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Journal articles on the topic 'World War II; Cold War'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Doyle, Michael. "Cold War I, Post-Cold War, and Cold War II: The Overarching Contexts for Peacekeeping, Human Rights, and NATO." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 113 (2019): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2019.134.

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Peacekeeping, human rights, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have flourished in complementary contrast with each other. Their relationship has reflected the constraints and opportunities provided by three geopolitical eras since World War II. The first (the first Cold War) began in about 1948 and lasted until 1988; the second (the Post-Cold War Liberal Primacy) ran from 1989 to around 2012; finally, since 2012 the world has been threatened with the emergence of a second Cold War.

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2

Nyuon, Abraham Kuol. "Cold and World War II: Understanding the Causes, Views and Conceptual Analysis." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 4 (2021): 408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210448.

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This article examines the theoretical framework of the cold war as the basis for comprehending the genesis of the Cold War. This author gave emphasizes to events which clearly elaborate the end of the war known as the superpowers struggle from 1945-1991 by focusing on factors which have speed up the collapse of the Cold War resulting into the new World Order. In this paper, the author argued that, the Cold War and World War II are inseparable because conflict among the Allies surfaced at the end of the World War II. This paper set out how World War II shaped the beginning of the Cold War throu

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Kleinman, D. L., and M. Solovey. "Hot Science/Cold War: The National Science Foundation After World War II." Radical History Review 1995, no. 63 (1995): 111–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-1995-63-111.

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K. Voronov. "Sweden in World War II and the Cold War: A Different History." International Affairs 66, no. 006 (2020): 204–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/iaf.63880226.

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Horowitz, Shale. "Restarting Globalization after World War II." Comparative Political Studies 37, no. 2 (2004): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414003260980.

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The present period of economic globalization originated following World War II. Given the strongly protectionist tendencies prevailing at the time, how did this happen? Structural economic and military causes, along with intervening coalitional and institutional factors, are considered. Trade policy change is examined in the five largest trading economies—Britain, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, and the United States. Structural economic causes best explain why protectionist tendencies were so strong, and why they were weakest in the United States and the Federal Republic. The

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Mariager, Rasmus. "Danish Cold War Historiography." Journal of Cold War Studies 20, no. 4 (2018): 180–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00825.

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For decades, little research on Danish Cold War history was conducted either inside or outside Denmark. The relevant archives were closed, and generations of Danish contemporary historians were primarily interested in what happened during World War II. This is no longer the situation. Over the past 35 years, especially since the end of the Cold War, researchers have scrutinized Danish Cold War history in great depth. By now, scholarly research in Denmark on the Cold War, especially in the area of Danish national security affairs and foreign policy, has reached a level that merits international

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MITTER, RANA, and AARON WILLIAM MOORE. "China in World War II, 1937–1945: Experience, Memory, and Legacy." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 2 (2011): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x10000387.

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AbstractChina's long war against Japan from 1937 to 1945 has remained in the shadows of historiography until recently, both in China and abroad. In recent years, the opening of archives and a widening of the opportunity to discuss the more controversial aspects of the wartime period in China itself have restored World War II in China (‘the War of Resistance to Japan’) to a much more central place in historical interpretation. Among the areas that this issue covers are the new socio-political history of the war that seeks to restore rationality to the policies of the Guomindang (Nationalist) pa

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Altınörs, Mehmet Nur. "Turkish Foreign Policy during World War II." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 2, no. 4 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v2i4.224.

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World War II (WW II) has been the most destructive war the mankind has ever experienced. It has started in Europe like World War I (WW I), most of fighting went on in Europe, but it has spread to North Africa and Far East. The estimated causalities are around 60 million people, 60 % of them being civilians. The devastating results of the war inevitably caused major global changes. The two opposing ideologies, capitalism and communism, practically divided the political arena into two blocks under the leadership of United States and Soviet Union. United Nations has been established with the purp

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Johnson, Robert David. "Congress and the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 3, no. 2 (2001): 76–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152039701300373899.

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Congress has received insufficient attention from scholars of Cold War foreign policy for a number of reasons, including historiographical patterns and the scattered nature of congressional sources. This gap in the literature has skewed our understanding of the Cold War because it has failed to take into account the numerous ways in which the legislature affected U.S. foreign policy after World War II. This article looks at Cold War congressional policy within a broad historical perspective, and it analyzes how the flurry of congressional activity in the years following the Vietnam War was par

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10

Folk, G. Edgar. "The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory: contributions to World War II." Advances in Physiology Education 34, no. 3 (2010): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00041.2010.

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The war contributions of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory in Cambridge, MA, were recorded in 169 Technical Reports, most of which were sent to the Office of the Quartermaster General. Earlier reports were sent to the National Research Council and the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Many of the reports from 1941 and later dealt with either physical fitness of soldiers or the energetic cost of military tasks in extreme heat and cold. New military emergency rations to be manufactured in large quantities were analyzed in the Fatigue Laboratory and then tested in the field. Newly desig

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11

Neyland, Robert S. "USS Independence as a Relic of Both World War II and the Cold War." Journal of Maritime Archaeology 11, no. 1 (2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11457-016-9157-4.

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12

Erskine, Ralph. "The secret world: behind the curtain of British intelligence in World War II and the Cold War." Intelligence and National Security 31, no. 7 (2016): 1063–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2016.1176693.

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13

Rasmussen, Anders Bo. "Educational Exchange as a Cold War Weapon: American Influence on Danish Journalists after World War II." American Studies in Scandinavia 44, no. 2 (2012): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v44i2.4914.

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American President Harry S. Truman called the Cold War a “struggle for the minds of men,” and assigned journalists an important role in the conflict. The American administration’s strategy was to influence young people and opinion leaders in countries deemed important during the Cold War in the hope that their views would trickle down to the broader population. This article analyzes transnational flows of people and knowledge between the United States and Denmark after World War II. Through an examination of archival material, the study finds that the U.S. Department of State, via the American

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Van Eekelen, Bregje F. "Creative Intelligence and the Cold War." Conflict and Society 3, no. 1 (2017): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2017.030108.

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This article investigates the Cold War entanglements of the concept of “creativity” with the US military. The field of creativity studies came about after World War II, and the military was a vital site for the production of knowledge about creative thinking. Creativity emerged on the geopolitical radar, in terms of the acquisition of creative thinking skills, attempts to “think the unthinkable” (atomic futures), and the detection of creative citizens. Creative, divergent thinking garnered a renewed urgency with the Sputnik shock, which showcased that conformist practices in knowledge producti

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15

Kaiser, David. "Cold War requisitions, scientific manpower, and the production of American physicists after World War II." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 33, no. 1 (2002): 131–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsps.2002.33.1.131.

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Beginning most explicitly with the American involvement in the Korean War, and continuing unabated until 1970, the demand for Ph.D.-trained physicists in the United States followed a particular Cold War logic of "manpower" and requisitions. This logic, rehearsed by senior physicists, university administrators, government commissions, individual senators, and newspaper reporters from across the country argued that young graduate students in physics constituted the nation's most precious resource. The purported need to train ever-larger numbers of physics graduate students was often used to just

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Fischer, Thomas, and Daniel Möckli. "The Limits of Compensation: Swiss Neutrality Policy in the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 18, no. 4 (2016): 12–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00678.

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Switzerland was in a unique place among European countries after World War II. Although situated in the center of Europe, it had not been attacked by Nazi Germany and therefore emerged from the war with a strong economy, stable political institutions, and social cohesion. The experience of World War II forged a collective identity different from that in other continental states. The Swiss had a deep emotional commitment to neutrality and a conviction that autonomous defense would continue to be an effective security strategy after 1945. The Swiss government acknowledged the need for, and indee

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Ngoei, Wen-Qing. "The Domino Logic of the Darkest Moment." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 21, no. 3 (2014): 215–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02103001.

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This essay argues that Anglo-American memories of Japan’s victory in Singapore in 1942, which British Prime Minister Winston Churchill labeled Britain’s “darkest moment” in World War II, soon would underpin the domino logic within u.s. Cold War strategy. For both American and British policymakers, Japan’s war machine had fused together in interconnected insecurity the bastions of Euro-American colonial power. In Southeast Asia, it had imposed the condition that one state’s vulnerabilities impinged upon the stability of its neighbor. This vision of Southeast Asia’s interconnected insecurity was

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18

Bernstein, Shana. "Interracial Activism in the Los Angeles Community Service Organization: Linking the World War II and Civil Rights Eras." Pacific Historical Review 80, no. 2 (2011): 231–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2011.80.2.231.

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Through the lens of the Community Service Organization (CSO), this article explores the emergence of Los Angeles ethno-racial communities' political activism and what enabled their success in a difficult Cold War climate. The CSO's creation in 1947, when it became the first enduring civil rights organization for the largest urban Mexican-origin population in the United States, is striking since historical narratives generally assume the Cold War crushed meaningful civil rights change. The CSO complicates this declensionist narrative. Its success stemmed in part from its reliance upon interraci

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Ward, Alonzo M. "Black Public History in Chicago: Civil Rights Activism from World War II into the Cold War." Journal of American History 106, no. 1 (2019): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaz309.

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O’Brien, Matthew M. J. "Black Public History in Chicago: Civil Rights Activism from World War II into the Cold War." History: Reviews of New Books 47, no. 1 (2019): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2019.1543500.

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21

Milbach, Juliette. "Erika Wolf, Aleksandr Zhitomirsky: Photomontage as a Weapon of World War II and the Cold War." Cahiers du monde russe 58, no. 3 (2017): 762–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/monderusse.10203.

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22

Schaub, Harry Carl. "The World War II and Early Cold War Intelligence Careers of U.S. Ambassador Robert Strausz-Hupé." International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 32, no. 3 (2019): 560–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08850607.2019.1607691.

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23

Prados, John. "The Admirals' Advantage: U.S. Navy Operational Intelligence in World War II and the Cold War (review)." Journal of Military History 70, no. 3 (2006): 865–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2006.0188.

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24

Jenks, A. "Model City USA: The Environmental Cost of Victory in World War II and the Cold War." Environmental History 12, no. 3 (2007): 552–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/12.3.552.

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Westphal Eriksen, Karen. "Blindness as Empathy: The Politics of Touch in Works by Dan Sterup-Hansen." Ikonotheka, no. 29 (September 16, 2020): 205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2657-6015ik.29.12.

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This article has as its topic the Danish artist Dan Sterup-Hansen (1918–1995) and his paintings and prints on the subject of blind people with canes as well as works related to these. Sterup-Hansen was active as an artist from a young to an old age, but made a significant artistic contribution in the decades following World War II. During this period, he explored a number of themes related to cold war anxiety and the cultural trauma of the World War II. These themes centre on the human body and a phenomenological perception of the world. They are humanitarian in spirit and are related to Steru

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26

Bernstein, Michael A. "American Economic Expertise from the Great War to the Cold War: Some Initial Observations." Journal of Economic History 50, no. 2 (1990): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700036524.

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The twentieth-century American economics profession was privileged and shaped by the federal government's need to direct resources and to call on experts. Bureaucratic tendencies to classify and count had an impact on the discipline's self-concept, subdisciplines, and multiple research agendas. A consensus of professional opinion and the standardization of graduate curriculums emerged out of the involvement of economists with governmental affairs. Moreover, American economists played an important role in the reconstitution of the profession overseas after World War II.

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Batyuk, V. I. "Towards a Bipolar World. Book Review of ‘The Second World War and the Transformation of International Relations: From Multipolarity to a Bipolar World’ edited by L.S. Belousov and A.S. Manykin." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no. 4 (2020): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-4-228-234.

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In 2020 the whole world commemorated the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II — the most horrifi c war in the human history. However, the celebration of the victory over fascism was overshadowed by the growing tension among the leading actors of contemporary international relations. In this context, a high level of responsibility falls on the academic community to rebuff politically motivated attempts to rewrite history and revise the outcomes of this war. The book under review could make an important contribution to that end. The book provides a comprehensive and balanced analysis of t

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Carafano, James Jay. "Mobilizing Europe's Stateless: America's Plan for a Cold War Army." Journal of Cold War Studies 1, no. 2 (1999): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15203979952559522.

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When World War II ended, millions of refugees were left in Europe, unable or unwilling to return to their former homes. A number of leading U.S. officials wanted to form an armed Volunteer Freedom Corps out of these displaced groups. The corps would have supplemented—and perhaps eventually replaced—U.S. troops stationed in Europe. American officials favored the plan because they believed it would reduce the U.S. military burden, alleviate the refugee crisis, and provide a bulwark against Soviet expansion. The proposal was never implemented, however, because of objections from West European gov

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Romanu, Keti. "Style and ideology: The cold war 'blend' in Greece." Muzikologija, no. 8 (2008): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz0808055r.

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This paper describes cultural policy in Greece from the end of World War II up to the fall of the junta of colonels in 1974. The writer's object is to show how the Cold War favoured defeated Western countries, which participated effectively in the globalisation of American culture, as in the Western world de-nazification was transformed into a purge of communism. Using the careers of three composers active in communist resistance organizations as examples (Iannis Xenakis, Mikis Theodorakis and Alecos Xenos), the writer describes the repercussions of this phenomenon in Greek musical life and cr

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Alejos, Carmen–José. "La Paz en el Concilio Vaticano ii." Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum 48, no. 2 (2019): 396–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890433-04802005.

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The Second Vatican Council addressed the question of peace and war in the nos. 77–90 of the Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et spes. A few years after the end of the Second World War, the Council Fathers and the whole of humanity were aware of its devastating effects and need to avoid a new conflict. The Second Vatican Council began and developed in a global context of decolonization of 38 countries, of growth of superpowers and of cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union. The different editorial schemes show the thought of the Council Fathers, which evolved from proposing peace a

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LoSasso, Michael A. "THE DEPICTION OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR ON AMERICAN TELEVISION DURING THE SECOND RED SCARE." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 2 (2021): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2021-2-22-36.

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This article analyzes the portrayal of the Eastern Front of World War II on early American television, specifically the documentary anthology series The Twentieth Century . It explores how most early portrayals of World War II on television excised or minimized the Eastern Front in response to the Second Red Scare. Although The Twentieth Century was one of the first to display the Eastern Front in detail, its portrayal paralleled Cold War propaganda of the Soviet Union and its people. This work analyzes three episodes of the series devoted to the Soviet Union’s role in the war and notes how ea

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Straczek, J. H. "Book Review: The Admirals' Advantage: U.S. Navy Operational Intelligence in World War II and the Cold War." International Journal of Maritime History 18, no. 1 (2006): 531–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871406018001109.

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Grose, Peter. "Richard W. Cutler, Counterspy: Memoirs of a Counterintelligence Officer in World War II and the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 9, no. 3 (2007): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2007.9.3.207.

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Rotărescu, Carmen. "Ukrainian Hybrid War – Quo Vadis?" Scientific Bulletin 20, no. 1 (2015): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsaft-2015-0023.

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Abstract Although it is known for a long time, hybrid war taken place in Ukraine under the umbrella of Russian Federation surprised the whole world and produced the greatest worry for humankind’s fate since the World War II. The political and military analysts appreciate if the World War III does not come will at least follow a long time of a new cold war. Remembering the hybrid war is not declared, can be prolonged in time and the adversary is unknown, thus neither the aggressor state, it is hard to settle which are the countermeasures and how should be act when this clever adversary attacks

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Goldgeier, James M., and Michael McFaul. "A tale of two worlds: core and periphery in the post-cold war era." International Organization 46, no. 2 (1992): 467–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027788.

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As the world moves away from the familiar bipolar cold war era, many international relations theorists have renewed an old debate about which is more stable: a world with two great powers or a world with many great powers. Based on the chief assumptions of structural realism—namely, that the international system is characterized by anarchy and that states are unitary actors seeking to survive in this anarchic system—some security analysts are predicting that a world of several great powers will lead to a return to the shifting alliances and instabilities of the multipolar era that existed prio

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McConachie, Bruce. "Method Acting and the Cold War." Theatre Survey 41, no. 1 (2000): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400004385.

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Triumphalist accounts of the spread of “the Method” in post-World War II America generally explain its success as the victory of natural truths over benighted illusions about acting. In Method Actors: Three Generations of An American Acting Style, for instance, Steve Vineberg follows his summary of the primary attributes of “method” acting with the comment: “These concerns weren't invented by Stanislavski or his American successors; they emerged naturally out of the two thousand-year history of Western acting.” Hence, the final triumph of “the Method” was natural, even inevitable. Vineberg's s

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Mujiyati, Novita, Kuswono Kuswono, and Sunarjo Sunarjo. "UNITED STATES DURING THE COLD WAR 1945-1990." HISTORIA 4, no. 1 (2016): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/hj.v4i1.481.

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United States and the Soviet Union is a country on the part of allies who emerged as the winner during World War II. However, after reaching the Allied victory in the situation soon changed, man has become an opponent. United States and the Soviet Union are competing to expand the influence and power. To compete the United States strive continuously strengthen itself both in the economic and military by establishing a defense pact and aid agencies in the field of economy. During the Cold War the two are not fighting directly in one of the countries of the former Soviet Union and the United Sta

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Akibayashi, Kozue. "Cold War Shadows of Japan’s Imperial Legacies for Women in East Asia." positions: asia critique 28, no. 3 (2020): 659–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10679847-8315179.

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Japan occupies a unique position in the history of East Asia as the sole non-Western colonial power. Japan’s defeat in the Asia-Pacific War that ended its colonial expansion did not bring justice to its former colonies. The Japanese leadership and people were spared from being held accountable for its invasion and colonial rule by the United States in its Cold War strategy to make post–World War II Japan a military outpost and bulwark in the region against communism. How then did the Cold War shape feminisms in Japan, a former colonizing force that never came to terms with its colonial violenc

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Khurshaid, Ahmad Ali, and Syed Ali Shah. "THE REGION OF PAKISTAN, CHINA, AND INDIA: GEOPOLITICAL CURRENTS AFTER THE COLD WAR TILL 9/11." Global Political Review 2, no. 1 (2017): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2017(ii-i).10.

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After the Cold War Pakistan, China and India had opportunities to adjust each other according to the geopolitical trends of the time. In the post-Cold War era, there was no Soviet Union to influence relations between India and China. On the other side, Pakistan did not lose its Cold War ally, United States; to make independent relations in the region on its choices. American sanctions would turn Pakistan into a selfassumed path of foreign policy. The resultant regional geopolitical scenario, after the Cold War, may best be explained by applying the theoretical model of Saul B. Cohen- Shatterbe

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Hill, John S., and Frank Costigliola. "France and the United States: The Cold Alliance Since World War II." Journal of American History 79, no. 4 (1993): 1675. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2080340.

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Stern, Fritz, and Frank Costigliola. "France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II." Foreign Affairs 71, no. 4 (1992): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20045361.

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Harbutt, Fraser, and Frank Costigliola. "France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II." American Historical Review 98, no. 5 (1993): 1576. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2167087.

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Będźmirowski, Jerzy. "NORWEGIAN WAR FLEET ON GUARD OF THE SECURITY OF NATO DURING THE COLD WAR, PART 1." Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego XIII (January 24, 2020): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7517.

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Due to its geographical location, Norway was, is and will continue to be an important component of the security system of NATO countries. Its direct border with the Soviet Union (now Russia) over a distance of over 170 km has influenced the fact that this region has been perceived as pivotal. After the end of World War II, when Europe and the world split into two political and military factions, a dynamic process of conventional and nuclear armaments began, and thus the world was heading toward an armed conflict and an extermination of civilization. Today we know that the Cold War did not turn

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Mikkonen, Simo. "Exploiting the Exiles: Soviet Émigrés in U.S. Cold War Strategy." Journal of Cold War Studies 14, no. 2 (2012): 98–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00222.

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This article discusses the abortive U.S. government effort to organize Soviet émigrés after World War II. After years of a lack of interest on the part of both the United States and the Soviet Union, Soviet émigrés and émigré politics came to the fore with the onset of the Cold War. The U.S. government sought to use émigrés in political and psychological warfare against the Soviet bloc. The many studies that have looked at Cold War-era psychological warfare have largely ignored U.S. plans to enlist Soviet émigrés on the West's behalf. Attempts to create a political forum for anti-Bolshevik Sov

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Hennessy, Michael A. "World War II and the Rebirth and Death of Canada’s Merchant Marine." Montréal 1995 6, no. 1 (2006): 209–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031094ar.

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Abstract Twice before the Second World War the Canadian merchant marine had collapsed in the face of competing conceptions of empire and commercial interest. Though once home to a thriving merchant fleet, the passing of the age of sail marked Canada's decline as a maritime nation. Most of the surviving merchant fleet sailed under British registry, employing British crews and officers. During the Second World War, Canada rebuilt its merchant marine. As the war drew to a close, the state, labour and enterprise supported the framing of a Canadian maritime policy to preserve the merchant shipping

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Bockman, Johanna, and Michael A. Bernstein. "Scientific Community in a Divided World: Economists, Planning, and Research Priority during the Cold War." Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, no. 3 (2008): 581–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417508000261.

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During the Cold War, economists utilizing mathematical methods in both the Soviet Union and the United States found they shared a common research project. After the Stalinist years in which they could communicate very little, they found that they had much to learn from each other. Mathematical economics came to bridge the divide between East and West even though the meetings and collaborations between American and Soviet colleagues were fraught with tension and misunderstanding. The Cold War excitement about mathematical economics and the East-West cooperation it allowed, however, dwindled wit

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BU, LIPING. "Educational Exchange and Cultural Diplomacy in the Cold War." Journal of American Studies 33, no. 3 (1999): 393–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006167.

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The United States after World War II experienced symbiotically the fear of the Soviet threat and the belief in its own system as the ultimate choice for the world. In the confrontation with the Soviet Union, cultural relations programs began to be organized and designed in accordance with national security interest. George F. Kennan, the architect of US containment policy, urged: “let us by all means have the maximum cultural exchange.” The mission of cultural contact, according to Kennan, was “combatting the negative impressions about this country [USA] that mark so much of world opinion.” Th

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Jyränki, Antero. "Presidential Elements in Government: Finland: Foreign Affairs as the Last Stronghold of the Presidency." European Constitutional Law Review 3, no. 2 (2007): 285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019607002854.

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Historical development of the Finnish system of government – A semi-presidential system necessary in the oppressive post-Civil War atmosphere – Reinforcement of the Presidency during World War II and the Cold War – 1982-1995: A reform process of partial revisions – ‘The Constitution of the year 2000’: a considerable step towards a genuine parliamentary form of government – The challenges of European integration for the dual executive.

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Yungblud, V. T. "The 1945 World Order – Process with «Open» Continuation." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 4 (2020): 52–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-4-73-52-79.

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The Yalta-Potsdam system of international relations, established by culmination of World War II, was created to maintain the security and cooperation of states in the post-war world. Leaders of the Big Three, who ensured the Victory over the fascist-militarist bloc in 1945, made decisive contribution to its creation. This system cemented the world order during the Cold War years until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 and the destruction of the bipolar structure of the organization of international relations. Post-Cold War changes stimulated the search for new structures of the international or

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Williamson, D. C. "RICHARD WEVILL. Britain and America after World War II: Bilateral Relations and the Beginnings of the Cold War." American Historical Review 118, no. 2 (2013): 493–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/118.2.493.

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