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1
Harviainen, Tapani. "The Jews in Finland and World War II." Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 21, no. 1-2 (September 1, 2000): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.69575.
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In the years 1989–1944 two different wars against the Soviet Union were imposed upon Finland. During the Winter War of 1989–1940 Germany remained strictly neutral on the basis of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact&&Great Britain and France planned intervention in favour of Finland. When the second, so-called Continuation War broke out in the summer of 1041, Finland was co-belligerent of Germany, and Great Britain declared war on Finland in December 1941. De jure, however, Finland was never an ally of Germany, and at the end of the war, in the winter 1944–1945, the Finnish armed forces expelled the German troops from Lapland, which was devastated by the Germans during their retreat to Norway. Military service was compulsory for each male citizen of Finland. In 1939 the Jewish population of Finland numbered 1 700. Of these, 260 men were called up and approximately 200 were sent to serve at the front during the Winter War.
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Roche, Emily. "Building through the flames: Polish-Jewish architects and their networks, 1937–1945." Studia Rossica Posnaniensia 49, no. 1 (June 11, 2024): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strp.2024.49.1.5.
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Before 1939, Jewish architects were active members of their profession, participating in domestic and international architectural networks and contributing to the built environment of Polish cities. From the mid-1930s, however, intensifying antisemitism and far-right political forces pressured architectural networks to exclude Jews from professional unions. The start of the Second World War and the German occupation in 1939 strained professional architectural networks but led to the formation of underground workshops, cooperatives, and other groups, whose connections extended from Warsaw through the camps and ghettos of occupied Poland. This article presents the history of Jewish-Polish architects from 1937 to 1945. Demonstrating how architectural networks reacted to changing conditions of war, occupation, and genocide, it emphasizes architectural networks as sites of political engagement, ranging from prewar antisemitic attacks on Jews and their removal from the Society of Polish Architects (SARP) to underground architectural networks that hid Jews and allowed them to work. Although the fate of Jewish architects depended largely on their relationships with their professional networks, they also actively decided how to utilize those networks to resist the Nazis and to ensure their survival. This research shows that interpersonal relationships and wartime networks were consequential in determining the wartime fates of Jewish architects and also shaped the profession’s post-war structure.
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Butkiewicz, Tomasz. "Synagogues on fire. The end of Polish synagogue architecturein 1939–1941 in the iconography of German soldiers." Res Politicae 14 (2022): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/rp.2022.14.07.
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The outbreak of World War II marked the beginning of a tragic period in history that determined the fate of Polish Jews. From its first days, the German terror was not only remembered as a prelude to the Holocaust, but also as the beginning of the end of synagogue architecture in Poland. The iconography presented in the article draws attention to the burning synagogues and, at the same time, the end of a world that was indisputably part of the culture, art and identity of Poland before 1939.In the landscape of Poland it constituted a kind of individuality, which in the vocabulary of the Third Reich was perceived as: “Jewish culture and architecture” (Judische Kultur und Architektur), “Jewishtypes” (Judische Typen), “subhumans” (Untermenschen). This is the vocabulary of the German soldier who has occupied Poland since September 1939. And although some of them had already become familiar with this world during the First World War, it was mostly the young recruit born between1920 and 1922 who perceived it in an alien way, unprecedented for him. Convinced of their mission to expand their living space (Lebensraum), and thus their right to rule over Poland and Eastern Europe, the young Germans simultaneously made a visual perception of Polish Jews. The main part the article consists of iconographic documents visualising the silent historical source and studies of the subject created after 1945. They cover the period from 1939 to 1941 and depict the process of destroying Polish synagogue architecture. These are significant years because it was during this period that the largest number of synagogues built in Poland before 1939 were destroyed.
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Peskova, Anna Yu. "Modern Slovak drama about The Second World War." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 63 (2022): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-63-268-277.
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The paper addresses the Slovak drama of the 21st century dedicated to the Second World War, the Holocaust, and the Slovak National Uprising. After the “velvet revolution” of 1989, interest in the military and insurgent theme in Slovak art as a whole declined sharply, but as early as in the 21st century playwrights and theaters of Slovakia are increasingly beginning to return to these topics. Many of these plays created in the last twenty years were written in order to actualize public discussions about the period of the Slovak Republic (1939–1945), around the mass deportation of Jews from its territory, around the arization, etc. The main task of these plays` authors is to put serious moral questions before the viewer. For this purpose, the paper focuses on social and historical context in which National Socialism spread in Slovakia. Such are, for example, the works of R. Ballek “Tiso”, P. Rankov “It Happened on the First of September (or Some Other Time)”, A. Gruskova “The Woman Rabbi”, V. Klimachek “The Holocaust”, Y. Yuraneva “The Silent Whip”. One of the most important questions that Slovak writers and society have been asking in recent decades is the question of how and why Slovaks actually joined Nazi Germany during the Second World War, what prompted them to do this.
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Hamrin-Dahl, Tina. "This-worldly and other-worldly: a holocaust pilgrimage." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 22 (January 1, 2010): 122–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67365.
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This story is about a kind of pilgrimage, which is connected to the course of events which occurred in Częstochowa on 22 September 1942. In the morning, the German Captain Degenhardt lined up around 8,000 Jews and commanded them to step either to the left or to the right. This efficient judge from the police force in Leipzig was rapid in his decisions and he thus settled the destinies of thousands of people. After the Polish Defensive War of 1939, the town (renamed Tschenstochau) had been occupied by Nazi Germany, and incorporated into the General Government. The Nazis marched into Częstochowa on Sunday, 3 September 1939, two days after they invaded Poland. The next day, which became known as Bloody Monday, approximately 150 Jews were shot deadby the Germans. On 9 April 1941, a ghetto for Jews was created. During World War II about 45,000 of the Częstochowa Jews were killed by the Germans; almost the entire Jewish community living there.The late Swedish Professor of Oncology, Jerzy Einhorn (1925–2000), lived in the borderhouse Aleja 14, and heard of the terrible horrors; a ghastliness that was elucidated and concretized by all the stories told around him. Jerzy Einhorn survived the ghetto, but was detained at the Hasag-Palcery concentration camp between June 1943 and January 1945. In June 2009, his son Stefan made a bus tour between former camps, together with Jewish men and women, who were on this pilgrimage for a variety of reasons. The trip took place on 22–28 June 2009 and was named ‘A journey in the tracks of the Holocaust’. Those on the Holocaust tour represented different ‘pilgrim-modes’. The focus in this article is on two distinct differences when it comes to creed, or conceptions of the world: ‘this-worldliness’ and ‘other- worldliness’. And for the pilgrims maybe such distinctions are over-schematic, though, since ‘sacral fulfilment’ can be seen ‘at work in all modern constructions of travel, including anthropology and tourism’.
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Levin, Dov. "Arrests and Deportations of Latvian Jews by the USSR During the Second World WAR." Nationalities Papers 16, no. 1 (1988): 50–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905998808408068.
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Mass deportations of native populations (Jews included) from territories annexed by the USSR in 1939–40 in amicable division of spoils with Nazi Germany and its allies had everywhere the same historical background and followed roughly the same procedure. Territories in question included the states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in their entirety, parts of Finland, nearly one-half of pre-1939 Poland, and the formerly Romanian regions of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.
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Radchenko, Iryna Gennadiivna. "The Philanthropic Organizations' Assistance to Jews of Romania and "Transnistria" during the World War II." Dnipropetrovsk University Bulletin. History & Archaeology series 25, no. 1 (March 7, 2017): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/261714.
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The article is devoted to assistance, rescue to the Jewish people in Romanian territory, including "Transnistria" in 1939–1945. Using the archival document from different institutions (USHMM, Franklyn D. Roosevelt Library) and newest literature, the author shows the scale of the assistance, its mechanism and kinds. It was determined some of existed charitable organizations and analyzed its mechanism of cooperation between each other. Before the war, the Romanian Jewish Community was the one of largest in Europe (after USSR and Poland) and felt all tragedy of Holocaust. Romania was the one of the Axis states; the anti-Semitic policy has become a feature of Marshal Antonescu policy. It consisted of deportations from some regions of Romania to newly-created region "Transnistria", mass exterminations, death due to some infectious disease, hunger, etc. At the same moment, Romania became an example of cooperation of the international organizations, foreign governments on providing aid. The scale of this assistance was significant: thanks to it, many of Romanian Jews (primarily, children) could survive the Holocaust: some of them were come back to Romanian regions, others decide to emigrate to Palestine. The emphasis is placed on the personalities, who played important (if not decisive) role: W. Filderman, S. Mayer, Ch. Colb, J. Schwarzenberg, R. Mac Clelland and many others. It was found that the main part of assistance to Romanian Jews was began to give from the end of 1943, when the West States, World Jewish community obtained numerous proofs of Nazi crimes against the Jews (and, particularly, Romanian Jews). It is worth noting that the assistance was provided, mostly, for Romanian Jews, deported from Regat; some local (Ukrainian) Jews also had the possibility to receive a lot of needful things. But before the winter 1942, most of Ukrainian Jews was exterminated in ghettos and concentration camps. The main kinds of the assistance were financial (donations, which was given by JDC through the ICRC and Romanian Jewish Community), food parcels, clothes, medicaments, and emigrations from "Transnistria" to Romania, Palestine (after 1943). Considering the status of Romania (as Nazi Germany's ally in World War II), the international financial transactions dealt with some difficulties, which delayed the relief, but it was changed after the Romania's joining to Allies. The further research on the topic raises new problem for scholars. Particularly, it deals with using of memoirs. There is one other important point is inclusion of national (Ukrainian) historiography on the topic, concerning the rescue of Romanian Jews, to European and world history context.
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Andersson, Lars M. "‘Until the domination of the Jews is crushed, Sweden is not the land of the Swedes!’." Nordisk judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 35, no. 1 (June 28, 2024): 90–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.142265.
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This article analyses Hammaren, a Swedish blend of Der Stürmer, Der Hammer and domestic antisemitic publications, published by the most radical Swedish national socialists and antisemitic crusaders, launched in January 1943 and discontinued on 30 April 1945, the day of Adolf Hitler’s suicide in Berlin. Hammaren fought a global war against an imaginary enemy, ‘the Jew’, described as evil and immensely powerful. ‘The Jew’ was responsible for everything wrong in the world, from embezzlement, petty theft and peddling to capitalism, Bolshevism and the ongoing world war, understood as an eschatological race war instigated by ‘the Jew’ and threatening the very existence of the white race. Hammaren, according to its contributors, was an enlightenment project; antisemitism meant self-defence against an overbearing, all-powerful enemy. This article investigates some of the strategies employed by Hammaren to spread rumours about the Jews, to ‘expose’ them and their henchmen, and thereby awaken Swedes to the dire situation.
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Kevo, Mario. "Conflict between Yugoslavia and the International Committee of the Red Cross in the aftermath of the Second World War." Review of Croatian history 18, no. 1 (December 14, 2022): 245–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/review.v18i1.24287.
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The International Committee of the Red Cross from Geneva and its activities in the circumstances of the Second World War has been exclusively humanitarian, and the ICRC based it on the then applicable provisions and regulations of the International Law of War (the Law of Armed Conflict). In the aftermath of the Second World War, sporadic allegations began to arise on the ICRC's activities in the war’s circumstances, from 1939 to 1945. These allegations focused in particular on the ICRC's relations with the Authorities of the German Reich, and on the ICRC's activities in favor of the Jews during the war. Initially, the ICRC and its leadership has been facing sporadic accusations from various organizations or individuals, as well as accusations from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), that had no official relations with the ICRC, and shown open hostilities towards the ICRC in the aftermath of the Second World War. In mid-1946, the representatives of Yugoslav authorities accused the ICRC of protecting collaborators and war criminals and further aggravated the situation. The reason for the outbreak of the conflict was the issue of displaced persons, among other. The Yugoslav Red Cross started the conflict that continued through the official Yugoslav press, with the support of the Yugoslav authorities. Soon, both the Yugoslav Red Cross and the Yugoslav authorities extended their allegations towards the ICRC to the entire ICRC’s activities carried out during the war. Based on original archival sources, published sources and literature, the author presents the genesis of the conflict.
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NAIMARK, NORMAN M. "War and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941–1945." Contemporary European History 16, no. 2 (May 2007): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777307003839.
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The historical connection between war and genocide is clear and apparent. Scholars of mass killing have repeatedly pointed out the linkages between the First World War and the Armenian genocide of 1915, between the Second World War and the Holocaust, between the 1993–4 war and the genocide in Rwanda, and between the war in Bosnia and the genocide in Srebrenica. Scholars of war, most often military historians, have been less ready to tie what they see as two distinct social phenomena – war and genocide – into the same bundle. This was especially the case, until recently, for the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, and the subsequent mass murder of the Jews. The Wehrmacht, the German fighting forces, were seen to be implementing an enormously ambitious military campaign against the Soviet Union, which, in the end, they lost. Meanwhile, the Nazi security organs – the SS, the SD, and the Einsatzgruppen – carried out the ‘Final Solution’, inspired primarily by Hitler and the Nazi hierarchs.
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Gerlach, Christian. "Annexations in Europe and the Persecution of Jews, 1939–1944." East Central Europe 39, no. 1 (2012): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633012x635636.
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This contribution tries to explain why Jews were persecuted earlier or more fiercely in territories annexed by a state during World War II than in the mainland of that state. The case-studies covered are Nazi Germany, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the USSR. It is argued that internationally, similar policies of incorporation, especially the replacement of existing elites and the process of bringing in new settlers, worked against the Jews. Aside from focusing on governmental policies, the contribution also sketches the manner in which individual actions by state functionaries (who did not merely implement state policies) and by non-state actors had adverse effects on the Jewish population, impacting their survival chances. Finally, the article places the persecution of Jews in annexed areas in the context of the concerted violence conducted, at the same time, against other ethnically defined, religious, and social groups.
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Merta-Staszczak, Adriana. "Udział społeczności żydowskiej w odbudowie życia gospodarczego Dolnego Śląska w latach 1945–1949." UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 23, no. 2 (2022): 38–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2022.2.3.
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Rebuilding the life of Jewish communities after the trauma of World War II in the Western Territories was the part of reconstruction and launching industrial plants which were a priority in the development of the state. Jews settling in Lower Silesia gathered in the emerging committees, whose main task was to care for the repatriates and their professional activation (productivization). The article presents the process of employing Lower Silesian Jews in state industry, creating cooperatives and individual workshops, as an essential element economic reconstruction of this region.
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Ragaru, Nadège. "The Prosecution of Anti-Jewish Crimes in Bulgaria: Fashioning a Master Narrative of the Second World War (1944–1945)." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 33, no. 4 (July 10, 2019): 941–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325419857146.
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Bulgaria was amongst the first states in Europe to hold trials with an exclusive focus on anti-Jewish persecutions during the Second World War. On 24 November 1944, a chamber solely dedicated to the prosecution of anti-Jewish crimes was established within the People’s Courts (1944–1945). This judicial action thus constitutes a unique experiment in the qualification of crimes, the use of material/testimonial evidence, the establishment of proof, and the devising of sentencing policy. Seen as a stage on which several contenders fought over the reading of the recent past and the present in the making, the Court also offers a lens on the complex interplay between the prosecution of war crimes and the crafting of revolutionary changes as well as on the relations between Jews and non-Jews at the end of the war. Drawing on a diversity of archival records (accusation files and protocols of the hearings among others), the article will underline two paradoxes. First, the chamber established to prosecute anti-Jewish crimes ended up building a master narrative of “collective innocence” centered on the “rescue of the Bulgarian Jews,” which has remained dominant in Bulgarian public discourse to this day. Second, the communist Jews who had fought for the recognition of Jewish suffering ultimately took part in the euphemization of Jewish experiences of the war. In resorting to justice, they hoped to convince the local Jewry to stay in Bulgaria and build socialism there. For that purpose, they had to prove that the wartime policies were the deeds of a handful of “fascists.” Henceforth, they embraced the official discourse of interethnic solidarity in combat and sorrow, thus downplaying the specificity of the Jewish predicament.
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Dreisziger, N. F. "Hungarian Jews During the Holocaust and After the Second World War, 1939-1949." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/16.1.132.
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Viola, Lynne. "Antisemitism in the “Jewish NKVD” in Soviet Ukraine on the Eve of World War II." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 34, no. 3 (2020): 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcaa043.
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Abstract Following the German invasion of the USSR on June 22, 1941, murderous violence against local Jews broke out in many localities of the territories it had occupied in the wake of the 1939 Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact. In particular, organizers demanded revenge for the recent Stalinist repressions and deportations. Participants claimed that the “Jewish Soviet state,” the “Jewish NKVD,” or local Jews had been responsible for those crimes. Even now, the legend of prewar Jewish responsibility figures in the dubious “double genocide” thesis animating nationalistic historiographies in Eastern Europe and its international diasporas. The following study counters that mythology, addressing the story of actual Jews in the NKVD at the end of the 1930s. It draws on the archives of the Ukrainian security services, especially records that document Stalin’s effort to divert blame for the recent Great Terror onto senior and mid-level officials. Stalin’s green light to criticize the bosses gave other NKVD officers the opportunity to address many issues, including that of antisemitism among NKVD cadres. These sources suggest that antisemitism was in fact a potent force within the NKVD in Ukraine and elsewhere.
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Hoxha, Artan R. "Why Did Albanians Protect Jews during the Holocaust?" East Central Europe 51, no. 1 (March 21, 2024): 108–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763308-51010002.
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Abstract The fact that some Albanians protected Jews during the Holocaust has long been known in Albania and has become increasingly well known in the West since Israel recognized sixty-five Muslim Albanians as Righteous Gentiles. Albanian historians ignored these facts until the fall of communism, and Westerners portrayed Albanian helpers of Jews as generalized mythical Muslims with a medieval culture in an obscure pro-Semitic European oasis rather than as individuals making a variety of choices. This research sheds light on the ideological limitations pervasive in existing Albanian historical scholarship and then draws on twenty-seven new oral history interviews with families who saved Jews to outline a range of reasons that Albanians of various religions, political backgrounds, and social statuses took Jews into their care between 1942 and 1945. Going beyond reductionist nationalist explanations, we see that it was a combination of geographically differentiated socio-cultural, political, economic, and war-specific factors that led to Jews finding safe haven in some areas populated by ethnic Albanians during World War Two.
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Lehner, Rolf Dieter. "Auschwitz as the Symbol of Mutual Guilt before Jewish People: 75 Years After." Beacon: Journal for Studying Ideologies and Mental Dimensions 4, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 010410261. http://dx.doi.org/10.55269/thebeacon.4.010410261.
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At the ceremony dedicated to the 75th anniversary of Auschwitz liberation held in Yad Vashem Holocaust Commemoration Centre, Jerusalem, no complete truth about the Holocaust and Israeli state necessity, based on investigation of anti-Semitic crimes, was disclosed by any of Eurasian leaders. A careful examination of the Holocaust and foundation of the Israeli state shows that not only Germany and Nazi committed high and atrocious military and civil crimes against the Jewish people. The total Eurasian attitude towards the Jews was highly negative just before, during and after World War II. Soviet Union and Great Britain contributed most to the deferral of the Israeli state foundation. If the war had lasted longer and had ended in 1947 instead of 1945, there would not have been a single Jew in Eurasia because of mutual Eurasian aggression towards the Jewish people. Now, 75 years after, it is high time we revealed the importance of the Israeli state for Eurasian Jews and demythologize Eurasian “help” to the victims of Holocaust.
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Babich, Oleksandr. "Quantitative changes in population of Odessa during the occupation in 1941–1944." History Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 53 (June 21, 2022): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2021.53.99-109.
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In modern historiography there is no study that would give an adequate and precise picture of demographic changes in Odessa`s population during the Second World war. This study analyses existing monographies, data stored in archives of both soviet and Romanian sides and analyzes them in order to create complete overlook of what quantitative and qualitative changes did the population of Odessa went through during the period from 1939 to 1945.We have found out that during the Second World War the original Odessa population decreased more than by half. During the Odessa defense operation the main factor of population reduction was emigration to other regions of Soviet Union. During the Romanian occupation most victims were Jew victims of the Holocaust. When soviet army returned and freed the city, the population suffered losses from the conscription, but in general was growing due to immigration.As a result, we can state that during World War II, Odessa suffered great losses in population. One of the most important changes was a change of qualitative parameter – after war Jews were making much lesser part of the city`s population, which led to major cultural changes in this region in following decades.The study of population dynamics, its structure, number, vital activity of the city of Odessa, the capital of the Romanian-occupied and administered Governorate «Transnistria», a city with specific living conditions, national composition, unique historical experience, gives great space for scientific research. Relevant comprehensive and accurate analysis of migration and population loss in the city of Odessa in different periods of World War II. After all, this aspect is one of the most important components of social history, emphasizes the cultural and anthropological transformations in society as a consequence of war. Particular attention is drawn to the need to use the latest methods of calculating the population of the city on the basis of clerical documents, statistical reports, acts of various commissions that recorded losses and damage. The author makes a comparative analysis of the data of Soviet and Romanian documents, which made it possible to identify some contradictions. At the same time, based on a comprehensive study of all types of documents, the author made reasonable conclusions about the population dynamics of Odessa at different stages of World War II: during the defense of the city, the years of Romanian-German occupation and immediately after the liberation of Odessa from the occupiers.
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Motyka, Grzegorz. "Ćwiczenia z polityki wobec pamięci." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 59, no. 2 (May 12, 2015): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2015.59.2.15.
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This essay contains a description and critical appraisal of the contemporary Ukrainian state’s policy in regard to memory of the Volhynian and Galician massacres of 1943–1945. The author engages in polemics with Tomasz Stryjek, who recently published a book on this and other issues: Ukraina przed końcem Historii. Szkice o polityce państw wobec pamięci [Ukraine Before the End of History: Essays on State Policy in Regard to Memory]. In the author’s opinion, Stryjek one-sidedly, or even naively, places hope in the idea that the EU, in the not-too-distant future, will exert effective pressure on the government in Kiev to make it adapt its narrative about the activities of the OUN and UIA against Poles and Jews to European standards of memory about the Second World War. In the author’s opinion, the Ukrainian narrative about the activities of the OUN and UIA is based on the erroneous conviction—which is comfortable for the Ukrainian side—of equal guilt in the Polish-Ukrainian conflict of 1939–1947. He argues that there should be no cessation of efforts to remind Ukrainian historians and authorities about the responsibility to condemn, unambiguously, the mass crimes committed by national independence groups.
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Haliti, Bajram. "Challenging the Nurney Procedure by the Roma national community." Bastina, no. 51 (2020): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bastina30-28830.
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World War II is considered to be the largest and longest bloody conflict in recent history. It began with the German attack on Poland on September 1, 1939. The war lasted six years and ended with the capitulation of Japan on September 2, 1945. The consequences of the war are still present in many countries today. "German, Italian and Japanese fascists waged a war of conquest with the aim of dividing the world and creating a New Order in which it would have economic, political and military domination, establish a rule of terror and violence and destroy all forms of human freedom, dignity and humanism. Only a few thousand Roma in Germany survived the Holocaust and Nazi concentration camps. Trying to rebuild their lives, after losing so many family members and relatives, and after their property was destroyed or confiscated, they faced enormous difficulties. The health of many was destroyed. Although they have been trying to get compensation for that for years, such requests have been constantly denied Based on established facts, eyewitnesses, witnesses, historical and legal documents, during the Second World War, the crime of genocide against Orthodox Serbs, Jews and Roma of all faiths except Islam was committed. The attempt to exterminate the Roma during the Second World War must not be forgotten. There was no justice for the survivors of the post-Hitler era. It is important to note that the trial in Nuremberg did not mention the genocide of the Roma at all. The Nuremberg trial is basically the punishment of the losers by the winners. This is visible even today because these forces rule the world. Innocent victims, primarily Roma, have not received justice, satisfaction or recognition from the world community. The Roma were further humiliated because they were not given a chance to speak about the few surviving witnesses about the victims and the horrors they survived. The Roma for the Nuremberg International Military Court and the Nuremberg judges simply did not exist, which called into question the legal aspect of the process, which has not been corrected to date. The Roma national community is committed to revising history, to reviewing the work of the Nuremberg tribunal.
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Yagil, Limore. "Pope Pius XII, the Bishops of France and the Rescue of Jews, 1940–1944." Catholic Social Science Review 26 (2021): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/cssr20212632.
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France is one of the countries of occupied Western Europe where the Jewish community best survived the Holocaust. The bishops, religious congregations and the priests there contributed to this situation in great measure. Many bishops remained silent about the roundups of Jews, but they helped to save many Jews in their dioceses. Most of them had been nominated to the episcopacy in the 1920s and 1930s when Eugenio Pacelli was nuncio and influential in the appointment of bishops. These bishops followed the policies of the Vatican which enabled the Church in France to fight Nazism and racism. During World War II, the Vatican sent enormous sums of money to rscue Jews and other fugitives in France. The encyclical of Pope Pius XI Mit brennender Sorge (1937), widely distributed in France, encouraged Catholics to assist Jews and other fugitives. This article offers insights into Vatican policy for the years 1940 through 1945.
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Hoffmann, Peter. "Roncalli in the Second World War: Peace Initiatives, the Greek Famine and the Persecution of the Jews." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 40, no. 1 (January 1989): 74–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900035430.
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Apostolic delegate in Turkey and Greece and archbishop of Messambria from January 1935 to December 1944, Angelo Roncalli was confronted from 1939 to 1944 with extraordinary situations of human suffering. His response to some of the challenges has received little attention. Yet both public and private archives contain materials sufficient to throw considerable light on Roncalli's activities during those years.
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Eberhardt, Piotr. "Problematyka narodowościowa Rusi Zakarpackiej." Sprawy Narodowościowe, no. 39 (February 15, 2022): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2011.020.
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Nationality Problems of TranscarpathiaThe article discusses ethnic diversity and the changes which took place in Transcarpathia in the 20th century. First, the author presents the historical background for a statistical-demographic analysis. He points to the peripheral location of the region and the fact that it often changed its political affiliation. Thus, for a period of almost a thousand years the province was included within the borders of Hungary; between 1919 and 1939 it became part of Czechoslovakia, and after a four-day long period of independence (14–18 March 1939) it was again incorporated into Hungary between 1939 and 1945. After World War II it was part of a Soviet republic, and since 1991 it has been included in the independent state of Ukraine.Each of these periods brought far-reaching demographic and ethnic consequences. The population of Transcarpathia consisted of Slavic people of Ruthenian origin, mostly Greek Catholics. The inhabitants of the province were subjected to Hungarian, Ukrainian, and Russian influences and believed in different options, such as pro-Ukrainian, pro-Russian, or separatist, i.e. Ruthenian. These issues are discussed in detail in the article and thoroughly interpreted by the author. He also points to the fact that the territory of Transcarpathia was inhabited by numerous ethnic minorities. The Hungarian minority has always been the most important, both in the past and in the present; today it is concentrated in the south of the province. In the past, Jews and Germans also constituted sizeable minorities, while Romanians and Slovaks were always of marginal significance there. The final part of the article presents the scale of the separatist tendencies which may have dangerous political consequences in the future.
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Puspitaningrum, B. Dewi, and Airin Miranda. "Le rôle de l’armée juive dans la libération de Juifs en France 1942 - 1945." Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities 3 (2019): 00007. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/digitalpress.43280.
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<p class="Keyword">Nazi Germany used Endlösung to
persecute Jews during the Second World War, leading them to the Holocaust,
known as “death”. During the German occupation in France, the status of the
Jews was applied. Polonski reacted to the situation by establishing a Zionist
resistance, Jewish Army, in January 1942. Their first visions were to create a
state of Israel and save the Jews as much as they could. Although the members
of the group are not numerous, they represented Israel and played an important
role in the rescue of the Jews in France, also in Europe. Using descriptive
methods and three aspects of historical research, this article shows that the
Jewish Army has played an important role in safeguarding Jewish children,
smuggling smugglers, physical education and the safeguarding of Jews in other
countries. In order to realize their visions, collaborations with other Jewish
resistances and the French army itself were often created. With the feeling of
belonging to France, they finally extended their vision to the liberation of
France in 1945 by joining the French Forces of the Interior and allied troops.</p>
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Srougo, Shai. "The Jewish workers in the port of Thessaloniki (1939-1943): Their war experience as workers, Greeks and Jews." Journal of Modern European History 18, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 352–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894420924909.
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This article explores the last chapter in the long history of the Jewish port workers in the waterfront of Thessaloniki—the World War II years. The Jewish blue-collar workers and white-collar workers shared a common history, and at the same time, each had a different story to tell on the drama of the war. Their everyday experience in the roles of workers, soldiers, non-combatants, and as Greek civilians reveals the Jewish role in shaping the space of the wartime port during three periods: Greek neutrality (September 1939 to September 1940), the Greek-Italian War (October 1940 to March 1941), and German occupation from April 1941 to March 1943, when the port became an ‘Aryan’ space.
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Володимир Васильович Очеретяний and Інна Іванівна Ніколіна. "THE PROCESS OF CREATING THE NAZI CAMP SYSTEM IN POLAND DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 5 (January 1, 2018): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.111817.
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This article analyzes the process of creating the German camp system in Poland. The Nazi racial politics towards the Jews promoted their isolation from the so-called "full part of society". For this purpose, two main mechanisms for their separation were created: concentration camps, some of which were transformed into "factories of death", and Jewish ghettos. The establishment of concentration camps in Poland was preceded by a long process of organizational and legal registration first in Germany itself, and later on the territories occupied by it. This process was accompanied by numerous Jewish pogroms and arrests, which was an integral part of the Nazi anti-Semitic policy. Concentration camps were carefully thought out and well-organized institutions with a refined mechanism of prisoners’ maintenance, coercion and punishment. Different by their intended purpose were "death camps" that were not intended to hold prisoners, but to destroy them quickly and in large scale. Most of them were located on the territory of Poland, where the Jews from all over Europe were brought. These included Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau and Maydanek. It was observed in the article that German concentration camps were created to isolate, repress and destroy the undesirable elements of the regime. Despite the early formation of this system, its dissemination in the territories occupied by the Nazis, particularly in Poland, took place in 1938-1939s. At that time the German concentration camps turned into an instrument of ruthless anti-Semitic policy that became a classic genocide. Due to the fact that the concentration camps capacities did not allow to sufficiently fulfill their tasks, during 1939-1945s in Poland, new, so-called "death camps" were established. They were equipped with gas chambers and crematorium that carried out large-scale destruction of the Jews.
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Kirch, Marika, and Aksel Kirch. "Ethnic Relations: Estonians and Non-Estonians." Nationalities Papers 23, no. 1 (March 1995): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999508408348.
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As is generally known, the contemporary demographic situation in Estonia is fundamentally different from that of the prewar period. The autochthonous minorities who lived in the prewar Estonian Republic—Germans, Jews, Swedes, Finns, but also native Russians (living in the northern and southern areas of the Peipsi lake)—were lost after World War II together with a change of Estonia's eastern border by Soviet authorities in 1945. This left Estonia a very homogeneous country where Estonians formed some 97% of the population and where the entire population was made up of Estonian-speakers.
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Hauger, Martin. "Martin Luther and the Jews: How Protestant Churches in Germany Deal with the Reformer’s Dark Side." Theology Today 74, no. 3 (October 2017): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040573617721913.
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Despite the fact that Luther was referenced in order to justify anti-Semitic hatred of Jews during the time of National Socialism it took the German evangelical churches almost forty years to get round to intensively working through Luther’s anti-Jewish Statements and their effects through history. During the first decades after World War II, intra-church discussion focused on working through its own guilt (1945–1950) and finding a new direction for theology concerning Israel (1960–1980). However, the 500th anniversary of Luther’s birth in 1983 fueled a discussion about the Reformer’s attitude towards the Jews. It centered, first, on the question of how to assess the anti-Semitic co-option of Luther in the Nazi period; second, on how Luther’s friendly statements towards Jews in his early years relate to the invective of his late writings. The latest EKD statement turns away from a genetic view of Luther towards an appraisal of his theological assessment of Judaism in connection with his Reformation theology.
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Spielvogel, Izabela. "Ochrona zdrowia społeczności żydowskiej na Górnym Śląsku w latach 1945–1950." Medycyna Nowożytna 29, Suplement (November 2023): 201–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/12311960mn.23.028.18752.
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Health care of the Jewish community in Upper Silesia 1945–1950 The post-war activities of the Jewish health care in Upper Silesia, were part of a centuries-old tradition of activity by Jewish aid organisations. Its task was not only to spread medical aid, but also to provide, under adverse conditions and at short notice, the basis of existence and a sense of security for several thousand people. In the first half of 1945, issues of health care for the Jewish population settled in Upper Silesia after the Second World War remained the responsibility of the health departments at the field committees of the Central Committee of Jews in Poland. Starting from August 1945, the health policy and the protection of the health of Jews in Poland rested on the shoulders of the Society for the Protection of the Health of the Jewish People (TOZ) reactivated within the structures of the CKŻP. The organisation’s functioning was based on provincial branches, with interventions including: primary and specialist medical care, preventive measures including spa stays or maternal and child health. The Katowice branch was established in April 1946. At its busiest, it was the second largest branch of TOZ in Poland and covered five cities in Upper Silesia: Bytom, Chorzów, Zabrze, Gliwice and Opole. Among other things, there were nine outpatient clinics, mother and baby clinics, a maternity home and a dental surgery. Their activities came to an end in 1950, when all social organisations, including Jewish ones, were nationalised in Poland.
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Marzano, Arturo. "The Migration of the Italian Jews to Israel and their Perception of the “Arab Problem” (1945‐1958)." European Journal of Jewish Studies 4, no. 2 (2010): 285–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/102599911x573378.
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AbstractThis article sheds light on the way Italian Zionism addressed the so-called “Arab problem” in British Palestine and later in Israel in the years following the Second World War, when a small—yet proportionally relevant—migration took place after an extremely lively revival of Zionist life and activities in Italy. In particular, four different approaches towards the “Arab problem” are presented, i.e. its dismissal, its under-estimation, the formulation of naïve proposals to solve it, the recognition of an inevitable confrontation. These approaches clearly recall the way in which the Zionist movement had already addressed the “Arab problem,” specifically in the decades before and after the First World War. The article also presents what can be considered an alternative discourse to these approaches, carried out by a few individuals who proposed different solutions to the “Arab problem” based on co-existence and cooperation.
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Pielka, Mateusz. "Problematyka żydowska na łamach „Słowa Pomorskiego” w latach 1938–1939." Studia Judaica, no. 1 (49) (September 28, 2022): 161–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24500100stj.22.006.16300.
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Jewish Issues in the Daily Newspaper Słowo Pomorskie in the Years 1938–1939 The article deals with Jewish issues appearing in the daily newspaper Słowo Pomorskie in the years 1938–1939. The newspaper was published in Toruń in the years 1920–1939 and covered the Pomerania Province (Pomorskie Province) at that time. In the article, the political character of Słowo Pomorskie and its importance for local structures of the National Party (Stronnictwo Narodowe) are discussed. The newspaper usually presented a negative image of the Jewish population, which was connected with the antisemitic attitude of the nationalist groups. The author also describes the role of the Catholic clergy in propagating the anti-Jewish attitudes. The antisemitic contents is divided into thematic categories—foreign and domestic issues are separated. The analysis of the newspaper texts shows, among other things, the affinity of the antisemitic views of the National Party with other movements of this kind in Europe. In the Polish context, the hatred toward Jews did not diminish on the eve of the outbreak of World War II, but rather became radicalized.
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Cohen, G. Daniel. "Ruth Gay. Safe Among The Germans: Liberated Jews After World War Two. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002. 330 pp.; Zeev Mankowitz. Life Between Memory and Hope: The Survivors of the Holocaust in Occupied Germany. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 348 pp." AJS Review 28, no. 2 (November 2004): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009404320210.
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In the last decade or so, new research on Jewish displaced persons in occupied Germany has pushed the traditional boundaries of “Holocaust studies” (1933–1945) toward the postwar period. Indeed, the displaced persons or “DP” experience—the temporary settlement in Germany of the Sheءerith Hapleitah (“Surviving Remnant”) from the liberation of concentration camps in the spring of 1945 to the late 1940s—provides important insights into post-Holocaust Jewish life. The impact of trauma and loss, the final divorce between Jews and East-Central Europe through migration to Israel and the New World, the rise of Zionist consciousness, the shaping of a Jewish national collective in transit, the regeneration of Jewish demography and culture in the DP camps, and the relationships between Jews and Germans in occupied Germany are some of the many themes explored by recent DP historiography—by now a subfield of postwar Jewish history.
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Haseljić, Meldijana Arnaut. "Genocid(i) u Drugom svjetskom ratu – Ka konvenciji o genocidu (ishodišta, definiranje, procesuiranja)." Historijski pogledi 5, no. 8 (November 15, 2022): 239–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2022.5.8.239.
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The twentieth century began and ended with the execution of genocide. At the same time, it is the century in which large-scale armed conflicts were fought, including the First and Second World Wars. The Second World War was marked, among other things, by genocides committed against peoples that were planned for extermination by Nazi projects. In the first place, it is inevitable to mention the genocide (Holocaust) against the most numerous victims - the Jews. The Holocaust resulted in millions of victims. Mass murders of Jews were carried out, but in the Second World War, about a million people who were members of other nations were also killed. The Nazis carried out the systematic extermination of Jews and other target groups in concentration camps established in Germany, but also in occupied countries. Hundreds of camps were opened throughout the occupied territories of Europe. The target groups scheduled for extermination were collected and transported by trains, most often in transport and livestock wagons, and taken to camps where a certain number were immediately killed, while another number were temporarily left for forced labor. People who were used for forced labor often died of exhaustion, and those who managed to survive the torture were eventually killed. In addition to the closure and liquidation in the camps, individual and mass executions were also carried out in other places. The large number of those killed indicated the need for quick rehabilitation, which resulted in burning the bodies on pyres or burying them in mass graves. The committed genocides encouraged the formation of the United Nations, but also resulted in the adoption of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, or for short - the Genocide Convention, which was supposed to be a guarantee for „never again“. Sanctions issued in the form of death sentences to the most notorious war criminals for the terrible crimes for which they were found responsible should have been another obstacle to „never again“. However, the participants of our time testify that it was not so. Genocidal projects have revived and genocides have been realized, as is the case with the genocide committed in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of the 20th century. In the trial of the most notorious Nazis, known as the Nuremberg Trials, the harshest death sentences were handed down, as well as life and long-term imprisonment. The specificity of the Nuremberg process is that, in addition to proclaiming the principle of personal responsibility, it also represents a condemnation of the committed aggression, but also a political project as manifested by the condemnation of various organizations that were declared responsible for the crimes committed. At the main international military trial that began on October 18, 1945, 24 defendants were prosecuted for individual responsibility, but six criminal war organizations were also prosecuted - the leadership of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party - NSDAP (National Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei) headed by was Adolf Hitler - the most responsible criminal for World War II and the execution of the Holocaust), SS (Schutzstaffel - military branch of the NSDAP), SA (Sturmabteilung - Assault Squad of the NSDAP), SD (Sicherheitsdienst - Intelligence Service of the NSDAP), Gestapo (Geheime Staats Polizei - secret state police) and OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht - Supreme Command of the German Army). Certain prosecutions were also carried out in the national courts of the countries that emerged victorious in the Second World War.
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Ольга Анатоліївна Колесник. "FROM VOLYN TO BABYN YAR: UKRAINIAN COMPONENT IN THE MUSEUM OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR IN GDANSK AS A POLISH SITE OF MEMORY." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 5 (January 1, 2018): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.111823.
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The Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk was opened on the 23rd of March 2017 and one of the main aims of the institution was to represent the history of the war with the focus on the Eastern and Central Europe. However, from the very beginning, when the idea of creating of such museum developed in 2008, it has become the memory battleground for Polish intellectuals as well as for Polish politicians. The overall situation led to the change of the director of the museum and several pieces in the permanent exhibition after its official opening. From this point of view Ukrainian topics in the permanent exhibition do not only represent the Polish vision of the Second World War, but they also show the issues relevant for the Polish-Ukrainian dialogue nowadays. Among the main Ukrainian topics, which are represented in the main exhibition, there are several theme groups: 1) September 17, 1939; 2) occupation and collaboration; 3) violence against the Jewish population; 4) ethnic cleansing in Volyn and Eastern Galicia; 5) forced workers in the Third Reich; 6) deportations and resettlement. The analysis of the aforementioned historical themes shows that the exhibition presents the main events which are being investigated in the current Ukrainian historiography and not all of them have a direct connection with Polish history (for instance, forced labor or mass shootings of the Jews on the pre-war Soviet territory). At the same time, the event like Volyn massacre is represented as ethnic cleansing, while pogroms against the Jews in 1941 in Lviv are put in a wider context of violence at the beginning of the war alongside with other similar pogroms in Jedwabne.
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Kardela, Piotr. "Professor Waclaw Szyszkowski — a Lawyer, Anticommunist, One From the Generation of Independent Poland." Internal Security Special Issue (January 14, 2019): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8401.
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The article presents the activity of Wacław Szyszkowski, a lawyer, an emigration independence activist and an outstanding scientist, who fought in the Polish-Bolshevik war of 1920 and, after Poland regained independence, was active in a secret Union of the Polish Youth “Zet” and a public Union of the Polish Democratic Youth. Until 1939 W. Szyszkowski was a defence lawyer in Warsaw, supporting the activities of the Central Union of the Rural Youth “Siew” and the Work Cooperative “Grupa Techniczna”. Published articles in political and legal journals, such as “Przełom”, “Naród i Państwo”, “Palestra”, “Głos Prawa”. During World War II — a conspirator of the Union for Defense of the Republic of Poland, soldier of the Union of Armed Struggle and Home Army, assigned to the Bureau of Information and Propaganda of the Home Army Headquarters. Fought in the Warsaw Uprising, after which he was deported by Germans to the Murnau oflag in Bavaria. For helping Jews during the occupation, the Yad Vashem Institute awarded him and his wife Irena the title of Righteous Among the Nations. After 1945, he remained in the West, engaging in the life of the Polish war exile in France, Great Britain and the United States. He received a doctorate in law at the Sorbonne. He belonged to the People’s Party “Wolność”, the Association of Polish Combatants. He was a member of the National Council of the Republic of Poland in Exile. As an anti-communist, he was invigilated by the communist intelligence of the People’s Republic of Poland. In the 1960s, after returning to Poland, as a lawyer and scientist, he was first affiliated with the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University of Lublin, and then with Nicolaus Copernicus University of Toruń. W. Szyszkowski is the author of nearly two hundred scientific and journalistic publications printed in Poland and abroad.
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Żbikowski, Andrzej. "“Night Guard”: Holocaust Mechanisms in the Polish Rural Areas, 1942-1945." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 25, no. 3 (May 27, 2011): 512–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325411408073.
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This article concerns some characteristics of the so-called third stage of the annihilation of Polish Jewry during World War II, after sending most of them to the killing centers. That phase consisted of individual—not mass—murder that took place “among Poles” and before their eyes, frequently with their participation, when Jewish refugees attempted to hide from persecutors or blended into the anonymous crowds of the larger cities (on the so-called Aryan side) or hid in hardly accessible rural areas poorly controlled by the German police. Most hiding Jews were hunted down and murdered by special Kommandos of the German gendarmerie in the first weeks following deportations in a given area. Unprepared for hiding for an extended period, they found hide-outs and trusted their financial means to Polish friends. In my opinion, in 80 to 90 percent of the cases, Poles rescued Jews for money or other material gain, and when the funds (or other valuables) were exhausted, the attitude to those rescued changed radically. The purpose of this article is to present an outline of how a certain structure functioned—the “Night Guard” (peasant or rural, part of the occupation-era administrative and coercive apparatus), which can be found in wartime historical sources and in the immediate postwar investigation and trial files based on the August Decree of 1944 (on account-settling with the past regarding collaboration with the German occupier) as well as in testimonies of Jewish survivors. The guards were obliged to hunt hidden Jews, and the score of their activity was very high.
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Yarovyj, Valerii, and Yaroslava Dmytruk. "The Role of National Minorities in the Polish Armed Forces During the September 1939 Campaign." European Historical Studies, no. 13 (2019): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2019.13.233-248.
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The article covers the issues of participation in the September 1939 campaign of representatives of national minorities who served at that time in the Polish Army. Also made an attempt to unbiased consideration of the problem. The authors paid attention to the issue of the number of members of national minorities in the Polish Army on the eve of the Second World War, as well as analyzed the attitude of this category of soldiers to fulfilling their military duty, in particular, based on the memoirs of participants in the events of that time. Also raised is the issue of cases of desertion from Polish armed forces members of national minorities during the September campaign. Unfortunately, the exact number of national minority soldiers who participated in the September 1939 campaign is very difficult to determine, since many documents from the period of the September campaign were destroyed, while during the war a part of the them went to the German and Soviet archives, where most of them were lost. On the basis of preserved materials, one can only say that the attitude of representatives of national minorities – Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans or Jews, dressed in Polish forms in September 1939 – is somewhat different. Often, they selflessly fought, but there were cases of desertion, however, for the sake of justice, it should be noted that the practice of desertion in the early days of the war was also inherent in representatives of Polish nationality. On the basis of the material under study, have made sufficiently substantiated generalizations and conclusions regarding key aspects related to the participation of representatives of national minorities who served in the Polish Army in the September 1939 campaign. It is irrefutable that from the very first days of the war ordinary soldiers who came from national minorities, as well as Ukrainian contract officers began to defend the Polish state, and until the end continued to bravely and courageously fight the enemy, often at the cost of their own lives.
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Margolis, Rebecca. "Translating Jewish Poland into Canadian Yiddish: Symcha Petrushka’s Mishnayes." TTR 22, no. 2 (November 3, 2010): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/044829ar.
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In 1945, with European Jewry in ruins, Polish-born Symcha Petrushka published the first of six volumes of his Yiddish translation and interpretation of the Mishna. Produced in Petrushka’s adopted home in Montreal, the Mishnayes was conceived as a work of popularization to render one of the core texts of the Jewish tradition accessible to the Jewish masses in their common vernacular, and on the eve of World War II Yiddish was the lingua franca of millions of Jews in Europe as well as worldwide. However, in the aftermath of the Holocaust and the destruction of the locus of Yiddish civilization and millions of speakers combined with acculturation away from Yiddish in Jewish population centres in North America, Petrushka’s Mishnayes remains a tribute to the vanished world of Polish Jewry.
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Weeks, Theodore R. "The Road to September 1939: Polish Jews, Zionists, and the Yishuv on the Eve of World War II." Polish Review 66, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/polishreview.66.1.0147.
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Silver, M. M. "The road to September 1939: Polish Jews, Zionists and the Yishuv on the Eve of World War II." Journal of Israeli History 37, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13531042.2019.1633140.
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Fiedorczyk, Piotr. "Declared Dead and Recognition of Death in the Judgments of Bialystok Municipal Court in the Years 1946–1950." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio G (Ius) 70, no. 3 (January 11, 2023): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/g.2023.70.3.149-159.
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Between 1946 and 1950, municipal courts in Poland declared dead or pronounced dead persons missing and died during World War II on a large scale. The basis for these rulings was primarily the 1945 Law on Persons Decree, created as a result of the great unification process of civil law in Poland. The decree was intended to regulate the civil and property status of the population in connection with wartime personal losses. In the Bialystok Municipal Court, such proceedings involved 2,278 people. Most of them were civilian victims of the war, which makes clear the nature of World War II. About half of the proceedings concerned the Jewish population, as more than 90% of Bialystok Jews were exterminated in the Holocaust. The preserved court case files are a very important historical source for the history of the war in Bialystok County. The article presents court proceedings in the case of Jozef Ostruszka, the last president of the Bialystok District Court before the war, being declared dead. He was deported by the Soviets to the Komi Republic and died of exhaustion there. The proceedings were held at the request of his wife, who survived the war. Jozef Ostruszka was one of more than a dozen Bialystok courts officers who lost their lives during the war. Their fate requires further research.
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Nowak, Justyna. "Dlaczego nadal myślę o wojnie?" Politeja 17, no. 2(65) (April 30, 2020): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.17.2020.65.06.
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Why Am I Still Thinking about World War II? Post-memory Experience of Sacha Batthyany
Sacha Batthyany found out that in 1945 his aunt hosted a ball during which 180 Jews were shot by her guests. Their mass grave has not been found until today. She also helped many Nazis escape from Hungary. Sacha’s family kept these stories secret for years. For Sacha, the discovery of his family’s past becomes the beginning of a new life, recognizing the tormenting feeling of guilt as inherited from his ancestors. Can we define the sense of guilt as traumatic? We can certainly try to do it. Yet, trauma assumes different shapes and reveals its huge interpretative potential.
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Podolskyi, Anatolii. "Places of Memory for the victims of the Holocaust in Ukraine: the totalitarian legacy and historical and political challenges of today." Political Studies, no. 1 (2021): 106–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53317/2786-4774-2021-1-7.
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The article is devoted to the study of the formation of culture and policy Memory of the Holocaust victims in modern Ukraine. On the example of the international scholar and educational project „Protecting Memory”, which has been going on in Ukraine for more than ten years, the author analyzes the current state, trends, challenges and prospects of creating places of Memory and culture honoring the memory of World War II victims. war, including Ukrainian Jews and Ukrainian Roma. The article also provides a thorough analysis of the fundamental differences in the policy of remembrance for the victims of the Holocaust during the communist regime in Ukrainian lands and in modern democratic Ukraine. In the period from 1945 to 1991, the Communist authorities of the Ukraine banned a special memory of Jewish people, which were the victims of the Holocaust, all victims of National Socialism (official title of the Nazi part − NSDAP in German) during World War II were marked by the euphemism of the Soviet regime as „peaceful Soviet citizens”. The anti-Semitic policy was particularly harsh between 1948 and 1953, when Ukrainian Jews affected by the Nazi occupation came under the brunt of Soviet postwar repression. Thus, the feature of the tragic fate of Jewish communities during the domination of the Nazi anti-Semitic ideology and practice was completely leveled. The USSR denied the identities of civilian victims of the Nazi occupation, especially Jewish people and Roma. Only in the days of sovereign and independent Ukraine, the identity and memory of the victims of the Holocaust and the Roma Genocide in Ukraine were revived. One of the most powerful examples of restoring the historical memory of these civilian victims of the Nazi regime in Ukraine was the „Protecting Memory” project. Thanks to this project, during 2010−2020 in five regions of Ukraine − Lviv, Rivne, Volyn, Vinnytsia, Zhytomyr regions, 20 Memorials to Ukrainian Jewish people and Roma who were killed by Nazi punitive forces and their helpers during the German occupation of Ukraine in 1941−1944 were established. Key words: Holocaust, Antisemitism, Nazism, Stalin repressions Memory politics, World War II, Ukrainian Jews, Ukrainian Roma.
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Dreyfus, Jean-Marc. "The transfer of ashes after the Holocaust in Europe, 1945–60." Human Remains and Violence: An Interdisciplinary Journal 1, no. 2 (2015): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/hrv.1.2.4.
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From 1945 until around 1960, ceremonies of a new kind took place throughout Europe to commemorate the Holocaust and the deportation of Jews; ashes would be taken from the site of a concentration camp, an extermination camp, or the site of a massacre and sent back to the deportees country of origin (or to Israel). In these countries, commemorative ceremonies were then organised and these ashes (sometimes containing other human remains) placed within a memorial or reburied in a cemetery. These transfers of ashes have, however, received little attention from historical researchers. This article sets out to describe a certain number of them, all differing considerably from one another, before drawing up a typology of this phenomenon and attempting its analysis. It investigates the symbolic function of ashes in the aftermath of the Second World War and argues that these transfers – as well as having a mimetic relationship to transfers of relics – were also instruments of political legitimisation.
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Salsabila, Arih. "The Historical Criticism in The Women in the Castle by Jessica Shattuck." Journal of Literature, Linguistics, & Cultural Studies 2, no. 1 (July 24, 2023): 142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/lilics.v2i1.2856.
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World War II occurred in Germany between 1933 and 1945, under the rule of Hitler and the Nazis, pitting Germany against the Allies. Propaganda played a significant role in their efforts to secure victory. Propaganda was employed to manipulate the perceptions and positions of various groups to align with the Nazis' agenda. This study focused on the forms of propaganda used by the Nazis against Non-Aryan groups, including Gypsies, Slavs, Jews, and Polish. It also explored how German society responded to this propaganda during the period of 1933-1945, as depicted in Jessica Shattuck's novel "The Women in the Castle." The research applied historical criticism, using the gray and black propaganda theories proposed by Seabury and Codevilla (1990). Additionally, the theories of gray and black propaganda by Garth S. Jowett & Victoria O'Donnell (2005) were used to support the research findings. The study felt under the category of literary criticism, gathering data from quotes, conversations, and narratives found in the novel "The Women in the Castle," published in 2017 by William Morrow. The research yielded three main results: First, it identified seven instances of gray propaganda and three instances of black propaganda. Second, it uncovered nine positive and seven negative responses to Nazi propaganda targeting Non-Aryan groups. Finally, the novel "The Women in the Castle" effectively reflected the actual socio-political conditions of Germany from 1933-1945, spanning from Hitler's rise to power as chancellor to World War II and the Holocaust, which involved various propaganda efforts to garner support from the populace. However, there were also those who resisted and acted as opposition.
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DİNÇŞAHİN, ŞAKİR, and STEPHEN R. GOODWIN. "Towards an encompassing perspective on nationalisms: the case of Jews in Turkey during the Second World War, 1939-45." Nations and Nationalism 17, no. 4 (August 11, 2011): 843–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2011.00509.x.
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Witkowski, Rafał. "Archiwalia dotyczące wielkopolskich gmin żydowskich w zbiorach Gesamtarchiv der deutschen Juden (przed 1939 r.)." Przegląd Archiwalno-Historyczny 9 (2022): 141–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2391-890xpah.22.008.17220.
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Rozwój instytucji naukowych w Niemczech w drugiej połowie XIX w. oraz początku XX w. zaowocował powstaniem profesjonalnego archiwum gromadzącego rozproszone do tej pory źródła, związane z historią Żydów na ziemiach niemieckich. Gesamtarchiv der deutschen Juden rozpoczął oficjalnie swoją działalność 1 października 1905 r. i wkrótce stał się najważniejszym Archiwalia dotyczące wielkopolskich gmin żydowskich w zbiorach Gesamtarchiv... 169 i największym archiwum żydowskim w Niemczech. Burzliwe losy zbiorów w okresie reżimu faszystowskiego oraz konsekwencje II wojny światowej spowodowały, że pierwotna kolekcja została rozproszona, a wiele materiałów archiwalnych bezpowrotnie zniszczono. Artykuł prezentuje fragmenty zachowanych spisów archiwaliów o Żydach w Wielkopolsce, jakie były przygotowywane w momencie przekazywania ich do Gesamtarchiv der deutschen Juden. Archival documents regarding Jewish communities in Greater Poland in the pre-1939 collection of Gesamtarchiv der deutschen Juden The evolution of scientific institutions in Germany in the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century brought about the establishment of a professional archive gathering previously dispersed resources on the history of Jews in the German territories. Gesamtarchiv der deutschen Juden was officially launched on October 1, 1905, and soon became the largest and the most important Jewish archive in Germany. The turbulent history of the collection during the times of the fascist regime and in the years following the Second World War caused the original collection to be scattered, while many archival materials were completely destroyed. The article presents parts of the preserved lists of archival documents regarding Jews in Greater Poland that were prepared at the moment of their incorporation into the Gesamtarchiv der deutschen Juden.
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Szabó-Székely, Ármin. "A színházcsinálói felelősségvállalásról : Déry Tibor: A tanúk." Theatron 14, no. 3 (2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55502/the.2020.3.35.
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This paper examines Tibor Déry’s 1945 play, The Witnesses, the 1986 premiere of the same, and the topics that were made taboo in the theatrical world of State Socialist Hungary. At the end of the Second World War, Déry responded to the events of current history (the deportation of Budapest Jews, the activities of the illegal Communist movement, the Soviet troops marching in) with a speed and accuracy that’s exceptional in Hungarian theatre history to the present day. The Witnesses shows (urban Budapest) society in its plurality, it is fragmented not only ethnically, but also alongside lines of class and mentality, and yet a whole that only functions through coexistence. Déry doesn’t divide them alongside the antagonism of perpetrators and victims but depicts them in the positions of passive observation or active action. Censorship did not allow the work to be performed in public for four decades, therefore this paper also reconstructs the memory history context of the 1986 premiere.
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Haerendel, Ulrike. "Inklusion und Exklusion: Rentenpolitik im rassistischen NS-Wohlfahrtsstaat." Die Rentenversicherung in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus 68, no. 2-3 (February 1, 2019): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/sfo.68.2-3.93.
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Zusammenfassung Die Rentenpolitik im NS-Staat begnügte sich mit kleinen Änderungen gegenüber dem eingeschlagenen Pfad, die aber häufig mit propagandistischer Aufwertung verkauft wurden. Während Renten mindestens bis zum Krieg auf sehr niedriges Niveau sanken, gab es gewisse Leistungsausweitungen, die den Rentenbezug erleichterten und mehr Menschen ins System inkludierten, so auch Nicht-Erwerbstätige. Die rassistische Ausgrenzung von „Staatsfeinden“, Juden, Sinti und Roma und anderen Unerwünschten lief von Anfang an parallel. Sie wurde nicht nur durch Normen und Maßnahmen des Regimes vorangebracht, sondern auch von den Rentenversicherungsträgern selbst gefordert und umgesetzt. Mit Beginn der Deportationen wurden Renten ausgesetzt und dann ganz entzogen, während gleichzeitig Leistungsverbesserungen die Heimatfront stabilisieren sollten. Abstract Inclusion and Exclusion: The Old Age Pension System in the Racist Welfare State 1933 – 1945 During the Third Reich, pension policy deviated very little from the previous path, although Nazi-propaganda stated major improvements. Whereas pensions dropped to a very low level until World War II, there were expansions of benefits, too. By making it easier to qualify for a pension, including especially non-workers, the coverage of the retirement system increased. However, the discrimination of Jews and other so called outlaws took place from the very beginning in the National Socialist society. Not only the judicial system and other instruments of the government were excluding Jews from the social security system, but also the administration of the pension insurance. With the beginning of the Shoah pension benefits to Jews have been put on hold and withdrawn later on. At the same time improvements of benefits for the “Germans at home” were meant to stabilize the war society.
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Kassow, Samuel D. "The Mother City of Jewish Public Life: Zalmen Reyzen's Image of Interwar Vilna." Colloquia 48 (December 30, 2021): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/coll.21.48.10.
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A specific vision of Vilna as the model of an East European Jewish civil society crystallised in the years during and just after the First World War, and Vilna’s professional elites and journalists played a critical role in the crafting and shaping of this idea. This paper shows how Zalmen Reyzen, a leading Vilna Yiddishist intellectual who edited Vilna’s most important Yiddish daily between the wars, Der tog (1919–1939), tirelessly sought to convince others that Vilna had a special role to play as a model for the entire Jewish Diaspora, as a city uniquely suited to build a Jewish civil society based on a shared language, Yiddish. Reyzen told his readers in articles and editorials that the collapse of the tsarist regime gave Jews an unprecedented chance to build a new secular school system, create a new democratic communal board (kehile), and break the stranglehold of old communal elites.