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Journal articles on the topic 'World War II, 1938-1945'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 December 2022

Last updated: 25 January 2023

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1

Evans, Tim N. L. "Twilight over England? Archaeological Excavation in England 1938–1945." European Journal of Archaeology 19, no. 2 (2016): 335–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957115y.0000000013.

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This article examines the location and context of archaeological investigations in England between 1938 and 1945. The analysis of sources, including national inventories and contemporary journals, dispels any notion that archaeological practice was suspended during World War II, despite the absence of some leading practitioners, and reveals that a surprising amount of salvage and research fieldwork took place. Fieldwork was primarily in the south of the country; it reflects pre-war investigative trends, contemporary knowledge, opinion of the archaeological resource, and the increased threat of war-related construction work, but also the impact of immediate post-war concerns such as housing and infrastructure. Although primarily undertaken by established excavators employed by the Ministry of Works, a substantial amount of rescue work was carried out by small groups, local societies, and individuals often outside State funding, which reflects an independent culture of fieldwork that continues to the present day.

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2

Błachut, Michał. "Territorial disputes between Poland and Czechoslovakia 1938–1945." Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka - Refleksje 38, no. 38 (December 18, 2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5936.

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The historical point of view is important to fully understand foreign affairs. For Polish-Czech relations the crucial period in this respect is 1918–1945. The matter of the conflict were borderlands, with the most important one – Zaolzie, that is, historical lands of the Duchy of Cieszyn beyond Olza River. Originally, the land belonged to the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, then to the Kingdom of Bohemia and Austrian Habsburg dynasty. After World War I, local communities took control of the land. Czechoslovakian military intervention and a conflict with Bolsheviks caused both parties to agree to the division of Zaolzie through arbitration of powers in 28 July 1920. Until 1938, key parts of Zaolzie belonged to Czechoslovakia. In that year, Poland decided to annex territories lost according to the arbitration. After World War II tension between Poland and Czechoslovakia heightened again. Czechoslovakia made territorial claims on parts of Silesia belonging to Germany. Poland once more tried to reclaim Zaolzie, but military invasion was stopped by Stalin. Negotiations failed, but the escalation of the conflict was stopped. Two years later the relationship between the parties was eventually normalized, the final agreement was signed in 1958 and it is still in place today.

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3

Harrison, Mark. "Resource Mobilization for World War II: The U.S.A., U.K., U.S.S.R., and Germany, 1938-1945." Economic History Review 41, no. 2 (May 1988): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596054.

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4

HARRISON, MARK. "Resource mobilization for World War II: the U.S.A., U.K., U.S.S.R., and Germany, 1938-1945'." Economic History Review 41, no. 2 (May 1988): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.1988.tb00461.x.

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5

BLAKE, JAMES A., JAMES T. CARLTON, and JERRY D. KUDENOV. "Obituary: William John Haugen Light (1938–2020)." Zoosymposia 19, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.19.1.6.

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William John Haugen (Bill) Light (Fig. 1) was born on 05 January 1938 in Waco, McLennan County, Texas USA, and died on 18 January 2020 in Marietta, Georgia, at the age of 82. He was buried in the Georgia National Cemetery, Canton, GA. As an infant, he was adopted by Col. Orin Haugen and his wife Marion Sargent. Colonel Haugen died in February 1945 at the battle for Manilla in the Philippines in World War II. Later, upon Marion’s remarriage, Bill’s surname was changed to Light. Bill’s mother Marion passed away in 1969.

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6

Levitus, S., G. Matishov, I. Smolyar, O. K. Baranova, M. M. Zweng, T. Tielking, N. Mikhailov, et al. "World War II (1939-1945) Oceanographic Observations." Data Science Journal 12 (2013): 102–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2481/dsj.13-030.

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7

Löhnig, Martin. "Breaking with bourgeois rules and traditions." Tijdschrift voor rechtsgeschiedenis 83, no. 3-4 (December 10, 2015): 487–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08334p07.

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When World War II ended in 1945, the plan was to build a society in the Soviet occupation zone and, later on, in the German Democratic Republic, which would break with the previously dominant bourgeois rules and traditions. Marriage and the family were utilized to achieve this goal. As the marriage law in force was the same in all parts of Germany between 1938 and 1955, this development has to be illustrated by analyzing the divorce files of the East German courts of Dresden and Leipzig in the late 1940s. By reviewing these documents, one cannot only reveal political and economic influences, but also discover the new household and family models of a socialist society.

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8

Love, Robert W., and Carlo D'Este. "World War II in the Mediterranean, 1942-1945." Journal of American History 78, no. 2 (September 1991): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2079665.

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9

Ragusa, Olga, and Augustus Pallotta. "Italian Novelists since World War II, 1945-1965." Italica 76, no. 3 (1999): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/479913.

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10

Hrynovets, V. "Lviv University Dental School during World War II." Shidnoevropejskij zurnal vnutrisnoi ta simejnoi medicini 2020, no. 2b (December 2020): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/internalmed2020.02b.065.

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The article demonstrates the development of Lviv University Dental School during World War II. The peculiarity is that during World War II 1939—1945 Lviv University School, despite significant losses, continued to function fully at the Lviv State Medical Institute.

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11

Gekht, Anton B. "Swedish non-public diplomacy during World War II on the example of the activities of M. Wallenberg Jr." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 27, no. 4 (December 23, 2021): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2021-27-4-69-75.

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This article examines the role of Marcus Wallenberg Jr., a prominent financier and industrialist, one of the leaders of the financial and industrial group of the Wallenberg family, in the foreign policy of Sweden on the eve of and during World War II. Having concentrated in his hands the main threads of influence on the industry and the financial sphere of the kingdom, Marcus Wallenberg was unofficially involved in the development of the foreign policy of the kingdom, which sought to be out of direct involvement in the war. The article examines various contacts with representatives of the opposing sides, carries out with the active participation of this banker and industrialist, both as part of official delegations and as individuals – the main focus is on establishing interaction between the USSR and Finland in 1943-1944, as well as cooperation with the Allies – Britain and the United States. The article also analyses the non-institutionalised regular contacts of Marcus Wallenberg Jr. with the political leadership of Sweden during 1938-1945, including the difficulties faced by the financial and industrial group under his control in the period immediately after the end of World War II.

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12

Sims, Philip. "U.S. Navy World War II War Damage Reports." Marine Technology Society Journal 46, no. 6 (November 1, 2012): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.46.6.3.

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AbstractThe damaged and sunken ships of Pearl Harbor contained information on the response of ships and their damage control teams to modern weapons. As they were raised to be repaired, the physical evidence of damaged areas was carefully recorded. The Navy’s ship design organization, the Bureau of Ships (Buships), combined the physical evidence with crew action reports to determine what worked and what did not. Buships published the results in almost 70 War Damage Reports, which were illustrated with photographs and newly prepared extent-of-damage drawings. This paper is a high-level introduction to that massive body of work.The customers of the reports were the damage control schools, the operational fleet (needing to ruthlessly remove flammable materials), the naval repair yards (installing ship alterations to overcome deficiencies), and the designers of new construction warships. The report series was continued covering ships damaged or lost in the Pacific battles. Modern warship features that are now thought of as “good practice,” such as ring fire mains with one line high and the other low on the opposite side of the ship, are a result of “lessons learned” from the war damage surveys. The paper compares the 1938 design Iowa class battleships and the war design Des Moines class heavy cruisers, which incorporated the lessons learned. The differences in compartmentation and damage control fittings of the two classes are described.

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13

Reid, Brian Holden. "War at any price: World War II in Europe, 1939–1945." History of European Ideas 10, no. 6 (January 1989): 734–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(89)90106-x.

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14

Wróbel, Piotr. "Polish-Ukrainian Relations during World War II." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 26, no. 1 (January 18, 2012): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325411398910.

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After the fall of communism in 1989–1991, Poland and Ukraine could have become partners in international, economic, and cultural fields. Yet despite many positive achievements, the contemporary Polish-Ukrainian cooperation did not fully develop. Among many reasons that slow down the Polish-Ukrainian rapprochement, historical memories seem to be especially detrimental. The remembrances of World War II are the most destructive. Both Poles and Ukrainians understand that the only way to change this situation is to study and discuss the common history. A list of works on Polish-Ukrainian relations during World War II is long. Yet most of these publications offer broad pictures and present Polish-Ukrainian relations in general or in particular regions, such as Volhynia (Wołyń) or Eastern Galicia. This microstudy, devoted to the town of Boryslav (Borysław) in the years 1939 to 1945, tries to show how the conflicts were born, how they became embedded in human memory, and, finally, how they were transformed into historical stereotypes. The text concentrates on the crucial moments of World War II in Boryslav and describes how Poles and Ukrainians reacted differently to the consecutive challenges and how these various reactions shaped their relationship. The article ends with a conclusion that the five years of the war tore apart the Poles and Ukrainians of Boryslav and the post-1945 iron Polish-Soviet border divided the both sides and created a situation in which World War II attitudes froze for a long time.

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15

Jareb, Jere. "The Croatian Nation During World War II, 1941-1945." Journal of Croatian Studies 38 (1997): 115–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jcroatstud19973812.

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16

O'Meara, L. "French Crime Fiction, 1945-2005: Investigating World War II." French Studies 68, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/knt250.

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17

MITTER, RANA, and AARON WILLIAM MOORE. "China in World War II, 1937–1945: Experience, Memory, and Legacy." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 2 (February 10, 2011): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x10000387.

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AbstractChina's long war against Japan from 1937 to 1945 has remained in the shadows of historiography until recently, both in China and abroad. In recent years, the opening of archives and a widening of the opportunity to discuss the more controversial aspects of the wartime period in China itself have restored World War II in China (‘the War of Resistance to Japan’) to a much more central place in historical interpretation. Among the areas that this issue covers are the new socio-political history of the war that seeks to restore rationality to the policies of the Guomindang (Nationalist) party, as well as a new understanding in post-war China of the meaning of the war against Japan in shaping Cold War and post-Cold War politics in China. In doing so, it seeks to make more explicit the link between themes that shaped the experience of World War II in China to the war's legacy in later politics and the uses of memory of the conflict in contemporary Chinese society.

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18

Schrader, Stuart. "Cops at War: How World War II Transformed U.S. Policing." Modern American History 4, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mah.2021.12.

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World War II transformed policing in the United States. Many police enlisted in the military during the war, and in turn many veterans joined police forces following the victories of 1945. As wartime labor shortages depleted their ranks, police chiefs turned to new initiatives to strengthen and professionalize their forces, redoubling those efforts as growing fears of crime and internal security threats outlasted the global conflict. This article investigates the rapid growth of the military police, how African Americans responded to changes in policing due to the war, and these wartime experiences’ lingering impacts. Based on research in obscure and difficult-to-find police professional literature, and closely examining New York City, it argues that the war's effects on policing did not amount to “militarization” as currently understood, but did inspire more standardized and nationally coordinated approaches to recruitment as well as military-style approaches to discipline, training, and tactical operations.

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19

MacKinnon, Stephen. "The Tragedy of Wuhan, 1938." Modern Asian Studies 30, no. 4 (October 1996): 931–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0001684x.

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There is a striking disconnect between the imaginative range of interests which preoccupy historians of World Wars I and II in Europe and North America and the much more narrow political concerns of China historians working on the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45. Since Jacoby and White'sThunder Out of China(1946) and Chalmers Johnson'sPeasant Nationalism(1966), Western historiography on the Sino-Japanese War has focused not on the war itself but on the continuing political struggle for supremacy between the Communists and Nationalists. The war is seen as the key to the eventual triumph of the Communists over Chiang Kaishek's Nationalists by 1949. Other issues like the military history of the war itself or its long-term impact on Chinese society and culture have received scant attention.

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20

Enssle, Manfred J. "Five Theses on German Everyday Life after World War II." Central European History 26, no. 1 (March 1993): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900019944.

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To order an untidy past, historians identify and interpret significant pivots in the development of nations. One such pivot in the fractured history of twentieth-century Germany was the period between 1945 and 1949. In these brief postwar years, a remarkable “mutation” of German politics and society began under Allied tutelage. In this interregnum between Hitler and Adenauer, a war-devastated West Germany started on the path “from shadow to substance.” As the Bonn Republic endured, historians started to trace its origins back to certain political and economic structures first erected in the postwar years. Increasingly, they emphasized postwar Weichenstellungen, or turning points, which influenced later events. By the 1980s, this structuralist view strongly suggested that contemporaries of the years 1945–1949 had actually lived through the Vorgeschichte, or prehistory, of the Federal Republic, and of affluence.

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21

Grishaeva, L. "Long echo of the soviet-japanese war 1945." Diplomatic Service, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 18–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2004-03.

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The author writes about the inadmissibility of revising the main results of the Second World War, the consequences of which are really felt in the 21st century. On the role of the USSR in the Victory in World War II. About the factual non-recognition by Japan of the results of World War II. About the reasons for the lack of a peace treaty between Russia and Japan so far. On the existence of territorial contradictions between our states. On linking Japan with the problem of concluding a peace treaty with territorial claims against Russia. On opposing views on the history of the conclusion, observance and annulment of the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact of 1941. On attempts to blame the USSR for the ''unlawful'' entry into the war against Japan in 1945. Why is this happening, why Japan never attacked the USSR during the Second World War, what are the results of the war and what are their consequences, this article is devoted to the consideration of these fundamentally important issues.

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22

Arnold, A. J. "Industrial profitability in the trans-World War II period, 1938–1950." Accounting History Review 27, no. 1 (November 28, 2016): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21552851.2016.1246255.

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23

Casdorph, Paul D., and Jerry Purvis Sanson. "Louisiana during World War II: Politics and Society, 1939-1945." Journal of American History 87, no. 2 (September 2000): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2568882.

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24

Brooks, Jennifer E., and Jerry Purvis Sanson. "Louisiana during World War II: Politics and Society, 1939-1945." Journal of Southern History 67, no. 1 (February 2001): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3070140.

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25

Blishen, A. O. "Rana Mitter. Forgotten Ally: China's World War II 1937 - 1945." Asian Affairs 46, no. 2 (May 4, 2015): 371–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2015.1037659.

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26

Burds, Jeffrey. "Sexual Violence in Europe in World War II, 1939—1945." Politics & Society 37, no. 1 (March 2009): 35–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601108329751.

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27

Fairclough, Adam, and Jerry Purvis Sanson. "Louisiana during World War II: Politics and Society, 1939-1945." American Historical Review 106, no. 1 (February 2001): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2652307.

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28

Schlesinger-Kipp, Gertraud. "Children in World War II—"German elderly psychoanalysts remember"." Proceedings of the Wuhan Conference on Women 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/ppc.v3n2.2020.315.

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In the research project, Children in World War II—"German elderly psychoanalysts remember", psychoanalysts of the German Psychoanalytical Association born between 1930 and 1945 were interviewed on this topic, first with questionnaires and then with interviews. The author takes an approach about how today's psychoanalysts, who grew up during World War II, viewed their experiences, damages, losses, and traumatisation in connection with coming to terms with the collective guilt of the Germans. How were they able to address and work through the childhood experiences and traumas of war in their analyses? The author emphasises how important remembering is for a whole society after genocide, war, and dictatorships that are like that of the Third Reich in Germany.

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29

Harviainen, Tapani. "The Jews in Finland and World War II." Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 21, no. 1-2 (September 1, 2000): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.69575.

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In the years 1989–1944 two different wars against the Soviet Union were imposed upon Finland. During the Winter War of 1989–1940 Germany remained strictly neutral on the basis of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact&&Great Britain and France planned intervention in favour of Finland. When the second, so-called Continuation War broke out in the summer of 1041, Finland was co-belligerent of Germany, and Great Britain declared war on Finland in December 1941. De jure, however, Finland was never an ally of Germany, and at the end of the war, in the winter 1944–1945, the Finnish armed forces expelled the German troops from Lapland, which was devastated by the Germans during their retreat to Norway. Military service was compulsory for each male citizen of Finland. In 1939 the Jewish population of Finland numbered 1 700. Of these, 260 men were called up and approximately 200 were sent to serve at the front during the Winter War.

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30

Le Bris, David. "Wars, inflation and stock market returns in France, 1870–1945." Financial History Review 19, no. 3 (September 27, 2012): 337–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565012000170.

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This article undertakes a comparative study of the effects of three wars upon the French stock market. Periods of war are highly turbulent financial times and trigger multiple factors to act upon stock prices. The article presents evidence suggesting that stock price behaviour is influenced by the specific way each war is financed. Financed solely by regular long-term debt, the Franco-Prussian War exhibited stock prices that only reflected real activity. On the other hand, both world wars were partially financed by monetary creation but differed with regard to the extent of financial repression. In the case of World War II, monetary creation within a closed repressed economy led to a paradoxical, short-lived increase in stock prices. The article also examines how war affected the characteristics of the market. The Franco-Prussian War caused a durable high interest rate; World War I smoothed out most of the public services firms and increased volatility; whilst World War II affected the components of the stock market. Overall, mainly due to market values being destroyed during the world wars, the importance of the stock market in the economy decreased.

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31

Klynina, Tetiana. "Information war. The USA and Great Britain during World War II (1939 - 1945)." Skhid, no. 2(142) (June 3, 2016): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2016.2(142).70479.

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32

Magadeev, I. E. "Lessons of World War II and Strategic Planning of the Big Three (1945–1949)." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 45–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-3-45-84.

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The paper examines how military and political leaders of the Soviet Union, the United States and Great Britain assessed in the ﬁrst post-war years and in the face of emerging bipolar world order the lessons of World War II, how the latter inﬂuenced their strategic planning and forecasts with the emergence of nuclear weapons. The author outlines the key features of this period (1945–1949), including still fresh memories of the unprecedented destruction and losses of the past war, the US ‘nuclear monopoly’, and the absence of a system for nuclear deterrence. The paper provides a systematic comparison of lessons from the past war, learnt by the Soviet, the US and British establishment, identiﬁes similarities and diﬀerences between them. The author concludes that WWII was perceived by the political and military leaders of that time as a model of the eventual ‘great war’ in the future, which almost certainly would be ‘total’ and ‘global’ in scope and would demand both thorough preparations during the peacetime and the militarization of civil life. Indeed, the experience of WWII had greatly inﬂuenced the strategic and operational planning in the USSR, the USA and Great Britain in 1945–1949. Moscow prepared to face the potential aggression on its Western borders or in the Far East in order to avoid the mistakes of 1941. In Washington the decisionmakers acknowledged the Soviet superiority in conventional weapons and didn’t exclude the possibility that the Soviet Army could quickly establish control over the Western Europe and that the US military would have to retake it in a ‘new Operation Overlord’. The pessimistic outlook of the ‘defense of the Rhine’ was also shared in London, and the British military planned to evacuate the troops to the British Isles (‘shadow of Dunkirk’) and to focus on strategic bombing of the USSR and its allies. Even the appearance of nuclear weapons, that would dramatically alter the strategic context in the following years, played a relatively minor role in 1945–1949. The author concludes that the shadow of World War II and its lessons had a long-lasting eﬀect on the post-war international relations.

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33

Castronuovo, David. "Book Review: Italian Novelists since World War II, 1945–1965 and Italian Novelists since World War II, 1965–1995." Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies 33, no. 2 (September 1999): 597–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001458589903300228.

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Krus, David J., Edward A. Nelsen, and James M. Webb. "War-Related Deflections of Economic Trends in Eastern and Western Civilizations." Psychological Reports 84, no. 3 (June 1999): 1021–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3.1021.

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Economic trends for the Eastern and Western Civilizations were compared over the past three centuries and extrapolated into the next one. The convergence of these trends following World War I was deflected following World War II. Without this war, the combined economies of the Far East countries appeared likely to surpass the industrial output of Western countries around the turn of the 20th and the 21st centuries. The 1941–1945 war with Japan delayed the projected intersection of these trends. Extrapolation of the post-World War II trends to 2040 suggests that, without deflection of these trends, the economies of the Far East countries would be likely to surpass the economies of the Western countries around the middle of the 21st century.

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35

Timofeev, A. Yu. "Metamorphoses of memory of the the Russian-Serbian Brotherhood of War in Modern Serbia." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 4 (September 4, 2020): 142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-4-73-142-156.

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The article considers the perception of World War II in modern Serbian society. Despite the stability of Serbian-Russian shared historical memory, the attitudes of both countries towards World wars differ. There is a huge contrast in the perception of the First and Second World War in Russian and Serbian societies. For the Serbs the events of World War II are obscured by the memories of the Civil War, which broke out in the country immediately after the occupation in 1941 and continued several years after 1945. Over 70% of Yugoslavs killed during the Second World War were slaughtered by the citizens of former Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The terror unleashed by Tito in the first postwar decade in 1944-1954 was proportionally bloodier than Stalin repressions in the postwar USSR. The number of emigrants from Yugoslavia after the establishment of the Tito's dictatorship was proportionally equal to the number of refugees from Russia after the Civil War (1,5-2% of prewar population). In the post-war years, open manipulations with the obvious facts of World War II took place in Tito's Yugoslavia. In the 1990s the memories repressed during the communist years were set free and publicly debated. After the fall of the one-party system the memory of World War II was devalued. The memory of the Russian-Serbian military fraternity forged during the World War II began to revive in Serbia due to the foreign policy changes in 2008. In October 2008 the President of Russia paid a visit to Serbia which began the process of (re) construction of World War II in Serbian historical memory. According to the public opinion surveys, a positive attitude towards Russia and Russians in Serbia strengthens the memories on general resistance to Nazism with memories of fratricide during the civil conflict events of 1941-1945 still dominating in Serbian society.

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36

Pun, Sirjana. "How Radar Technology Changed the Course of the World after World War II - Science and Technology." Unity Journal 2 (August 11, 2021): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v2i0.38847.

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After the independent invention of radar in the early 1930s, the development of radar went rapidly during World War II (1939-1945) when both Axis and Allied forces relied on the system to get an edge over the other. Ever since the war, radar technology has substantially increased in its innovation and capability throughout the years. This paper examines the progress of radar technology following World War II (1939-1945) with an aim to provide a landscape of the prevalent radar system during the war which was mono-pulse tracking radar systems and moving-target indication (MTI) system. After a thorough background study of the past radar system, the paper highlights application of the newer developed Phased Array Radar System which was formulated out through the implementation of the improved capabilities of both prevalent systems. Moreover, the paper provides a brief overview of the modular system and formulates a time frame relating to the development of radar research. Thus, the paper, later on, foresees the prominent future where phased array systems could be expanded to civilian and non-civilian technological research by providing thorough research and comparative analysis. Phased array systems are found to a prominent possible cheaper alternative for the civilian and non-civilian system. It shows prominence to be an effective useful tool for radar systems.

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Berkemeier, Molly, and Matthew Fuhrmann. "Reassessing the fulfillment of alliance commitments in war." Research & Politics 5, no. 2 (April 2018): 205316801877969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168018779697.

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Leeds et al. (2000) report that military alliance commitments are honored in war around 75% of the time. We update and extend data on alliance reliability from 1816 to 2003. Our analysis reveals a lower compliance rate overall: 50%. We find a sharp disparity in alliance reliability before and after World War II. States honored their alliance commitments 66% of the time prior to 1945 but the compliance rate drops to 22% from 1945 to 2003. Moreover, the rates of fulfillment for defense pacts (41%) and nonaggression pacts (37%) are dramatically lower than offensive alliances (74%) and neutrality agreements (78%). These findings carry implications for the role of military alliances in world politics and highlight the need for more research to explain the differences that emerge before and after World War II.

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Spira, Thomas. "Worlds Apart: The Swabian Expulsion from Hungary after World War II." Nationalities Papers 13, no. 2 (1985): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905998508408021.

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The German expulsion is a sad chapter of post-World War II Hungrian history. After 1945, hundreds of thousands of Hungary's German-speaking citizens (popularly known as Swabians) were expelled as traitors. They were accused of having joined the Nazi-oriented Volksbund, or of having “volunteered” in the Third Reich's SS forces. The legality, morality, and rationality of the Hungarian government's action will be disputed for many years to come. More useful, however, might be an exploration of this apparently arbitrary and cruel expulsion of German-speaking Hungarian citizens. This essay surveys the troubled relationship that bound the Swabians and Hungarians together in ceaseless controversy from 1918 until the end of World War II. Their misunderstandings were basic and defied solution through dialogue, mutual concessions, or compromise.Prior to World War I, Hungary's German citizens considered themselves relatively secure in their adopted Magyar-dominated homeland. As Hungarian citizens, they owed allegiance to Franz Josef I in his dual capacity as king of Hungary and as emperor of the supra-national Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Despite some assimilationist efforts by the Magyars after the Ausgleich of 1868, the Swabians felt protected by the presence of a German king-emperor, and by the fact that the empire was largely Germandominated.

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Seifert, Achim. "Compensation for Forced Labour During World War II in Nazi Germany." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 17, Issue 4 (December 1, 2001): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/394556.

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55 years after the end of World War II and after long and difficult negotiations with victims' organizations, the German Parliament passed the ‘Act Establishing the Foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future”’ on 2 August 2000 which provides compensation payments for persons who were subjected to forced labour in the German war economy between 1939 and 1945. With this new legislation, a long debate that began at the end of World War II, is finally coming to an end. This article outlines the different steps in the compensation debate and analyzes the new German compensation legislation of 2 August 2000.

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Friedla, Katharina. "‘From Nazi Inferno to Soviet Hell’: Polish-Jewish children and youth and their trajectories of survival during and after World War II." Journal of Modern European History 19, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 274–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16118944211017748.

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This article relates the experiences of Polish-Jewish children, born or raised in Germany, who survived the war in the Soviet hinterland, and validates that their traumatic wartime experiences had long-lasting consequences. Over the course of the years 1938 to 1945, as well as throughout the post-war decade, this group of children survived several fundamental, political transformations, which deeply affected and irrevocably changed their lives. These caesuras thrust them through a triad of transitions: as young deportees and refugees they ceased to be children; they were moved forcibly from one country to another; and the emotional pain and trauma they experienced during forced migrations. All of these children were refugees three or more times over: expelled from Germany to Poland, deported or sent to the interior of the Soviet Union, ‘repatriated’ from the USSR to Poland, they fled to Displaced Persons camps in Germany or Austria, and finally emigrated to Western countries. These extremely personal accounts of Polish-Jewish children experiences not only open a window into the past and help us to better understand the special plight of child victims and survivors, but they also allow us to reflect more deeply, thoughtfully, and comprehensively on the present-day issues of forced migration, displacement, and refugee crises.

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BAJORA, ANATOLIE. "THE SOVIETIZATION OF THE ROMANIAN ARMY (1945-1950)." Sociopolitical Sciences 11, no. 6 (December 6, 2021): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2021-11-6-107-112.

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Traditionally, the Romanian Army had a French military model, and with the beginning of the Second World War, the German, the allied country. Traditionally, the Romanian army used the French and, with the outbreak of World War II, the German allied country as a military model. However, things would change significantly after the defeats on the eastern front and the country’s entry under Soviet influence. The nucleus of the future Romanian Army will be created in the USSR from the Romanian prisoners of war, who enlisted as volunteers in the “Tudor Vladimirescu” and later “the Horea, Cloșca, and Crișan” divisions. After establishing the communist regime in Romania, in the beginning, with the help and under the supervision of the Soviet military, advisers will begin the formation of a new army, strongly politically affiliated but better equipped technically and materially.

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Frey, Bruno S., and Marcel Kucher. "History as Reflected in Capital Markets: The Case of World War II." Journal of Economic History 60, no. 2 (June 2000): 468–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700025183.

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Historical events are reflected in asset prices. We analyze movements in the price of bonds issued by five European governments and traded on the Swiss bourse between 1928 and 1948, with special attention to the war years. Some war events that are generally considered crucial are clearly reflected in government bond prices. This holds, in particular, for the official outbreak of the war and changes in national sovereignty. But other events to which historians attach great importance arenotreflected in bond prices, most prominently Germany's capitulation in 1945.

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LASKIER, Michael M. "Egyptian Jewry in the Post-World War II Period: 1945-1948." Revue des Études Juives 148, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 337–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/rej.148.3.2012848.

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Scheck, Raffael, and Tim Ripley. "The Wehrmacht. The German Army in World War II 1939-1945." German Studies Review 27, no. 3 (October 2004): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4141020.

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Mutimer, David. "Forum: 1945 plus 70: the ongoing effects of World War II." Critical Studies on Security 3, no. 3 (September 2, 2015): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21624887.2015.1123950.

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Lilly, J. Robert. "Dirty Details: Executing U.S. Soldiers During World War II." Crime & Delinquency 42, no. 4 (October 1996): 491–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128796042004001.

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Research on military capital punishment is a neglected topic in criminology. This article is part of a long-term examination of the capital executions of U.S. soldiers, especially those of World War II. It briefly describes the crimes, defendants, and victims for 18 military executions that took place in England from 1943 to 1945, and it analyses the details of these executions and the burials that followed. The executions were ignominious and well organized mechanical rituals performed by soldiers who overall experienced only one execution. The executions became increasingly truncated events as the military became more familiar with them. After the current U.S. Supreme Court decides the constitutionality of this punishment in Loving v. U.S., 94-1996, military executions may resume after an absence of 35 years.

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Nyuon, Abraham Kuol. "Cold and World War II: Understanding the Causes, Views and Conceptual Analysis." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 4 (April 24, 2021): 408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210448.

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This article examines the theoretical framework of the cold war as the basis for comprehending the genesis of the Cold War. This author gave emphasizes to events which clearly elaborate the end of the war known as the superpowers struggle from 1945-1991 by focusing on factors which have speed up the collapse of the Cold War resulting into the new World Order. In this paper, the author argued that, the Cold War and World War II are inseparable because conflict among the Allies surfaced at the end of the World War II. This paper set out how World War II shaped the beginning of the Cold War through engaging with the major schools of thoughts that are considered as the cause of Cold War. Therefore, the blame for the escalation of the Cold war should be attributed to both the United States and the Soviet Union as both of them were serving their national interest. Keywords: War, interest, power, ideology, determinants, cessation, orthodox, revisionist, realist, War, destruction, assured, mutually, weapon and competition.

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Muldoon, John F. "Carroll Revisited: Innovations in Rehabilitation, 1938–1971." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 80, no. 3 (March 1986): 617–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8608000301.

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A review, with biographical information, of Thomas J. Carroll's accomplishments in, and influence on, services for blind persons from 1938 to 1971. Paper discusses Carroll's leadership in transferring rehabilitation concepts developed during World War II for blinded servicemen to community agencies with emphasis on his role in expanding psychosocial and mobility programs.

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Kościelniak, Karol. "Intercontinental Ballistic Missile – ICBM – a Symbol of “Cold War”?" Reality of Politics 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop201502.

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World War II marked the beginning of the forty-five years long period of tense peace, described as the Cold War. Two superpowers that emerged from World War II started to compete for hegemony over the world, representing two diametrically different political and economic systems. In any other historical period, such situation would lead to an inevitable great war, but after 1945 the competition was threatened by the possibility of using nuclear weapon whose capability of destruction was so enormous that neither of parties ventured direct confrontation. World War II contributed to scientific advancement that played a crucial role in the military progress of these states. The development of technologies assisting nuclear weapon resulted in a revolutionary change in military capability provided by the parties of the conflict. Rocket projectiles were the symbol of the 20th century, due to the fact that they carried humans into space, but also because they carried deadly weapon capable of killing hundreds thousands people. This combination of nuclear weapon with medium-range and intercontinental missiles caused that the world had to face permanent threat.

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Dmytryshyn, Basil. "The Legal Framework for the Sovietization of Czechoslovakia 1941–1945." Nationalities Papers 25, no. 02 (June 1997): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999708408502.

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Literature in many languages (documentary, monographic, memoir-like and periodical) is abundant on the sovietization of Czechoslovakia, as are the reasons advanced for it. Some observers have argued that the Soviet takeover of the country stemmed from an excessive preoccupation with Panslavism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by a few Czech and Slovak intellectuals, politicians, writers and poets and their uncritical affection and fascination for everything Russian and Soviet. Others have attributed the drawing of Czechoslovakia into the Soviet orbit to Franco-British appeasement of Hitler's imperial ambitions during the September 1938, Munich crisis. At Munich, Czechoslovakia lost its sovereignty and territory, France its honor, England its respect and trust; and the Soviet Union, by its abstract offer to aid Czechoslovakia (without detailing how or in what form the assistance would come) gained admiration. Still others have pinned the blame for the sovietization of Czechoslovakia on machinations by top leaders of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, who, as obedient tools of Moscow, supported Soviet geopolitical designs on Czechoslovakia, who sought and received political asylum in the USSR during World War II, and who returned to Czechoslovakia with the victorious Soviet armed forces at the end of World War II as high-ranking members of the Soviet establishment. Finally, there are some who maintain that the sovietization of Czechoslovakia commenced with the 25 February 1948, Communist coup, followed by the tragic death of Foreign Minister Jan Masaryk on 10 March 1948, and the replacement, on 7 June 1948, of President Eduard Beneš by the Moscow-trained, loyal Kremlin servant Klement Gottwald.

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