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1
Langenbacher, Eric. "The Return of Memory: New Discussions about German Suffering in World War II." German Politics and Society 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503003782353457.
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Jörg Friedrich, Der Brand: Deutschland im Bombenkreig 1940-1945 (Munich: Propyläen Verlag, 2002)Günther Grass, Crabwalk (Orlando: Harcourt, 2002)W. G. Sebald, On the Natural History of Destruction (New York: Random House, 2003)
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Nakamura, I., K. Nonaka, and T. Miura. "Decrease in Twinning Rate in a Hospital in Tokyo During World War II." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 39, no. 3 (July 1990): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000005249.
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AbstractIn order to investigate changes in twinning rate during World War II and postwar years, when the people in Tokyo suffered from malnutrition, about 80,000 delivery records during 1924-86 at one hospital in downtown Tokyo were examined. The twinning rate decreased from 1.47% in the 1920s to 0.81% in the 1980s. During the 1940s, the rate was 1.03% for 1940-42 and 0.94% for 1948-49, but it dropped down to 0.70% for 1943-47. In 1945, when Tokyo was heavily bombed repeatedly to be burnt out, and the people suffered from severe malnutrition, only one case of twinning was found among 305 maternities at this hospital (0.33%). While the mean birth weight of term singleton babies was 2953 g in 1940-41, it decreased to 2918 g in 1943-47, especially to 2856 g in 1945. This change in birth weight evidenced that the nutritional conditions in Tokyo became worse in 1943-47. This report suggests that the twinning rate decreased also during this period in Tokyo when the people suffered from malnutrition.
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Barnhart, Michael A. "Paul A. C. Koistinen.Arsenal of World War II: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1940–1945.:Arsenal of World War II: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1940–1945.(Modern War Studies.)." American Historical Review 111, no. 4 (October 2006): 1210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.111.4.1210a.
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REYNOLDS, DAVID. "FROM WORLD WAR TO COLD WAR: THE WARTIME ALLIANCE AND POST-WAR TRANSITIONS, 1941–1947." Historical Journal 45, no. 1 (March 2002): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x01002291.
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This review examines some of the recent British, American, and Russian scholarship on a series of important international transitions that occurred in the years around 1945. One is the shift of global leadership from Great Britain to the United States, in which, it is argued, the decisive moment was the fall of France in 1940. Another transition is the emergence of a wartime alliance between Britain and America, on the one hand, and the Soviet Union, on the other, followed by its disintegration into the Cold War. Here the opening of Soviet sources during the 1990s has provided new evidence, though not clear answers. To understand both of these transitions, however, it is necessary to move beyond diplomacy and strategy to look at the social, cultural, and economic dimensions of the Second World War. In particular, recent studies of American and Soviet soldiers during and after the conflict re-open the debate about Cold War ideology from the bottom up.
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Hawley, E. W. "Arsenal of World War II: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1940-1945." Journal of American History 93, no. 2 (September 1, 2006): 579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4486346.
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Harviainen, Tapani. "The Jews in Finland and World War II." Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 21, no. 1-2 (September 1, 2000): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.69575.
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In the years 1989–1944 two different wars against the Soviet Union were imposed upon Finland. During the Winter War of 1989–1940 Germany remained strictly neutral on the basis of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact&&Great Britain and France planned intervention in favour of Finland. When the second, so-called Continuation War broke out in the summer of 1041, Finland was co-belligerent of Germany, and Great Britain declared war on Finland in December 1941. De jure, however, Finland was never an ally of Germany, and at the end of the war, in the winter 1944–1945, the Finnish armed forces expelled the German troops from Lapland, which was devastated by the Germans during their retreat to Norway. Military service was compulsory for each male citizen of Finland. In 1939 the Jewish population of Finland numbered 1 700. Of these, 260 men were called up and approximately 200 were sent to serve at the front during the Winter War.
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Popov, Gregory G. "New Approaches to Estimating the USSR GDP During The Second World War." Journal of Institutional Studies 13, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 053–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2021.13.2.053-067.
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The article is devoted to the issues of mobilization of the USSR economy during the Second World War. The author proposes a new method for determining the GDP of the USSR in 1940–1945 based on archival materials and achievements of modern historical and economic analysis of the national economy of the USSR during the Second World War. The author also considers a theory of economic mobilization during the Second World war of Alan Milward, applying his ideas to the analysis of the Soviet military economy. The author believes that the estimates of the GDP of the USSR adopted by A. Meddison and M. Harrison for the period of the Second World war are overstated. In this regard, the author concludes, based on calculations, that the growth of the Soviet economy in 1943–1945 was not as significant as is commonly believed, and the Soviet economy did not reach the pre-war level of GDP in 1945. In this regard, the author proves that the reserves of the Soviet economy before the Second World War were very limited, which is also explained by the limited relocation of resources between the agricultural and urban economies of the USSR. The survival of the Soviet economy during the Second World War was mainly due to the relocation of capital investments to the Central and Eastern regions of the country due to the occupation of less economically efficient western regions. In this regard, the author also hypothesizes that industrial clusters arose in the Central and Eastern regions of the USSR as a result of an evacuation.
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Stevenson, Michael D. "The Mobilisation of Native Canadians During the Second World War." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 7, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031108ar.
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Abstract Historians have paid scant attention to the compulsory conscription of men under the National Resources Mobilisation Act (NRMA) in Canada during the Second World War. This paper uses the mobilisation of Native Canadians as a case-study to determine the depth and extent of human resource mobilisation policies between 1940 and 1945. Government mobilisation departments and agencies relied on a remarkably decentralised and permissive administrative structure to carry out the NRMA mobilisation mandate. These organizational traits were exacerbated by active Native Canadian opposition to conscription and other factors, such as the geographic isolation and poor health of many Native men. As a result, a patchwork of disparate, inconsistent and ineffectual mobilisation policies affecting Canadian Indians was adopted during the course of the war.
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Ito, Kenji. "Values of "pure science": Nishina Yoshio's wartime discourse between nationalism and physics, 1940-1945." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 33, no. 1 (2002): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsps.2002.33.1.61.
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This paper discusses Nishina Yoshio's attitude toward World War II and scientific research during the war. Nishina was the leading Japanese physicist in interwar Japan and the chief scientist of Japan's wartime nuclear power project. The paper describes how Nishina was caught between conflicting norms of his professional and national identities and how he tried to resolve the conflicts.
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Oliveira, Dennison De. "Da Segunda Guerra Mundial à Guerra Fria: políticas militares estadunidenses para a América Latina (1943-1947)." Diálogos 22, no. 1 (July 7, 2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/dialogos.v22i1.43638.
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O texto interpreta a atuação de organizações militares e diplomáticas estadunidenses dedicadas à América Latina. O contexto é o da transição da Segunda Guerra Mundial à Guerra Fria. A base empírica é composta por diferentes documentos mantidos nos Arquivos Nacionais dos EUA (US National Archives) do acervo do Comitê Consultivo Conjunto das Repúblicas Americanas, (Joint Advisory Board on the American Republics - JAB) cobrindo o período 1940-1945. O comitê estava encarregado de propor e executar políticas ligadas à Defesa Hemisférica a serem desenvolvidas em conjunto com os países da América Latina na guerra e no pós-guerra.
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From World War II to the Cold War: US military policies for Latin America (1943-1947)
The text interprets the performance of US military and diplomatic organizations dedicated to Latin America. The context is that of the transition from World War II to the Cold War. The empirical basis is composed of different documents maintained in the US National Archives of the collection of the Joint Advisory Board of the American Republics (JAB) covering the period 1940-1945. The committee was charged with proposing and implementing policies related to Hemispheric Defense to be developed jointly with the Latin American countries in war and postwar.
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De la Segunda Guerra Mundial a la Guerra Fría: políticas militares estadounidenses para América Latina (1943-1947)
El texto interpreta la actuación de las organizaciones militares y diplomáticas estadounidenses dedicadas a América Latina. El contexto es el de la transición de la Segunda Guerra Mundial a la Guerra Fría. La base empírica está compuesta por diferentes documentos mantenidos en los Archivos Nacionales de los Estados Unidos (US National Archives) del acervo del Comité Consultivo Conjunto de las Repúblicas Americanas (JAB) cubriendo el período 1940-1945. El comité estaba encargado de proponer y ejecutar políticas vinculadas a la Defensa Hemisférica a ser desarrolladas en conjunto con los países de América Latina en la guerra y en la posguerra.
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Money, Duncan. "The World of European Labour on the Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt, 1940–1945." International Review of Social History 60, no. 2 (July 22, 2015): 225–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085901500019x.
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AbstractThis article explores the experiences of white workers on the Copperbelt in Northern Rhodesia during World War II. Much of the existing literature on the region focuses on African labour, yet the boom that began in the copper-mining industry also attracted thousands of mobile, transient European workers. These workers were part of a primarily English-speaking labour diaspora with a global reach that linked mining centres around the world. The experience of this workforce generated seemingly contradictory trends of labour militancy, political radicalism, and racial exclusivity. A focus on two significant events during this period will seek to examine how these trends shaped events on the Copperbelt: the 1940 wildcat strikes and the 1942 arrest and deportation of white mineworkers’ union leaders. These events shed light on the international world of European labour and illustrate how the Copperbelt was linked to other mining centres around the world.
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Gough, Terrence J. "Arsenal of World War II: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1940-1945 (review)." Journal of Military History 69, no. 3 (2005): 870–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2005.0163.
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Utilov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich, and VladimirAlexandrovich Utilov. "In Anticipation of Esthetic Revolution: Western Fiction and Documentary Film of 1940-1945." Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 2, no. 2 (May 15, 2010): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik2237-53.
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The article reveals the processes in Western cinema during World War II and tells about the creation of educational and propaganda films which were made by famous directors for quite pragmatic purposes but in the end led to the appearance of new forms and new esthetics.
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GROSS, STEPHEN G. "Gold, Debt and the Quest for Monetary Order: The Nazi Campaign to Integrate Europe in 1940." Contemporary European History 26, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 287–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777317000078.
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This article explores Nazi visions for a new monetary order in 1940 and compares these plans with European monetary integration after 1945. It shows how Nazi experts identified the same core monetary challenges facing Europe as Allied planners did during and after the Second World War, above all challenges stemming from the Great Depression and associated with the gold standard, international debts, capital scarcity and bilateral treaties. This comparison suggests a certain logic was inherent to reconstructing European monetary relations after the depression, insofar as few viable alternatives seemed open – either in 1940 or after 1945 – to some form of multilateral payment system that was divorced from gold, yet that still fixed Europe's currencies to one another. Ultimately, it argues that 1940 marks an important step in a longer process in which Europe moved away from territorial currencies toward a monetary union, and in doing so expanded the framework of fiat currency beyond national markets to encompass the continent.
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Wertheim, Stephen. "Instrumental Internationalism: The American Origins of the United Nations, 1940–3." Journal of Contemporary History 54, no. 2 (February 20, 2019): 265–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009419826661.
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Why did the United States want to create the United Nations Organization, or any international political organization with universal membership? This question has received superficial historiographical attention, despite ample scrutiny of the conferences that directly established the UN in 1944 and 1945. The answer lies earlier in the war, from 1940 to 1942, when, under the pressure of fast-moving events, American officials and intellectuals decided their country must not only enter the war but also lead the world long afterwards. International political organization gained popularity – first among unofficial postwar planners in 1941 and then among State Department planners in 1942 – because it appeared to be an indispensable tool for implementing postwar US world leadership, for projecting and in no way constraining American power. US officials believed the new organization would legitimate world leadership in the eyes of the American public by symbolizing the culmination of prior internationalist efforts to end power politics, even as they based the design of the UN on a thoroughgoing critique of the League, precisely for assuming that power politics could be transcended.
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Gropman, Alan L. "Book Review: Arsenal of World War II: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1940-1945." Armed Forces & Society 32, no. 2 (January 2006): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x05281921.
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Palmer, Annette. "Rum and Coca Cola: The United States in the British Caribbean 1940-1945." Americas 43, no. 4 (April 1987): 441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007188.
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The presence of American bases and troops in the British Caribbean during the Second World War was the catalyst to an anti-Americanism which has continued to dominate political thinking in the area. This has been a rather ironic turn of events. Prior to the arrival of the Americans, there had been a growing sentiment among sections of the population for some sort of American take-over of the islands. After the Americans arrived, however, relations with the people of the islands soured. The idea of an American take-over died aborning, and by the end of the war, such ideas were no longer being entertained by the people of the British Caribbean. They were replaced instead, by an aggressive nationalism which called for self-government for the islands as an entity. Whereas in 1938, a British journalist could have written that “Trinidad (and Barbados and Jamaica) wants to be American,” it had long ceased to be true by the end of the war. A Trinidadian labor leader, at a regional conference in 1945, succinctly summed up the ideas of all of his confreres. “Whenever we pass into other hands,” he declared, “both hands must be our own.”
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Bergman, Yoel. "Closing the Gaps in US Rocket Propellant Production, 1940–1945." Vulcan 8, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 54–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134603-08010003.
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Abstract The article supplements and revises past historiographical explanations on why the US entered World War ii without propellant based engines, for tactical rockets and how that gap was overcome. Short range rockets were used extensively by all sides in the War for various purposes, but in the interwar period (1919–1939), rocket advances were made mostly in Europe with the US lagging behind. The rockets engines were based on solid propellant tubes, but in 1940 there was hardly any US tubes design knowledge and no production facilities. Technological and production gaps had to be closed, and from 1940 were made with a significant help from Britain and under the leadership of the civilian National Defense Research Council (ndrc) agency, merged in 1941 into the Office of Scientific Research and Development (osrd). Due to the pressing needs to equip American forces with rockets, a joint group of ndrc and Army developers modified in early 1942 an existing gun propellant production technology for rocket tubes. Used initially for the Bazooka this adoption was found later to be extremely problematic in production and performance of tubes in the widely-used, Army’s 4.5-inch barrage and fighter plane rockets. Working in parallel, a joint group of ndrc and navy developers was able to construct the more modern tube production process already used abroad, avoiding the main army difficulties and taking the lead. The growing needs for these superior Navy rockets, some of which were used extensively by the Army, led to gaps between supplies and demands by 1943. Two fortunate events, one of them connected with the Soviet Union, helped to relieve the shortage.
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BALDOLI, CLAUDIA, and MARCO FINCARDI. "ITALIAN SOCIETY UNDER ANGLO-AMERICAN BOMBS: PROPAGANDA, EXPERIENCE, AND LEGEND, 1940–1945." Historical Journal 52, no. 4 (November 6, 2009): 1017–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x09990380.
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ABSTRACTThe Italian experience of being bombed has been neglected in the historiography of the Second World War, especially in English. This marginalization is not justified by the record of events; according to official estimates, Italian civilian victims of bombing numbered around 60,000. The reaction of the Italian population to air raids was carefully evaluated and discussed by the Allies, who decided to hit civilians living near industrial areas with a view to testing their psychological resistance. The article focuses on the civilians' reactions to death coming from the sky, by examining their response to both Anglo-American and Fascist propaganda, and to the experience of the raids at different stages of the war. It analyses the ways in which civilians coped with the collapse of state defences (including the creation of legends and the spreading of rumours independent of state propaganda), and the psychologically complex and shifting response to bombers who introduced themselves as liberators. The research presented is based on archival sources, particularly prefects' reports from different parts of Italy to the Ministry of Interior, on both Anglo-American and Fascist propaganda, newspaper articles, and civilians' diaries.
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Capdevila, Luc. "The Quest for Masculinity in a Defeated France, 1940–1945." Contemporary European History 10, no. 3 (October 26, 2001): 423–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777301003058.
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This article provides a detailed analysis of the individuals who enrolled in Vichy fighting units at the end of the German occupation. Those groups were mostly created in late 1943 and early 1944, and acted as effective subsidiaries to German troops, treating civilians and partisans with extreme violence. The enrolment of those men was a consequence of their political beliefs, notably strong anti-communism. But the fact that their behaviour seems born of desperation (some were recruited after D-Day) is a hint that it was shaped according to other cultural patterns, especially an image of masculinity rooted in the memory of the First World War and developed, among others, according to fascist and Nazi ideologies: a manhood based on strength, the violence of warfare and the image of the soldier. This article provides an analysis based on judiciary documents from the time of the purge, with a careful reconstruction of personal trajectories and self discourse in order to understand the masculine identity these sometimes very young men tried to realise through political engagement in the guise of warriors.
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Breen, William J. "Social Science and State Policy in World War II: Human Relations, Pedagogy, and Industrial Training, 1940–1945." Business History Review 76, no. 2 (2002): 233–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4127839.
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During World War II, the organization Training Within Industry (TWI) developed programs to help industry cope with the flood of new and unskilled war workers. Guided by representatives of the new profession of personnel management and assisted by university-based social scientists, the organization developed innovative methods of industrial training that drew on both the scientific management tradition and the newer human relations approach fostered by the Hawthorne experiments. The introduction of the human relations approach was severely criticized in the postwar era for its manipulative potential, but the wartime training program on which it wasbased did not exhibit that tendency. Moreover, management, which theoretically should have embraced TWI programs, was unsupportive, and organized labor, which had reason to be suspicious, wasvery responsive. Workplace reform, not the psychological conditioning of workers, drove the TWI programs.
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Belukhin, Nikita. "The Taste of War: the Danish Collaborationism under the German Occupation in 1940—1945." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016460-5.
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The article deals with the phenomenon of the Danish economic collaboration during the German occupation of Denmark in 1940—1945. The occupation of Denmark is a unique case among other occupied European countries such as France, Belgium and the Netherlands during the Second World War where Germany openly pursued the policy of economic exploitation and introduced strict rationing practices. The peculiar “soft” conduct of the Danish occupation is mainly attributed to the special role Denmark’s agricultural exports played in the German war economy. Under the occupation the efficient system of production and food consumption control was devised in Denmark which met the interests and needs of both the Danish population and Germany’s economy. The article highlights the specific mechanisms of economic coordination between Denmark and the German occupation authorities within industry and agriculture, and reveals Denmark’s role in the German military and economic plans.
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MOORE, BOB. "Louis de Jong: Writing the History of Occupied Europe." Contemporary European History 14, no. 3 (August 2005): 415–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777305002535.
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Louis de Jong, who died on 15 March 2005, held a unique position as the official historian for the Netherlands during the Second World War. As head of the Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (RIOD), de Jong effectively came to dictate the research agenda on his country’s recent history for more than forty years after the conflict was over. For the Dutch, his name was synonymous not only with RIOD but also with the history of the German occupation from May 1940 to the final liberation in May 1945.
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Robison, William B. "Lancastrians, Tudors, and World War II: British and German Historical Films as Propaganda, 1933–1945." Arts 9, no. 3 (August 10, 2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts9030088.
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In World War II the Allies and Axis deployed propaganda in myriad forms, among which cinema was especially important in arousing patriotism and boosting morale. Britain and Germany made propaganda films from Hitler’s rise to power in 1933 to the war’s end in 1945, most commonly documentaries, historical films, and after 1939, fictional films about the ongoing conflict. Curiously, the historical films included several about fifteenth and sixteenth century England. In The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933), director Alexander Korda—an admirer of Winston Churchill and opponent of appeasement—emphasizes the need for a strong navy to defend Tudor England against the ‘German’ Charles V. The same theme appears with Philip II of Spain as an analog for Hitler in Arthur B. Wood’s Drake of England (1935), William Howard’s Fire Over England (1937), parts of which reappear in the propaganda film The Lion Has Wings (1939), and the pro-British American film The Sea Hawk (1940). Meanwhile, two German films little known to present-day English language viewers turned the tables with English villains. In Gustav Ucicky’s Das Mädchen Johanna (Joan of Arc, 1935), Joan is the female embodiment of Hitler and wages heroic warfare against the English. In Carl Froelich’s Das Herz der Königin (The Heart of a Queen, 1940), Elizabeth I is an analog for an imperialistic Churchill and Mary, Queen of Scots an avatar of German virtues. Finally, to boost British morale on D-Day at Churchill’s behest, Laurence Olivier directed a masterly film version of William Shakespeare’s Henry V (1944), edited to emphasize the king’s virtues and courage, as in the St. Crispin’s Day speech with its “We few, we proud, we band of brothers”. This essay examines the aesthetic appeal, the historical accuracy, and the presentist propaganda in such films.
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Jefferys, Kevin. "British Politics and Social Policy during the Second World War." Historical Journal 30, no. 1 (March 1987): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00021944.
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This article sets out to examine the relationship between party politics and social reform in the Second World War. The issue of government policy towards reform was raised initially by Richard Titmuss, who argued in his official history of social policy that the experience of total war and the arrival of Churchill's coalition in 1940 led to a fundamentally new attitude on welfare issues. The exposure of widespread social deprivation, Titmuss claimed, made central government fully conscious for the first time of the need for reconstruction; the reforms subsequently proposed or enacted by the coalition were therefore an important prelude to the introduction of a ‘welfare state’ by the post-war Labour administration. These claims have not been borne out by more recent studies of individual wartime policies, but as a general guide to social reform in the period the ideas of Richard Titmuss have never been entirely displaced. In fact the significance of wartime policy, and its close relationship with post-war reform, has been reaffirmed in the most comprehensive study of British politics during the war – Paul Addison's The road to 1945. For Addison, the influence of Labour ministers in the coalition made the government the most radical since Asquith's Liberal administration in the Edwardian period. The war, he notes, clearly placed on the agenda the major items of the post-war welfare state: social security for all, a national health service, full employment policies, improved education and housing, and a new system, of family allowances.
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Kaninskaya, Galina N., and Natalya N. Naumova. "The Soviet Press of the Great Patriotic War about the French Squadron “Normandie-Niemen“." Vestnik Yaroslavskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. P. G. Demidova. Seriya gumanitarnye nauki 15, no. 1 (March 11, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/1996-5648-2021-1-6-19.
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The article is devoted to the participation of French pilots of the Normandy squadron in battles on the Soviet-German front as part of the Red Army in 1943-1945. After the defeat of France at the first stage of World War II (1940), the occupation of its territory by Germany and the organization of the Resistance movement “Fighting France” in London by General Charles de Gaulle, the pilots joined him expressed a burning desire to fight the enemy in the skies over Soviet soil. Their participation in the ranks of the Soviet Air Force was a unique event in the history of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union (1945-1945). The article analyzes the information of the Soviet press during the war years about the French squadron “Normandie-Niemen”, which fought in the Soviet Air Force on the Soviet-German front. It is shown that Soviet readers during the Great Patriotic War could get a very complete and reliable idea of the military exploits of French pilots, find out the names of heroes, get acquainted with the military everyday life of officers, appreciate their patriotism and sincere friendly feelings for the Soviet Union and its people. Along with stories about the air battles of the Normandy, the articles of Soviet correspondents contained information about the history of France, how the pilots reacted to the defeat of their country, how and where they fought in the first stage of the Second World War. The press of the war years gave brief sketches of the everyday life of French fighters on Soviet soil, about the curious events that happened to the pilots of the squadron. On the example of newspaper publications 1943-1945. about the military alliance of our and French pilots, you can get an idea of how the cooperation of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition developed and strengthened.
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Kotelenets, Elena A., and Maria Yu Lavrenteva. "The British Weekly: a case study of British propaganda to the Soviet Union during World War II." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 24, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 486–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2019-24-3-486-498.
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The research investigates a publishing history of the Britansky Souyznik (British Ally) weekly (further - British Weekly) in Russian language, which was published in the Soviet Union by the UK Ministry of Information in the Second World War years and to 1950. This newspaper published reports from fronts where British troops fought against Nazi Germany and its allies, articles on British-Soviet military cooperation, materials about British science, industry, agriculture, and transport, reports on people’s life in the UK, historical background of British Commonwealth countries, cultural and literature reviews. British Weekly circulation in the USSR was 50,000 copies. The main method used for the research was the study of the newspaper’s materials, as well as the propaganda concepts of its editorial board and their influence on the audience. The researched materials are from archives of the Soviet Foreign Ministry as well as of the UK Ministry of Information and Political Warfare Executive (1940-1945), declassified by the British Government only in 2002, on the basis of which an independent analysis is conducted. The British Weekly played a bright role in the formation of techniques and methods of British foreign policy propaganda to Soviet public opinion in 1942-1945. Results of the research indicates that the British government launched foreign policy propaganda to the USSR immediately after breaking-out of World War II and used the experience of the British Weekly for psychological warfare in the Cold War years.
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Fetter, Daniel K. "The Home Front: Rent Control and the Rapid Wartime Increase in Home Ownership." Journal of Economic History 76, no. 4 (November 17, 2016): 1001–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050716001017.
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The U.S. home ownership rate rose by 10 percentage points between 1940 and 1945, despite severe restrictions on construction during World War II. I investigate whether wartime rent control played a role in this shift. The empirical test exploits variation in rent reductions across cities that had similar increases in rents prior to control. This variation does not appear to be correlated with underlying trends also driving home ownership. Greater initial rent reductions led to larger increases in home ownership; rent control can account for a significant share of the increase in home ownership over the early 1940s.
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Pazik, Przemysław. "Koncepcje federacyjne podziemnej „Unii” (1940-1945): w poszukiwaniu polskiego wzorca integracji europejskiej." Politeja 16, no. 2(59) (December 31, 2019): 279–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.59.17.
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The article aims at identifying and analysing the particularities of the federalist ideas of Polish clandestine catholic organisation the Union. In 1943 the group merged with the Christian-democratic Labour Party (SP) becoming its ideological centre. Throughout the Second World War the Union produced a series of programmatic documents and clandestine press where it discussed the shape of future Europe which was to become a pan-federation of regional federations cemented by the common values and principles enshrined in Christianity which were the foundations of Western civilization. In elaborating future plans for Europe, the Union drew explicitly from the memory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth setting it as an example for modern Poland and other European States. Historical Poland was perceived not just as a state but as a “normative power”, this was possible because the Union rejected the modern, ‘westphalian’ concept of state. Instead it advocated creation of a pluralistic federation of nations bound together by common values, where national egoisms were mitigated by common Christian values.
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LYNCH, FRANCES M. B. "FINANCE AND WELFARE: THE IMPACT OF TWO WORLD WARS ON DOMESTIC POLICY IN FRANCE." Historical Journal 49, no. 2 (June 2006): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x06005371.
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Fathers, families, and the state in France, 1914–1945. By Kristen Stromberg Childers. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003. Pp. 261. ISBN 0-8014-4122-6. £23.95.Origins of the French welfare state: the struggle for social reform in France, 1914–1947. By Paul V. Dutton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. 251. ISBN 0-521-81334-4. £49.99.Britain, France, and the financing of the First World War. By Martin Horn. Montreal and Kingston: McGill – Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. 249. ISBN 0-7735-2293-X. £65.00.The gold standard illusion: France, the Bank of France and the International Gold Standard, 1914–1939. By Kenneth Mouré. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. 297. ISBN 0-19-924904-0. £40.00.Workers' participation in post-Liberation France. By Adam Steinhouse. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2001. Pp. 245. ISBN 0-7391-0282-6. $70.00 (hb). ISBN 0-7391-0283-4. $24.95 (pbk).In the traditional historiography of twentieth-century France the period after the Second World War is usually contrasted favourably with that after 1918. After 1945, new men with new ideas, born out of the shock of defeat in 1940 and resistance to Nazi occupation, laid the basis for an economic and social democracy. The welfare state was created, women were given full voting rights, and French security, in both economic and territorial respects, was partially guaranteed by integrating West Germany into a new supranational institutional structure in Western Europe. 1945 was to mark the beginning of the ‘30 glorious years’ of peace and prosperity enjoyed by an expanding population in France. In sharp contrast, the years after 1918 are characterized as a period dominated by France's failed attempts to restore its status as a great power. Policies based on making the German taxpayer finance France's restoration are blamed for contributing to the great depression after 1929 and the rise of Hitler. However, as more research is carried out into the social and economic reconstruction of France after both world wars, it is becoming clear that the basis of what was to become the welfare state after 1945 was laid in the aftermath of the First World War. On the other hand, new reforms adopted in 1945 which did not build on interwar policies, such as those designed to give workers a voice in decision-making at the workplace, proved to be short-lived.
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de Keizer, Madelon. "Memory as Rite de Passage. Towards a Postmoralistic Historiography of the Second World War." Itinerario 20, no. 2 (July 1996): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300007026.
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As a native of the Netherlands, I have been imbued with an awareness of the history of the Second World War in both Europe and the Pacific ever since I was a child, though I must admit that the Japanese occupation of the Dutch colony in the Dutch East Indies from 1942 to 1945 plays a less important part in my imagination than thefiveyears of German occupation of the Netherlands. My parents and brothers can directly recollect the latter dark period, and I see it vividly in my mind's eye, born (in 1948) and bred as I was in Rotterdam, the city whose centre was razed to the ground by the German air raid in May 1940. The effects of the bombs were still clearly visible during the years in which I was growing up there. Given this double Dutch memory – memory of the hostilities in Europe, and memory of South-East Asia – it hardly seems fortuitous that the Dutch scholar Ian Buruma chose the German and Japanese memory of the Second World War and of the War in the Pacific as the theme for his 1994 publication The Wages of Guilt.
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Jeican, Ionuţ Isaia, Florin Ovidiu Botiş, and Dan Gheban. "TYPHUS EXANTHEMATICUS IN ROMANIA DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR (1940-1945) REFLECTED BY ROMANIAN MEDICAL JOURNALS OF THE TIME." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 88, no. 1 (January 28, 2015): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-404.
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This article provides a picture of exanthematic Typhus in Romania during the Second World War: epidemiological aspects of this disease in the inner zone and in the zone of military operations, as well as information about the diagnosis, treatment andprophylaxis of the Typhus in our country during this period.
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MacLeod, Roy. "“All for Each and Each for All”: Reflections on Anglo-American and Commonwealth Scientific Cooperation, 1940–1945." Albion 26, no. 1 (1994): 79–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4052100.
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Twice this century, the wartime mobilization of civilian academic science has been rightly recognized as one of the most remarkable achievements of Britain, the Commonwealth, and the United States. If the first world war demonstrated the Empire's “strength in unity,” the second placed far greater demands on Allied and imperial resources in research, development, and supply. Where the first war witnessed a limited application of scientific advice, on request, and in response to limited problems, the second saw scientists and engineers develop an enormous range of technologies, frequently ahead of military requirements. In the course of the scientific war, new principles of liaison emerged, replacing peacetime practices of professional and institutional coordination. Imperial relations fostered by peacetime bureaux devoted to natural products and industrial research were overtaken by new, larger, and more powerful ministries devoted to supply and production. In certain respects, the demands of science began to drive imperial policy, weaving a fabric of relationships that survived to influence Commonwealth and international science diplomacy well after the war had ended.At an official level, these were among the most apparent outcomes of imperial science at war. The principal technical results of Allied collaboration—in radar, jet engines, the atomic bomb, for example—are well known. However, beneath myriad homerics of technical and organizational triumphs resides an equally important legacy of imperial rhetoric, symbol, and metaphor, in which the discourses of imperial science and commonwealth became re-examined and revalorized. The respective roles of the “metropolis” and the “periphery”—the geometries of Empire—were redefined by decisions that governed the supply of raw materials, the sharing of sensitive information, and the development of weapons.
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Heinrich, Thomas B. "Jack of All Trades: Cramp Shipbuilding, Mixed Production, and the Limits of Flexible Specialization in American Warship Construction, 1940–1945." Enterprise & Society 11, no. 2 (June 2010): 275–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146722270000906x.
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Naval shipbuilding was one of the most ambitious industrial undertakings of World War II. A marginal business, in 1939 employing only twelve shipyards, it expanded over the course of the war into a massive network of shipbuilding firms, engineering works, steel mills, and specialty producers that built the world's largest fleet. At its peak in 1944, warship building employed one million shipyard workers, a million others in collateral industries, and consumed one-fifth of the nation's steel output in the construction of aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, destroyers, and thousands of smaller combatants.
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Scott-Smith, Giles. "A Transition of Internationalisms: Britain, the United States, and the Formation of the United Nations Information Organization during World War II." International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity 7, no. 1 (November 2, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/hcm.549.
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The United Nations Information Office (UNIO), dating from 1942, holds the distinction of being both the first international agency of the embryonic UN network and the first to hold the United Nations label. Run from 1942 to 1945 from two offices in New York and London, these two were merged at the end of World War II to form the UN Information Organisation, and subsequently transformed into the Department of Public Information run from UN headquarters in New York. This article adds to the history of the UN by exploring the origins and development of the UNIO during 1940–41, when it was a British-led propaganda operation to gather US support for the allied war effort. It also examines the UNIO from the viewpoint of the power transition from Britain to the United States that took place during the war, and how this reflected a transition of internationalisms: from the British view of world order through benevolent imperialism to the American view of a progressive campaign for global development and human rights.
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RUIZ, JULIUS. "A Spanish Genocide? Reflections on the Francoist Repression after the Spanish Civil War." Contemporary European History 14, no. 2 (May 2005): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777305002304.
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This article considers whether the Franco regime pursued a genocidal policy against Republicans after the formal ending of hostilities on 1 April 1939. In post-war Spain, the primary mechanism for punishing Republicans was military tribunals. Francoist military justice was based on the assumption that responsibility for the civil war lay with the Republic: defendants were tried for the crime of ‘military rebellion’. This was, as Ramón Serrano Suñer admitted his memoirs, ‘turning justice on its head’. But although it was extremely harsh, post-war military justice was never exterminatory. The article stresses that the institutionalisation of military justice from 1937, following the arbitrary murders of 1936, contributed to a relative decline in executions. Although the regime's determination to punish Republicans for ‘military rebellion’ inevitably led to the initiation of tens of thousands of post-war military investigations, only a minority of cases ended in execution. This was especially the case from January 1940, when the higher military authorities ended the autonomy of military tribunals over sentencing. This reassertion of central control in January 1940 was part of a wider policy to ease the self-inflicted problem of prison overcrowding; successive parole decrees led to a substantial and permanent decrease in the number of inmates by 1945. Allied victory in the Second World War did not mark the beginning but the end of the process of bringing to a close mass military justice.
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Carswell, Richard. "France in the Second World War: Collaboration, Resistance, Holocaust, EmpireLa France à l’envers: La guerre de Vichy (1940–1945)." French History 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/crab011.
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Romanov, Roman. "Soviet State and Siberian Workers During the Second World War: Forced Strategy of Social and Labor Communication." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 19, no. 3 (October 15, 2018): 303–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2018.19(3).303-329.
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The article reveals the mechanisms and dynamics of announcing the threat of criminal punishment for violations of the industrial discipline in the public space of the Siberian rear and the reaction of the workers of the regional military industry in 1940-1945. The methodological base of the research is the authors conception about two types of social and labor communications - motivational and compulsory. The extreme nature of the Second World War era led to an increase of the role of coercion as a component of the motivation of industrial work. In line with this trend, changes have been made in the functioning of verbal, figurative, symbolic and behavioral channels for the translation of the decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from June 26, 1940 and December 26, 1941, carried out by institutions and representatives of the authorities at different levels. Furthermore, the article shows the transformation of forms of response of the defense industry personnel in Siberia on the application of these laws, taking into account changes in its composition, conditions of life, awareness and perception of the industrial relations system. The conclusion is drawn that the compulsory strategy of social and labor communication on the part of the Soviet state passed the tortuous path from a highly- to low-effective technology of preventing crimes on the economic front. From the point of view of the working class, it rose from the zero level to the requirements of improving everyday life under the threat of desertion and, eventually, to a conscious protest against the mobilization of labor in the military industry.
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Byers, Daniel. "Mobilising Canada: The National Resources Mobilization Act, the Department of National Defence, and Compulsory Military Service in Canada, 1940-1945." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 7, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 175–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031107ar.
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Abstract Compulsory military service took on the most organized, long-term form it has ever had in Canada during the Second World War. But few historians look beyond the politics of conscription to study the creation, administration or impact of a training system that affected more than 150,000 people. Faced with the Mackenzie King government's policy of conscripting manpower only for home defence, and their own need for overseas volunteers, Army leaders used conscripts raised under the National Resources Mobilization Act to meet both purposes. This paper explores the Army's role in creating and administering the compulsory military training system during the war, the pressures put on conscripts to volunteer for overseas service, and the increased resistance to volunteering that resulted by 1944. The consequences of the Army's management of conscription came very much to shape the political events that took place in 1944, and cannot be fully understood outside that context.
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Avery, Donald. "Secrets Between Different Kinds of Friends: Canada’s Wartime Exchange of Scientific Military Information with the United States and the USSR, 1940‑1945." Historical Papers 21, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 225–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030955ar.
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Abstract The outbreak of the Second World War, with the emphasis on new weapons and defence technology, brought about dramatic changes in the role of the scientist in Britain, the United States, and Canada. In many ways, Canadian scientists were most affected by these changes. Now, through the National Research Council and various defence agencies, they were able to gain access to highly confidential scientific data through the medium of joint British and Canadian research projects. Equally important was the extent that the British connection made it possible for Canadian scientists to become involved in sophisticated American military projects. Canada was also indirectly affected by the complex negotiations between Britain, the United States and the USSR on applied science exchanges during World War II. In addition, there were a variety of bilateral arrangements between Canada and the Soviet Union which had important implications for the exchange of military technology. But even more important were the revelations in September 1945 that the Soviet Union had been operating an extensive espionage system in Canada which had obtained considerable “Top Secret” scientific military information. The subsequent report of the Royal Commission on Espionage had major national and international ramifications.
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Yagil, Limore. "Pope Pius XII, the Bishops of France and the Rescue of Jews, 1940–1944." Catholic Social Science Review 26 (2021): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/cssr20212632.
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France is one of the countries of occupied Western Europe where the Jewish community best survived the Holocaust. The bishops, religious congregations and the priests there contributed to this situation in great measure. Many bishops remained silent about the roundups of Jews, but they helped to save many Jews in their dioceses. Most of them had been nominated to the episcopacy in the 1920s and 1930s when Eugenio Pacelli was nuncio and influential in the appointment of bishops. These bishops followed the policies of the Vatican which enabled the Church in France to fight Nazism and racism. During World War II, the Vatican sent enormous sums of money to rscue Jews and other fugitives in France. The encyclical of Pope Pius XI Mit brennender Sorge (1937), widely distributed in France, encouraged Catholics to assist Jews and other fugitives. This article offers insights into Vatican policy for the years 1940 through 1945.
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Bell, Victoria, Ana Leonor Pereira, and João Rui Pita. "The reception of penicillin in Portugal during World War II: cooperation with Brazil and the United States of America." Debater a Europa, no. 13 (July 1, 2015): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_13_9.
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The discovery of penicillin in 1928 and its introduction as therapeutic agent in the 1940’s significantly altered the prognosis of infectious diseases and represented the starting point for research that led to the discovery of other antibiotics. Portugal was one of the first European countries, non-participant in the II World War, to obtain penicillin for civilian use. World production of the antibiotic was scarce and military forces and government appointed research centers absorbed the limited amount available. Good diplomatic relations between Portugal, Brazil and the United States of America (USA) were decisive in attaining penicillin for our country. In May of 1944, the Brazilian government offered Portugal 12 vials of penicillin. During the summer of 1944, as the Portuguese and American governments negotiated the use of the Lages military base in the Azores, they also discussed the terms regarding a regular supply of penicillin for Portugal. In order to import penicillin from the USA, Portugal was obliged to establish a controlling committee to oversee the allocation and distribution of the antibiotic. The Portuguese Red Cross played a major role in this event, on July 26, 1944 the humanitarian institution appointed the Junta Consultiva para a Distribuição de Penicilina em Portugal (JCDPP) to act as a controlling committee. The first allotment of 700 vials, each containing 100 000 units of penicillin, arrived at Lisbon airport on September 8, 1944. In January 1945, the US government increased the monthly allotment to 1000 vials and in March 1945 to 1500 vials. As world production of penicillin increased, controlling committees were no longer necessary. In June 1945, the Portuguese Red Cross terminated the JCDPP and the Portuguese pharmaceutical industry began to import the antibiotic. Cooperation with Brazil and the USA was vital for Portugal to attain penicillin. It enabled the antibiotic to become available to the Portuguese civilian population when its use was still restricted to the military forces. The in advanced acquisition of penicillin in Portugal that resulted from nation cooperation saved many lives to and initiated a new era in the treatment of infectious diseases.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_13_9
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Berlofi, Luciana Mendes, and Maria Cristina Sanna. "Caracterização e organização da enfermagem do hospital alemão Oswaldo Cruz no contexto da II guerra/ Characterization and organization of hospital alemão Oswaldo Cruz nursing in II World War context." Ciência, Cuidado e Saúde 14, no. 4 (May 26, 2016): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/cienccuidsaude.v14i4.28061.
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Trata-se de um estudo documental com abordagem histórico-social com objetivo de analisar a composição e a estruturação da Enfermagem do Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (HAOC) entre 1941 e 1945. Foram utilizadas duas fontes documentais: “Livro de Registro de Empregados” e “Fichas Profissionais de Registro de Empregados”. Antes de serem correlacionados, os dados de cada fonte foram estudados separadamente. Os dados dos livros foram copiados eletrostaticamente, certificados, transcritos, organizados em planilha Excel®, para então serem analisados quantitativamente e qualitativamente sob o contexto histórico, social, econômico e político. A pesquisa revelou que, desde a década de 1940, essa instituição utilizava de ferramentas de gestão de recursos humanos para controlar headcount e folha de pagamento. Existia divisão formal e hierárquica do trabalho. A força de trabalho de enfermagem era composta por 16 diferentes cargos subdivididos em três segmentos (líderes, graduados, não graduados) atuantes em nível estratégico, tático e operacional. Concluiu-se, que, já da década de 1940, a organização dos profissionais da Enfermagem, sustentada pelo modelo assistencial e de gestão, possibilitou, ao HAOC, ser considerado uma instituição modelo-referência.
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Asensio Peral, Germán. "‘One does not take sides in these neutral latitudes': Myles na gCopaleen and The Emergency." International Journal of English Studies 18, no. 1 (June 26, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes/2018/1/282551.
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The years of the Second World War (1939-1945), a period known as The Emergency in Ireland, were pivotal for the development of the nation. Immediately after the outburst of the war in the continent, the Fianna Fáil cabinet led by Éamon de Valera declared the state of emergency and adopted a neutrality policy. To ensure this, the government imposed strict censorship control, especially on journalism and the media. The aim of the censorship system was to ensure that war facts were presented as neutrally as possible to avoid any potential retaliation from any of the belligerents. This censorship apparatus, however, affected many intellectuals of the time who felt that their freedom of expression had been restrained even more. One of these dissenting writers was Brian O’Nolan (1911-1966), better known as Flann O’Brien or Myles na gCopaleen. For more than twenty-six years (1940-1966), he wrote a comic and satirical column in The Irish Times entitled Cruiskeen Lawn. In his column, O’Brien commented on varied problems affecting Dublin and Ireland as a whole. One of the many topics he began discussing was precisely Ireland’s neutral position in the war. Therefore, this paper aims at examining Ireland’s neutral position in the war as seen through a selection of columns from Cruiskeen Lawn, devoting special attention to the oppression of censorship and the distracting measures developed by de Valera’s government.
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Kornat, Marek. "Stolica Apostolska w polskiej polityce zagranicznej na uchodźstwie (Wrzesień 1939 – czerwiec 1940)." Polski Przegląd Stosunków Miedzynarodowych, no. 5 (May 3, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/ppsm.2015.05.02.
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The Holy See In Polish Foreign Policy of the Government on exile (September 1939 — June 1940) The article is devoted to the reexamining of the policy of Polish Government on exile toward the Holy See after Poland’s defeat in September 1939 and the reestablishment of the legal authorities of Poland in France, under President Raczkiewicz and General Sikorski as Prime Minister. Terminus ad quem of the narration is the collapse of France and transfer of the Government of Poland to London in June 1940. Problems of Vatican’s perception of Polish Question is discussed on the basis of Polish archival documents, especially those of Polish Embassy to the Holy See. Vatican-Polish relations at the beginning of the World War II require special attention because the last treatment of this highly debatable problem was made in historiography by Zofia Waszkiewicz more than thirty five years ago in her monograph Polityka Watykanu wobec Polski 1939–1945 [Policy of the Vatican toward Poland 1939—1945] (Warsaw 1980). How much Polish diplomacy achieved fighting for the Holy See’s support against Nazi Germany? Two things must be said. Firstly, the Holy See recognized the legal continuity of Polish State after the German-Soviet occupation of Poland’s territory in September 1939, but did not sent the papal nuncio to Angers, when Polish Government resided. Secondly, Polish thesis on the special significance of Polish Question as the test-case of international justice received the positive response of the Pope Pius XII in his encyclical Summi Pontificatus published on October 20 1939, but the guidelines of Vatican’s policy were based on the doctrine of strict neutrality of the Papacy in the international relations. It did not permit for Papal condemnation ex officio of the Nazi crimes and criminal policy of extermination in Poland.
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Horton, A. V. M. "‘So rich as to be almost indecent’: some aspects of post-war rehabilitation in Brunei, 1946–1953." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 58, no. 1 (January 1995): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00011873.
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The small, oil-rich state of Brunei (population c. 40,000 in 1940) is situated in north-west Borneo. The ‘Abode of Peace’ became a British protectorate in 1888 and a Residential System along Malayan lines came into operation at the beginning of 1906. For most of the Second World War the country was under Japanese Military Administration, a period of three and a half years beginning in December 1941. Allied, predominantly Australian, landings took place in early June 1945 (Fahey 1992: 325–8; Monks 1992: 7–53) and the sultanate was speedily cleared of enemy forces, though not before the latter had successfully executed a scorched-earth programme. Most crucially of all, the Seria oilfield (discovered in 1929 by the Shell company) was set alight, the flames shooting ‘like giant blow-lamps’ at least thirty feet into the air. The last well fire was not extinguished until 27 September 1945 (Harper 1975: 21–4). A report in the Straits Times of 20 July 1946 gives some impression of the problems faced by the returning Western engineers:Most of the [Seria] wells were surrounded by blazing lakes, and the oil experts had to blast their way through. Because of the intense heat it was difficult to get near enough to ‘cap’ them and so seal the fires. In some cases aircraft were used, the fire-fighters advancing through the slipstream of the propellers which blew the flames and oil back. It then became possible to get near enough to thrust forward on long steel arms heavy charges of explosives.
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Robins, Marianne Ruel. "A Grey Site of Memory: Le Chambon-sur-Lignon and Protestant Exceptionalism on the Plateau Vivarais-Lignon." Church History 82, no. 2 (May 20, 2013): 317–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640713000103.
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Between 1940 and 1945, in the midst of the Holocaust, the citizens of the small town of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon rescued several hundred Jewish refugees from certain death. Historians, ethicists, witnesses and participants have pondered the reasons for this altruistic behavior, and have pointed in particular to the faith of the rescuers as the source of their exceptional courage. By examining the theological, economic, and cultural diversity of the region, this article evaluates these claims and challenges in particular traditional narratives of Protestant exceptionalism. This work also seeks to explain why these particular narratives emerged and eventually conflicted with one another. It seems that the rescue on the Plateau resulted from a unique convergence of means, individual and institutional convictions, and cultural habits. In probing the exact role of religious commitment and culture during World War II, a more complex and dynamic picture emerges—and what becomes apparent challenges traditional visions of Huguenots as constant and unequivocal supporters of their Jewish neighbors.
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Frisk, Kristian. "Post-Heroic Warfare Revisited: Meaning and Legitimation of Military Losses." Sociology 52, no. 5 (January 24, 2017): 898–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038516680313.
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The article challenges the thesis that western societies have moved towards a post-heroic mood in which military casualties are interpreted as nothing but a waste of life. Using content analysis and qualitative textual analysis of obituaries produced by the Royal Danish Army in memory of soldiers killed during the Second World War (1940–1945) and the military campaign in Afghanistan (2002–2014), the article shows that a ‘good’ military death is no longer conceived of as a patriotic sacrifice, but is instead legitimised by an appeal to the unique moral worth, humanitarian goals and high professionalism of the fallen. The article concludes that fatalities in international military engagement have invoked a sense of post-patriotic heroism instead of a post-heroic crisis, and argues that the social order of modern society has underpinned, rather than undermined, ideals of military self-sacrifice and heroism, contrary to the predominant assumption of the literature on post-heroic warfare.
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Rusewa, Anna. "Koniec epoki rewizjonizmu – rok 1945 w publikacjach gazety „Църковен вестник”." Slavia Meridionalis 14 (November 27, 2014): 421–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2014.020.
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The end of the age of revisionism – 1945 in the journal Carkoven vestnikThe main purpose of this article is to show a Bulgarian political and cultural memorial space from the perspective of the Orthodox Church, which is emblematic for the Second World War. In my work I analyse publications which appeared in the journal Carkoven vestnik between 1940 and 1944 concerning the religious, historical, political and social issues of the time. It is not my intention to deal with the religiosity of the Bulgarian people during this difficult period, even though the source material would suggest it. The idea is to reconstruct the attitudes of the Orthodox Church to the main contemporary ideologies and policies pursued by government of Tsar Boris III. I analyse the position of the Orthodox Church, which on the one hand stresses its role as the spiritual centre of Bulgarian society, and on the other as an institution serving national interests. I pay particular attention to the role of the „Great Bulgaria” myth and the age of revisionism, nurtured in the Church, in context of German assistance in regaining the territories lost after the First World War and Balkan wars. I present a detailed historical record of the annexation of Dobruja. All studies are placed in the broad social and cultural context of the age, as well as the context of local cultural texts. I base my analysis on the typology of Eric Voegelin, who showed Gnostic political influences in his works The New Science of Politics and Hitler und die Deutschen. Koniec epoki rewizjonizmu – rok 1945 w publikacjach gazety „Църковен вестник”Na łamach gazety „Църковен вестник”, będącej oficjalnym organem Bułgarskiej Cerkwi Prawosławnej, w czasie II wojny światowej publikowano teksty o treściach wyraźnie inspirowanych ideologią narodowosocjalistyczną, jednoznacznie wskazujące na polityczne zaangażowanie, wiążące interesy Cerkwi i państwa. Artykuł miał na celu pokazanie środków perswazji, jakimi posługiwała się ta jawna propaganda oraz stopnia zależności oficjalnego stanowiska Cerkwi od koniunktury politycznej w kraju i Europie. W refleksji na ten temat użyto terminologię zaproponowaną przez Erica Voegelina, autora takich pozycji jak Hitler und die Deutschen czy Nowa nauka polityki, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem szeroko omawianych przez autora gnostyckich inspiracji „odnowy świata”. Do przybliżenia złożoności problemu relacji kościelno-politycznych w Bułgarii oraz do przedstawienia wpływu haseł bułgarskiego rewizjonizmu terytorialnego na działania Cerkwi posłużyła analiza publikacji gazety kościelnej odnoszących się do aneksji Dobrudży Południowej.
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Boldan, Kamil. "Karlštejn Castle as ‘Bergungsdepot’ for the Historical Collections of the Land and University Library in Prague at the End of the Second World War." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 64, no. 3-4 (November 1, 2019): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amnpsc-2019-0011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The article covers the history of the former Land and University Library in Prague (now the National Library) between 1939 and 1945. The activities of the library were to be supervised by a German commissioner appointed in 1940 – Josef Becker, First Director of the Prussian State Library. As his duties kept him primarily in Berlin, he appointed the younger Berlin bibliologist Carl Wehmer as his permanent deputy in Prague. Although their main task was clearly the Germanisation of the library, one cannot deny that they deserve some credit, for example for increasing the staff level of the institution. Yet their main merit lies in that many of the library collections seized by the Gestapo and other bodies were not shredded but taken to the Clementinum, the seat of the library. From 1943, they organised the evacuation of book collections to places outside of Prague, which was threatened by air raids. The transport was supervised by Emma Urbánková, the head of the department of manuscripts. Approximately 12,000 volumes of medieval manuscripts and printed Bohemica of the 16th–19th centuries were evacuated to Karlštejn Castle in wooden crates. They included the library’s most valuable manuscript – the Codex Vyssegradensis, a coronation evangeliary from the 11th century. At the castle, they were deposited in the Burgrave’s House as well as directly in the famous Chapel of the Holy Cross. The massive Zlatá Koruna (Golden Crown) monastery and the châteaux in Pohled and Horažďovice also served as depositaries for the book collections. By the beginning of 1945, a total of 582,000 volumes had been sent to these three premises. They included many historical book collections. The paper is accompanied by recently discovered photographs documenting the course of the book evacuation.