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1
Huo, Hong Yuan, Chen Jie Cao, Li Sun, Li Sha Song, and Tong Xing. "Experimental Study on Full Stress-Strain Curve of SFRC in Axial Tension." Applied Mechanics and Materials 238 (November 2012): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.238.41.
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The tests were carried out to study the effects of the fraction of steel fiber by volume and the thickness of cement paste wrapping steel fibers on the axial tensile properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). The strength grade of SFRC was CF40 with the fraction of steel fiber by volume varying from 0.5% to 2.0%, and the thickness of cement paste wrapping steel fibers varying from 0.8mm to 1.2mm. The tests were conducted by WAW-600 electric-hydraulic servo-type test machine. The results show that the axial tensile properties such as the axial tensile strength, the fullness of stress-strain curve, the tensile energy and the axial tensile toughness ratio are all improved obviously by the adding of steel fiber in concrete. The reasonable thickness of cement paste wrapping steel fibers is 1.0mm. The formulas for stress-strain relationship of SFRC in axial tension are proposed.
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Liu, Jian, Shiqing Xin, Xifeng Gao, Kaihang Gao, Kai Xu, Baoquan Chen, and Changhe Tu. "Computational Object-Wrapping Rope Nets." ACM Transactions on Graphics 41, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3476829.
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Wrapping objects using ropes is a common practice in our daily life. However, it is difficult to design and tie ropes on a 3D object with complex topology and geometry features while ensuring wrapping security and easy operation. In this article, we propose to compute a rope net that can tightly wrap around various 3D shapes. Our computed rope net not only immobilizes the object but also maintains the load balance during lifting. Based on the key observation that if every knot of the net has four adjacent curve edges, then only a single rope is needed to construct the entire net. We reformulate the rope net computation problem into a constrained curve network optimization. We propose a discrete-continuous optimization approach, where the topological constraints are satisfied in the discrete phase and the geometrical goals are achieved in the continuous stage. We also develop a hoist planning to pick anchor points so that the rope net equally distributes the load during hoisting. Furthermore, we simulate the wrapping process and use it to guide the physical rope net construction process. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on 3D objects with varying geometric and topological complexity. In addition, we conduct physical experiments to demonstrate the practicability of our method.
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Wang, Yinao. "The grey interval prediction method and its prediction accuracy." Grey Systems: Theory and Application 4, no. 2 (July 29, 2014): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gs-05-2014-0013.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the interval forecasting, prediction interval and its reliability. When the predicted interval and its reliability are construction, the general rule which must satisfy is studied, grey wrapping band forecasting method is perfect. Design/methodology/approach – A forecasting method puts forward a process of prediction interval. It also elaborates on the meaning of interval (the probability of the prediction interval including the real value of predicted variable). The general rule is abstracted and summarized by many forecasting cases. The general rule is discussed by axiomatic method. Findings – The prediction interval is categorized into three types. Three axioms that construction predicted interval must satisfy are put forward. Grey wrapping band forecasting method is improved based on the proposed axioms. Practical implications – Take the Shanghai composite index as the example, according to the K-line diagram from 4 January 2013 to 9 May 2013, the reliability of predicted rebound height of subsequent two or three trading day does not exceed the upper wrapping curve is 80 per cent. It is significant to understand the forecasting range correctly, build a reasonable range forecasting method and to apply grey wrapping band forecasting method correctly. Originality/value – Grey wrapping band forecasting method is improved based on the proposed axioms.
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Obaidat, Yasmeen Taleb. "Evaluation for RC Column Confined Partially with Externally FRP Wrapping Sheet Using Nonlinear FE Analysis." Materials Science Forum 972 (October 2019): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.972.129.
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Little research has been carried out in validating, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) concrete strengthened column and the effective using partial wrapping. Also the effect of several parameter on strengthen column using the partial wrapping sheet of desired width and thickness around column have not been found out. To this end, a nonlinear 3D finite element model has been developed in current study for CFRP strengthened reinforced concrete column to simulate the behavior accompanied by the effect of partial wrapping with emphasis on load capacity and failure mode. The finite element simulation of CFRP strengthened RC columns is performed using commercial finite element program ABAQUS. Modelling was conducted on reinforced concrete columns with dimensions of 160 x 250 x 960 mm. The finite element model incorporates the nonlinear material behavior of concrete, bilinear stress-strain curve of steel and linear elastic behavior of CFRP material. The concrete was modeled using a plastic damage model. The performance of the FE model was studied by simulating experimental columns from the literature. The load, and strain of CFRP obtained from the FE study were compared with the corresponding experimental results. The FEM results agreed well with the experiments. In addition, to enhance our understanding of the behavior of strengthened reinforced concrete column capacity using partial wrapping the effect of changing the spacing between the CFRP sheets and number of layers were examined. The increase number of layers and decrease spacing give a higher ultimate load capacity, and delay the failure.
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Abd Ghani, Kay Dora, Nor Hayati Hamid, and Muhd Salmizi Jaafar. "Load versus Displacement Validation between Ruaumoko Hysteresis Program and Experimental Work on CFRP Retrofitted Precast Beam-Column Exterior Joint." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.390.
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This paper presented the load versus displacement curve for experimental work and validated with modeling results. A full-scale specimen which representing retrofitted precast RC beam-column exterior joint with corbels was tested in the laboratory under reversible lateral cyclic loading until ±1.75% interstorey drift. The specimen was rehabilitated by using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) wrapping method. Modeling work was carried out using Ruaumoko Hysteres Program. A curve representing load versus displacement for beam-column exterior joint is generated using Pampanin Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joint Hysteresis rule with reloading slip factor. The modeling result was compared with the load versus displacement curve obtained from experimental work. It was found that the hysteresis loops exhibited good agreement between experimental and modeling results. The effective stiffness, displacement ductility and equivalent viscous damping for the specimen were also discussed and compared.
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Li, Jian Hui, Ying Li, and Zong Cai Deng. "Envelope Response of Corroded RC Circular Columns Strengthened with Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Polymers." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 3124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.3124.
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Corroded RC columns do not possess necessary ductility to dissipate seismic energy during a major earthquake, the study investigates the use of hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapping as a method of retrofitting non-ductile corroded RC columns, and a model to determine the envelope response of RC corroded columns strengthened with hybrid FRP are presented based on cross-section analysis for undamaged RC element. The results show that the technique of strengthening corroded RC column with hybrid FRP is quite effective, the envelope curve estimated using the linear plane assumption with modification by reinforcement slip model, may still be used as the envelope curve of RC corroded columns strengthened with hybrid FRP, a good agreement between analytical and experimental results is observed.
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Lu, Jiancheng, Yujun Qi, Yifei Li, and Xuxu Wang. "Axial Compressive Performance of a Composite Concrete-Filled GFRP Tube Square Column." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 6757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156757.
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A composite concrete-filled glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) tube square column is a new type of composite column, where GFRP is externally wrapped over several GFRP square tubes to form a multicavity GFRP tube, and then concrete is poured inside. External GFRP wrapping methods can be divided into two types: entirely wrapped and strip-type wrapped methods. The former is superior to the latter in terms of performance under stress. However, difficulties are introduced in the construction process of the former, and substantial materials are required to wrap the entire structure. To examine the axial compressive performance for this new type of composite column and the impact of the wrapping method, we designed and fabricated one type of entirely wrapped composite column and two types of strip-type wrapped composite columns with clear spacings of 85 mm and 40 mm, respectively, and performed static axial compression tests. Through tests and numerical simulations, we obtained the failure mode, load–displacement curve, and load–strain curve of the specimen, and analyzed the impact of the externally wrapped GFRP on the mechanical behavior of the composite column. The results show that the composite column reached the peak load before the fracture of the GFRP tube fiber occurred, and the bearing capacity declined sharply to approximately 75% of the peak load after the fiber fractured, then entered a platform section, thereby displaying ductile failure. As the wrapped layers of GFRP strips increased, the load capacity of the specimen exhibited a linear growth tendency. Compared with the performance of the entirely wrapped method, the load capacity of the specimens in the W5040 group declined 9.8% on average, and the peak efficiency of the GFRP strips increased by 50%, thereby indicating that the use of appropriate GFRP layers and strip distance intervals can ensure the appropriate bearing capacity of composite columns and full utilization of GFRP material properties.
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Kwahk, Imjong, Kwang-Yeun Park, Ji-Young Choi, Hungjoo Kwon, and Changbin Joh. "Non-Destructive Evaluation for Sectional Loss of External Tendon of Prestressed Concrete Structures Using Total Flux Leakage." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 7398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217398.
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A non-destructive evaluation method is proposed to identify the sectional loss of the external tendon of prestressed concrete structures by detecting the change of the magnetic flux in the external tendon exposed to a magnetic field. The method uses a solenoid-shaped device with two coils: a primary coil for producing magnetic field and secondary coil for damage detection, wrapping the external tendon. A current applied to the primary coil in the device causes the magnetic field. Then, the change in the magnetic flux by the damage in the external tendon is detected by the variation of the voltage in the secondary coil in the device as the device moves along the tendon. An alternating current is applied to the primary coil to minimize the effect of the moving speed of the device. As a result, the damaged area can be detected with a low-level energy current. In addition, a wrapping solenoid-shaped device that is easy to disassemble and assemble was developed for in situ inspection. The measured signal from the secondary coil has a sinusoidal form with the same frequency as the applied current to the primary coil, and the peak curve of the measured signal provides enough information to detect the damage. It is shown that the proposed method can quantitatively identify one or multiple damaged-tendon locations as well as damages of at least 2 cm.
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Ramaswamy, Anandakumar, Selvamony Chachithanantham, and Seeni Arumugam. "Performance of BFRP Retrofitted RCC Piles Subjected to Axial Loads." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/323909.
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This paper deals with the behaviour of basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) composites retrofitted RCC piles subjected to axial compression loads. Currently the awareness of using FRP increases rapidly in engineering fields and also among public. Retrofitting becomes vital for aged and damaged concrete structures, piles, and so forth, to improve its load carrying capacity and to extend the service life. The load carrying capacity of piles retrofitted with basalt unidirectional fabric was studied experimentally. 15 nos. of RCC end bearing pile elements were cast with same reinforcement for axial compression experiment. Three piles were used as conventional elements, another 3 piles were used as double BFRP wrapped pile elements, and remaining 9 piles were used as retrofitted piles with BFRP double wrapping after preloaded to 30%, 60%, and 90% of ultimate load of conventional element. The effects of retrofitting of RCC pile elements were observed and a mathematical prediction was developed for calculation of retrofitting strength. The stress vs. strain relationship curve, load vs. deformation curve, preloaded elements strength losses are tabulated and plotted. Besides, crack patterns of conventional elements and tearing BFRP wrapped elements were also observed. The BFRP wrapped elements and retrofitted elements withstand more axial compressive load than the conventional elements.
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Ortega Moreno, L., A. Sanz-Garcia, M. J. Fernández de la Fuente, R. Arroyo Solera, M. Chaparro, S. Fernandez-Tome, A. C. Marin, et al. "P113 Serum adipokines as non-invasive biomarker in Crohn’s disease." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 14, Supplement_1 (January 2020): S192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.242.
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Abstract Background Adipose tissue wrapping the gastrointestinal tract is a risk factor for disease activity in Crohn’s disease (CD). Indeed, adipokines associated to lipid metabolism can modulate local immune responses. However, few studies have investigated the possible association between adipokines and CD. Here, we aimed to evaluate the role of serum adipokines as possible biomarkers in CD. Methods Serum samples were obtained from 18 patients with endoscopically active CD (aCD), 22 patients with endoscopically quiescent CD (qCD) and 36 non-inflamed healthy controls (HC). Serum leptin, ghrelin, resistin and adiponectin were analysed by Multiplex (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) in a Luminex 200 system technology. Adipokines means for each group of patients were compared and adjusted by Bonferroni or Wilcoxon tests. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the curve (AUC) were carried on to evaluate the discriminatory capacity of the adipokines levels between patients groups. Furthermore, for those adipokines that showed an AUC > 0.7, a binary logistic regression adjusted by possible confounders (i.e. sex, age and BMI) was performed in order to test their possible association with CD. Results No differences were found in age, sex or BMI among aCD, qCD and HC; there was no correlation either among the adipokines analysed. Means distribution for serum resistin was different among aCD, qCD and HC (p = 0.006). However, only comparisons between HC and aCD groups showed significant differences (p = 0.02) in the post hoc test. Serum leptin, ghrelin and adiponectin did not show differences between means. ROC curve for resistin showed an AUC of 0.78, with a standard error (SE) of 0.067 when HC and aCD groups were analysed (Figure 1). Furthermore, in this case, as sensitivity and specificity for Youden index correspond to the resistin median concentration, this value was selected as a cut-off for the binary logistic regression analysis; thus, odds ratio (OR) along with their 95% confidence interval (CI) analysis of high relative resistin levels (values higher than their median) adjusted by age, sex and BMI yielded a value of 5.46 (1.34–22.14) when aCD group was compared with HC group. Comparison between qCD and aCD showed an AUC of 0.70 with an SE of 0.089. However, ROC curve did not show a good accuracy when HC and qCD groups were analysed (AUC = 0.58; SE = 0.08). ROC curves analysis for leptin, ghrelin and adiponectin did not show enough accuracy to discriminate between groups. Conclusion Resistin may modulate the inflammation state in CD and it is probably associated to activity, being this association independent of sex, age or BMI.
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Weber, Alberto, Oliver Reuthebuch, and Marko Turina. "Guidant Heartstring: Initial Experience in OPCAB Surgery." Heart Surgery Forum 8, no. 1 (February 16, 2005): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1532/hsf.715.
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the Heartstring hemostatic seal system for proximal anastomoses without the need for aortic side clamping in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery . Material and Methods: Between May and November 2003, 50 proximal bypass anastomoses were performed with the Heartstring device in 29 consecutive patients (21 men, 8 women) with calcified aorta (assessed by transesophageal echocardiography/digital palpation). Mean patient age was 68 7 years. A mean of 1.7 anastomoses per patient was performed. Bypass patency was assessed by intraoperative flow measurements. Neurological outcome was graded in 4 severities. Results: The learning curve was completed after deployment of approximately 10 devices. Crack of the seal prior to deployment occurred in 8 cases. No conversion to conventional side clamping was needed. No accidental stitching of the seal or wrapping of the suture around the seal stem occurred. Slight diffuse bleeding occurred with arterial pressure under 65 mm Hg. Bypass graft flow was 53.7 23.9 L/min. No perioperative ischemic events occurred, and there were no postoperative neurological complications. Conclusions: Proximal bypass aortic anastomoses can be performed safely without side clamping using the Heartstring hemostatic seal system. Anastomoses can be completed with no foreign material (stent) remaining.
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Battineni, Gopi, Nalini Chintalapudi, Francesco Amenta, and Enea Traini. "A Comprehensive Machine-Learning Model Applied to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to Predict Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in Older Subjects." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 7 (July 8, 2020): 2146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072146.
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Increasing evidence suggests the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an important technique for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and for predicting the onset of this neurodegenerative disorder. In this study, we present a sophisticated machine learning (ML) model of great accuracy to diagnose the early stages of AD. A total of 373 MRI tests belonging to 150 subjects (age ≥ 60) were examined and analyzed in parallel with fourteen distinct features related to standard AD diagnosis. Four ML models, such as naive Bayes (NB), artificial neural networks (ANN), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), and support-vector machines (SVM), and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve metric were used to validate the model performance. Each model evaluation was done in three independent experiments. In the first experiment, a manual feature selection was used for model training, and ANN generated the highest accuracy in terms of ROC (0.812). In the second experiment, automatic feature selection was conducted by wrapping methods, and the NB achieved the highest ROC of 0.942. The last experiment consisted of an ensemble or hybrid modeling developed to combine the four models. This approach resulted in an improved accuracy ROC of 0.991. We conclude that the involvement of ensemble modeling, coupled with selective features, can predict with better accuracy the development of AD at an early stage.
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Ward, Brian M. "Visualization and Characterization of the Intracellular Movement of Vaccinia Virus Intracellular Mature Virions." Journal of Virology 79, no. 8 (April 15, 2005): 4755–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.8.4755-4763.2005.
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ABSTRACT Previous work indicated that vaccinia intracellular mature virus (IMV) utilizes microtubules to move from the viral factory to the site of intracellular envelopment and that expression of the viral A27 protein is required for this transport. To investigate further the role of A27 in IMV intracellular transport, a recombinant vaccinia virus was constructed that had the A27L gene deleted and expressed a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-A4 chimera in place of the normal A4 protein. The resulting recombinant, vYFP-A4/ΔA27, produced relatively normal quantities of virus in a one-step growth curve but had a small plaque phenotype. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that vYFP-A4/ΔA27 was severely defective in envelope virus production. Despite the absence of A27, live digital video fluorescent microscopy visualized YFP-labeled IMV movement in cells infected with the recombinant. Virion movement approached 3 μm/s and was sensitive to the microtubule depolymerizing drug nocodazole. In addition, IMV could be discerned transiting away from and back towards viral factories. Immunofluorescent staining determined that the distance traveled by A27-deficient virions was sufficient for transport to the site of envelopment. These results indicate that IMVs are capable of bidirectional movement on microtubules, suggesting that they are able to interact with both kinesin and dynein microtubule motors in the absence of A27 and that the distance traveled is sufficient to deliver IMV to the site of wrapping.
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HOU, BO-YU, DAN-TAO PENG, KANG-JIE SHI, and RUI-HONG YUE. "SOLITONS ON NONCOMMUTATIVE TORUS AS ELLIPTIC CALOGERO–GAUDIN MODELS, BRANES AND LAUGHLIN WAVE FUNCTIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, no. 14 (June 10, 2003): 2477–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03014228.
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For the noncommutative torus [Formula: see text], in the case of the noncommutative parameter [Formula: see text], we construct the basis of Hilbert space ℋn in terms of θ functions of the positions zi of n solitons. The wrapping around the torus generates the algebra [Formula: see text], which is the Zn × Zn Heisenberg group on θ functions. We find the generators g of a local elliptic su (n), which transform covariantly by the global gauge transformation of [Formula: see text]. By acting on ℋn we establish the isomorphism of [Formula: see text] and g. We embed this g into the L-matrix of the elliptic Gaudin and Calogero–Moser models to give the dynamics. The moment map of this twisted cotangent [Formula: see text] bundle is matched to the D-equation with the Fayet–Illiopoulos source term, so the dynamics of the noncommutative solitons become that of the brane. The geometric configuration (k, u) of the spectral curve det |L(u) - k| = 0 describes the brane configuration, with the dynamical variables zi of the noncommutative solitons as the moduli T⊗ n/Sn. Furthermore, in the noncommutative Chern–Simons theory for the quantum Hall effect, the constrain equation with quasiparticle source is identified also with the moment map equation of the noncommutative [Formula: see text] cotangent bundle with marked points. The eigenfunction of the Gaudin differential L-operators as the Laughlin wave function is solved by Bethe ansatz.
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Lee, Nicolas, and Sigrid Close. "Curved pleat folding for smooth wrapping." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 469, no. 2155 (July 8, 2013): 20130152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2013.0152.
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A technique is presented to minimize the packaged size of a flat sheet by folding it into a strip that can be wrapped around a hub. This is difficult to accomplish using regular straight creases, because of the thickness of the sheet. A curved crease pattern is used to address this problem of non-zero thickness. A mathematical formulation is developed in order to compute the required crease pattern for coiling a folded strip to any desired curvature, and specifically for coiling it into a tight spiral around a hub. This method is demonstrated with paper models. The crease computation algorithm is then extended to provide a folding strategy to efficiently package a square sheet around a central hub such that it can easily unfold or deploy. This development has applications particularly for deployable structures on small spacecraft.
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Biswas, T. "Cosmology with Branes Wrapping Curved Internal Manifolds." Journal of High Energy Physics 2004, no. 02 (February 17, 2004): 039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2004/02/039.
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Lee, Yu-Ki, Zhonghua Xi, Young-Joo Lee, Yun-Hyeong Kim, Yue Hao, Hongjin Choi, Myoung-Gyu Lee, et al. "Computational wrapping: A universal method to wrap 3D-curved surfaces with nonstretchable materials for conformal devices." Science Advances 6, no. 15 (April 2020): eaax6212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax6212.
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This study starts from the counterintuitive question of how we can render conventional stiff, nonstretchable, and even brittle materials sufficiently conformable to fully wrap curved surfaces, such as spheres, without failure. Here, we extend the geometrical design method of computational origami to wrapping. Our computational wrapping approach provides a robust and reliable method for fabricating conformal devices for arbitrary curved surfaces with a computationally designed nonpolyhedral developable net. This computer-aided design transforms two-dimensional (2D)–based materials, such as Si wafers and steel sheets, into various targeted conformal structures that can fully wrap desired 3D structures without fracture or severe plastic deformation. We further demonstrate that our computational wrapping approach enables a design platform that can transform conventional nonstretchable 2D-based devices, such as electroluminescent lighting and flexible batteries, into conformal 3D curved devices.
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Nunes, Janine K., Jiang Li, Ian M. Griffiths, Bhargav Rallabandi, Jia Man, and Howard A. Stone. "Electrostatic wrapping of a microfiber around a curved particle." Soft Matter 17, no. 13 (2021): 3609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm01857k.
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SOTIROPOULOS, FOTIS, YIANNIS VENTIKOS, and TAHIRIH C. LACKEY. "Chaotic advection in three-dimensional stationary vortex-breakdown bubbles: šil'nikov's chaos and the devil's staircase." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 444 (September 25, 2001): 257–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112001005286.
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We study the motion of non-diffusive, passive particles within steady, three-dimensional vortex breakdown bubbles in a closed cylindrical container with a rotating bottom. The velocity fields are obtained by solving numerically the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations. We clarify the relationship between the manifold structure of axisymmetric (ideal) vortex breakdown bubbles and those of the three-dimensional real-life (laboratory) flow fields, which exhibit chaotic particle paths. We show that the upstream and downstream fixed hyperbolic points in the former are transformed into spiral-out and spiral-in saddles, respectively, in the latter. Material elements passing repeatedly through the two saddle foci undergo intense stretching and folding, leading to the growth of infinitely many Smale horseshoes and sensitive dependence on initial conditions via the mechanism discovered by šil'nikov (1965). Chaotic šil'nikov orbits spiral upward (from the spiral-in to the spiral-out saddle) around the axis and then downward near the surface, wrapping around the toroidal region in the interior of the bubble. Poincaré maps reveal that the dynamics of this region is rich and consistent with what we would generically anticipate for a mildly perturbed, volume-preserving, three-dimensional dynamical system (MacKay 1994; Mezić & Wiggins 1994a). Nested KAM-tori, cantori, and periodic islands are found embedded within stochastic regions. We calculate residence times of upstream-originating non-diffusive particles and show that when mapped to initial release locations the resulting maps exhibit fractal properties. We argue that there exists a Cantor set of initial conditions that leads to arbitrarily long residence times within the breakdown region. We also show that the emptying of the bubble does not take place in a continuous manner but rather in a sequence of discrete bursting events during which clusters of particles exit the bubble at once. A remarkable finding in this regard is that the rate at which an initial population of particles exits the breakdown region is described by the devil's staircase distribution, a fractal curve that has been already shown to describe a number of other chaotic physical systems.
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Al-Marzok, MaanIbrahim. "The effect of wrapping of light-cure tips on the cure of composite resin." European Journal of General Dentistry 1, no. 3 (2012): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2278-9626.105384.
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Ren, Ming Fa, Qi Zhong Huang, and Hao Ran Chen. "Stress Development in the Process for a Hybrid Fiber Wrapping Cylinder." Key Engineering Materials 486 (July 2011): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.486.151.
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In a curing process, there is an intensive residual stress in a cylinder with a reinforced part wrapped by hybrid composite due to the kinds of fibers and mismatch material properties. The development of residual stress in the cylinder is investigated by a finite element model combing with the classical laminate theory and heat conduction. The level of residual stress at the ends of reinforced part is higher than else location, a cure cycle with a lower cure temperature would reduce the residual stress. An improved cure cycle is proposed by comparing the simulational results of the cylinder cured with different cure cycle.
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Li, Lang, Shi Lei Yuan, Jiang Feng Dong, and Qing Yuan Wang. "An Experimental Study on the Axial Compressive Behavior of Timber Columns Strengthened by FRP Sheets with Different Wrapping Methods." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 1419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.1419.
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In order to check out the effects of the method how the FRP sheets wrapped on the axial behavior of timber columns confined by CFRP sheet, 6 short columns were confined with CFRP sheets in different wrapped ways, i.e. toroidal, single helix, double helix and cross helix. Another column in the same size was prepared as contrast. The ultimate carrying capacity of the specimens was analyzed as well as the load-displacement curves and strain-stress relationships. The comparison of the ultimate carrying capacity showed significant enhancement when the specimens were confined in any ways, and the way wrapping FRP sheets in the toroidal direction was more efficient than other ways in which the FRP sheets wrapped in the experiment. The analysis of the load-displacement curves indicate that the stiffness of the specimens was improved by the reinforcement with FRP sheets in any ways, however, the improvement of the ultimate carrying capacity and the stiffness was in the cost of the ductility. The comparison of the FRPs train between the specimens with toroidal wrapping method and the helix ones can clearly explain the lower efficiency in the enhancement of ultimate carrying capacity of the specimens with helix wrapping methods.
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Kumar, Jyant, and Tarun Naskar. "Resolving phase wrapping by using sliding transform for generation of dispersion curves." GEOPHYSICS 82, no. 3 (May 1, 2017): V127—V136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0207.1.
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The complexity involved with the phase unwrapping procedure, while performing the existing spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) on the basis of two sensors, makes it difficult to automate and requires frequent manual judgment. As a result, this approach generally becomes tedious and may yield erroneous results. The multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) technique can resolve the problem of phase wrapping. However, the MASW technique normally requires a large number of closely spaced sensors, typically 24–48 or even more. We have developed a new method that is fast, accurate, and generally resolves the unwrapping of phase with the use of just two sensors, provided the signal-to-noise ratio remains high. In this approach, the unwrapping of the phase can be performed without any manual intervention and an automation of the process becomes feasible. A few examples, involving synthetic test data and surface-wave tests, have been tested to determine the efficacy of our approach. Comparisons of the results have been made with the corresponding solutions using existing SASW and MASW techniques.
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Bytsenko, A. A., M. Chaichian, and M. E. X. Guimarães. "D-branes on spaces stratified fibered over hyperbolic orbifolds." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 24 (September 29, 2014): 1450137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14501371.
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We apply the methods of homology and K-theory for branes wrapping spaces stratified fibered over hyperbolic orbifolds. In addition, we discuss the algebraic K-theory of any discrete co-compact Lie group in terms of appropriate homology and Atiyah–Hirzebruch type spectral sequence with its nontrivial lift to K-homology. We emphasize the fact that the physical D-branes properties are completely transparent within the mathematical framework of K-theory. We derive criteria for D-brane stability in the case of strongly virtually negatively curved groups. We show that branes wrapping spaces stratified fibered over hyperbolic orbifolds carry charge structure and change the additive structural properties in K-homology.
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Li, Chang Yong, Li Sha Song, Li Sun, Chen Jie Cao, and Tong Xing. "Experimental Study on Flexural Toughness of SFRC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 238 (November 2012): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.238.33.
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This paper introduces the test results of the flexural performance of CF40 steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) designed by the binary superposition mix design method. The flexural strength and flexural load ~ deflection curves were got from the test SFRC specimens with the different fraction of steel fiber by volume and the different thickness of cement paste wrapping steel fibers. The effects of the fraction of steel fiber by volume and the thickness of cement paste on the flexural strength and toughness of SFRC are analyzed. It is demonstrated that the flexural toughness of SFRC increases with the increase of the fraction of steel fiber by volume, the reasonable thickness of cement paste wrapping steel fibers is 1.0mm.
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AL-Bukhaiti, Khalil, Liu Yanhui, Zhao Shichun, Hussien Abas, and Dong Aoran. "Dynamic Equilibrium of CFRP-RC Square Elements under Unequal Lateral Impact." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 27, 2021): 3591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133591.
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Building structure regularly needs reinforcement due to damage, specification requirements, and functional changes; carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is widely used in structural reinforcement due to its high strength, lightweight, good corrosion resistance and easy construction. The regular square section reinforced concrete frame elements strengthened by CFRP material are taken as the research object. The dynamic response of CFRP to reinforced concrete elements under unequal lateral impact was discussed. This technical paper demonstrates that the test elements are subject to the bending failure mode, and the impact point and the near impact point support are severely damaged areas; the transversely wrapped elements are more abruptly broken, and the longitudinal wrapping elements and the number of wrapping layers can effectively reduce the level of damage. Analysis of the impact, deflection, and strain time history curves obtained in the test show that the wrapping mode and the number of layers have less influence on the impact force peak; the longitudinally wrapped elements and the plateau segment take longer. Dynamic equilibrium principle equation was proposed based on the experimental results. The horizontal partition plateau segment fluctuates greatly; the number of vertical wrap layers increases the plateau value. The larger the number of layers, the smaller the deflection caused by the impact. The longitudinal wrapping can effectively transmit the force.
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Zhu, Yan Mei, Shu Cheng Yuan, Min Hou, and Qing Yuan Wang. "Square Short Wood Columns Strengthened with FRP Sheets under Compressive Load." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 1008–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.1008.
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This paper presents the experimental results of the wood columns externally strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) subjected to axial compressive loading. In total, 14 square short wood columns were made, which were reinforced by FRP in two reinforcing arrangements. The main parameters studied in the test were (1) the strengthening materials, i.e. carbon FRP (CFRP), basalt FRP (BFRP) and aramid FRP (AFRP); (2) the reinforcing arrangements, i.e. the full wrapping of FRP and the partial reinforcing arrangement; (3) the layers of FRP sheets applied, i.e. one, two and three. The ultimate strength, load-axial displacements curves, load-strain relationships, and the failure modes of all the columns were presented. The test results show that both types of the reinforcing arrangements could increase the ultimate strength and stiffness of the columns tested greatly. The columns strengthened with two layers of FRP sheets gave higher load carrying capacities when compared to the columns strengthened with one or three layers of FRP sheets. The result confirms that the more layers of FRP sheets, the higher of load carrying capacity; however, the adverse results were shown when three layers of FRP sheets applied. Finally, the result also showed that the full wrapping reinforcing arrangement is more effective than the partial one in enhancing the stiffness.
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Rogers, Sherise Chantell, Owen A. O'Connor, Glen Granati, and Kavitha Yaddanapudi. "The First Case of Primary Cardiac Lymphoma, Diffuse Large B-Cell Type, Successfully Treated with EPOCH-R." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 5418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.5418.5418.
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Abstract Introduction: Primary cardiac lymphomas are rare non-Hodgkin lymphomas and account for less than 1% of intrinsic cardiac tumors and extranodal Non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Patients can present with a variety of manifestations including heart failure, chest pain, dyspnea, arrhythmias, and tamponade. Presently, there are no formal established guidelines for treatment of primary cardiac lymphomas. Presentation: This is a case of a 72-year-old white man with past medical history significant for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and known pulmonary, renal, and cutaneous sarcoidosis who presented with palpitations, dyspnea on exertion and lightheadedness for two-weeks. He was evaluated by his cardiologist who recommended an elective atrial fibrillation radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Prior to the planned procedure a transesophageal echocardiogram was performed which revealed a large tissue density within the pericardial space, adjacent to the free wall of the right ventricle and right atrium, and invading the myocardium with extension through the interatrial septum (Figure 1). The RFA was aborted and the patient was admitted for further evaluation of the new cardiac mass, initially suspected to be cardiac sarcoidosis. Subsequent work up included a cardiac MRI, which displayed a dense 7.5 cm by 3.5 cm mass involving the right ventricle and right atrium, wrapping around the great vessels. Right heart cardiac catheterization with endomyocardial biopsy was performed which revealed clusters of large atypical B lymphoid cells with the following immunophenotype: CD30+, CD79a+, Pax5+, Alk 1-, CD138-, CD 10-, Bcl 2-, Bcl 6-, CD45-, focally CD20+, Ki67: 80-90% (Figure 2). These findings were consistent with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). His PET-CT demonstrated absence of extracardiac lesions, confirming the diagnosis of primary cardiac lymphoma (PCL) (Figure 3). The patient began treatment with a EPOCH-R (rituximab, etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin) modified chemotherapy based regimen which consisted of a pre-phase treatment with dexamethasone 12 mg once daily for four days, a cumulative dose of cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 over five days and etoposide 50 mg/m2 for three days. Doses of cyclophosphamide and etoposide were initiated at lower doses and titrated upward to reach the target dose. This strategy was invoked based upon prior experiences and studies that suggest that a modest pre-phase cytoreduction reduces the risk of cardiac perforation. Rituximab was given on day six. He was also given granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF). Our patient was observed closely in the cardiac intensive care unit throughout the duration of chemotherapy due to the high risk of fatal arrhythmia, tamponade, perforation and heart failure. Interim restaging, confirmed complete remission of the intracardiac mass. His post chemotherapy TTE demonstrated a slight reduction in ejection fraction (Figure 1). He received a total of three cycles of EPOCH-R and remained hemodynamically stable within the hospital. No further chemotherapy was given due to a decline in the patient's performance status. Conclusion: This is the first documented case of primary cardiac diffuse large B cell lymphoma successfully treated with EPOCH-R consisting of a modest pre-phase cytoreduction with steroids, cyclophosphamide and etoposide. The high area under the curve of doxorubicin in this setting is far less cardiotoxic. This regimen reduces the risk of cardiac perforation in patients with relatively normal ejection fractions. Disclosures O'Connor: Mundipharma: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; TG Therapeutics: Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Spectrum: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; TG Therapeutics: Research Funding.
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Castillo, S., C. Borrero, R. Castaño, A. Rodríguez, and M. Avilés. "First Report of Canker Disease Caused by Neofusicoccum parvum and N. australe on Blueberry Bushes in Spain." Plant Disease 97, no. 8 (August 2013): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-12-1048-pdn.
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A field survey conducted in September 2009 at five plantations of six different cultivars of southern highbush blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) in Huelva, Spain, yielded 35 diseased plants. Diseased plants exhibited red-brown cankers and stem dieback. Blueberry cultivation in Huelva rose from 290 ha in 2007 to 777 ha in 2012, and the increase of these symptoms is of concern to producers. Stem pieces cut from the edge of lesions on infected plants were surface-disinfected with 5% sodium hypochlorite and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Based on colony characteristics on PDA, 18 colonies (one each from 18 different plants) were identified as Botryosphaeria spp. Species identities were confirmed by analysis of nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), rDNA, and elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) sequences, using ITS1-ITS4 (3) and EF728f-EF986r (2) as primer pairs, respectively. BLAST searches of GenBank showed a high similarity of the isolate sequences to the reference sequences. Molecular results confirmed these species as Neofusicoccum parvum, N. australe, and B. dothidea. N. parvum was the most prevalent (on 34% of the plants analyzed), followed by N. australe and B. dothidea (9% each). In phylogenetic analyses, isolates that clustered in the same group belonged to the same species with a high homogeneity index (>99%). One representative isolate of each species was selected for a pathogenicity assay. Amplified sequences from each selected isolate were deposited in GenBank with the following accession numbers: N. parvum, KC556958 (ITS) and KC556961 (EF); N. australe, KC556959 (ITS) and KC556962 (EF); and B. dothidea, KC556960 (ITS) and KC556963 (EF). The pathogenicity assay of these three isolates was conducted using two cultivars of southern highbush blueberry, ‘Misty’ and ‘Star.’ The isolates were cultured on acidified PDA at 25°C for 5 days. Stems of the plants were wounded at a height of 10 cm with a drill (5 mm diameter and ~4 mm deep). Six replicates per cultivar were inoculated per isolate by placing a colonized agar plug (4 to 5 mm diameter) in the hole and wrapping the stem with Parafilm. Plants treated identically with sterile agar plugs were used as controls. The plants were then maintained at 100% relative humidity for 2 h. This trial was conducted in a growth chamber at 28°C (night) and 30°C (day) with a 14-h photoperiod for 3 months. Disease was measured on a six-point scale: 0 = healthy plant; 1 = plant with a canker smaller than 3.5 cm; 2 = plant with a canker bigger than 3.5 cm; 3 = plant with one dry shoot; 4 = plant with some dry shoots; 5 = dead plant. At the end of the trial, disease was expressed as area under the disease progress curve. The results showed the N. parvum isolate to be the most aggressive, followed by the N. australe isolate. Espinoza et al. (1) also found that N. parvum showed more aggressiveness than N. australe on blueberries in Chile. B. dothidea was not pathogenic and behaved similarly to the controls (P < 0.05). Each pathogen was reisolated from all the inoculated plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolates of these pathogens, N. parvum and N. australe, causing stem canker and dieback on blueberry bushes in Spain. References: (1) J. G. Espinoza et al. Plant Dis. 93:1187, 2009. (2) A. J. L. Phillips et al. Mycol. 97:513, 2005. (3) T. J. White et al. Pages 315-322 in: PCR Protocols: a Guide to Methods and Amplifications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 1990.
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Cao, Pengfei, Hai Fang, Weiqing Liu, Yong Zhuang, Yuan Fang, and Chenglin Li. "Circumferential Expansion Property of Composite Wrapping System for Main Cable Protection of Suspension Bridge." Advances in Polymer Technology 2020 (May 5, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8638076.
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A composite wrapping system for main cable protection of suspension bridges was designed by using prepreg fiber-reinforced composites and nitrile rubber. The circumferential expansion performance of the system was tested, and the curves of circumferential bearing capacity and radial displacement of the components were obtained. Failure modes of each group of components were compared and analyzed. The results show that most of the components are vertically fractured at the lap transition. The increase of the number of prepreg layers contributed the most to the circumferential bearing capacity of components, with a growth rate of 65.31%~109.01%. The increase of rubber belt layers had the most significant effect on the radial displacement of the components, with a growth rate of 7.06%~23.5%. In the initial stage of the test, the strain of each part of the component was smaller due to the compaction by the loading device, and the strain value of the component was generally linearly increased during the loading process, during which the strain of the overlap was the smallest. The calculated cross-sectional temperature deformation of the main cable is in good agreement with the experimental data. The application of the rubber belt increases the deformation of the main cable; therefore, the protection system for the main cable could have more deformation redundancy and delay the arrival of the ultimate strain of the outer prepreg wrap.
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Zhou, Ming Jie, Wen Ling Tian, Jing Chuan Xun, Jian Xin Cui, Xiao Yan Zhao, and Xiao Wei Wang. "Experimental Research on Seismic Behavior of Strengthened R.C. Frame with Special-Shaped Columns." Key Engineering Materials 400-402 (October 2008): 719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.400-402.719.
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In this paper, a damaged R.C. frame with special-shaped columns has been strengthened for earthquake resistance. The strengthening method combines wrapping steel outside and stick steel. The experimental research on seismic behavior of the strengthened frame was performed. Through the quasi-static test, the load-displacement hysteretic curves under horizontal low-cycle loading are given, and the failure modes of the strengthened frame structure are summarized. This paper gives the analysis of its bearing capacity, stiffness deterioration, energy dissipation capability and ductility property. After comparing the strengthened frame with that before damaged, we draw a conclusion that the method of seismic strengthening in this paper can effectually improve the carrying capacity of damaged R.C. frame with special-shaped columns, and make the strengthened frame have better ductility.
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Yang, Junlong, Jizhong Wang, and Ziru Wang. "Design-oriented axial stress–strain model for partially fiber-reinforced-polymer-confined normal-strength concrete." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 16 (July 14, 2020): 3481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220933461.
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Due to the influence of “arching action” in fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) partially confined concrete columns as a result of the unconfined regions, the confinement of the concrete columns wrapped with discrete FRP strips is less efficient when compared with full wrapping schemes. This study comprehensively investigates the difference of the the confinement mechanism between fully and partially FRP confined circular normal-strength concrete and thus presents a new design-oriented model to predict the stress–strain relationships of partially FRP confined normal-strength concrete. The formulas used to determine the strength and corresponding strain of several key points on the stress–strain curves are also proposed by the regression analysis according to a reliable test database from the relevant literature. Besides, another selected database including 100 FRP partially wrapped circular concrete columns is also collected for model verification. The results show that better performance can be achieved by the new model compared with the selected models in predicting the ultimate conditions of partially FRP confined concrete. Finally, some specimens are chosen to assess the performance of the new model in predicting the complete axial stress–strain curves. The comparisons reveal that satisfactory accuracy and good agreement can be achieved between the theoretical predictions and experimental observations.
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Su, Nana, Qingbang Han, Yu Yang, Minglei Shan, and Jian Jiang. "Analysis of Longitudinal Guided Wave Propagation in a Liquid-Filled Pipe Embedded in Porous Medium." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052281.
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To study the leakage situation of a liquid-filled pipe in long-term service, a model of a liquid-filled pipe embedded in an infinite porous medium as well as in a finite porous medium is designed. The principal motivation is to perform detailed quantitative analysis of the longitudinal guided wave propagating in a liquid-filled pipe embedded in a saturated porous medium. The problems of pipeline leakage and porosity as well as the media outside the pipe are solved to identify the characteristics of the guided wave in a more practical model. The characteristics of the guided wave are investigated theoretically and numerically, with special emphasis on the influence of porous medium parameters on the dispersion properties. Assuming the pipe is a cylindrical shell buried in an isotropic, homogeneous, and porous medium, the dispersion equations are established based on the elastic-dynamic equations and the modified Biot liquid-saturated porous theory. The characteristics of dispersion, time-domain waveform and attenuation curves varying with porous medium parameters, wrapping layer material, and thickness, are all analyzed. The increase in porosity decreases the partial mode phase velocity in the liquid-filled pipe embedded in the finite porous medium. The characteristics of attenuation are in good agreement with the dispersion curves and the time-domain waveform results.
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Prior, Chris, Julien Moussou, Buddhapriya Chakrabarti, Oliver E. Jensen, and Anne Juel. "Ribbon curling via stress relaxation in thin polymer films." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 7 (February 1, 2016): 1719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514626113.
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The procedure of curling a ribbon by running it over a sharp blade is commonly used when wrapping presents. Despite its ubiquity, a quantitative explanation of this everyday phenomenon is still lacking. We address this using experiment and theory, examining the dependence of ribbon curvature on blade curvature, the longitudinal load imposed on the ribbon, and the speed of pulling. Experiments in which a ribbon is drawn steadily over a blade under a fixed load show that the ribbon curvature is generated over a restricted range of loads, the curvature/load relationship can be nonmonotonic, and faster pulling (under a constant imposed load) results in less tightly curled ribbons. We develop a theoretical model that captures these features, building on the concept that the ribbon under the imposed deformation undergoes differential plastic stretching across its thickness, resulting in a permanently curved shape. The model identifies factors that optimize curling and clarifies the physical mechanisms underlying the ribbon’s nonlinear response to an apparently simple deformation.
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Wu, Zhao, Kun Gao, Zhili Wang, Shengxiang Wang, Peiping Zhu, Yuqi Ren, and Yangchao Tian. "Generalized reverse projection method for grating-based phase tomography." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 854–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577521001806.
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The reverse projection protocol results in fast phase-contrast imaging thanks to its compatibility with conventional computed-tomography scanning. Many researchers have proposed variants. However, all these reverse projection methods in grating-based phase-contrast imaging are built on the hypothesis of the synchronous phase of reference shifting curves in the whole field of view. The hypothesis imposes uniformity and alignment requirements on the gratings, thus the field of view is generally limited. In this paper, a generalized reverse projection method is presented analytically for the case of non-uniform reference in grating-based phase tomography. The method is demonstrated by theoretical derivation, numerical simulations and synchrotron radiation experiments. The influence of imaging position to sensitivity, and the phase-wrapping phenomenon are also discussed. The proposed method combines the advantages of the high efficiency of the reverse projection method and the universal applicability of the phase-stepping method. The authors believe that the method would be used widely in fast and dose-constrained imaging.
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Jasim Mohammed, Thaer, Badorul Hisham Abu Bakar, and Norazura Muhamad Bunnori. "Effects of Thickness of Ultra High-Performance Fiber Concrete Wrapping on the Torsional Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.161.
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Abstract: Two groups of rectangular beams, comprising of six specimens, the first group (L) were provided with four longitudinal bars, one at each corner while the second groups of beams (S) were fully reinforced with longitudinal bars and transverse reinforcement. Each group consisted of three beams. Two beams have been strengthened with ultra high performance fiber concrete (UHPFC) on four sides having a thickness of (15mm - 25mm) and one control beam. The variables considered in the experimental study include the transverse reinforcement ratios and the effect of thickness of UHPFC wrap. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique at ultimate torque for strengthening beams and behavioral curves. Strengthened RC beams fully wrapped with a thin layer of UHPFC exhibit an enhanced torsional strength when compared to control beam. Results reveal that the transverse reinforcement ratios by 0.66%, increases the UHPFC contribution to torsional strength of strengthened beams with a 15 thick UHPFC; and by up to 7% for strengthened beams with a 25 thick UHPFC, respectively when compared to same strengthened beams without stirrup. It is found that the ultimate torque of beams with a 25 mm thin layer UHPFC is greater than beams with 15 mm by (28% and 28.3%) for the groups L and S, respectively.
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Ruggiero, Alessandro, and Alessandro Sicilia. "A Novel Explicit Analytical Multibody Approach for the Analysis of Upper Limb Dynamics and Joint Reactions Calculation Considering Muscle Wrapping." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 2, 2020): 7760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217760.
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The aim of this paper is to present an explicit analytical biomechanical multibody procedure able to be implemented in the solution of the musculoskeletal systems inverse dynamics problems. The model is proposed in formal multibody analysis and implemented in the Matlab numerical environment. It is based on the constraint kinematical behaviour analysis and considers both linear muscle actuators and curved ones, by calculating the geodesic muscle path over wrapping surfaces fixed to the bodies. The model includes the Hill muscle approach in order to evaluate both the contractile elements’ actions and the passive ones. With the aim to have a first validation, the model was applied to the dynamical analysis of the “arm26” OpenSim model, an upper limb subjected to external forces of gravity and to known kinematics. The comparison of results shows interesting matching in terms of kinematical analysis, driving forces, muscles’ activations and joint reactions, proving the reliability of the proposed approach in all cases in which it is necessary to achieve in-silico explicit determinations of the upper limb dynamics and joint reactions (i.e., in joint tribological optimization).
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Xiao, Hengheng, Jun Shi, Junran Liu, Kaikai Zheng, and Guangchun Zhou. "STRESSING STATE CHARACTERISTICS OF REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE BOX-GIRDERS STRENGTHENED WITH CARBON FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 26, no. 1 (November 29, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2019.11518.
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This paper investigates structural performance of five reinforcement concrete (RC) box-girders under a combination loading of bending, shear and torsion, applying the structural stressing state theory. The measured strain data is modeled as generalized strain energy density (GSED) to characterize the structural stressing state mode. Then the Mann-Kendall (M-K) criterion is innovatively applied to detect the leap characteristics of RC box-girders’ stressing state from the E’-T curves, deriving the new definition of structural failure load. Furthermore, the reinforcement effects of different Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) wrapping schemes on the behaviors of experimental RC box-girders are revealed through comparing strain modes of stirrup and longitudinal reinforcement. Finally, the method of numerical shape function is applied to reasonably expand the limited strain data for further exploring the strain distribution of cross section and analyzing the stressing state characteristics of the RC box-girders. The research results provide a new angle of view to conduct structural analysis and a reference to the improvement of reinforcement scheme.
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Stewart, Lygia, and Elizabeth De La Rosa. "Creation of a High Fidelity, Cost Effective, Real World Surgical Simulation for Surgical Education." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 10, no. 1 (June 2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2327857921101081.
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Background How do surgical residents learn to operate? What is a surgical plane? How does one learn to see and dissect the plane? How do surgical residents learn tissue handling and suturing (sewing)? One method to learn and practice performing surgery is through the use of simulation training. Surgical training models include laparoscopic box trainers (a plastic box with holes for instruments) with synthetic materials inside to simulate tissues, or computer-based virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic, endoscopic, and robotic techniques. These methods, however, do not use real tissues. They lack the haptic and kinesthetic feedback of real tissue. These simulations fail to recreate the fidelity of soft tissues, do not foster the ability to accurately see surgical planes, do not accurately mimic the act of dissecting surgical planes, do not allow for complex surgical procedures, and do not provide accurate experience to learn tissue handling and suturing. Despite their poor performance, these plastic and virtual trainers are extremely costly to purchase, maintain, and keep up to date - with prices starting at $700 for basic plastic training boxes to thousands of dollars for virtual simulation. Also, there are additional costs of maintenance and software curriculum. Despite the cost of software, virtual simulators do not include a simulation for every surgery. Our aim was to create a life-like surgical simulation as close to real world as possible that allows trainees to learn how to see and dissect surgical planes, learn how soft tissues move, and learn the dynamics of soft tissue manipulation. We created a laparoscopic simulator using porcine tissues for gallbladder removal, acid reflux surgery, and surgery to treat swallowing difficulties (cholecystectomy, Nissen fundoplication, and Heller myotomy, respectively). Second year general surgery residents were able to practice these procedures on real tissues, enabling them to learn the steps of each procedure, increase manual dexterity, improve use of laparoscopic equipment, all while maintaining life-like haptic, soft-tissue feedback and enabling them to develop the ability to see real surgical planes. Methods The abdomen was recreated by purchasing intact porcine liver, gallbladder, (Cholecystectomy simulation) and intact esophagus, stomach, and diaphragm (Nissen and Heller simulation) from a packing supplier. Each organ system was placed into a laparoscopic trainer box with the ability to re-create laparoscopic ports. Surgical residents were then able to perform the procedures using real laparoscopic instruments, laparoscopic camera/video imaging, and real-time electrocautery. The simulation included all critical steps of each procedure such as obtaining the critical view of safety and removing the gallbladder from the liver bed (cholecystectomy), wrapping the stomach around the esophagus and laparoscopic suturing (Nissen fundoplication), and dissecting the muscular portion of the esophageal wall (Heller myotomy). Because these porcine tissues were readily available, several stations were set-up to teach multiple residents during each session (10-12 residents / session). Discussion Surgeons develop haptic perception of soft tissues by cutaneous or tactile feedback and kinesthetic feedback (Okamura, 2009). Kinesthetic feedback is the force and pressure transmitted by the soft tissues along the shaft of the laparoscopic instruments (Okamura, 2009). This soft tissue simulation re-creates the ability to experience what soft tissue feedback feels like, outside a normal operative environment. Real tissue learning allows trainees to learn how to see surgical planes, learn how soft tissues feel and move, develop proficiency in surgical dissection, and learn how to suture laparoscopically. This is the only model that recreates the movement of soft tissues and visualization of dissection planes outside the operative environment. Because this model utilizes the laparoscopic instruments used in the operating room, residents also develop familiarity with laparoscopic instruments, thus, flattening another learning curve. A literature review found that this is the only real tissue simulation being performed for foregut procedures used specifically for resident training. By building a realistic, anatomical model with inherent accurate soft tissue surgical planes, surgical trainees can have a more realistic surgical experience and develop skills in a safe, low pressure environment without sacrificing the hepatic learning and surgical visualization that is critical to performing safe laparoscopic surgery. All residents that participated in the stimulation reported positive feedback and felt that is contributed to their surgical education.
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Rupilu, Beatrixs, and Theopilus Watuguly. "STUDI PEMANFAATAN TUMBUHAN OBAT TRADISIONAL OLEH MASYARAKAT SUKU OIRATA PULAU KISAR KECAMATAN PULAU-PULAU TERSELATAN KABUPATEN MALUKU BARAT DAYA." Biopendix: Jurnal Biologi, Pendidikan dan Terapan 5, no. 1 (May 22, 2019): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/biopendixvol5issue1page53-64.
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Background: Medicinal plants are medicinal plants that can relieve pain, increase endurance and treat various diseases. The Oirata tribe is an indigenous tribe of Kisar Island. The community traditionally uses various types of plants as alternative treatments to cure diseases because they are easier to obtain and there are no side effects.
Methods: This study uses descriptive methods. Data collection techniques by conducting interviews, observation, questionnaires, and collecting and documenting medicinal plants.
Results: Medicinal plants found in the Oirata Tribe of Kisar Island, the Sub district Islands, Southwest Maluku Regency are 31 types of medicinal plants. Plant parts used are roots, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. How to process traditional medicinal plants is done by boiling, pounding, chopping, squeezing, pasting, wrapping, heating, and some even eaten directly to swallow the water.
Conclusion: The way to use it for the people of the Oirata tribe is that it is single because they do not use plants mixed with plants or other raw materials only mixed with water.
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Blankevoort, L., and R. Huiskes. "Ligament-Bone Interaction in a Three-Dimensional Model of the Knee." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 113, no. 3 (August 1, 1991): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2894883.
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In mathematical knee-joint models, the ligaments are usually represented by straightline elements, connecting the insertions of the femur and tibia. Such a model may not be valid if a ligament is bent in its course over bony surfaces, particularly not if the resulting redirection of the ligament force has a considerable effect on the laxity or motion characteristics of the knee-joint model. In the present study, a model for wrapping of a ligament around bone was incorporated in a three-dimensional mathematical model of the human knee. The bony edge was described by a curved line on which the contact point of the line element representing a ligament bundle was located. Frictionless contact between the ligament bundle and the bone was assumed. This model was applied to the medial collateral ligament (MCL) interacting with the bony edge of the tibia. It was found that, in comparison with the original model without bony interactions, the bony edge redirected the ligament force of the MCL in such a way that it counterbalanced valgus moments on the tibia more effectively. The effect of the bony interaction with the MCL on the internal-external rotation laxity, however, was negligible.
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Ismail, Al Emran, and N. Nezere. "Numerical simulation of hybrid composite tubes under oblique compression." World Journal of Engineering 14, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-06-2016-0007.
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Purpose An energy-absorbing device is an important tool that is capable of increasing the survivability of passengers in vehicles. Generally, empty metallic tubes are used, and it is found that the energy absorption capability is lower than the energy obtained using composite materials. Therefore, this paper numerically presents the crushing performances of hybrid tubes under axial and oblique compressions. Design/methodology/approach Three important parameters are used such as fiber thicknesses, fiber orientations and oblique compression angles. Epoxy-reinforced fibers are wrapped around the steel tubes and it is then modeled numerically using the ANSYS finite element program. Belytscho – Tsay shell element is used to model the composites, while a bilinear kinematic hardening model is used to model the steel tube. A proper contact algorithm is implemented to prevent interpenetration among elements and surfaces. Findings A proper contact algorithm is implemented to prevent interpenetration among elements and surfaces. Hybrid tubes are quasi-statically crushed and force–displacement curves are extracted and analyzed. Originality/value It is found that the introduction of oblique compressions has induced bending moments and therefore decreases the energy absorption capability. Varying fiber orientations also insignificantly changed the crushing performances. However, wrapping carbon/epoxy composite that is capable of strengthening the tubes, is also subjected to oblique compression compared with the glass/epoxy composites.
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Gallard, Alban, Elena Galli, Arnaud Hubert, Auriane Bidaut, Virginie Le Rolle, Otto Smiseth, Jens-Uwe Voigt, Erwan Donal, and Alfredo I. Hernández. "Echocardiographic view and feature selection for the estimation of the response to CRT." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): e0252857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252857.
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Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an implant-based therapy applied to patients with a specific heart failure (HF) profile. The identification of patients that may benefit from CRT is a challenging task and the application of current guidelines still induce a non-responder rate of about 30%. Several studies have shown that the assessment of left ventricular (LV) mechanics by speckle tracking echocardiography can provide useful information for CRT patient selection. A comprehensive evaluation of LV mechanics is normally performed using three different echocardioraphic views: 4, 3 or 2-chamber views. The aim of this study is to estimate the relative importance of strain-based features extracted from these three views, for the estimation of CRT response. Several features were extracted from the longitudinal strain curves of 130 patients and different methods of feature selection (out-of-bag random forest, wrapping and filtering) have been applied. Results show that more than 50% of the 20 most important features are calculated from the 4-chamber view. Although features from the 2- and 3-chamber views are less represented in the most important features, some of the former have been identified to provide complementary information. A thorough analysis and interpretation of the most informative features is also provided, as a first step towards the construction of a machine-learning chain for an improved selection of CRT candidates.
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Triratnawati, ATIK. "Acculturation in Javanese Traditional Medicine Practice in Yogyakarta." KOMUNITAS: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 8, no. 1 (February 18, 2016): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v8i1.4960.
Full textAbstract:
The rampant practice of traditional medicine in the big cities in Java can not be separated from the influence of globalization. The practice of traditional medicine advertised through flyers, pamphlets, signage, television and internet. In medical practice, it can not be separated from the mixture of elements of the local culture, external/ foreign as well as modern medical later adopted in order to enhance public interest in their treatment. The purpose of this article is to analyze the practice of acculturation in traditional medicine both related to methods, tools, how to advertise and meaning behind the ways the adoption of other culture into the traditional practice.An intergrative ethnographic study was conducted in Bantul and Sleman, Yogyakarta, on traditional healers such as gurah, bekham, metaphysical/ spiritual, herbal, traditional massage therapy, as well as traditional healers specifically hemorrhoids. Other information was obtained from interviews with their patients.Medical pluralism by wrapping traditional therapy combined with health culture from the outside to attract consumers with a dogmatic way in order to improve the clients made by Javanese traditional healers. They advertise with testimony on local television screen with the aim of introducing methods, tools, disease cure rates, fees, in order made populair so the number of patients increases. Acculturation appears that more and more people believe in business practices and its treatment.
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Demers, M., and K. W. Neale. "Confinement of reinforced concrete columns with fibre-reinforced composite sheets - an experimental study." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 26, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 226–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l98-067.
Full textAbstract:
The wrapping of fibre-reinforced composite sheets around concrete columns is a promising method for structural strengthening and repair. This rehabilitation technique is of practical interest, as the lay-up of the sheets is rather easy; it does not require specialized tools, and the epoxy resins employed cure at ambient temperatures. Here, results of an experimental investigation are reported for 16 round reinforced concrete columns 300 mm in diameter and 1200 mm high. These columns were confined by means of carbon-epoxy sheets and loaded concentrically in axial compression. The effects of various parameters on the structural behaviour of the confined concrete columns are investigated. These parameters included the concrete strength, longitudinal steel reinforcement, steel stirrups, steel corrosion, and concrete damage. The test results show that composite confinement can considerably enhance the structural performance of concrete columns, especially with regard to ductility. The potential to restore the full strength of severely damaged columns is also demonstrated, as retrofitted columns exhibit axial load carrying capacities equal or superior to those of undamaged columns, along with significant increases in ductility. The contribution of the transverse steel reinforcement is seen to be minimal, as long as the stirrup spacing is medium to large. For such cases tests on plain concrete cylinders are sufficient for further investigations of this retrofit method, as the key parameters which really affect strength and ductility are the concrete strength, composite fibre type, and sheet thickness.Key words: fibre composite sheets, confinement, concrete, column repair, rehabilitation, strengthening.
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Minguela, Ignacio, Manuel Lanuza, Ramón Ruiz De Gauna, Raquél Rodado, Soledad Alegría, Alberto J. Andreu, María J. González, et al. "Lower Malfunction Rate with Self-Locating Catheters." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 21, no. 3_suppl (December 2001): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080102103s36.
Full textAbstract:
Objective We analyzed malfunction rates (obstruction, omental wrapping, displacement) and catheter survival for self-locating catheters as compared with other Tenckhoff catheter designs. Patients and Methods We conducted our survey at two centers, prospectively studying all self-locating catheters implanted from May 1997 to October 2000 and used for peritoneal dialysis (PD). Tenckhoff catheters of other designs used previously in our units were used as the control group. We analyzed removal causes and catheter survival. Results We studied 173 catheters (105 self-locating catheters, 53 straight catheters, and 15 coiled catheters) implanted in 139 patients (43% of them women) with a mean age of 53 ± 14 years. The analysis of catheter removal showed that 3 of 105 self-locating catheters, 3 of 15 coiled catheters, and 17 of 53 straight catheters were removed owing to malfunction (c 2: p = 0.0000). Kaplan–Meier curves showed that the bulk of removals for malfunction occurred within the first 3 months after PD start. The group of self-locating catheters showed better survival (log-rank: p = 0.0009). Other causes for catheter removal included peritonitis ( n = 22), exit-site infection alone ( n = 4), and end of PD treatment ( n = 66). No significant differences were seen in the annual peritonitis rate (straight-tip: 0.955 ± 2.315 episodes annually; coiled-tip: 0.651 ± 0.864 episodes annually; self-locating: 0.720 ± 1.417 episodes annually; t-test: p > 0.400). No gut or bladder perforations were observed. Conclusion In our survey, self-locating catheters were associated with better survival and fewer removals for malfunction than were Tenckhoff catheters of other designs.
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Kurbak, Arif. "Models for basic warp knitted fabrics Part II: single guide bar fabrics (closed-lap and open-lap)." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 10 (June 18, 2018): 1886–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518780001.
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Warp knitted fabrics are mainly used as household goods, technical textiles, medical textiles, etc. Modeling of these fabrics is necessary for predicting the desired technical or medical functions beforehand. In this context, the present series of papers is devoted to the modeling of basic warp knitted fabrics. In this, Part II of this series, models for single guide bar fabrics are created. There are mainly two types of single bar fabrics, namely closed-lap and open-lap single bar fabrics. Structures are also changed by having different lapping movements up to the five needle spaces. In this work, 1 and 1, 2 and 1, 3 and 1, 4 and 1 closed-lap and 1 and 1, 2 and 1, 3 and 1 open-lap single bar warp knitted fabrics are considered. During modeling, the loop leanings in the course-wise direction are considered, curvature equalities at the loop parts are attained as much as possible, two connected parabolas are taken as the fabric plane model of the loop connection part, loop heads are taken as parametric ellipses in two dimensions and the remaining loop parts are modeled by wrapping parabolic or cubic curves on imaginary cylindrical or conical objects. The models created are versatile and they can be changed and used for special cases. The models created are drawn to scale by using the 3DS-MAX computer graphical program. At first glance, it is seen that the shapes obtained by the models are similar to the ones that can be observed in real samples.
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Guo, Y. S. H., Wei Shen Zhu, Shu Cai Li, R. H. C. Wong, and B. Sin. "Growth Pattern Study of Closed Surface Flaw under Compression." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.158.
Full textAbstract:
Under extra compressive stress, some phenomena of rock spallings and fractures often exist on rock mass located in sidewalls of underground house and tunnels. It is the reason that the crack growth and coalescence initiation from original flaws (or faults) in rock mass. In the previous studies, many researchers took a flaw as a through flaw (2-dimentional model), but the flaws are not always through the whole rock mass in fact, most of them are only near the surface of rock mass, These are so named as surface flaws. They belong to three dimensional (2-D) flaws. Now, the reports on initiation and growth of 3-D surface flaw are few. So, for the investigation on growth patterns of 3-D surface flaw, a series of samples containing a surface flaw were carried out using frozen casting resin material at about -30°C temperatures. The surface flaw was made of a polyester film was used to model a single closed flaw on rock mass. The experimental results show that the wrapping wing crack (Mode I) initiated at the ends (or tips) of surface flaw first, and then formed a kinking zone (mixed crack zone) at a certain place at the middle of surface flaw region. Some petal cracks (Mode III) and shell-shaped cracks (Mode III) would grow at the middle place of flaw. A big fin crack (Mixed Mode) also emerged in middle of flaw and grown along loading direction. Finally, a team of large cracking curved faces deformed inside the resin specimen; the whole specimen would be splitted off by the initiation and growth of the cracks. The reasons lead to the fracture patterns of 3-D closed surface flaw were provided with brittle fracture mechanics theory in the article, preliminarily.
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Lee, H. B., C. J. Kim, and H. Y. Mun. "First Report of Stem Blight on Perilla (Perilla frutescens) Caused by Corynespora cassiicola in Korea." Plant Disease 93, no. 5 (May 2009): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-5-0550a.
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Perilla or kkaennip (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton), an annual herb of the mint family, Lamiaceae, is used in salads and kimchi and for wrapping sliced raw fish. In September 2007, a disease occurred on greenhouse-produced perilla (cv. Manchu) in Gwangyang and Jeonnam provinces, Korea. Symptoms included leaf blight and irregularly shaped stem lesions approximately 1 to 3 cm long. Plants eventually died. In some greenhouses, 10 to 30%, and occasionally as much as 70%, of the plants were affected. Isolations on potato dextrose agar yielded a fungus with single conidiophores (439 to 656 [average 524] μm long × 6.2 to 11.6 [average 9.2] μm wide) with three to eight septa. Conidia were fusiform, obclavate to subcylindrical, straight or curved, and 30.4 to 180.1 (average 98.2) μm long × 6.7 to 18.1 (average 10.5) μm wide with 5 to 16 (commonly 13) distosepta. On the basis of morphological data and ITS rDNA sequences, the fungus was identified as Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Curt.) Wei. (1,2). Sequences of one isolate, EML-COR1, were more than 99% identical to sequences of C. cassiicola ATCC64204 (GenBank Accession No. AY238606) and C. cassiicola (GenBank Accession No. EF490450). In pathogenicity tests, the stems and leaves of two 2-month-old wounded and nonwounded potted plants (cv. Manchu) were sprayed until runoff with a conidial suspension of 5 × 104 conidia per ml. The plants were maintained for 48 h in a humid chamber and then moved to a greenhouse. Symptoms similar to those observed in the commercial greenhouse developed on wounded stems within 10 days. On nonwounded plants, symptoms developed 3 to 4 weeks after inoculation. C. cassiicola was reisolated from these lesions. Control plants (sprayed with distilled water) remained symptomless. The experiment was repeated with similar results. Although C. cassiicola causes blight of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), and other crops, to our knowledge, this is the first report of C. cassiicola on perilla. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Page 372 in: Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. 1971. (2) J. L. D. Silva et al. Plant Pathol. 55:580, 2006.
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Zhang, Defen, Shifang Mao, Siyou Lan, Chengli Zhou, and Xiaoyan Liu. "CT Image Changes of Severe Acute Pancreatitis Based on Smart Electronic Medical Augmented Reality in Nursing Practice." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (April 26, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5522492.
Full textAbstract:
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is traditionally treated with chemical analysis. Faced with the increasing maturity of CT imaging technology, it is necessary to use more advantageous CT imaging to treat SAP. In this article, 72 SAP patients admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University were selected for study, of which 62 were severely ill, 8 were exacerbated, and 2 changed from severe to mild. This article combines the patient’s case records and related CT images during treatment from the perspective of nursing and conducts nursing research on the application of CT image changes in severe acute pancreatitis in nursing practice. CT image processing uses CT imaging system workstation (DICOM). The results of the study showed that, in the care of patients, 21 cases had recurrence after internal drainage, and the cure rate was 91.1%. Internal drainage is an effective way to treat SAP. The higher the incidence of pancreatitis, the more likely it is to relapse after SAP internal drainage, which may be related to repeated episodes of pancreatitis and repeated inflammation of the pancreas and pancreatic duct damage. 4 of the relapsed cases in this article are postchronic pancreatitis SAP, and the relapsed cases account for 50% of the chronic pancreatic cases. This may be due to chronic fibrosis of the branched and main pancreatic ducts, continuous abnormal pancreatic juice drainage. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore the prognosis of different causes of SAP. In terms of complication care, the overall complication rate was 16.6%. One patient died of postoperative hemorrhage. Analysis of the causes of cyst recurrence and complications may be closely related to the mechanism of the occurrence and development of SAP. The initiating factor of SAP is that the pancreatic tissue is damaged due to inflammation, trauma, or microcirculation disorder, and then the pancreatic juice leaks out of the pancreas, wrapping the pancreatic juice; it takes a certain time for the capsule of fibrous knot tissue to form and strengthen.