data from 11 006 WTC-exposed firefighters who completed 40 672 questionnaires and reported estimates of probable PTSD by year from serial cross-sectional analyses. In longitudinal analyses, we used separate Cox models with data beginning from October 2, 2001, to identify variables associated with recovery from or delayed onset of probable PTSD.Results: The prevalence of probable PTSD was 7.4% by September 11, 2010, and continued to be associated with early arrival at the WTC towers during every year of analysis. An increasing number of aerodigestive symptoms (hazard ratio [HR] 0.89 per symptom, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86-.93) and reporting a decrease in exercise, whether the result of health (HR 0.56 vs no change in exercise, 95% CI 0.41-.78) or other reasons (HR 0.76 vs no change in exercise, 95% CI 0.63-.92), were associated with a lower likelihood of recovery from probable PTSD. Arriving early at the WTC (HR 1.38 vs later WTC arrival, 95% CI 1.12-1.70), an increasing number of aerodigestive symptoms (HR 1.45 per symptom, 95% CI 1.40–1.51), and reporting an increase in alcohol intake since September 11, 2001 (HR 3.43 vs no increase in alcohol intake, 95% CI 2.67-4.43) were associated with delayed onset of probable PTSD.Conclusions: Probable PTSD continues to be associated with early WTC arrival even 9 years after the terrorist attacks. Concurrent conditions and behaviors, such as respiratory symptoms, exercise, and alcohol use also play important roles in contributing to PTSD symptoms.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S197-S203)

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Richardson, PhD, Katherine M. "Meaning reconstruction in the face of terror: An examination of recovery and posttraumatic growth among victims of the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks." Journal of Emergency Management 13, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2015.0237.

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This study examines the relationship between meaning reconstruction with posttraumatic growth and depreciation in the aftermath of terrorist trauma and loss. A group of individuals (n = 118) who were personally affected by the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks were surveyed about their experiences and administered the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and Impact of Event scales. Subjects were volunteer docents at the Tribute World Trade Center Visitor Center. Results revealed that ability to make sense of one's 9/11 experience was related to recovery but not to posttraumatic growth, whereas ability to find some benefit in the experience was related to growth. In addition, location in downtown Manhattan on September 11, 2001 was related to higher levels of posttraumatic depreciation. Findings suggest that two aspects of meaning reconstruction are differentially related to recovery and posttraumatic growth.

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Manning, William J. "Terrorist Attacks: Do We Know How to Assess the Results?" Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 588–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.319.

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On September 11, 2001, terrorists destroyed the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City. Explosions and fires resulted in the complete collapse of the two WTC towers. The collapsing towers served as enormous point sources of gaseous and particulate air pollution, seen as huge plumes of smoke and dust. The smoke contained volatile organic compounds and fine particles and aerosols. The dust fraction contained parts of ceiling tiles, carpets, concrete, adhesives, asbestos, chromium, lead, titanium, and many other elements and materials. Whether there were unusually toxic ingredients in the plumes is largely unknown.

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Knoppers, Bartha Maria, Madelaine Saginur, and Howard Cash. "Ethical Issues in Secondary Uses of Human Biological Materials from Mass Disasters." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34, no. 2 (2006): 352–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00040.x.

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In the trauma surrounding mass disasters, the need to identify victims accurately and as soon as possible is critical. DNA identification testing is increasingly used to identify human bodies and remains where the deceased cannot be identified by traditional means. This form of testing compares DNA taken from the body of the deceased with DNA taken from their personal items (e.g. hairbrush, toothbrush etc.) or from close biological relatives. DNA identification testing was used to identify the victims of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001, and of the victims of the Tsunami that hit Asia on December 26, 2004. Shortly after the 9/11 attack, police investigators asked the victims' families for personal items belonging to the missing, and for DNA samples from family members themselves. The New York medical examiner's office coordinated the DNA identification testing program; however, some of the identification work was contracted out to private laboratories.

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CARROLL, HAMILTON. "September 11 as Heist." Journal of American Studies 45, no. 4 (November 2011): 835–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875811000983.

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This article examines two films, James Marsh's Man on Wire and Spike Lee's Inside Man in relation to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It looks at both films as examples of the heist genre and explores the ways in which genre conventions enable the production of meaning about the terrorist attacks. The conventions of the heist film, it argues, help make sense of September 11 by producing a different set of relations to time and space that draw on the uncanny, rather than the traumatic, nature of the events. Narrating stories of transgression, both films place the horrors of September 11 in another context. Through the genre conventions of the heist, each film offers a view of New York in which the events of September 11 and the destruction of the World Trade Center stand as the center. Not yet complete in one, already destroyed in the other, the Twin Towers haunt these films. As Man on Wire and Inside Man each attempt to make sense of the world in which the city of New York is marked most powerfully by a profound absence, it is in their uses of the heist genre that they find a representational space in which to mourn the World Trade Center and the victims of the attacks.

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Liu, G., D. K. Liu, and W. K. Chow. "Collapse Scenarios of High-Rise Buildings Using Plastic Limit Analysis." Advances in Civil Engineering 2009 (2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/429169.

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The Twin Towers of the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York, USA collapsed on 11 September, 2001. The incident is regarded as the most severe disaster for high-rise buildings in history. Investigations into the collapse scenarios are still being conducted. Possible collapse scenarios assessed by local and international experts were reported. Another possible collapse scenario of the WTC based on two hypotheses was proposed in this paper, and the idea of plastic limit analysis was applied to evaluate the approximate limit load. According to the theory analysis and numerical calculations, a conclusion can be drawn that the large fires, aroused by the terrorist attack, play a significant role on the collapse of the WTC.

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Shirane, Haruo. "Terrorism, Culture, and Literature." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 117, no. 3 (May 2002): 513–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081202x61304.

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On the morning of tuesday, 11 September 2001, not far from my classroom, the twin towers of the World Trade Center in lower Manhattan were hit by two jet airliners hijacked by terrorists from the Middle East. The towers subsequently collapsed, killing almost three thousand people. Those who originated the attack were apparently of the Islamic faith and spoke Arabic. Those who died were not just Americans but working people from around the globe.

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Aas, Pål. "Future Considerations for the Medical Management of Nerve-Agent Intoxication." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 3 (September 2003): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00001072.

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AbstractThe use of chemical warfare agents against civilians and unprotected troops in international conflicts or by terrorists against civilians is considered to be a real threat, particularly following the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 against the World Trade Center in New York and against the Pentagon in Washington, DC. Over the past 10 years, terrorists have been planning to use or have used chemical warfare agents on several occasions around the world, and the attacks in 2001 illustrate their willingness to use any means of warfare to cause death and destruction among civilians. In spite of new international treaties with strong verification measures and with an aim to prohibit and prevent the use of weapons of mass destruction, nevertheless, some countries and terrorist groups have been able to develop, produce, and use such weapons, particularly nerve agents, in domestic terrorist attacks or during warfare in international conflicts. This article reviews current medical therapy for nerve-agent intoxication and discusses possible future improvement of medical therapies.Present medical counter-measures against nerve agents are not sufficiently effective particularly in protecting the brain. Therefore, new and more effective countermeasures must be developed to enable better medical treatment of civilians and military personnel following exposure to nerve agents. Therefore, it is important with an enhanced effort by all countries, to improve and increase research in medical countermeasures, in the development of protective equipment, and in carrying out regular training of medical and emergency personnel as well as of military nuclear, biological, or chemical (NBC) units. Only then will nations be able to reduce the risk from and prevent the use of such weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

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Gargano, Lisa M., Howard Alper, and Robert M. Backbill. "59. Hospitalizations Among Persons Under 18 Years Of Age When Exposed To The September 11, 2001 World Trade Center Terrorist Attack." Journal of Adolescent Health 64, no. 2 (February 2019): S32—S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.10.074.

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Masterson-Duva, Melissa, Peter Haugen, Aditi Werth, Alyce Foster, Emily Chassman, Kailey Roberts, Jonathan DePierro, et al. "Adapting meaning-centered psychotherapy for World Trade Center responders." Palliative and Supportive Care 18, no. 6 (March 2, 2020): 636–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951520000061.

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AbstractObjectiveTo date, nearly 10,000 World Trade Center (WTC) responders have been diagnosed with at least one type of WTC-related cancer, and over 70 types of cancer have been related to WTC occupational exposure. Due to the observed latency period for malignancies, the WTC Health Program anticipates increases in rates of new cancer diagnoses. Given the growing number of cancer diagnoses in this population, there is an urgent need to develop a novel intervention to address the psychosocial needs of WTC responders with cancer. Meaning-centered psychotherapy (MCP) is a structured psychotherapeutic intervention originally developed to help patients with advanced cancer find and sustain meaning in life despite illness-related limitations. Existential distress and loss of meaning are critical and understudied elements of psychological health that have been widely overlooked among WTC responders with cancer.MethodWe have adapted MCP for WTC responders (MCP-WTC) for the treatment of WTC responders who have been diagnosed with WTC-certified cancers. MCP-WTC aims to target the complex crisis in meaning faced by those responders who responded to the 9/11 attacks and subsequently were diagnosed with cancer as a result of their service.ResultsWe describe the adaptation of MCP-WTC and the application of this intervention to meet the unique needs of those exposed to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11), participated in the rescue, recovery, and clean-up effort at Ground Zero, and were diagnosed with WTC-related cancer. We highlight the novel aspects of this intervention which have been designed to facilitate meaning-making in the context of the patient's response to 9/11 and subsequent diagnosis of cancer.Significance of resultsThis work provides a rationale for MCP-WTC and the potential for this intervention to improve the quality of life of WTC responders and help these patients navigate life after 9/11 and cancer.

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Leeman, Jonathan E., Sean M. McBride, Daniel Spielsinger, Eric J. Sherman, Richard Wong, Nadeem Riaz, Nancy Y. Lee, and Chiaojung Jillian Tsai. "Head and neck cancers associated with exposure to the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attacks." International Journal of Cancer 142, no. 12 (February 10, 2018): 2485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31277.

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Leeman, J. E., S. McBride, D. Spielsinger, E. Sherman, R. J. Wong, N. Riaz, N. Lee, and C. J. Tsai. "Head and Neck Cancers Associated With Exposure to the September 11, 2001, World Trade Center Terrorist Attacks." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 100, no. 5 (April 2018): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.12.128.

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Eder, Aaron. "After September 11, 2001." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1927, no. 1 (January 2005): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192700111.

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On September 11, 2001 (9/11), terrorists turned commercial aircraft into missiles and directed them toward high-rise and federal buildings, striking the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. After this tragic event, Congress's attention was naturally focused on airport security, and for good reason: the attacks happened via the aviation system. Yet an equivalent amount of attention was not given to the nation's public transportation system. To address this issue, the FTA, an organization within the U.S. Department of Transportation, began an ambitious five-part security initiative to improve the security of America's public transportation systems and assist their oversight agencies in addressing these new threats. The objectives of this paper are to reveal the vulnerability of America's transit system, identify typical pre–9/11 security planning, and show how the terrorist attacks that occurred on 9/11 have changed the way in which government and transit agencies address security concerns. An analysis of post–9/11 security measures adopted by the FTA; New York City Transit, New York; Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, D.C.; and the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit, California, is provided. A case study of the Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon is included to reveal how this agency in particular has responded to the threats that public transportation agencies face.

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Perritt, Kara R., and Winifred L. Boal. "Injuries and Illnesses Treated at the World Trade Center, 14 September–20 November 2001." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 20, no. 3 (June 2005): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00002417.

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AbstractIntroduction:In response to the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC), the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) deployed Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMATs) and the Commissioned Corps to provide on-site, primary medical care to anyone who presented. Patients included rescue and recovery workers, other responders, and some members of the general public.Objective:A descriptive analysis of WTC-USPHS patient records was conducted in order to better understandthe short-term impact of the WTC site on the safety and health of individuals who were at or near the site from 14 September–20 November 2001.Methods:The Patient Treatment Record forms that were completed for each patient visit to these USPHS stations over the 10-week deployment period were reviewed.Results:Patient visits numbered 9,349, with visits peaking during Week 2 (21–27 September). More than one-quarter of the visits were due to traumatic injuries not including eye injuries (n = 2,716; 29%). Respiratory problems comprised more than one-fifth of the complaints (n = 2,011; 22%). Eye problems were the third most frequent complaint (n = 1,120; 12%). With respect to the triage class, the majority of visits fell into the lowest category of severity (n = 6,237; 67%).Conclusion:USPHS visits probably were skewed to milder complaints when compared to analyses of employer medical department reports or hospital cases; however, given the close proximity of the USPHS stations to the damage, analysis of the USPHS forms provides a more complete picture of the safety and health impact on those who were at or near the WTC site.

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Mann, Mana, Jiehui Li, Mark R. Farfel, Carey B. Maslow, Sukhminder Osahan, and Steven D. Stellman. "Adolescent behavior and PTSD 6–7 years after the World Trade Center terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001." Disaster Health 2, no. 3-4 (July 3, 2014): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21665044.2015.1010931.

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Yu, Shengchao, Kacie Seil, and Junaid Maqsood. "Impact of Health on Early Retirement and Post-Retirement Income Loss among Survivors of the 11 September 2001 World Trade Center Disaster." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 2, 2019): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071177.

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The health consequences of the 9/11 World Trade Center (WTC) terrorist attacks are well documented, but few studies have assessed the disaster’s impact on employment among individuals exposed to the disaster. We examined the association between 9/11-related health conditions and early retirement among residents and workers who resided and/or worked near the WTC site on 9/11, and the association between such conditions and post-retirement income loss. The study included 6377 residents and/or area workers who completed the WTC Health Registry longitudinal health surveys in 2003–2004 and 2006–2007, and the 2017–2018 Health and Employment Survey. Logistic regression models were used to examine the associations. We found that 9/11-related health conditions were significantly associated with the likelihood of early retirement. Residents and/or area workers with more physical health conditions, especially when comorbid with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), were more likely to retire before age 60 than those with no conditions. For retirees, having PTSD or PTSD comorbid with any number of physical conditions increased the odds of reporting substantial post-retirement income loss. Disaster-related outcomes can negatively impact aging individuals in the form of early retirement and income loss. Long-term effects of major disasters must continue to be studied.

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Brackbill, R. M., J. E. Cone, M. R. Farfel, and S. D. Stellman. "Chronic Physical Health Consequences of Being Injured During the Terrorist Attacks on World Trade Center on September 11, 2001." American Journal of Epidemiology 179, no. 9 (February 20, 2014): 1076–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu022.

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Jordan, Hannah T., Cheryl R. Stein, Jiehui Li, James E. Cone, Leslie Stayner, James L. Hadler, Robert M. Brackbill, and Mark R. Farfel. "Mortality among rescue and recovery workers and community members exposed to the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attacks, 2003–2014." Environmental Research 163 (May 2018): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.004.

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Rutland-Brown, Wesley, Jean A. Langlois, Leze Nicaj, Robert G. Thomas, Susan A. Wilt, and Jeffrey J. Bazarian. "Traumatic Brain Injuries after Mass-Casualty Incidents: Lessons from the 11 September 2001 World Trade Center Attacks." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 22, no. 3 (June 2007): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00004593.

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AbstractIntroduction:The 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) resulted in thousands of deaths and injuries. Research on previous bombings and explosions has shown that head injuries, including traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), are among the most common injuries.Objective:The objective of this study was to identify diagnosed and undiagnosed (undetected) TBIs among persons hospitalized in New York City following the 11 September 2001 WTC attacks.Methods:The medical records of persons admitted to 36 hospitals in New York City with injuries or illnesses related to the WTC attacks were abstracted for signs and symptoms of TBIs. Diagnosed TBIs were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes. Undiagnosed TBIs were identified by an adjudication team of TBI experts that reviewed the abstracted medical record information. Persons with an undiagnosed TBI were contacted and informed of the diagnosis of potential undetected injury.Results:A total of 282 records were abstracted. Fourteen cases of diagnosed TBIs and 21 cases of undiagnosed TBIs were identified for a total of 35 TBI cases (12% of all of the abstracted records). The leading cause of TBI was being hit by falling debris (22 cases). One-third of the TBIs (13 cases) occurred among rescue workers.More than three years after the event, four out of six persons (66.67%) with an undiagnosed TBI who were contacted reported they currently were experiencing symptoms consistent with a TBI.Conclusions:Not all of the TBIs among hospitalized survivors of the WTC attacks were diagnosed at the time of acute injury care. Some persons with undiagnosed TBIs reported problems that may have resulted from these TBIs three years after the event. For hospitalized survivors of mass-casualty incidents, additional in-hospital, clinical surveys could help improve pre-discharge TBI diagnosis and provide the opportunity to link patients to appropriate outpatient services. The use and adequacy of head protection for rescue workers deserves re-evaluation.

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Jacobson, Melanie H., Christina Norman, Pablo Sadler, Lysa J. Petrsoric, and Robert M. Brackbill. "Characterizing Mental Health Treatment Utilization among Individuals Exposed to the 2001 World Trade Center Terrorist Attacks 14–15 Years Post-Disaster." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040626.

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Following the World Trade Center (WTC) attacks in New York City (NYC) on 11 September 2001 (9/11), thousands in NYC experienced significant stress reactions and disorders, presenting an immediate need for counseling and treatment. While other studies documented post-9/11 mental health treatment utilization, none have data more than two years post-disaster. We used data from 35,629 enrollees of the WTC Health Registry, a longitudinal cohort study of those exposed to the WTC attacks, to examine predictors of counseling after 9/11, the types of practitioners seen, and the perceived helpfulness of therapy up to 15 years post-disaster. Among enrollees, 37.7% reported receiving counseling at some time after 9/11. Predictors of seeking counseling included race/ethnicity, age at 9/11, education level, exposure to the WTC attacks, other traumatic experiences, mental health symptomology, and pre-9/11 counseling. Whites and Hispanics, those who were children on 9/11, and those with high levels of exposure to the WTC attacks sought counseling soonest after 9/11. Among those who sought counseling, Blacks, Asians, and those with lower education and income were less likely to see mental health specialists and more likely to see general practitioners or religious advisors. Finally, among those who sought recent counseling, women, Blacks, those aged ≥65 years, and those with very high WTC exposures were more likely to rate their recent counseling as very helpful. This study used data up to 15 years post-disaster to document mental health treatment utilization patterns, trends, and disparities that have implications for future preparedness plans and needs assessments.

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Cone, James E., Sukhminder Osahan, Christine C. Ekenga, Sara A. Miller-Archie, Steven D. Stellman, Monique Fairclough, Stephen M. Friedman, and Mark R. Farfel. "Asthma among Staten Island fresh kills landfill and barge workers following the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attacks." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 59, no. 9 (September 2016): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22645.

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Jordan, Hannah T., Stephen M. Friedman, Joan Reibman, Roberta M. Goldring, Sara A. Miller Archie, Felix Ortega, Howard Alper, et al. "Risk factors for persistence of lower respiratory symptoms among community members exposed to the 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attacks." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 74, no. 6 (March 24, 2017): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-104157.

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Luft, B. J., C. Schechter, R. Kotov, J. Broihier, D. Reissman, K. Guerrera, I. Udasin, et al. "Exposure, probable PTSD and lower respiratory illness among World Trade Center rescue, recovery and clean-up workers." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 5 (November 18, 2011): 1069–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171100256x.

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BackgroundThousands of rescue and recovery workers descended on the World Trade Center (WTC) in the wake of the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 (9/11). Recent studies show that respiratory illness and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are the hallmark health problems, but relationships between them are poorly understood. The current study examined this link and evaluated contributions of WTC exposures.MethodParticipants were 8508 police and 12 333 non-traditional responders examined at the WTC Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program (WTC-MMTP), a clinic network in the New York area established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore patterns of association among exposures, other risk factors, probable WTC-related PTSD [based on the PTSD Checklist (PCL)], physician-assessed respiratory symptoms arising after 9/11 and present at examination, and abnormal pulmonary functioning defined by low forced vital capacity (FVC).ResultsFewer police than non-traditional responders had probable PTSD (5.9% v. 23.0%) and respiratory symptoms (22.5% v. 28.4%), whereas pulmonary function was similar. PTSD and respiratory symptoms were moderately correlated (r=0.28 for police and 0.27 for non-traditional responders). Exposure was more strongly associated with respiratory symptoms than with PTSD or lung function. The SEM model that best fit the data in both groups suggested that PTSD statistically mediated the association of exposure with respiratory symptoms.ConclusionsAlthough longitudinal data are needed to confirm the mediation hypothesis, the link between PTSD and respiratory symptoms is noteworthy and calls for further investigation. The findings also support the value of integrated medical and psychiatric treatment for disaster responders.

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Hughes, Geoffrey. "Words, war and terror." English Today 24, no. 1 (February 22, 2008): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078408000047.

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ABSTRACTStarts with excerpt from Geoffrey Hughes, Words of War (ET17, 1989). The lexicon of war in the twenty-first century. The major development since this article was published (1989, the year that the Berlin Wall came down) was the terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon on 11 September 2001, now styled ‘9/11’. This used a stupefyingly original strategy of attacking the heart of America's capitalist and military establishment with the unconventional weapons of civilian aircraft and kamikazi pilots. Indeed, the bombing was a more ruthless variation of Pearl Harbour, being a hijack, less damaging in terms of hardware, but far more devastating in its effect on national morale and its propaganda impact. On a smaller scale, suicide bombings have now become relatively common.

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Hobbins-White, Phil. "From Pacifists to Cowboys to Torturers: The Different Representations of the US Military and Intelligence Agencies in Post-9/11 American War Films." [Inter]sections 9, no. 23 (January 4, 2021): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/inter.9.23.2.

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The horrifying images of the terrorist attacks on New York’s World Trade Center on 11 September 2001, in which three thousand civilians were killed, have become some of the most famous images ever committed to film or television. In the decade following the attacks, a wealth of war films were released, including Redacted (Brian De Palma, 2007), The Hurt Locker (Kathryn Bigelow, 2009) and Zero Dark Thirty (Kathryn Bigelow, 2012) amongst many others. Many films from this period of US cinema addressed both the 9/11 attacks as well as the US military’s conflicts in various countries suspected of harboring terrorist groups. When analyzing the ways the military and intelligence agencies (such as the CIA) are represented in some US films from this period, it becomes clear that such representations changed over just a few years: Redacted showed the military to be polarized–a place for pacifists, rapists and murderers. The Hurt Locker later depicted successful soldiers as having a “gung ho” attitude, and the military as a permanent fixture in Iraq. Finally, Zero Dark Thirty included scenes of CIA torture, which is suggested as being necessary and justified. Surprisingly, however, the ways the military and intelligence agencies are represented in these films did not necessarily mirror the political change that was occurring.

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Jordan, Hannah T., Steven D. Stellman, Joan Reibman, Mark R. Farfel, Robert M. Brackbill, Stephen M. Friedman, Jiehui Li, and James E. Cone. "Factors associated with poor control of 9/11-related asthma 10–11 years after the 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attacks." Journal of Asthma 52, no. 6 (May 21, 2015): 630–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2014.999083.

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Journal articles on the topic 'World Trade Center terrorist attack, 2001'

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