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Journal articles on the topic 'Worst case tolerance stackup'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Feng, Chang-Xue (Jack), and Andrew Kusiak. "Robust Tolerance Synthesis With the Design of Experiments Approach." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 122, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1285860.

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Design of tolerances impacts quality, cost, and cycle time of a product. Most literature on deterministic tolerance design has focused on developing exact and heuristic algorithms to minimize manufacturing cost. Some research has been published on probabilistic tolerance synthesis and optimization. This paper presents the design of experiments (DOE) approach for concurrent selection of component tolerances and the corresponding manufacturing processes. The objective is to minimize the variation of tolerance stackups. Numerical examples illustrate the methodology. The Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to obtain component tolerances and tolerance stackups. Process shift, the worst case and root sum square tolerance stackup constraints, and setup reduction constraints have been incorporated into the proposed methodology. Benefits of the proposed DOE approach over exact algorithms are discussed. [S1087-1357(00)00202-1]

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2

Greenwood, W. H., and K. W. Chase. "Worst Case Tolerance Analysis with Nonlinear Problems." Journal of Engineering for Industry 110, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3187874.

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When designers assign tolerances on engineering drawings, they have a significant influence on the resulting cost and producibility of manufactured products. A rational basis for assigning tolerances involves constructing mathematical models of tolerance accumulation in assemblies of parts. However, tolerance stacks in two or three-dimensional problems or other nonlinear assembly functions may distort the resultant assembly tolerances, altering the range and symmetry. An iterative method is described for adjusting the nominal dimensions of the component parts such that the specified assembly limits are not violated.

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3

Budiwantoro, Bagus, Indra Djodikusumo, and Ade Ramdan. "ANALYSIS OF GEOMETRICAL SPECIFICATION IN DECANTER CENTRIFUGE MACHINE." ASEAN Engineering Journal 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v8.15501.

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A decanter centrifuge machine has been developed and currently at a complete stage of a preliminary 3D design layout. The next phase is a production phase. In the production phase, an ideal component that is identical with the 3D model will never be realized. Every manufacturing process has unavoidable variations. If they are accumulated, they can be immense and may cause serious problems. The machine may fail. Thus, the analysis of geometry specification is necessary to be conducted. The main objective of this study is to design the geometry specification which includes their tolerance to assure that the machine will work and achieve its performance, considering variation in manufacturing process. The study consists of four stages, they are: (1) reviewing the 3D design layout, (2) identifying functional key characteristics, (3) analyzing each requirement to determine the geometric dimensioning and tolerancing schemes and (4) allocating tolerances. Every scheme was built through six steps, establish the performance requirements, draw a loop diagram, converting dimension to mean dimension, calculate mean value with stack tolerance, determine the method of tolerance analysis and calculate the variation of performance requirements. The tolerance analysis uses the worst case and statistical methods. They involve 45 fixed tolerances and 38 variable tolerances. The calculated variation data output of every requirement is elaborated to finalize tolerance value that will meet all requirements. Finally, the final tolerance values are allocated and set to component geometry. This analysis concludes that every final tolerance of variable tolerance values must be tighter for the worst case method, and only 42% for statistical method. Probability of machine will work and achieve its performance is 100% for the worst case method and 99.73% for the statistical method.

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4

Mansuy, Mathieu, Max Giordano, and Pascal Hernandez. "A new calculation method for the worst case tolerance analysis and synthesis in stack-type assemblies." Computer-Aided Design 43, no. 9 (September 2011): 1118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2011.04.010.

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5

Lee, Woo-Jong, and T. C. Woo. "Tolerances: Their Analysis and Synthesis." Journal of Engineering for Industry 112, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899553.

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Tolerance, representing a permissible variation of a dimension in an engineering drawing, is synthesized by considering assembly stack-up conditions based on manufacturing cost minimization. A random variable and its standard deviation are associated with a dimension and its tolerance. This probabilistic approach makes it possible to perform trade-off between performance and tolerance rather than the worst case analysis as it is commonly practiced. Tolerance (stack-up) analysis, as an inner loop in the overall algorithm for tolerance synthesis, is performed by approximating the volume under the multivariate probability density function constrained by nonlinear stack-up conditions with a convex polytope. This approximation makes use of the notion of reliability index [10] in structural safety. Consequently, the probabilistic optimization problem for tolerance synthesis is simplified into a deterministic nonlinear programming problem. An algorithm is then developed and is proven to converge to the global optimum through an investigation of the monotonic relations among tolerance, the reliability index, and cost. Examples from the implementation of the algorithm are given.

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6

Tsai, Jinn-Tsong. "An evolutionary approach for worst-case tolerance design." Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 25, no. 5 (August 2012): 917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2012.03.015.

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7

Wei Tian, Xie-Ting Ling, and Ruey-Wen Liu. "Novel methods for circuit worst-case tolerance analysis." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications 43, no. 4 (April 1996): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/81.488806.

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8

Petrone, G., G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli. "Worst Case Tolerance Analysis in Static Field Problems." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 40, no. 2 (March 2004): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2004.824098.

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9

Yu, Mei Qiong, Yan Yan, Jia Hao, and Guo Xin Wang. "A Nonlinear Tolerance Analysis Method Using Worst-Case and Matlab." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.247.

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The tolerance analysis methods are usually used to test the result of product design and assembly; moreover the tolerance analysis also is a fundamental technique in precision design process. So far, there are two kinds of tolerance analysis methods: statistical tolerance analysis and worst-case analysis; they have their own characteristics and drawbacks. In this paper, it presents a nonlinear tolerance analysis method which uses Matlab tool to construct the nonlinear tolerance analysis mathematical formulation and calculate the result of nonlinear tolerance analysis based on the principle of worst-case tolerance analysis. All the processes are dealt with and tested by computer. The engineers only enter some basic parameters through the standardized interface, and then the result can be obtained without artificial intervention. In addition, the accuracy of calculation result meets the production requirement. The system of the nonlinear tolerance analysis is easier for engineers to use.

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10

Hsueh, Chun-Che, Psang Dain Lin, and Jose Sasian. "Worst-case-based methodology for tolerance analysis and tolerance allocation of optical systems." Applied Optics 49, no. 31 (October 29, 2010): 6179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.49.006179.

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11

Balling, Richard J., Joseph C. Free, and Alan R. Parkinson. "Consideration of Worst-Case Manufacturing Tolerances in Design Optimization." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 108, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3258751.

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The paper discusses the effect of manufacturing tolerances for the design variables on the solution to an optimization problem. Two formulations of the tolerance problem in an optimization context are presented. Linearization is employed to reduce the problems to quadratic and linear programming problems. The formulations and solutions of the two tolerance problems are illustrated with an example application.

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12

Forouraghi, B. "Worst-Case Tolerance Design and Quality Assurance via Genetic Algorithms." Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 113, no. 2 (May 2002): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1014826824323.

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13

Kolev, L. V. "Approximate solutions to a dynamic worst-case tolerance analysis problem." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 20, no. 6 (November 1992): 649–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.4490200603.

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14

Spagnuolo, G. "Worst case tolerance design of magnetic devices by evolutionary algorithms." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 39, no. 5 (September 2003): 2170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2003.816902.

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15

Femia, N., and G. Spagnuolo. "Genetic optimization of interval arithmetic-based worst case circuit tolerance analysis." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications 46, no. 12 (1999): 1441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/81.809546.

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16

Tian, M. W., and R. C. J. Shi. "Worst case tolerance analysis of linear analog circuits using sensitivity bands." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications 47, no. 8 (2000): 1138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/81.873869.

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17

Kolev, L. "Worst-case tolerance analysis of linear DC and AC electric circuits." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications 49, no. 12 (December 2002): 1693–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2002.805700.

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18

Navet, N., and Y. Q. Song. "On Fault Tolerance and Worst-Case Response Time Analysis in CAN." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 31, no. 14 (June 1998): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)44866-x.

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19

Kost, Alan R., Katherine X. Liu, and Charles X. Qian. "Analysis of Worst-Case Fiber Splice Loss Associated with Mechanical Tolerance." Fiber and Integrated Optics 27, no. 2 (March 17, 2008): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01468030701867632.

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20

Greenwood, W. H., and K. W. Chase. "A New Tolerance Analysis Method for Designers and Manufacturers." Journal of Engineering for Industry 109, no. 2 (May 1, 1987): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3187099.

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Even when all manufactured parts for an assembly are produced within limits, these parts still may not assemble properly if the assembly tolerance analysis was inadequately performed. Naturally occurring shifts in a process can produce biased distributions which can result in increased assembly problems and a greater number of rejects than anticipated. The most common methods of analysis of assembly tolerance buildup are worst case and root sum squares. The limitations of each of these methods are discussed and a simple new method is proposed which accounts for expected bias. This new method includes both worst case and root sum squares as extreme cases.

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21

Spagnuolo, G., and N. Femia. "True worst-case circuit tolerance analysis using genetic algorithms and affine arithmetic." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications 47, no. 9 (2000): 1285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/81.883323.

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22

Yuan, Hao, Dan Song, Qiangfeng Zhou, and Huaping Xu. "Worst-case tolerance analysis on array antenna based on chaos-genetic algorithm." Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics 23, no. 6 (December 2012): 824–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsee.2012.00100.

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23

Li, Chun Li, Jian Xin Yang, Jun Ying Wang, and Wen Xin Ma. "A Comparison Study of Small Displacement Torsor and Analysis Line Methods for Functional Tolerance Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.358.

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Tolerance analysis plays an important role in the stage of product design and has great influences on the product assembly quality and manufacturing costs. Two major methods are used for three-dimensional functional tolerance analysis, which are small displacement torsor and analysis line. A positioning mechanism with two parts is presented for tolerance accumulation calculation. Through the comparison of these two methods on computation processes and results, analysis line method can establish the explicit relationship between the functional requirement and the tolerances of the influential part, which allows finding the accumulation results in the worst-case and statistical conditions. However, it requires the determination of transfer relationship case by case. For small displacement torsor model, it permits a set of inequalities to express the tolerance zones, which yields a linear programming problem. It is applicable to different tolerance chains for its general characteristic. However it is adopted only for the worst-case analysis and requires more computation time.

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24

Abderrahman, A., E. Cerny, and B. Kaminska. "Worst case tolerance analysis and CLP-based multifrequency test generation for analog circuits." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 18, no. 3 (March 1999): 332–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/43.748163.

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25

Ferber, Moises, Anton Korniienko, Gerard Scorletti, Christian Vollaire, Florent Morel, and Laurent Krahenbuhl. "Systematic LFT Derivation of Uncertain Electrical Circuits for the Worst-Case Tolerance Analysis." IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 57, no. 5 (October 2015): 937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/temc.2015.2419455.

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26

Kondić, Živko, Đuro Tunjić, Leon Maglić, and Amalija Horvatić Novak. "Tolerance Analysis of Mechanical Parts." Tehnički glasnik 14, no. 3 (September 14, 2020): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20200504092314.

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The determination of tolerances has a huge impact on the price and quality of products. The objective of tolerance analysis is to provide the widest possible tolerance range of parts, without disturbing the functionality of the assembly. Tolerance analysis should be performed during the design process because then there is still the possibility for change. For the purpose of carrying out the analysis, three methods will be used: Worst Case method, Root Sum Square method and Monte Carlo Simulation. Methods are explained through simple examples and applied on the one-way clutch.

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27

Askri, Ramzi, Christophe Bois, Hervé Wargnier, and Nicolas Gayton. "Tolerance synthesis of fastened metal-composite joints based on probabilistic and worst-case approaches." Computer-Aided Design 100 (July 2018): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2018.02.008.

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28

Salcedo-Sanz, Sancho, Angel M. Pérez-Bellido, Emilio G. Ortiz-García, Jose A. Portilla-Figueras, and Silvia Jiménez-Fernández. "A hybrid evolutionary programming approach for optimal worst case tolerance design of magnetic devices." Applied Soft Computing 12, no. 8 (August 2012): 2425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2012.03.048.

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29

Liu, S. C., S. J. Hu, and T. C. Woo. "Tolerance Analysis for Sheet Metal Assemblies." Journal of Mechanical Design 118, no. 1 (March 1, 1996): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826857.

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Traditional tolerance analyses such as the worst case methods and the statistical methods are applicable to rigid body assemblies. However, for flexible sheet metal assemblies, the traditional methods are not adequate: the components can deform, changing the dimensions during assembly. This paper evaluates the effects of deformation on component tolerances using linear mechanics. Two basic configurations, assembly in series and assembly in parallel, are investigated using analytical methods. Assembly sequences and multiple joints beyond the basic configurations are further examined using numerical methods (with finite element analysis). These findings constitute a new methodology for the tolerancing of deformable parts.

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30

Juster, N. P., P. M. Dew, and A. de Pennington. "Automating Linear Tolerance Analysis Across Assemblies." Journal of Mechanical Design 114, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2916912.

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One of the tests carried out by designers in an attempt to check whether an assembly of components will function correctly is tolerance analysis. Tolerance analysis, although relatively straightforward, is liable to be time consuming and error prone. It cannot be automated unless a suitable mathematical framework is developed to model the variations introduced by the manufacturing process. The designer allows for the variations by means of tolerances attached to the dimensions. This paper describes a suitable mathematical model and shows how it may be used to automate linear worst case tolerance analysis across assemblies. Experimental software has been written, based on the theory.

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31

Yang, Jian Xin, Zhen Tao Liu, and Ben Zhao. "A Comparison Study of Mathematical Models for Tolerance Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.759.

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This paper reviews two major models (Small Displacement Torsor, Deviation and Clearance Domain) for 3D functional tolerance analysis and compares them. The underlying mathematical representation of geometric tolerances can be classified as inequalities and multi-variate region. The corresponding algebraic or geometric tolerance propagation mechanism of each model is briefly introduced for worst-case and statistical tolerancing. Through a comprehensive comparison of these models, this paper gives some suggestions for choosing the appropriate method for a given tolerancing problem.

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32

Kolev, L. V., and M. W. Tian. "Comments on "Worst-case tolerance analysis of linear analog circuits using sensitivity bands" [with reply]." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications 48, no. 10 (October 2001): 1265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/81.956026.

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33

Turner, J. U. "A Feasibility Space Approach for Automated Tolerancing." Journal of Engineering for Industry 115, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2901670.

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This paper develops a mathematical theory of tolerances in which tolerance specifications are interpreted as constraints that define a feasible region of a Cartesian space of model variations. Specific examples demonstrate the application of the feasibility space approach to the mathematical interpretation of tolerances of location, orientation, and form. We conclude with the description of an approach to worst-case tolerance analysis, using the feasibility space approach.

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34

Choudhuri, S. A., and E. C. De Meter. "Tolerance Analysis of Machining Fixture Locators." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 121, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831216.

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The geometric variability of locators within a machining fixture is a known source of datum establishment error and machined feature geometric error. A locator tolerance is used to specify the range of permissible locator variation. Currently there are no models that relate a locator tolerance scheme to the worst case geometric errors that may result due to datum establishment error. This paper presents a methodology for modeling and analyzing the impact of a locator tolerance scheme on the potential datum related, geometric errors of linear, machined features. This paper also provides a simulation study in which locator tolerance analysis is applied to reveal some important insights into the relationship between machined feature geometric error, locator design, and locator tolerance scheme.

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35

Kato, Toshiji, Kaoru Inoue, Kazuya Nishimae, and Masayuki Kitagawa. "Worst-Case Tolerance Analysis for a Power Electronic System by a Modified Relay-Search Genetic Algorithm." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 128, no. 2 (2008): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.128.117.

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36

Dantan, Jean-Yves, and Ahmed-Jawad Qureshi. "Worst-case and statistical tolerance analysis based on quantified constraint satisfaction problems and Monte Carlo simulation." Computer-Aided Design 41, no. 1 (January 2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2008.11.003.

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37

Tautenhahn, Ralf, and Jürgen Weber. "Cross-Domain Tolerance Analysis for Directional Control Valves Based on Imperfect Information." Applied Mechanics and Materials 885 (November 2018): 276–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.885.276.

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The task of tolerance analysis usually addresses the question of the mechanical mountability of an assembly. We extend this viewpoint when talking about directional control valves in a crossdomain tolerance analysis; an analysis whose task is to determine the possible variation in the key product characteristics induced by a specific tolerance concept. As the available information about the noise factors to be toleranced is almost always imperfect generalised methods for their representation and the propagation of their impact on the key product characteristics are required. In this study the capabilities and potentials of belief and plausibility measures as well as fuzzy random variables are compared to traditional worst-case and statistical tolerance analysis.

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38

Lustig, R., R. Hochmuth, and H. Meerkamm. "Tolerance Analysis of Sheet Metal Assemblies with Focus on Non-Rigid Geometry." Advanced Materials Research 6-8 (May 2005): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.6-8.249.

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Tolerance analysis is nowadays a modern and efficient tool to simulate toleranced assemblies. As a result the designer gets the closing tolerance as well as to the priority of influencing tolerances. The closing tolerance can be calculated in worst-case or in statistical manner. These methods and tools have in common that only rigid, non-deformable geometry can be integrated. Many application cases in industry have tolerances as well as the influence of elastic deformations of components to be considered. Effects as spring-back of deformed components for assembly are reality. In this paper a method will be presented which allows a tolerance analysis of non-rigid geometry, especially for sheet metal assemblies.

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39

Cheng, Kuo Ming, and Jhy Cherng Tsai. "A Closed-Form Approach for Optimum Tolerance Allocation of Assemblies with General Tolerance-Cost Function." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 1272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.1272.

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Tolerancing is one of the most crucial foundations for industry development and an index of product quality and cost. As tolerance allocation is based on manufacturing costs, this paper proposes a comprehensive method for optimal tolerance allocation with minimum manufacturing cost subject to constraints on dimensional chains and machining capabilities. The general reciprocal power and exponential cost-tolerance models with equality constraints as well as the worst-case and statistical tolerancings are employed in this method. A closed-form solution for the optimization problem by applying Lagrange multipliers is derived. The optimal tolerance allocation problem for reciprocal exponential cost-tolerance model by introducing Lambert W function is demonstrated. For constrained minimization problems with only equality constraints, the optimum design can be obtained by solving simultaneous equations without differentiating. An example is illustrated to demonstrate this approach. The result also shows that tolerance can be allocated economically and accurately using this method. The contribution of this paper is to solve the optimal tolerancing allocation problem by an efficient and robust method with simultaneous active constraints.

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40

Huang, Mei Fa, Jiang Tai Huang, Xiong Cheng, Jing Zhang, and Hui Jing. "The Tolerance Modeling of LED Die Bonder Based on Multi-Body Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 37-38 (November 2010): 1577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.37-38.1577.

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LED die bonder is a high precision packaging machine and needs proper tolerance design to ensure its high performance requirements and low manufacturing costs. The related tolerance design methods, such as worst-case method and statistical method, mainly focus on two-dimensional cases in tolerance design. However, tolerance design for LED die bonder needs to deal with three-dimensional cases. To solve the problem, a new method for tolerance design based on Multi-body systems is presented. According to the motion characteristics of the related assembly component parts of LED die bonder, the motion equations in ideal and actual situation for die bonding are given respectively which use the principle of Multi-body systems and the homogeneous transform matrix. By solving the motion equation, we can obtain the tolerances of the related assembly component parts.

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41

Zeng, Wenhui, Yunqing Rao, Peng Wang, and Wanghua Yi. "A solution of worst-case tolerance analysis for partial parallel chains based on the Unified Jacobian-Torsor model." Precision Engineering 47 (January 2017): 276–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2016.09.002.

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42

Romero, F., G. M. Bruscas, and J. Serrano. "A New Methodological Approach for the Machining Process Planning." Key Engineering Materials 502 (February 2012): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.502.13.

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This document presents a procedure for carrying out the step of selecting the locating surfaces and validating the setup, which is incorporated within a methodology for machining process planning that, unlike other classical approaches, deals with the problem from back to front. The procedure, which uses the typical tolerance graphs and tolerance transfer techniques based on the worst case, is applied first of all to the last setup from the alternative process plan that is being drawn up, and lastly it is applied to the first. This method allows us to consider the effects of the transmission of the variability among setups (machining stages) proposed by the multi-station variability models.

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43

Ni, Tao, Yong-Chang Jiao, Li Zhang, and Zi-Bin Weng. "WORST-CASE TOLERANCE SYNTHESIS FOR LOW-SIDELOBE SPARSE LINEAR ARRAYS USING A NOVEL SELF-ADAPTIVE HYBRID DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION ALGORITHM." Progress In Electromagnetics Research B 66 (2016): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierb16011403.

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44

Mahlmann, Matthias. "Religious Tolerance, Pluralist Society and the Neutrality of the State: The Federal Constitutional Court's Decision in the Headscarf Case." German Law Journal 4, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1099–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200011998.

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Some of the most magnificent achievements of human culture, from the Parthenon to Paradise Lost, have been inspired by religion and some of the worst atrocities of human history have been committed to worship its commands. In consequence, whenever questions of religion become part of the political and legal agenda of a society one might be very insecure about the solution of the problem but can be absolutely confident that the stakes are high and the discussions intense. This general observation about religious issues has gained a special dimension due to the events of September 11, 2001, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Since then the role of religions in general and of Islam in particular is at the very core of central debates of global civil society and of the deliberations and actions of policy makers.

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45

Zou, Zhihua, and Edward P. Morse. "Applications of the GapSpace Model for Multidimensional Mechanical Assemblies." Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1565072.

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The most fundamental, and perhaps most important, task in the tolerance analysis of assemblies is to test whether or not the components with tolerances are actually able to fit together (called assembleability). Another important task of tolerance analysis is to check how the tolerances affect the quality or functionality of a product when they are assembled together. This paper presents the way the tolerance analyses are implemented by an assembly model, called the GapSpace model. The model can not only capture the necessary and sufficient conditions for assembleability analysis, but also transfers the functionality into the modeling variables (gaps). The assembleability analyses based on the GapSpace model for nominal components and those with worst case or statistical tolerances are introduced through an example. The problems of testing the quality of assemblies and calculating sensitivities are solved quickly and precisely using the model. The GapSpace model is more suitable for certain GD&T tolerancing methods than for parametric plus/minus tolerancing.

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46

HEIMLICH, MARTIN, and MARTIN HELD. "BIARC APPROXIMATION, SIMPLIFICATION AND SMOOTHING OF POLYGONAL CURVES BY MEANS OF VORONOI-BASED TOLERANCE BANDS." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 18, no. 03 (June 2008): 221–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195908002593.

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We present an algorithm for approximating multiple closed polygons in a tangent-continuous manner with circular biarcs. The approximation curves are guaranteed to lie within a user-specified tolerance of the original input. If requested, our algorithm can also ensure that the input is within a user-specified tolerance of the approximation curves. These tolerances can be either symmetric, asymmetric, one-sided, or even one-sided and completely disconnected from the inputs. Our algorithm makes use of Voronoi diagrams to build disjoint and continuous tolerance bands for every polygon of the input. In a second step the approximation curves are fitted into the tolerance bands. Our algorithm has a worst-case complexity of O(n log n) for an n-vertex input. Extensive experiments with synthetic and real-world data sets show that our algorithm generates approximation curves with significantly fewer approximation primitives than previously proposed algorithms. This difference becomes more prominent the larger the tolerance threshold is or the more severe the noise in the input is. In particular, no heuristic is needed for smoothing noisy input prior to the actual approximation. Rather, our approximation algorithm can be used to smooth out noise in a reliable manner.

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Bernardelli de Moraes, Matheus, and André Leon Sampaio Gradvohl. "Evaluating the impact of a coordinated checkpointing in distributed data streams processing systems using discrete event simulation." Revista Brasileira de Computação Aplicada 12, no. 2 (May 19, 2020): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5335/rbca.v12i2.10295.

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Data Streams Processing systems process continuous flows of data under Quality of Service requirements. Data streams often contain critical information which requires real-time processing. To guarantee systems' dependability and avoid information loss, one must use a fault-tolerance strategy. However, there are several strategies available, and the proper evaluation of which mechanism is better for each system architecture is challenging, especially in large-scale distributed systems. In this paper, we propose a discrete simulation model for investigating the impacts of the Coordinated Checkpoint fault tolerance strategy imposes on Data Stream Processing Systems. Results show that this strategy critically affects stream processing in failure-prone situations due to an increase in latency up to 120% and information loss, reaching 95% of the processing window in the worst case.

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Shen, Zhengshu, Gaurav Ameta, Jami J. Shah, and Joseph K. Davidson. "A Comparative Study Of Tolerance Analysis Methods." Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 5, no. 3 (May 16, 2005): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1979509.

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This paper reviews four major methods for tolerance analysis and compares them. The methods discussed are: (1) one-dimensional tolerance charts; (2) parametric tolerance analysis, especially parametric analysis based on the Monte Carlo simulation; (3) vector loop (or kinematic) based tolerance analysis; and (4) ASU Tolerance-Map® (T-Map®) (Patent pending; nonprovisional patent application number: 09/507, 542 (2002)) based tolerance analysis. Tolerance charts deal with worst-case tolerance analysis in one direction at a time and ignore possible contributions from the other directions. Manual charting is tedious and error prone, hence, attempts have been made for automation. The parametric approach to tolerance analysis is based on parametric constraint solving; its inherent drawback is that the accuracy of the simulation results are dependent on the user-defined modeling scheme, and its inability to incorporate all Y14.5 rules. The vector loop method uses kinematic joints to model assembly constraints. It is also not fully consistent with Y14.5 standard. The ASU T-Map® based tolerance analysis method can model geometric tolerances and their interaction in truly three-dimensional context. It is completely consistent with Y14.5 standard but its use by designers may be quite challenging. The T-Map® based tolerance analysis method is still under development. Despite the shortcomings of each of these tolerance analysis methods, each may be used to provide reasonable results under certain circumstances. Through a comprehensive comparison of these methods, this paper will offer some recommendations for selecting the best method to use for a given tolerance accumulation problem.

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Panton, S. M., and P. R. Milner. "A Design-and-Build Project to Introduce Concepts Relating to Dimensional Variation." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 26, no. 4 (October 1998): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030641909802600401.

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A design-and-build project which has been used to introduce Year 2 students of Mechanical Engineering to the concepts of dimensional variation and the influence of dimensional variation on function and assembly. The project simulates the cylinder head cylinder block assembly problem and specifies requirements in terms of a tolerance on concentricity of the cylinders in the head and block, and the interchangeable assembly of the head and block. Materials which are easily and cheaply sourced and tools which are easily manufactured and safe to use in a classroom environment are used throughout. During the project the students are exposed to concepts such as worst-case and statistical tolerance analysis, sensitivity analysis, geometric moment effects, minimum constraint design, co-variance and gauging. The exercise also emphasizes that good design means components that function and assemble with the minimum number of tight tolerances.

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Bouchekara, Houssem R. E. H. "Electrostatic discharge algorithm: a novel nature-inspired optimisation algorithm and its application to worst-case tolerance analysis of an EMC filter." IET Science, Measurement & Technology 13, no. 4 (June 1, 2019): 491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2018.5194.

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