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Journal articles on the topic 'World Trade Organization – European Union countries'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Rosnerova, Zuzana, and Dagmar Hraskova. "The impact of globalization on the business position of European Union." SHS Web of Conferences 74 (2020): 05022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207405022.

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We are meeting with the term globalization for many years. The globalization process sets in motion goods, services, financial flows, information, through globalization come to the mobility of people, the workforce and globalization is also a power drive to move the whole world. This paper deals with the contribution of globalization to the EU market. The aim is to find out to what extent EU countries are involved in world trade. It also points to the position of the World Trade Organization, which is the only organization connecting the countries of the world, with the aim strengthening of wo

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Choi, Gyoung-Gyu. "China's Accession into the World Trade Organization." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 15, no. 1 (2000): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps15107.

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This paper outlines the process of China's accession into the World Trade Organization (WTO) with special focus given to the negotiations between the United States and China, and the European Union (EU) and China. Various economic and political issues behind the scene explain why the US refused to accept China into the WTO for the last 14 years. The economic and political changes in America coupled with the economic and political changes in China placed the two countries in a position where a U.S-China bilateral agreement could be made. The EU acted as a free rider in these negotiations such t

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Kazan-Allen, Laurie. "Asbestos Poisons World Trade Organization Atmosphere." International Journal of Health Services 31, no. 3 (2001): 481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/r5wm-q78p-e5xq-34e8.

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In September 2000, a World Trade Organization (WTO) panel published its findings in the dispute between Canada and the European Union/France over France's ban on the import and use of chrysotile (white asbestos). The panel upheld the French ban, established that the use of chrysotile is a health risk and the idea of “controlled use” a fallacy, and used (for the first time) an exception clause in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade that permits trade-restrictive measures to protect human life or health. At the same time, the panel concluded that the French ban violated international trad

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Jacobi, Otto. "Transnational trade union cooperation at global and European level - opportunities and obstacles." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 6, no. 1 (2000): 12–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890000600104.

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As globalisation of the economy proceeds apace, it is essential for trade unions to co-operate on a transnational basis if global capitalism is to be civilised. This contribution argues that problems with global trade union co-operation stem from the fact that people's social interests differ greatly according to the different stages of economic development reached in the First World, the newly industrialised countries, the transition economies and the countries of the Third World. It suggests that global co-operation amongst trade unions can only be achieved by doing away with protectionism a

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Jelisavac-Trosic, Sanja, and Stevan Rapaic. "Status and prospects of Serbia’s accession to the world trade organization." Medjunarodni problemi 67, no. 1 (2015): 128–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1501128j.

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For many years now Serbia is persistent in its attempt to become a full member of the World Trade Organization. Countries that are not yet members represent a tiny minority of the total world trade, and Serbia is one of them. Membership in the WTO is de facto requirement for accession to the European Union. This paper explains how far Serbia traveled in her way to this international organization, whose agreements are governing the global rules of trade between nations. Special attention was paid to the question why it is important that Serbia joins this organization, and what can be concluded

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Raj, Vishakha, and M. P. Ram Mohan. "Appellate Body Crisis at the World Trade Organization: View from India." Journal of World Trade 55, Issue 5 (2021): 829–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2021035.

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There has been a crisis prevailing at the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since December 2019. The United States’ (US) refusal to allow the appointment of members to the WTO’s Appellate Body has disturbed the functioning of the entire WTO dispute settlement process. In order to mitigate the effects of this, the European Union (EU) has proposed a multi-party interim appeal arbitration agreement (MPIA) which has been joined by over twenty other WTO members. In the absence of rules-based dispute settlement, countries will most probably resort to bilateral negotiations. This w

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Gea Ossita S, Eduard Awang Maha Putra, and Baiq Riska Anggi Safitri. "Analisis Yuridis Kewajiban Anti Dumping Bagi Sebagian Produk Fatty Alcohol antara Indonesia dan Uni Eropa." JISOSEPOL: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Ekonomi dan Politik 1, no. 2 (2024): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.61787/0wq7fe63.

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This research aims to analyze the case of anti-dumping obligations against fatty alcohol products in the dispute between Indonesia and the European Union. The research method used is normative legal research, using a statutory approach and conceptual approach. The result shows that anti-dumping provisions are regulated internationally in Article VI of GATT 1947. As one of the countries that is part of the World Trade Organization, Indonesia ratified the provisions of GATT-WTO with the issuance of Law Number 7 of 1974 dated November 2, 1994, concerning the ratification of the Agreement on Estab

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Innocenthia, Adieuva, Yosinta Margaretha, Febri One, Junita Christine, and Agnes Magdalena. "THE EUROPEAN UNION, CHINA AND SOLAR PANEL." Sociae Polites 21, no. 1 (2020): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/sp.v21i1.1585.

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The European Union and China are the two countries that have advantages in each of them. The European Union and China have a dispute regarding renewable energies, namely the problem with solar panels. China's policy of making solar panels prices have low bargaining power makes the European Union unable to accept the policy because it can cause a long trade conflict. The case study in this paper also illustrates that the EU is actively approaching it to overcome environmental challenges in China by involving the European Union in dialogue and negotiation on various issues and providing capacity

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Yemmen, Jihene, and Mohamed Miras Marzouki. "The Challenges of Free Trade with the European Union for Tunisia." Journal of International Cooperation and Development 7, no. 1 (2024): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jicd-2024-0002.

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International economic integration is a complex process of cooperation and diffusion between the national economies of different countries, aimed at creating a unified economic entity. Like many developing countries, Tunisia has adopted unprecedented reforms to facilitate the integration of its economy into the world market. From 1986 to 1995, numerous economic measures involving trade liberalization were undertaken. Tunisia adopted the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), it joined the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994. In 1995 the A

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Cachet, Tom. "The World Trade Organization Trade Facilitation Agreement: Legal Consequences and Impact on the Union Customs Code." Global Trade and Customs Journal 12, Issue 2 (2017): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2017013.

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Intensive rounds of negotiations during the 9th Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2013 led to the Bali Agreements on Trade Facilitation and Least Developed Countries. This article focusses on the legal impact of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) and compares the most important obligations in the agreement to the European Union’s existing customs legal framework to deduct whether it is in line with the new WTO provisions.

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Shumilin, Alexander. "EUROPEAN UNION RED SEA MISSION." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 37, no. 1 (2024): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran120241724.

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The article examines the general situation in the Red Sea region that has developed since the start of regular armed attacks by the Yemeni Houthis on merchant ships there in October 2023. Data is provided on the damage caused by this rebel organization in Yemen to regional and global trade. The author pays special attention to the analysis of the role of the naval forces of Western states in the Red Sea. Since October 2023, the most powerful US Navy grouping in recent decades has been formed there, and after February 19, 2024, warships from EU countries joined it as part of Operation Aspides (

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Biukovic, Ljiljana. "The Lithuania-China Row: The European Union’s Search for a Strategy and Instruments to Deal With China." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 50, Issue 4 (2023): 391–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2023025.

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The increasing use of measures of economic coercion by China has caused its trading partners to review their close trade ties with that country as well as their ability to resist such pressure. In December 2022, the European Union (EU) requested that the World Trade Organization (WTO) adjudicate its dispute with China regarding restrictive trade measures China had imposed on Lithuania in response to its foreign policy actions that were not to China’s liking. The EU also drafted new legislation – the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Protection of the Union and its

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Cunha, Raphael, Norma Breda dos Santos, and Rogério de Souza Farias. "Generalized System of Preferences in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization: History and Current Issues." Journal of World Trade 39, Issue 4 (2005): 637–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2005039.

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The present study investigates the history of the General System of Preferences within the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) systems with a particular view to define how developed and developing countries adapted their market policies to the demands of the multilateral trading system (MTS). It analyses the role of the most-favoured-nation (MFN) clause and its consequences to developing countries’ interests, within its parameters of differential market access. The study tries to explain the treatment of preferences in an objective light, presenting

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Jelisavac-Trosic, Sanja. "The world trade organization accession as one of the Serbian foreign policy goals." Medjunarodni problemi 70, no. 1 (2018): 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1801028j.

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Accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), among other things, can be viewed as one of Serbia's foreign policy goals. Observed in this way, the successful completion of the accession process will bring easier market access to the all WTO member countries, but also fulfills one of the key conditions in the negotiations for Serbia's accession to the European Union (Chapter 30). Serbia is an import-dependent country and therefore has a high foreign trade deficit. Our country trades mostly with those countries with which has been signed some kind of trade agreement (EU, CEFTA, Russia, Turkey

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Šaćirović, Dženis. "The influence of global, regional, and continental international trade organizations on the economy and development of countries." Ekonomski izazovi 12, no. 24 (2023): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekoizazov2324093s.

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International and regional trade organizations have a significant impact on the economy and development of their member countries. Such organizations promote free trade and strengthen trade relationships between members, which can lead to economic growth, improved competitiveness, and job creation. International trade organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), allow members to resolve trade disputes, protect their trade interests, and strengthen trade rules. This can result in greater stability and predictability in trade relationships between members, ultimately driving econom

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Oliveira, Marcelo Fernandes de. "O contencioso Brasil x União Europeia do açúcar na OMC." Brazilian Journal of International Relations 8, no. 3 (2020): 669–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2019.v8n3.p669-687.

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The purpose of this article is to present the brazilian diplomacy contested the subsidies of the Common agricultural Policy (CAP of the European Union in the World Trade Organization (WTO) during the transition from the FHC era (1995-2002) to the Lula era (2003-2010). The ramifications of this endeavor generated two results: 1º) the European Union incorporated the indications of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body and corrected the distortions pointed out by Brazil that were outside the rules of international agricultural trade; and 2º) the litigation served to bring developing countries closer, f

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CHAABOUNI, Karim. "Assessing Tunisian Exports towards the European Union: Intensity, Complementarity and Gravity Estimation." Asian Journal of Economic Modelling 10, no. 1 (2022): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5009.v10i1.4476.

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The Tunisian economy faces various challenges. Within a local and international environment full of constraints, several defies call to missing requirements like economic growth, employment, balance of payments’ equilibrium, etc… Despite these concerns, Tunisian economy remains open to the Rest of the World. Openness is consolidated since decades by Tunisian membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as by the country’s regional integration with various partners. In this field, the major involvement in world markets is confirmed by the Association Agreement (AA) concluded betwee

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CHAABOUNI, Karim. "Assessing Tunisian Exports towards the European Union: Intensity, Complementarity and Gravity Estimation." Asian Journal of Economic Modelling 10, no. 1 (2022): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5009.v10i1.4476.

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The Tunisian economy faces various challenges. Within a local and international environment full of constraints, several defies call to missing requirements like economic growth, employment, balance of payments’ equilibrium, etc… Despite these concerns, Tunisian economy remains open to the Rest of the World. Openness is consolidated since decades by Tunisian membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as by the country’s regional integration with various partners. In this field, the major involvement in world markets is confirmed by the Association Agreement (AA) concluded betwee

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ONWIODUOKIT, EMMANUEL A., EMMANUEL ESSIEN, and FRIDAY UKO. "ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS AND THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY: A POLITICAL ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE." Social Sciences and Management International Journal 4, no. 4 (2023): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10263033.

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<strong>Abstract</strong>Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) are contractual agreements between countries within the same region or different region to remove every form of barriers to trade between them in order to promote growth and development while also ensuring political and security ties among them. The integration of West Africa into World trade with the establishment of World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 1975 to coordinate world trading activities equally propelled the formation of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as a regional economic body with the aim of promoting

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Kuznetsov, A. V. "Disintegration of the World Trade System: Reasons and Consequences." Finance: Theory and Practice 23, no. 5 (2019): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2019-23-5-50-61.

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The article presents the study results of the world trade stagnation issues associated with the WTO systemic crisis. The aim of the article is to summarize the main reasons for the world trade system disintegration and to identify feasible directions for the world economic order transformation. The G20 trade-restricting measures were analyzed based on the statistical databases of the WTO and the non-governmental organization Global Trade Alert (GTA). The views of leading domestic and foreign experts on the consequences of liberalization of the world trade in goods and services were summarized.

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Freitas, Kenyth Alves de, Bruno de Almeida Vilela, Rui Fernando Correia Ferreira, and André Edson Ribeiro de Souza Aprigio. "FORUM SHOPPING EVIDENCE IN THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION: A SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OF DISPUTES BETWEEN MEMBER STATES." Contextus – Revista Contemporânea de Economia e Gestão 17, no. 1 (2019): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.19094/contextus.v17i1.33949.

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The intensification of trade between countries has led to the need to regulate the conduct of trading partners. The World Trade Organization (WTO) forum emerged with the mission of arbitrating these disputes and making trade fairer. However, many countries choose not to participate in this forum because of the financial and legal resources required to conduct the proceedings. The purpose of this research was to verify how the relations within the WTO were configurated in 2014. We identified the dichotomy between central and emerging countries through the concept of forum shopping. The most imp

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Biondi, Vito, Salvatore Monti, Alessandra Landi, Michela Pugliese, Elena Zema, and Annamaria Passantino. "Has the Spread of African Swine Fever in the European Union Been Impacted by COVID-19 Pandemic?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (2022): 5360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095360.

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African Swine Fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease of domestic and wild pigs, listed as notifiable by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). It causes substantial economic losses to pig farming in the affected countries, with consequent enormous damage to livestock production due to mortality of the animals, and to the restrictions on national and international trade in pigs and derivative products that the presence of the infection implies. To prevent or reduce the risk of ASF introduction, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the OIE recommend preventive and control measures,

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Dragišić, Radmila. "Autonomy of higher education in the European Union: Case C-66/18 European Commission v. Hungary." Politeia 11, no. 21 (2021): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/politeia0-31034.

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Aware of the fact that autonomy is an important prerequisite for educational institutions to be able to perform their tasks, in this paper we explore and analyze one of the most interesting cases from the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union in this area. Namely, the European Commission initiated proceedings against the Republic of Hungary for violating the rights of the European Union. The focus is on the Law on Higher Education of that member state, which has caused sharp controversies within the academic community in the countries of the European Economic Area, but al

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Habyyeva, A. M. "The WTO and issues of digital immersion of international trade." International Trade and Trade Policy 8, no. 4 (2023): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2022-3-156-164.

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The purpose and objectives of this article are determined by the pressing need for acceleration of the digitization dynamics in the international trade. The article emphasizes that in the modern time digital transformation is the key and biggest trend in the global trade business and its retail seсtor. The study has also provided a review related to the experiences of the top and leading global e-commerce countries. The features of the regulation of digital trade in the United States, China, India, and the European Union are identified and summarized. It is shown the World Trade Organization s

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Widiatedja, I. Gusti Ngurah Parikesit. "Indonesia’s Export Ban on Nickel Ore: Does It Violate the World Trade Organization (WTO) Rules?" Journal of World Trade 55, Issue 4 (2021): 667–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2021028.

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Many countries have imposed export restrictions based on economic and non-economic objectives. In 2020, Indonesia has followed this trend by imposing an export ban on nickel ore. The European Union reacted by launching a complaint at the WTO, claiming Indonesia’s export ban has unfairly limited its producers’ access to nickel. This article explores the way in which Indonesia could justify banning export on nickel ore, by looking at the current WTO rules and its judicial decisions. This article claims that Indonesia has no justification to impose this ban. Although it will most likely be tempor

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Maryniv, Ivanna. "The European Union security policy." Law and innovations, no. 1 (29) (March 31, 2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2020-1(29)-13.

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Problem setting. In spite of the presence of numerous conventions, treaties and organizations in the world today, the issue of security is still a very acute issue for the world community. There are many reasons for this: the presence of nuclear powers, serious disputes between countries that are justly considered world leaders, the existence of numerous local conflicts and wars of a more global nature across the globe. These and other factors are pushing states around the world to allocate budget funds to ensure effective security policies. Given today’s realities, one can trace the tendency

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Biukovic, Ljiljana. "Transparency Norms, the World Trade System and Free Trade Agreements: The Case of CETA." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 39, Issue 1 (2012): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2012006.

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Canada and the European Union (EU) are negotiating an ambitious Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). While the content of the agreement has not yet been officially disclosed by its negotiators, the general public and the business community are already concerned about the scope and effect of CETA on the two economies and their societies. This article deals with CETA's transparency provisions. It claims that, whereas CETA has not yet utilized external transparency to ensure support for the negotiations, it does have the potential for greater regulatory transparency in technical bar

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Kishore, Pallavi. "The Role of Consumer Protection in the Relations Between Asia and the European Union." Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 11/12 (2019): 537–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019066.

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This article examines the functioning of the European Union’s (EU’s) consumer protection law in an incident in which the EU banned Asian shrimps in order to protect its consumers and aims to answer the following questions: 1. Are the EU’s actions in compliance with its own law and the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO)? 2. What is the impact of these actions on international trade and on the EU’s trading partners especially if they are developing countries? The most important consequence of this incident is its restrictive impact on international trade and/or the use of consumer protect

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Nacewska-Twardowska, Aleksandra. "Regionalism and multilateralism in trade policy of the European Union." Equilibrium 4, no. 1 (2010): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2010.012.

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Foreign trade is one of the main expressions of international cooperation in the world, which indicates the specific location of trade policy in the policy of the countries or organizations. The history of trade shows the existence of two opposite trade coordinating practices: regional and multilateral. In the post-war history, there can be seen the coexistence of both trends. An excellent example of this is the European Union, where both practice of coordination the trade policy unite. On the one hand, the Community is in itself an exception to the principle of trade liberalization on a multi

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Arora, Rahul, Sarbjit Singh, and Somesh K. Mathur. "Assessment of the Proposed India-China Free Trade Agreement: A General Equilibrium Approach." Journal of Centrum Cathedra: The Business and Economics Research Journal 8, no. 2 (2015): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcc-08-02-2015-b002.

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Purpose The present study is an attempt to evaluate the impact of the proposed India-China free trade agreement (FTA) in goods trade on both countries under a static general equilibrium framework. Design/Methodology/Approach The study has utilized the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model of world trade with the presence of skilled and unskilled unemployment in the world. For analysis purposes, 57 GTAP sectors, representing the whole regional economy, have been aggregated into 43 sectors and 140 GTAP regions, representing the whole world, have been aggregated into 19 regions. The study ha

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Thorpe, Wayne. "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918." Contemporary European History 10, no. 1 (2001): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777301001011.

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This article argues that syndicalist trade union organizations, viewed internationally, were unique in First World War Europe in not supporting the war efforts or defensive efforts of their respective governments. The support for the war of the important French organisation has obscured the fact that the remaining five national syndicalist organisations – in belligerent Germany and Italy, and in neutral Spain, Sweden and the Netherlands – remained faithful to their professed workers' internationalism. The article argues that forces tending to integrate the labour movement in pre-1914 Europe ha

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Żejmo, Marek. "Wstępna analiza elementów integracji i dezintegracji Europy i Unii Europejskiej." Studia Orientalne 5, no. 1 (2014): 88–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/so2014105.

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Since the creation of the European Economic Community in 1957, founded by France, Italy, Germany and the countries of Benelux, the present-day European Union has gone through various changing fortunes, from spectacular triumphs and growing number of members to moments of crisis. Integration crises were of different nature, starting with differences of interests during elimination of trade restrictions between members of the new international organization which had to be covered by common regulations, in order to create common institutions protecting interests of the union from countries outsid

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Cachón, Lorenzo, and Miguel S. Valles. "Trade unionism and immigration: reinterpreting old and new dilemmas." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 9, no. 3 (2003): 469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900308.

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The social and economic changes that have taken place since the mid-1980s in Spain and other southern European countries have paved the way for their emergence as new countries of immigration. Trade unionism in these countries has had to face this new situation at a time of great changes in the world of employment and this has posed new challenges for union structures. This article reports on recent empirical research into Spanish trade unionists’ attitudes towards immigrant workers within this new context. A research method first used in other European countries is employed here to give a fre

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Vanthemsche, Guy. "Unemployment Insurance in Interwar Belgium." International Review of Social History 35, no. 3 (1990): 349–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900001004x.

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SUMMARYIn 1900, a special type of unemployment insurance was set up in Belgium: the so-called “Ghent system”, which had some influence on the development of unemployment insurance in many European countries. This particular system was characterized by the important role played by the trade-union unemployment societies. The public authorities (in Belgium, from 1920 onwards, the central government next to the towns and provinces) encouraged the affiliation of the labourers to these societies by granting different sorts of financial support to the unemployed society members and to the societies t

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Fruscione, Alessandro. "The Free Trade Agreement Between the European Union and Vietnam." Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 1 (2021): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021005.

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The European Union and Vietnam have signed a far-reaching Free Trade Agreement, which came into force on 1 August 2020 and represents a turning point in the trade relations that the Union has with third countries. In addition to providing for a substantial reduction in duties, partly with immediate effect and partly over the next few years, the agreement affects non-tariff barriers, substantially simplifying the documentation needed for customs operations (in particular in Vietnam) and the certifications required for certain types of products (for example, for pharmaceuticals). The Agreement a

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Hairullah, Hafiz. "Dinamika Penyelesaian Sengketa Dagang Komoditas Baja Indonesia Melalui Wto Terhadap Uni Eropa." Jurnal Impresi Indonesia 4, no. 6 (2025): 1950–57. https://doi.org/10.58344/jii.v4i6.6653.

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This research explores Indonesia's role as a major player in the global steel and iron export market, particularly in relation to the European Union (EU). As the fifth largest exporter of steel and iron by 2022, Indonesia has seen its exports increase dramatically from US$5.60 billion in 2018 to US$27.82 billion in 2022. However, Indonesia faces significant trade barriers, including anti-dumping and safeguard duties imposed by the European Union. This article highlights the complexities of dealing with dumping allegations, with reference to Indonesia's experience with the World Trade Organizat

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Nawafleh, Abdullah S. "Contribution of Business Law Reform to Economic Development: Lessons from the Middle East." European Business Law Review 23, Issue 2 (2012): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2012017.

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This paper explores whether business law reforms in Arab countries have contributed to their economic development, business legal environment and integration into the international market. Using Jordan as an example, it explores the role of law in economic development in the region. The analysis finds that the Jordanian legal reform has led the country to participate in international markets, by incorporating international legal norms into its own legislation. This legislative reform has also contributed to economic development, allowing Jordan to join the World Trade Organization and enter in

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Herbert, Eti Best, and Fasilat Abimbola Olalere. "What Is Economic Globalization Without Trans-boundary Migration?" Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 10 (2020): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020088.

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The world is often regarded as a global village or borderless globe where various countries freely interconnect and interrelate towards achieving a global goal. Globalization has occasioned international cooperation amongst States through the formation of several treaties and international organizations with economic objectives. This article evaluates the law and attitude of States and International organizations towards economically motivated trans-boundary migration. Particular reference is made to World Trade Organization(WTO), European Union(EU), African Union (AU), Economic Community of W

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Giacalone, Joseph A., and Genai Greenidge. "China, The World Trade Organization, And The Market For Rare Earth Minerals." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 3 (2013): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i3.7669.

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Rare earth elements (also referred to as rare earth minerals, rare earth metals, green elements, rare earths or simply REEs) are comprised of 17 elements of the periodic table. The metals are often found combined together in ores and must be separated into its individual elements. On the supply side of the market, China is currently the largest producer of rare earth elements in the world, mining at least 90% of total world production. Consequently, many countries around the world rely on imports of these REEs to facilitate production of the various systems and products that are dependent on t

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Biondi, Andrea. "Brexit and state aid control: four quartets." Competition Law Journal 17, no. 1 (2018): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/clj.2018.01.01.

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The United Kingdom Government has recently given its clearest indication yet that a domestic state aid regulatory regime, would have to be in place at the end of the Brexit process. The Competition and Markets Authority has been designated as the domestic state aid regulator. This article reassesses the importance of the provisions on state aid within the European Union legal order and reviews the control of subsidies in international trade law, both under World Trade Organization rules and in the EU's trade agreements with third countries. It further examines the challenges and opportunities

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Langhammer, Rolf J. "EEC Trade Policies towards Asian Developing Countries." Asian Development Review 04, no. 02 (1986): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110586000106.

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In recent years, there has been growing international concern about protectionist tendencies in industrial countries against exports from the developing world. Estimates show that during the early 1980s, protectionist measures covered an increasing extent of the exports of developing countries. The evidence indicates that compared with Japan and the United States, the European Economic Community (EEC) has the highest relative level of manufactured imports facing non-tariff barriers and also the greatest increase of such trade restrictions. This may seem to suggest that the high rates of unempl

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Fung, Ka Yi. "How Economic Dependency Was Created Through the WTO: A Case Study of South Korea." Journal of Developing Societies 33, no. 4 (2017): 469–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x17738586.

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Adapting the framework of dependency theory, the article asks how the economic dependency of less developed countries (LDCs) on developed countries (DCs) is created through free trade. This article uses South Korea’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a case study to illustrate this economic dependency creation process. Based on second-hand data from existing studies, the European Union, and the WTO, this article finds: (i) due to limited farmland size and high production costs, South Korean agricultural products cannot win a seat in the world market; (ii) the local agricultural

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Serwicka, Ilona Elzbieta, Geoffrey Chapman, and Bradley Tyler. "The Economic Interest Test in UK Trade Remedy Investigations." World Trade Review 22, no. 3-4 (2023): 408–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745623000058.

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AbstractThe UK's Trade Remedies Authority (TRA) conducts economic assessments of the ramifications of trade remedies, the Economic Interest Test (EIT). Such assessments are not mandated by the World Trade Organization but are conducted by certain trade remedy investigating authorities, including those of Brazil, Canada, the European Union, and New Zealand. The EIT is a mandatory part of the UK trade remedy system and is arguably more transparent than similar interest tests conducted by other trade remedy investigating authorities. However, stakeholder participation remains a challenge and the

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Dawar, Kamala. "The 2016 European Union International Procurement Instruments Amendments to the 2012 Buy European Proposal: A Retrospective Assessment of Its Prospects." Journal of World Trade 50, Issue 5 (2016): 845–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2016034.

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This article assesses the European Commission’s 2016 Amended Proposal for ‘a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the access of third-country goods and services to the Union’s internal market in public procurement and procedures supporting negotiations on access of Union goods and services to the public procurement markets of third countries’.1 The proposed regulation aims to improve the conditions under which European Union (EU) businesses can compete for public contracts abroad. It provides the EU with leverage through imposing a price penalty on any tender for an EU p

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Influenza Project Team. "Oseltamivir resistance in human seasonal influenza viruses (A/H1N1) in EU and EFTA countries: an update." Eurosurveillance 13, no. 6 (2008): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/ese.13.06.08032-en.

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Following the publications in Eurosurveillance on 31 January [1,2], the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), the European Influenza Surveillance Scheme (EISS), the World Health Organization (WHO) and their partners have agreed to update the data on the occurrence of resistance of influenza A/H1N1 viruses to oseltamivir appearing on the ECDC and EISS websites on a weekly basis (every Thursday afternoon). Data on the ECDC website are for European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries. The WHO has also published a global table, which it will also re

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Moyo, Sibusiso, and Thomas H. Spreen. "An Update on the Consequences of EU Sugar Reform." International Journal on Food System Dynamics 2, no. 1 (2011): 67–76. https://doi.org/10.18461/ijfsd.v2i1.215.

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Since its formation the European Union (EU) has employed a rather complicated policy to ensure high prices to domestic sugar growers and trade preferences to certain sugar exporting countries, e.g. the African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group. One result of this policy is that the EU has been both the second largest importer and second largest exporter in the world market. Under pressure from the World Trade Organization (WTO), the EU agreed to reform its policies toward sugar in 2001, with the full effect of the reforms being fully implemented in 2006. In this paper, the impact of the sugar

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Brink, Gustav. "Appropriate Price Comparisons in Anti-dumping Investigations: Apples-to-Apples or Starking-to-Starking?" Global Trade and Customs Journal 8, Issue 5 (2013): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2013016.

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This article considers the facts before the World trade Organization (WTO) panel in China - Definitive anti-dumping duties on x-ray security inspection equipment from the European Union (China - X-rays) and how its findings require a more detailed domestic industry price analysis than currently employed in some countries. It proposes a methodology for the determination of both the price undercutting and the margin of injury and briefly explores how, if the price undercutting exercise has to be done in such considerable detail, the lesser duty rule can be applied with little additional burden.

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Yeung, May T., and Nick Perdikis. "The Battle over the EUs Proposed Humanitarian Trade Preferences for Pakistan: A Case Study in Multifaceted Protectionism." Journal of World Trade 46, Issue 1 (2012): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2012002.

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In the wake of devastating floods in Pakistan in 2010, the European Union (EU) has attempted to use trade policy to provide humanitarian assistance by the temporary lowering of tariffs on select imports from Pakistan. This Proposal, justified on humanitarian grounds, requires a World Trade Organization (WTO) waiver, which so far has not been possible, amidst developing countries' concerns regarding erosion of the value of their preferential access to the EU market. A detailed examination of the EU Proposal indicates marginal benefit to Pakistan at best, given that sensitive import-competing pr

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Aboagye, Emmanuel Mensah, Nana Osei Owusu, Monica Yamoah, Richmond Ashiagbor, and Kwaku Obeng Effah. "World Trade Organisation System." Journal on Innovation and Sustainability RISUS 13, no. 1 (2022): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2179-3565.2022v13i1p32-43.

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In today’s world, sustainable development has become the consensus of the international community. With the development and progress of the world economy and the launch of the wave of environmental protection in the world, market trade and environmental protection issues have gradually gained the full attention of government departments and people in many countries around the world, and gradually developed into one of the core issues in the global political, economic and multi-industry fields. The laws and regulations on environmental protection adopted by international organizations and count

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Nikitin, Alexey. "European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism in light of the law of the World Trade Organization." Meždunarodnoe pravosudie 14, no. 1 (2024): 136–54. https://doi.org/10.21128/2226-2059-2024-1-136-154.

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The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism established by the European Union in 2023 aims to equalize the burden of climate change mitigation measures taken by importers and domestic producers. Mechanism’s designers are confident that it will succeed without breaking the law of the World Trade Organization. The article shows that the overall design of the Mechanism does indeed fall under the article XX(g) exception of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, allowing for trade measures to conserve an exhaustible natural resource. In this connection, the article argues for viewing carbon budget

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