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Journal articles on the topic 'Wrasses'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 June 2025

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1

Cardona, L., O. Reñones, A. Gouragine, F. Saporiti, A. Aguilar, and J. Moranta. "Fishing alters resource partitioning between colour morphs in a temperate coastal fish." Marine Ecology Progress Series 648 (August 27, 2020): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13440.

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Resource partitioning in polymorphic fish species is expected to be altered by human exploitation, as individual specialization is density dependent in many vertebrates. We tested this hypothesis using the ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta as a model species. We compared the isotope niches of the plain and spotted morphs of the species in a marine protected area (MPA) and in adjoining areas open to fishing, both off Galicia (NW Spain). Underwater visual census confirmed a 3-fold increase in the biomass of ballan wrasse off the Cíes Islands compared to areas open to recreational fishing, thus demonstrating that populations outside MPAs are well below carrying capacity. The stable isotope ratio of C revealed differences in the resource use patterns of plain and spotted ballan wrasses both in areas open and closed to fishing, as plain wrasses were always depleted in 13C compared to sympatric spotted ones. The stable isotope ratio of N showed that plain ballan wrasses foraged consistently at a higher trophic level than spotted ones in areas of high population density closed to recreational fishing, whereas differences did not exist or were reversed in areas open to fishing. These results demonstrate that the pattern of trophic resource partitioning between 2 morphs of the ballan wrasse is density dependent and that plain and spotted ballan wrasses likely had different ecological niches in pristine ecosystems.

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2

Thomas, Jodi T., Erica V. Todd, Simon Muncaster, et al. "Conservation and diversity in expression of candidate genes regulating socially-induced female-male sex change in wrasses." PeerJ 7 (June 11, 2019): e7032. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7032.

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Fishes exhibit remarkably diverse, and plastic, patterns of sexual development, most striking of which is sequential hermaphroditism, where individuals readily reverse sex in adulthood. How this stunning example of phenotypic plasticity is controlled at a genetic level remains poorly understood. Several genes have been implicated in regulating sex change, yet the degree to which a conserved genetic machinery orchestrates this process has not yet been addressed. Using captive and in-the-field social manipulations to initiate sex change, combined with a comparative qPCR approach, we compared expression patterns of four candidate regulatory genes among three species of wrasses (Labridae)—a large and diverse teleost family where female-to-male sex change is pervasive, socially-cued, and likely ancestral. Expression in brain and gonadal tissues were compared among the iconic tropical bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum) and the temperate spotty (Notolabrus celidotus) and kyusen (Parajulus poecilepterus) wrasses. In all three species, gonadal sex change was preceded by downregulation of cyp19a1a (encoding gonadal aromatase that converts androgens to oestrogens) and accompanied by upregulation of amh (encoding anti-müllerian hormone that primarily regulates male germ cell development), and these genes may act concurrently to orchestrate ovary-testis transformation. In the brain, our data argue against a role for brain aromatase (cyp19a1b) in initiating behavioural sex change, as its expression trailed behavioural changes. However, we find that isotocin (it, that regulates teleost socio-sexual behaviours) expression correlated with dominant male-specific behaviours in the bluehead wrasse, suggesting it upregulation mediates the rapid behavioural sex change characteristic of blueheads and other tropical wrasses. However, it expression was not sex-biased in temperate spotty and kyusen wrasses, where sex change is more protracted and social groups may be less tightly-structured. Together, these findings suggest that while key components of the molecular machinery controlling gonadal sex change are phylogenetically conserved among wrasses, neural pathways governing behavioural sex change may be more variable.

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3

Dehnhard, Nina, Magdalene Langset, Asgeir Aglen, Svein-Håkon Lorentsen, and Tycho Anker-Nilssen. "Fish consumption by great cormorants in Norwegian coastal waters—a human-wildlife conflict for wrasses, but not gadids." ICES Journal of Marine Science 78, no. 3 (2021): 1074–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab004.

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Abstract Piscivorous wildlife is often perceived as competitors by humans. Great cormorants of the continental subspecies (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in the Baltic and North Sea increase, while local cod (Gadus morhua) stocks decline. In contrast, numbers of the Atlantic subspecies (Phalacrocorax carbo carbo), breeding along the Norwegian and Barents Seas, have been relatively stable. We investigated the diet of both great cormorant subspecies in breeding colonies along the Norwegian Coast from Lofoten to the Skagerrak and estimated the biomass of fish consumed annually by great cormorants in Norwegian waters. The birds’ consumption was compared with estimated fish stock sizes and fishery catches. Cod and saithe (Pollachius virens) dominated the diet in the Norwegian Sea and wrasses in the North Sea and Skagerrak. Estimated total fish consumption of cod and saithe by great cormorants was &lt;1.7% of estimated fish stocks and &lt;9% of that of human catches and therefore considered minor. Cormorant consumption of wrasses amounted to 110% of human catches. The practice of using wrasses as cleaner fish in the salmon farming industry leads to a conflict with cormorants, and we urge for a better understanding and management of wrasse populations, taking ecosystem functioning and natural predation into account.

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4

Evans, Kory M., Keiffer L. Williams, and Mark W. Westneat. "Do Coral Reefs Promote Morphological Diversification? Exploration of Habitat Effects on Labrid Pharyngeal Jaw Evolution in the Era of Big Data." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 3 (2019): 696–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz103.

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Abstract Coral reefs are complex marine habitats that have been hypothesized to facilitate functional specialization and increased rates of functional and morphological evolution. Wrasses (Labridae: Percomorpha) in particular, have diversified extensively in these coral reef environments and have evolved adaptations to further exploit reef-specific resources. Prior studies have found that reef-dwelling wrasses exhibit higher rates of functional evolution, leading to higher functional variation than in non-reef dwelling wrasses. Here, we examine this hypothesis in the lower pharyngeal tooth plate of 134 species of reef and non-reef-associated labrid fishes using high-resolution morphological data in the form of micro-computed tomography scans and employing three-dimensional geometric morphometrics to quantify shape differences. We find that reef-dwelling wrasses do not differ from non-reef-associated wrasses in morphological disparity or rates of shape evolution. However, we find that some reef-associated species (e.g., parrotfishes and tubelips) exhibit elevated rates of pharyngeal jaw shape evolution and have colonized unique regions of morphospace. These results suggest that while coral reef association may provide the opportunity for specialization and morphological diversification, species must still be able to capitalize on the ecological opportunities to invade novel niche space, and that these novel invasions may prompt rapid rates of morphological evolution in the associated traits that allow them to capitalize on new resources.

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5

Long, Douglas J. "An Eocene wrasse (Perciformes; Labridae) from Seymour Island." Antarctic Science 4, no. 2 (1992): 235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410209200035x.

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A nearly complete lower pharyngeal tooth-plate from a large (over 60 cm long) fossil wrasse (Perciformes: Labridae) was recently recovered from the middle to late Eocene La Meseta Formation on Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. This find increases the number of teleosts from the Eocene of Antarctica to five taxa, and further illustrates the diversity of the ichthyofauna in the Eocene Weddellian Sea prior to wide-scale climatic change in the Southern Ocean. The fossil wrasse represents the first occurrence of this family in Antarctica, and is one of the oldest fossils of this family from the Southern Hemisphere. Wrasses are not found in Antarctic waters today, and probably became extinct during the Oligocene due to a combination of climatic change, loss of shallow-water habitat, and changes in the trophic structure of the Wedell Sea.

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6

Olsen, Esben Moland, Kim Tallaksen Halvorsen, Torkel Larsen, and Anna Kuparinen. "Potential for managing life history diversity in a commercially exploited intermediate predator, the goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 2 (2018): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy183.

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Abstract Small-bodied wrasse species are important for structuring coastal marine ecosystems but are also increasingly harvested as parasite cleaners on farmed salmon. Identifying management regulations that will support long-term sustainability of wrasse fisheries is challenging, because there is still limited knowledge about the impacts of fisheries on the demography of these intermediate predators in their natural environments. To this end, we studied individual growth histories of goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris) at a fine spatial scale across replicated marine protected areas (MPAs) and areas open to commercial harvesting on the Norwegian coast. The MPAs were established 1–7 years prior to our sampling. We detected significant fine-scale spatial variation in wrasse asymptotic body size, but found no consistent difference between MPAs and fished areas. Male wrasses reached larger asymptotic body sizes than females, whereas fyke nets captured individuals with larger asymptotic body sizes compared with baited traps. These are the two commonly used gear types in wrasse fisheries. An extended use of baited traps, along with slot-size limits, could therefore aid in protecting large-growing phenotypes such as nest-guarding males.

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7

Sinopoli, Mauro, Renato Chemello, Antonino Vaccaro, and Marco Milazzo. "Food resource partitioning between two sympatric temperate wrasses." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 12 (2017): 2324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16363.

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The present study analysed two sympatric wrasses, Thalassoma pavo and Coris julis, with similar sizes and morphologies, that are widespread in the reef habitats of the Mediterranean and the eastern Atlantic coast. Ocean warming has induced the northward movement of T. pavo, whereas C. julis has been moving to deeper habitats. In addition, under conditions of high slope of the sea bottom, T. pavo occupies shallow habitats and C. julis is in greater abundance in deeper habitats. By investigating stomach contents and prey availability in the benthos, we assessed whether the two wrasses exploit food resources by choosing different prey within the same habitat both under co-existence and segregation conditions. The results showed that T. pavo mainly feeds on gammarids and sipunculids, whereas C. julis mainly feeds on Alvania spp. and Paguroidea. The two wrasses also showed an intrinsic partitioning of food resources, independently of the condition of co-existence or segregation and benthic prey availability in the environment. The two wrasses fall in the ‘over dispersion of resource use’ model, in which species share numerous niche dimensions in a variable manner. Our findings may contribute to exclude a greater trophic competition between these labrid species in a projected warming scenario.

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8

Fairclough, DV. "Partitioning of marine transition zone reefs among temperate, sub-tropical and tropical fishes is related more to depth and habitat than temperature." Marine Ecology Progress Series 672 (August 19, 2021): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13778.

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Changes in fish communities as oceans warm and cool and competition for space between established and novel species can be evaluated in biogeographic transition zones such as the west coast of Australia. At ~30° S in this region, a cool anomaly occurred in the 2000s, between marine heatwaves. Over 2 yr of that anomaly, surveyed reef fishes were 57% temperate, 18% sub-tropical and 25% tropical. The most numerous fishes included a wrasse, herring, bullseye, drummer and damselfish. Based on similarities in the composition of fishes, 7 significant clusters of reefs were identified along a gradation from deep, exposed reefs to shallow, protected lagoonal reefs. Endemic sub-tropical and temperate wrasses and damselfishes typified all reefs. Some of these were ubiquitous over exposed and lagoonal reefs and others prevalent in only one reef type, demonstrating habitat preferences and partitioning among closely related species. This was reflected in the differing order of importance of fishes that typified different reefs. Linear modelling indicated that abiotic (depth, distance from shore) and biotic factors (e.g. algae) explained most of the variation in the fish communities among reefs. Additional variation, particularly within lagoonal reefs, was related to relief, turf and corals, rather than water temperature. Occurrence and reproductive activity of a group of tropical/sub-tropical wrasses and damselfish in some lagoonal reefs with abundant tropical habitats (e.g. corals) suggested that they supported novel communities during cool anomalies. Better predictions of future change and interactions between existing and novel species with environmental cycles requires knowledge of species-specific habitat relationships and biology.

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9

Faust, Ellika, Kim Tallaksen Halvorsen, Per Andersen, Halvor Knutsen, and Carl André. "Cleaner fish escape salmon farms and hybridize with local wrasse populations." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 3 (2018): 171752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171752.

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The genetic impact of farmed fish escaping aquaculture is a highly debated issue. However, non-target species, such as cleaner fish used to remove sea lice from farmed fish, are rarely considered. Here, we report that wild corkwing wrasse ( Symphodus melops ), which are transported long distances to be used as cleaner fish in salmon farms, escape and hybridize with local populations. Recently, increasing numbers of corkwing wrasse have been reported in Flatanger in Norway, north of its described distribution range, an area heavily relying on the import of cleaner fish from Skagerrak. Using genetic markers identified with 2bRAD sequencing, we show that, although the Flatanger population largely is a result of a northward range expansion, there is also evidence of considerable gene flow from southern populations in Skagerrak and Kattegat. Of the 40 corkwing wrasses sampled in Flatanger, we discovered two individuals with clear southern genotypes, one first-generation hybrid, and 12 potential second-generation hybrids. In summary, we provide evidence that corkwing wrasse escape from fish farms and hybridize with local populations at the leading edge of an ongoing range expansion. Although the magnitude and significance of escapees warrant further investigation, these results should be taken into consideration in the use of translocated cleaner fish.

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10

Christie, Hartvig, Guri Sogn Andersen, Lise Ann Tveiten, and Frithjof Emil Moy. "Macrophytes as habitat for fish." ICES Journal of Marine Science 79, no. 2 (2022): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsac008.

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Abstract As different macrophyte habitats house different distributions of invertebrates, we questioned if differences in the composition of fish in these habitats also could be identified. Additionally, we addressed the question if the fish communities could be affected a few years after sugar kelp beds had shifted to degraded turf habitats. Gill-nets of different mesh sizes were used to catch fish in the then four dominating subtidal macrophyte habitats; the kelp species Laminaria hyperborea and Saccharina latissima, the turf algae, and the seagrass Zostera marina. Each habitat was sampled in South Norway, day and night, and at two following months. Altogether, 31 species of fish and five species of larger crustaceans were caught. Both individuals and species numbers were dominated by wrasses and codfish. The wrasses were most active at daytime, while most codfish entered the habitats at night. Wrasses were mainly occurring in the seaweed habitats, while codfish dominated the seagrass samples. The kelps had highest numbers of individuals, while seagrasses showed highest species diversity. The turf habitats did not result in dramatic negative effects on the fish fauna. Fish can take advantage of other adjacent habitats, a benefit that could be reduced by expanding shifts from kelps to turfs.

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11

Camarillo, Henry, and Martha M. Muñoz. "Weak Relationships Between Swimming Morphology and Water Depth in Wrasses and Parrotfish Belie Multiple Selective Demands on Form–Function Evolution." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 5 (2020): 1309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa041.

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Synopsis Mechanical tradeoffs in performance are predicted to sculpt macroevolutionary patterns of morphological diversity across environmental gradients. Water depth shapes the amount of wave energy organisms’ experience, which should result in evolutionary tradeoffs between speed and maneuverability in fish swimming morphology. Here, we tested whether morphological evolution would reflect functional tradeoffs in swimming performance in 131 species of wrasses and parrotfish (Family: Labridae) across a water depth gradient. We found that maximum water depth predicts variation in pectoral fin aspect ratio (AR) in wrasses, but not in parrotfish. Shallow-water wrasses exhibit wing-like pectoral fins that help with “flapping,” which allows more efficient swimming at faster speeds. Deeper water species, in contrast, exhibit more paddle-like pectoral fins associated with enhanced maneuverability at slower speeds. Functional morphology responds to a number of different, potentially contrasting selective pressures. Furthermore, many-to-one mapping may release some traits from selection on performance at the expense of others. As such, deciphering the signatures of mechanical tradeoffs on phenotypic evolution will require integrating multiple aspects of ecological and morphological variation. As the field of evolutionary biomechanics moves into the era of big data, we will be uniquely poised to disentangle the intrinsic and extrinsic predictors of functional diversity.

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12

Tea, Yi-Kai, Hudson T. Pinheiro, Bart Shepherd, and Luiz A. Rocha. "Cirrhilabrus wakanda, a new species of fairy wrasse from mesophotic ecosystems of Zanzibar, Tanzania, Africa (Teleostei, Labridae)." ZooKeys 863 (July 11, 2019): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.863.35580.

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Cirrhilabruswakandasp. nov. is described on the basis of the holotype and four paratypes collected between 50 and 80m depth over low-complexity reef and rubble bottoms at the east coast of Zanzibar, Tanzania, Africa. The new species belongs to a group of fairy wrasses from the western Indian Ocean, sharing a combination of characters that include: short pelvic fins (not or barely reaching anal-fin origin); relatively unmarked dorsal and anal fins; males with a strongly lanceolate caudal fin (except in C.rubrisquamis); both sexes with a pair of prominent facial stripes above and below the orbit; and both sexes with prominent purple scales and osseus elements that persist, and stain purple, respectively, even in preservation. This group of fairy wrasse is part of a larger complex that includes related species from the western Pacific Ocean. In addition to meristic and morphometric comparisons, we also compare mitochondrial DNA sequence data to the aforementioned, putatively related species.

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13

Tea, Yi-Kai, Hudson T. Pinheiro, Bart Shepherd, and Luiz A. Rocha. "Cirrhilabrus wakanda, a new species of fairy wrasse from mesophotic ecosystems of Zanzibar, Tanzania, Africa (Teleostei, Labridae)." ZooKeys 863 (July 11, 2019): 85–96. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.863.35580.

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Cirrhilabrus wakanda sp. nov. is described on the basis of the holotype and four paratypes collected between 50 and 80m depth over low-complexity reef and rubble bottoms at the east coast of Zanzibar, Tanzania, Africa. The new species belongs to a group of fairy wrasses from the western Indian Ocean, sharing a combination of characters that include: short pelvic fins (not or barely reaching anal-fin origin); relatively unmarked dorsal and anal fins; males with a strongly lanceolate caudal fin (except in C. rubrisquamis); both sexes with a pair of prominent facial stripes above and below the orbit; and both sexes with prominent purple scales and osseus elements that persist, and stain purple, respectively, even in preservation. This group of fairy wrasse is part of a larger complex that includes related species from the western Pacific Ocean. In addition to meristic and morphometric comparisons, we also compare mitochondrial DNA sequence data to the aforementioned, putatively related species.

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14

Hotta, Takashi, Kentaro Ueno, Yuya Hataji, Hika Kuroshima, Kazuo Fujita, and Masanori Kohda. "Transitive inference in cleaner wrasses (Labroides dimidiatus)." PLOS ONE 15, no. 8 (2020): e0237817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237817.

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15

Bernardi, G. "The use of tools by wrasses (Labridae)." Coral Reefs 31, no. 1 (2011): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-011-0823-6.

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16

Grutter, Alexandra S., Jennifer G. Rumney, Tane Sinclair-Taylor, Peter Waldie, and Craig E. Franklin. "Fish mucous cocoons: the ‘mosquito nets’ of the sea." Biology Letters 7, no. 2 (2010): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0916.

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Mucus performs numerous protective functions in vertebrates, and in fishes may defend them against harmful organisms, although often the evidence is contradictory. The function of the mucous cocoons that many parrotfishes and wrasses sleep in, while long used as a classical example of antipredator behaviour, remains unresolved. Ectoparasitic gnathiid isopods (Gnathiidae), which feed on the blood of fish, are removed by cleaner fish during the day; however, it is unclear how parrotfish and wrasse avoid gnathiid attacks at night. To test the novel hypothesis that mucous cocoons protect against gnathiids, we exposed the coral reef parrotfish Chlorurus sordidus (Scaridae) with and without cocoons to gnathiids overnight and measured the energetic content of cocoons. Fish without mucous cocoons were attacked more by gnathiids than fish with cocoons. The energetic content of mucous cocoons was estimated as 2.5 per cent of the fish's daily energy budget fish. Therefore, mucous cocoons protected against attacks by gnathiids, acting like mosquito nets in humans, a function of cocoons and an efficient physiological adaptation for preventing parasite infestation that is not used by any other animal.

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17

Morton, Jason K., and William Gladstone. "Spatial, temporal and ontogenetic variation in the association of fishes (family Labridae) with rocky-reef habitats." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 7 (2011): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10315.

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Habitat variability is an important factor structuring fish assemblages of rocky reefs in temperate Australia. Accepting the generality of this model requires that habitat-related variation is consistent through time, across multiple spatial scales, and applies to all life-history stages. We used repeated underwater visual surveys at multiple spatial scales over a 22-month period to test whether three distinct rocky-reef habitats had different wrasse assemblages and whether these assemblages were subject to spatial, temporal and ontogenetic variability. Overall, the strongest and most consistent habitat association was with sponge gardens, which had the most distinct assemblage, and the greatest species richness and density of individuals. Habitat associations in fringe and barrens were less consistent. A substantial increase in the abundance of small individuals, coinciding with warmer sea temperatures, contributed to temporal fluctuations in the density of wrasses. Overall, habitats were not strongly partitioned among larger individuals of the most abundant species, suggesting that adults are largely habitat generalists whereas small, recruiting individuals showed greater habitat specialisation. The present study emphasises the importance of incorporating spatial, temporal and ontogenetic variability into surveys of fish assemblages to understand more fully the dynamics of temperate rocky-reef systems.

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18

Layton, Cayne, and Christopher J. Fulton. "Status-dependent foraging behaviour in coral reef wrasses." Coral Reefs 33, no. 2 (2014): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-014-1138-1.

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19

Ferry-Graham, L. A., P. C. Wainwright, M. W. Westneat, and D. R. Bellwood. "Mechanisms of benthic prey capture in wrasses (Labridae)." Marine Biology 141, no. 5 (2002): 819–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0882-x.

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20

Almeida, Leandro A. H., Lorena A. Nunes, Jamille A. Bitencourt, Wagner F. Molina, and Paulo R. A. M. Affonso. "Chromosomal Evolution and Cytotaxonomy in Wrasses (Perciformes; Labridae)." Journal of Heredity 108, no. 3 (2017): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esx003.

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21

Semsar, Katharine, Heidi A. N. Perreault, and John Godwin. "Fluoxetine-treated male wrasses exhibit low AVT expression." Brain Research 1029, no. 2 (2004): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.09.030.

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22

Carnevale, Giorgio. "Middle Miocene wrasses (Teleostei, Labridae) from St.Margarethen (Burgenland, Austria) [121-159." Palaeontographica Abteilung A 304, no. 1-6 (2015): 124–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/pala/304/2015/124.

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23

Cole, A. J., M. S. Pratchett, and G. P. Jones. "Corallivory in tubelip wrasses: diet, feeding and trophic importance." Journal of Fish Biology 76, no. 4 (2010): 818–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02530.x.

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Siebeck, Ulrike E., and N. Justin Marshall. "Transmission of ocular media in labrid fishes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1401 (2000): 1257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0679.

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Wrasses (Labridae) are the second largest family of fishes on the Great Barrier Reef (after the Gobiidae) and, in terms of morphology and lifestyle, one of the most diverse. They occupy all zones of the reef from the very shallow reef flats to deep slopes, feeding on a variety of fauna. Many wrasses also have elaborately patterned bodies and reflect a range of colours from ultraviolet (UV) to far red. As a first step to investigating the visual system of these fishes we measured the transmission properties of the ocular media of 36 species from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and Hawaii, California and the Florida Keys, USA. Transmission measurements were made of whole eyes with a window cut into the back, and also of isolated lenses and corneas. Based on the transmission properties of the corneas the species could be split into two distinct groups within which the exact wavelength of the cut–off was variable. One group had visibly yellow corneas, while the corneas of the other group appeared clear to human observers. Five species had ocular media that transmitted wavelengths below 400 nm, making a perception of UV wavelengths for those species possible. Possible functional roles for the different filter types are discussed.

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Blanco Gonzalez, Enrique, and Femke de Boer. "The development of the Norwegian wrasse fishery and the use of wrasses as cleaner fish in the salmon aquaculture industry." Fisheries Science 83, no. 5 (2017): 661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12562-017-1110-4.

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Arvedlund, Michael, Akihisa Hattori, Kenji Iwao, and Akihiro Takemura. "When cleanerfish become anemonefish." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86, no. 5 (2006): 1265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315406014275.

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Here we report on a previously undocumented facultative symbiosis involving the wrasses Labroides dimidiatus and Thallasoma amblycephalum living in association with two species of sea anemones, on coral reefs in the north-western Pacific. By SCUBA diving we observed juvenile L. dimidiatus occurring in Entacmaea quadricolor (solitary type) cleaning the anemonefish Amphiprion frenatus and in Heteractis magnifica cleaning the anemonefish Dascyllus trimaculatus. Thallasoma amblycephalum co-existed in H. magnifica with the anemonefish D. trimaculatus, A. ocellaris and L. dimidiatus.

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Sundin, Josefin, and Fredrik Jutfelt. "9–28 d of exposure to elevated pCO2 reduces avoidance of predator odour but had no effect on behavioural lateralization or swimming activity in a temperate wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 3 (2015): 620–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv101.

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Abstract Most studies on the impact of near-future levels of carbon dioxide on fish behaviour report behavioural alterations, wherefore abnormal behaviour has been suggested to be a potential consequence of future ocean acidification and therefore a threat to ocean ecosystems. However, an increasing number of studies show tolerance of fish to increased levels of carbon dioxide. This variation among studies in susceptibility highlights the importance of continued investigation of the possible effects of elevated pCO2. Here, we investigated the impacts of increased levels of carbon dioxide on behaviour using the goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris), which is a common species in European coastal waters and widely used as cleaner fish to control sea lice infestation in commercial fish farming in Europe. The wrasses were exposed to control water conditions (370 μatm) or elevated pCO2 (995 μatm) for 1 month, during which time behavioural trials were performed. We investigated the possible effects of CO2 on behavioural lateralization, swimming activity, and prey and predator olfactory preferences, all behaviours where disturbances have previously been reported in other fish species after exposure to elevated CO2. Interestingly, we failed to detect effects of carbon dioxide for most behaviours investigated, excluding predator olfactory cue avoidance, where control fish initially avoided predator cue while the high CO2 group was indifferent. The present study therefore shows behavioural tolerance to increased levels of carbon dioxide in the goldsinny wrasse. We also highlight that individual fish can show disturbance in specific behaviours while being apparently unaffected by elevated pCO2 in other behavioural tests. However, using experiments with exposure times measured in weeks to predict possible effects of long-term drivers, such as ocean acidification, has limitations, and the behavioural effects from elevated pCO2 in this experiment cannot be viewed as proof that these fish would show the same reaction after decades of evolution.

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RICE, AARON N., W. JAMES COOPER, and MARK W. WESTNEAT. "Diversification of coordination patterns during feeding behaviour in cheiline wrasses." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 93, no. 2 (2008): 289–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00915.x.

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29

Wainwright, Peter C., Francesco Santini, David R. Bellwood, D. Ross Robertson, Luiz A. Rocha, and Michael E. Alfaro. "Phylogenetics and geography of speciation in New World Halichoeres wrasses." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 121 (April 2018): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.028.

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30

Overholtzer-McLeod, Karen L. "Post-settlement emigration affects mortality estimates for two Bahamian wrasses." Coral Reefs 24, no. 2 (2005): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-005-0477-3.

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31

Motson, K., and J. M. Donelson. "Limited capacity for developmental thermal acclimation in three tropical wrasses." Coral Reefs 36, no. 2 (2017): 609–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-017-1546-0.

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32

Bilal, Sumaira, Kai Lie, Odd Andre Karisen, and Ivar Hordvik. "Characterization of IgM in Norwegian cleaner fish (lumpfish and wrasses)." Fish & Shellfish Immunology 53 (June 2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.098.

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Bilal, Sumaira, Kai Kristoffer Lie, Odd André Karlsen, and Ivar Hordvik. "Characterization of IgM in Norwegian cleaner fish (lumpfish and wrasses)." Fish & Shellfish Immunology 59 (December 2016): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.063.

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34

Beldade, Ricardo, J. B. Heiser, D. R. Robertson, J. L. Gasparini, S. R. Floeter, and G. Bernardi. "Historical biogeography and speciation in the Creole wrasses (Labridae, Clepticus)." Marine Biology 156, no. 4 (2009): 679–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-008-1118-5.

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35

Balcombe, Jonathan P. "The Betrayed Fish: Reply to Oldfield." Journal of Animal Ethics 12, no. 1 (2022): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/21601267.12.1.06.

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Abstract Empirical evidence suggests that fishes, as a whole, are emotional and possess intelligence comparable to that of mammals. Furthermore, although data are sparse, recent studies suggest that representatives from the two major “fish” taxa—bony fish (e.g., groupers and cleaner wrasses) and cartilaginous fish (e.g., giant mantas)—may possess self-awareness and a theory of mind. These capacities indicate that a fish could be capable of the emotion of betrayal. Modern, small-scale aquaculture operations present preconditions in which betrayal might be felt by a fish.

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Kramer, MJ, O. Bellwood, and DR Bellwood. "Foraging and microhabitat use by crustacean‑feeding wrasses on coral reefs." Marine Ecology Progress Series 548 (April 21, 2016): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps11694.

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37

Rodríguez-Barreras, Ruber. "Demographic implications of predatory wrasses on low-density Diadema antillarum populations." Marine Biology Research 14, no. 4 (2018): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2018.1426861.

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38

Sponaugle, Su, and Robert K. Cowen. "EARLY LIFE HISTORY TRAITS AND RECRUITMENT PATTERNS OF CARIBBEAN WRASSES (LABRIDAE)." Ecological Monographs 67, no. 2 (1997): 177–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1997)067[0177:elhtar]2.0.co;2.

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39

Gerlach, Tobias, Dennis Sprenger, and Nico K. Michiels. "Fairy wrasses perceive and respond to their deep red fluorescent coloration." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1787 (2014): 20140787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0787.

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Fluorescence enables the display of wavelengths that are absent in the natural environment, offering the potential to generate conspicuous colour contrasts. The marine fairy wrasse Cirrhilabrus solorensis displays prominent fluorescence in the deep red range (650–700 nm). This is remarkable because marine fishes are generally assumed to have poor sensitivity in this part of the visual spectrum. Here, we investigated whether C. solorensis males can perceive the fluorescence featured in this species by testing whether the presence or absence of red fluorescence affects male–male interactions under exclusive blue illumination. Given that males respond aggressively towards mirror-image stimuli, we quantified agonistic behaviour against mirrors covered with filters that did or did not absorb long (i.e. red) wavelengths. Males showed significantly fewer agonistic responses when their fluorescent signal was masked, independent of brightness differences. Our results unequivocally show that C. solorensis can see its deep red fluorescent coloration and that this pattern affects male–male interactions. This is the first study to demonstrate that deep red fluorescent body coloration can be perceived and has behavioural significance in a reef fish.

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Baliga, V. B., and R. S. Mehta. "Scaling patterns inform ontogenetic transitions away from cleaning in Thalassoma wrasses." Journal of Experimental Biology 217, no. 20 (2014): 3597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.107680.

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41

Tatom‐Naecker, Theresa‐Anne M., and Mark W. Westneat. "Burrowing fishes: Kinematics, morphology and phylogeny of sand‐diving wrasses (Labridae)." Journal of Fish Biology 93, no. 5 (2018): 860–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13789.

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42

Milazzo, Marco, Federico Quattrocchi, Ernesto Azzurro, et al. "Warming-related shifts in the distribution of two competing coastal wrasses." Marine Environmental Research 120 (September 2016): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.07.007.

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43

C., Fulton, Bellwood D., and Wainwright P. "The relationship between swimming ability and habitat use in wrasses (Labridae)." Marine Biology 139, no. 1 (2001): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270100565.

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44

Gonzalez, Enrique Blanco, and Femke de Boer. "Correction to: The development of the Norwegian wrasse fishery and the use of wrasses as cleaner fish in the salmon aquaculture industry." Fisheries Science 87, no. 3 (2021): 425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12562-021-01502-z.

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45

Blanco Gonzalez, Enrique, and Femke de Boer. "The development of the Norwegian wrasse fishery and the use of wrasses as cleaner fish in the salmon aquaculture industry (Review Article)." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 87, no. 4 (2021): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.125j.

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46

Hodge, Jennifer R., Francesco Santini, and Peter C. Wainwright. "Correlated Evolution of Sex Allocation and Mating System in Wrasses and Parrotfishes." American Naturalist 196, no. 1 (2020): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/708764.

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47

Baliga, Vikram B., and Chris J. Law. "Cleaners among wrasses: Phylogenetics and evolutionary patterns of cleaning behavior within Labridae." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94 (January 2016): 424–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.09.006.

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48

Motson, K., and J. M. Donelson. "Erratum to: Limited capacity for developmental thermal acclimation in three tropical wrasses." Coral Reefs 36, no. 2 (2017): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-017-1580-y.

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49

Raihani, Nichola J., Ana I. Pinto, Alexandra S. Grutter, Sharon Wismer, and Redouan Bshary. "Male cleaner wrasses adjust punishment of female partners according to the stakes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1727 (2011): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0690.

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Punishment is an important deterrent against cheating in cooperative interactions. In humans, the severity of cheating affects the strength of punishment which, in turn, affects the punished individual's future behaviour. Here, we show such flexible adjustments for the first time in a non-human species, the cleaner wrasse ( Labroides dimidiatus ), where males are known to punish female partners. We exposed pairs of cleaners to a model client offering two types of food, preferred ‘prawn’ items and less-preferred ‘flake’ items. Analogous to interactions with real clients, eating a preferred prawn item (‘cheating’) led to model client removal. We varied the extent to which female cheating caused pay-off reduction to the male and measured the corresponding severity of male punishment. Males punished females more severely when females cheated during interactions with high value, rather than low value, model clients; and when females were similar in size to the male. This pattern may arise because, in this protogynous hermaphrodite, cheating by similar-sized females may reduce size differences to the extent that females change sex and become reproductive competitors. In response to more severe punishment from males, females behaved more cooperatively. Our results show that punishment can be adjusted to circumstances and that such subtleties can have an important bearing on the outcome of cooperative interactions.

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Berkström, Charlotte, Geoffrey P. Jones, and Mark I. McCormick. "Trade-offs in the ecological versatility of juvenile wrasses: An experimental evaluation." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 453 (April 2014): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2014.01.007.

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