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1

Wickramanayake, Ama Manjarie. "WRFM Process Improvement." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Engineering Management, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8953.

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The intent of this Project was to identify areas of improvement in Shell Todd Oil Services (STOS) Well, Reservoir and Facility Management (WRFM) practices, in order to meet full compliance with Shell global WRFM Standards by their next annual review in Q4 2014. A gap analysis was carried out to identify where improvement efforts must be focussed and measures to support optimisation, streamlining and alignment of processes have been recommended. The Shell Blade 27 – Well, Reservoir and Facility Management Guideline was used to obtain insight and understanding of the WRFM process and requirements. The STOS WRM Management Manual, WRFM Plans and Health-check outputs were used as supplementary documentation for the gap analysis. The Shell WRFM minimum requirements were used as the established benchmark against which STOS practices were measured using the asset assessment tool. Interviews were carried out to further highlight complexities and constraints at STOS to meet Shell criteria. The findings in this report provide evidence of issues that should be addressed for the continuous improvement of WRFM at STOS. These have been provided for the consideration of Shell Todd Oil Services Limited WRFM Steering Committee Chair.
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2

Carvalho, Susana Maria Caldeira da Silva Gouveia. "Validação de nuvens no WRF." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/11949.

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Mestrado em Meteorologia e Oceanografia
O presente trabalho pretende estabelecer uma metodologia para validação das nuvens geradas pelo modelo WRF operacional, disponibilizado na página do CliM@UA da Universidade de Aveiro. Utilizaram-se, para o efeito, ferramentas informáticas como os Sistemas de Informação Geográfica e programas de tratamento e interpretação de imagens de satélite. A verificação do modelo foi avaliada através de parâmetros probabilísticos e de atributos de objetos. Foi também efetuada uma análise da sensibilidade do modelo à microfísica das nuvens. Testaram-se quatro esquemas de microfísica, para além do que é considerado no modelo operacional. No que respeita à verificação do modelo operacional concluiu-se que este simula o campo de nuvens total de uma forma mediana e fica bastante aquém da realidade. No campo de nuvens altas o comportamento do modelo melhora, embora o modelo sobrestime a área de nuvens altas. Relativamente aos testes de sensibilidade, existe similaridade, no campo de nuvens total, no comportamento do modelo com as parametrizações de WSM6, WDM6 e Lin. Os resultados das parametrizações Kessler e Thompson são bastante inferiores. No campo de nuvens altas concluiu-se que o modelo com a parametrização de Lin é o que obtém o melhor comportamento. Do conjunto da análise da verificação e da sensibilidade, concluiu-se que seria aceitável experimentar a parametrização de Lin no modelo operacional.
This work aims to establish a methodology for validation of clouds generated by the operational WRF model, available on the website of CliM@UA (Aveiro´s University). For that purpose computer tools such as Geographic Information Systems and treatment and interpretation of satellite images software were used. The verification of the model was assessed using probabilistic parameters and object attributes. A sensitivity analysis of the model to the cloud microphysics was also performed. Four microphysics schemes, in addition to what is considered in the operational model were tested. From the operational model verification it was possible to conclude the model simulates the total cloud field in a median way, being far from reality. In the high clouds field the model behaviour improves, although the model overestimates the area of high clouds. From the sensitivity test, similar results were obtained using the parameterization WSM6, WDM6 and Lin for the total cloud field. The values obtained from the parameterization of Kessler and Thompson were considerably smaller. In the high cloud field it can be concluded that the model with the Lin's parameterization presents the best behaviour. From the set of parameterizations included in the sensitivity tests, it was concluded that it would be recommended to include the Lin's parameterization in the operational model.
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3

Waxegård, Anna. "Verifiering av WRF-modellen över Svalbard." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160191.

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Glaciologer har under en längre tid observerat förändringar av glaciärer på Svalbard, att några minskar i storlek och att vissa växer. Avsmältning med ökade havsnivåer och potentiellt ändrad havscirkulation till följd är ett scenario som berör människor över hela värden. Dessa förändringar kan eventuellt förklaras genom att koppla de meteorologiska förhållandena i området till större cirkulationsförändringar. De meteorologiska förhållandena över Svalbard har simulerats med en regional klimatmodell, WRF (Weather Research Forecasting), för tre domäner med upplösningarna 24 km, 8 km och 2,7 km. Modellen har testats i två versioner, standard-WRF med förvalda processbeskrivningar och WRF med processbeskrivningar anpassade för polärt klimat och har drivits med ERA-Interim data, som är en återanalys av de globala väderförhållandena framtagen av ECMWF. Resultaten från WRF har verifierats mot observationer uppmätta av AWS-stationer (Automatic Weather Station). Följande parametrar ingår i studien: temperatur, vindhastighet, specifik fuktighet, kortvågig in och utstrålning samt långvågig instrålning.  Simulationer med standard-WRF underskattar samtliga strålningsparametrar. En felaktig strålningsbalans leder till att standard-WRF simulerar för låga temperaturer. Att mängden kortvågig och långvågig instrålning är för liten beror förmodligen på att standard-WRF simulerar för stor mängd höga moln och för liten mängd låga moln. För vindhastigheten och den långvågiga instrålningen ökar respektive minskar korrelationen när resultaten från nedskalning från 24 km till 8 km med standard-WRF analyseras. Bäst korrelation för vindsimuleringar fås med standard-WRF i upplösningen 8 km. För temperaturen ger ERA-Interim bättre korrelation mot observationer än simuleringar med standard-WRF. Ett test av polaroptimerade WRF visar att detta utförande av modellen bättre förutsäger strålningsbalansen över glaciärerna och som en följd av detta fås en mer överensstämmande temperaturmodellering. Polaroptimerade WRF simulerar en mindre mängd höga moln och en strörre mängd låga moln jämfört med standard-WRF. Bättre molnmodelleringarna i kombination med ett mer passande schema som beskriver mängden kortvågig strålning ger en förbättrad energibalans. Vindmodelleringar i upplösningen 2,7 km utförda av standard-WRF och polaroptimerade WRF ger minskad korrelation och ökad spridning jämfört med simuleringar i upplösningen 8 km. Denna rapport visar på att polaroptimerade WRF är ett bättre alternativ än standard-WRF när Svalbards meteorologiska parametrar ska simuleras.
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4

Jörpeland, Jon. "WRF-data analysis at Svalbard 1989-2010." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-238812.

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A polaroptimized mesoscale climate model, Polar Weather Research and Forcasting model (WRF), has been used over the Svalbard archipelago for analysing last trends in climate. The climate model has been downscaled by the reanalysis model ERA-Interim to 8 km spatial resolution for the period 1989-2010. Annual and seasonal trends for three sites, scattered across the archipelago, were analyzed for three meteorological parameters, temperature, precipitation and wind. An additional lapse rate were calculated for two glaciers at Nordaustlandet. The analyze shows that the Polar-WRF model suggest an significance temperature increase by 0.67-0.82oC. However, changes in precipitation and wind are harder to prove. The calculated annual lapse rate at Nordaustlandet shows an temperature decrease by 4.2-4.6oC.
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5

Wilson, Aaron Benjamin. "Enhancement of Polar WRF atmospheric and surface processes: An annual simulation." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1268066611.

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6

Williams, John K. (John Kenneth). "WRF-Var implementation for data assimilation experimentation at MIT." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45784.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-57).
The goal of this Masters project is to implement the WRF model with 3D variational assimilation (3DVAR) at MIT. A working version of WRF extends the scope of experimentation to mesoscale problems in both real and idealized scenarios. A state-of-the-art model and assimilation package can now be used to conduct science or as a benchmark to compare new methods with.The second goal of this project is to demonstrate MIT's WRF implementation in an ongoing study of the impact of position errors on contemporary data assimilation (DA) methods [21]. In weather forecasting, accurately predicting the position and shape of small scale features can be as important as predicting their strength. Position errors are unfortunately common in operational forecasts [2, 14, 21, 27] and arise for a number of reasons. It is difficult to factor error into its constituent sources [21].Traditional data assimilation methods are amplitude adjustment methods, which do not deal with position errors well [4, 21]. In this project, we configured the WRF-Var system for use at MIT to extend experimentation on data assimilation to mesoscale problems. We experiment on position errors with the WRF-Var system by using a standard WRF test; a tropical cyclone. The results for this identical twin experiment show the common distorted analysis from 3DVAR in dealing with position errors. A field alignment solution proposed by Ravela et al. [21] explicitly represents and minimizes position errors. We achieve promising results in testing this algorithm with WRF-Var by aligning WRF fields from the identical twin.
by John K. Williams.
S.M.
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7

Tuchtenhagen, Patricia Nunes, and Patricia Nunes Tuchtenhagen. "WRF e o potencial eólico no Brasil em 2011." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2013. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3381.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
A crescente demanda e consumo de energia elétrica, tanto pela sociedade econômica como social; em adição à política mundial para a implementação de sistemas de geração empregando fontes renováveis, tem sido fator determinante na expansão de fazendas eólicas em diferentes países. Para a determinação do local para a instalação de fazendas eólicas é de importância fundamental proceder a estudos, realizar análises e avaliar a disponibilidade da fonte que permite gerar a energia, ou seja, do vento, em níveis de altura compatíveis com a dos geradores eólicos. Tendo em vista que, raramente se dispõe de dados de medições do vento necessários para consolidar os requisitos básicos e fundamentais, particularmente sobre o Brasil, é proposta, desenvolvida e aplicada uma metodologia que permite avaliar o potencial eólico sobre o país para um ano. Os dados necessários para elaborar o mapeamento e a avaliação do potencial eólico, durante o ano de 2011, foram produzidos, de hora em hora, com o processamento do modelo de mesoescala WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting). A avaliação dos resultados foi realizada em termos de médias diárias, número de horas sequenciais com ventos, vento médio acima de valores pré-estabelecidos de vento e período de rampa, análises sazonal e anual, frequência dos ventos e densidade da probabilidade de Weibull. Como conclusão geral da análise realizada, foram caracterizadas algumas regiões do país, localizadas próximas do litoral do Nordeste e Sul do país, que se apresentam como locais marcadamente favoráveis à instalação de fazendas eólicas. Entretanto, aponta-se, também, que há diversas outras áreas esparsas sobre o país que podem ser indicadas como locais com grande potencialidade energética.
The increasing demand and electric energy consumption, by both economic and social society, in addition to the worldwide politics for the implementation of generation systems employing renewable sources, has been determinant factors of the expansion of wind farms in different countries. To find out an installation local of wind power farms, it is of fundamental importance to proceed studies, perform analysis and evaluate the availability of the source to generate energy – that is, the wind at vertical levels which are consistent with the wind turbine height. Given that, scarcely the wind measurement data needed are available to consolidate the basic and fundamental requirements, particularly over Brazil, it is proposed, developed and a methodology is applied, for the assessment of wind energy potential over the country for a year. The required data for the mapping and assessment of wind energy potential, during the year 2011 were produced, for every hour, throughout the mesoscale model WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) forecasting. The result evaluation has been performed in terms of daily mean wind average, number of sequential hours with wind, wind above pre-established values and ramp period, seasonal and annual analysis, wind frequency analysis and Weibull probability density. The general conclusion of the performed analysis has been the characterization of some region of the country, located nearby the shoreline of the Northeast and South of the county, as remarkable locals favorable for the installation of wind farms. However, it has been also pointed out that there are several other areas, scattered over the country, which can be suitable places with great energy potentiality.
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8

Teixeira, João Carlos Martins. "WRF sensitivity to lower boundary and urban canopy parametrizations." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10175.

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Mestrado em Meteorologia e Oceanografia Física
Ao longo dos anos avanços, na tecnologia de satélite viabilizaram a aquisição de informações sobre a superfície da Terra, tais como elevação e uso do solo, com grande detalhe e resolução. Esta informação pode ser incluída em modelos numérico da atmosfera, atualizando e dando-lhes mais detalhes sobre as condições de fronteira inferior. Assim sendo, este trabalho visa estudar a sensibilidade do Weather Research and Forecasting model a três conjuntos de dados de topografia, e dois de uso do solo diferentes. Um caso de estudo em que a precipitação orográfica foi dominante sobre a Ilha da Madeira foi considerado mostrando que, em geral não existe um aumento significativo da performance do modelo ao usar topografia ou uso do solo de alta resolução. Contudo, existe uma melhor performance do modelo em simular a precipitação a barlavento e o fluxo a sotavento da ilha. Dada a natureza deste estudo, considerou-se também um teste à sensibilidade de três parametrizações de microfísica, sendo que os resultados encontrados não mostram alterações significativas aos resultados encontrados. Além disso, a introdução de um novo conjunto de dados de uso do solo tornou possível realizar simulações usando modelos urbanos acoplados. Assim, de forma a estudar a sensibilidade a estes modelos considerou-se um caso de estudo sobre a região de Lisboa. Ao utilizar um modelo urbano verificou-se que sobre a região urbana existe um arrefecimento à superfície quando comparando com as simulações de controlo. Além disso verificou-se uma grande diferença no escoamento e na energia turbulenta produzida sobre esta zona. Estas diferenças podem por sua vez intaragem com ondas gravíticas, alterando a sua fase e amplitude. Além disso, ao comparar os resultados com dados observados verificou-se que, em geral, não existe melhoria na performance do modelo para este caso de estudo. No entanto o uso do modelo urbano BEP melhora significativamente os resultados relativos à altura da camada de mistura.
Through the years, the advances in satellite technology made feasible the acquisition of information about the Earth surface, such as elevation and land use, with great detail and resolution. This information can be included in numerical atmospheric models, updating and giving them more details about the lower boundary. Given so, this work aims to study the sensitivity of the Weather Research and Forecast model to three different topography datasets as well as two different land use datasets. A test case study in which topography driven precipitation was dominant over Madeira Island was considered. Overall, results show that there is no enhancement of model skill when using higher resolution topography or land use. However, there is a higher model skill simulating precipitation on Madeira leeward and wind flow windward. Additionally, given the nature of this event, a sensitivity test was also performed considering three different microphysics parametrizations. This test showed that the choice of the microphysics parametrizations does not significantly change the results found for this event. Furthermore, the introduction of a new land use dataset turned possible to perform simulations using Urban Canopy Models. Therefore, the sensitivity of the model to these urban parametrizations was also performed. In this work, a case study for the Lisbon region was chosen and showed that the simulations that used a urban canopy model presented a cooling in the urban region. Moreover, larger changes were observed for wind flow and turbulence kinetic energy over the area. In addition, it was shown that these could change the phase and amplitude of gravity waves that were generated in the region. When comparing to observed data it was seen that there is no enhancement of model skill when using these models. However, the planetary boundary layer is better represent by BEP urban model.
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Melo, Camylla Maria Narciso de. "Using the WRF numerical model for the purpose of generation eolioelÃtrica: case study for MaracanaÃ, CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14606.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
This paper analyzes the mesoscale model WRF (Weather Research And Forecast) to verify its reliability in use as a research tool in areas with potential for eolioeletric generation. The area chosen for study was a farm located in Maracanaà in the state of CearÃ. On the farm was installed an anemometer tower of 80 meters high with three anemometers, 1 windsock, 1 temperature sensor and a pyranometer, all sensors connected to a datalogger. The data collected in this tower were used for comparison with the data obtained through simulations in WRF. In the simulations the model was evaluated for two different climatic conditions in the region, the rainy and the dry seasons. The periods chosen to perform the simulations are: March/2012 (representing the rainy season) and November/2011 (representing the dry season). Was performed five sensitivity tests, which were exchanged in the parameterizations of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL), Surface Layer (CS) and Ground Surface Model (GSM). The simulation results were evaluated according to the Pearson's correlation method, that one has parameter values from -1 to 1 which presents an index of correlations ranging from bad (-1) to great (1). The simulation with the best performance in the dry and rainy periods presented values for correlations of 0.76 and 0.58, respectively, considered good and fair to the Pearson's parameters. The model was able to satisfactorily represent the local wind behavior for the dry season of the year, and more research is needed in the area to analyze how the model behaves in the representation of the rainy season. Thus, this model provides satisfactory results to be used as a tool for evaluate areas with potential for eolioeletric generation, more research is needed to fit better.
O presente trabalho analisa o modelo de mesoescala WRF (Weather Research and Forecast) para verificar a sua confiabilidade na utilizaÃÃo como ferramenta de investigaÃÃo de Ãreas com potencial para geraÃÃo eolioelÃtrica. A regiÃo escolhida para estudo foi uma fazenda localizada no municÃpio de MaracanaÃ, no estado do CearÃ. Na fazenda foi instalada uma torre anemomÃtrica de 80 metros de altura com 3 anemÃmetros, 1 biruta, 1 sensor de temperatura e um piranÃmetro, todos os sensores conectados a um datalogger. Os dados coletados nesta torre foram utilizados para comparaÃÃo com os dados obtidos atravÃs das simulaÃÃes no WRF. Nas simulaÃÃes o modelo foi avaliado para duas situaÃÃes climatolÃgicas distintas na regiÃo, o perÃodo chuvoso e o seco. Os perÃodos escolhidos para realizar as simulaÃÃes sÃo: marÃo/2012 (representando o perÃodo chuvoso) e novembro/2011 (representando o perÃodo seco). Foram realizados cinco testes de sensibilidade, nos quais foram permutadas as parametrizaÃÃes da Camada Limite PlanetÃria (CLP), Camada de SuperfÃcie (CS) e o Modelo de Solo SuperfÃcie (MSS). Os resultados das simulaÃÃes foram avaliados segundo o mÃtodo de correlaÃÃo de Pearson, mÃtodo este que possui parÃmetros de valores de -1 a 1 onde apresenta um indicativo de correlaÃÃes que vÃo de pÃssimas (-1) a Ãtimas (1). A simulaÃÃo com o melhor desempenho no perÃodo seco e chuvoso apresentaram valores de correlaÃÃes de 0,76 e 0,58, consideradas forte e moderada, para os parÃmetros de Pearson, respectivamente. O modelo conseguiu representar de forma satisfatÃria o regime de vento local para a estaÃÃo seca do ano, sendo necessÃrias mais pesquisas na Ãrea para analisar como o modelo se comporta na representaÃÃo do perÃodo chuvoso. Assim este modelo apresenta resultados satisfatÃrios para ser utilizado como ferramenta para avaliaÃÃo de regiÃes com potencial em geraÃÃo eolioelÃtrica, sendo necessÃrias mais pesquisas para ajustÃ-lo melhor.
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Iwabe, Clara Miho Narukawa. "Ciclones secundários no Sudoeste do Atlântico Sul: climatologia e simulação numérica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14133/tde-08042013-180829/.

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Os ciclones secundários são sistemas que ainda não são bem definidos e, assim, são fenômenos de difícil previsibilidade, necessitando de mais estudos para identificar os sinais que disparam seu desenvolvimento. Neste estudo realizou-se um levantamento climatológico e estudo numérico de ciclogênese secundária no sudoeste do Oceano Atlântico Sul com o objetivo de obter informações sobre a atuação destes sistemas e entender os processos dinâmicos envolvidos no seu desenvolvimento. Para o período entre 1980 e 2010, a climatologia mostra que uma média de 3,9 sistemas secundários se forma por ano no Oceano Atlântico Sul. Estes sistemas ocorrem com maior e menor frequência nos meses frios e quentes, respectivamente. Dois tipos distintos de ciclones secundários foram encontrados. TIPO1 que se forma a leste e na região da frente quente do ciclone primário. Estes sistemas se desenvolvem sob advecção quente nos baixos níveis e pouca influência de anomalias de vorticidade potencial (VP) de altos níveis; TIPO2 se desenvolve a oeste/noroeste do ciclone primário onde predomina forte advecção fria em baixos níveis. No entanto, fluxos de calor e umidade intensos contribuem para aquecer a baixa troposfera e em altos níveis são forçados por anomalias de VP. Simulações numéricas com o modelo Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) indicam os fluxos de calor sensível e latente na superfície como mecanismos de intensificação dos ciclones secundários TIPO1 e TIPO2, sendo o fluxo de calor latente mais importante no abaixamento de pressão destes sistemas. Os experimentos numéricos mostram que o ciclone do TIPO2 não se desenvolve na ausência de anomalia de VP, enquanto que o TIPO1 se desenvolve mais fraco e atrasado no tempo. A análise por separação de fatores indica que a anomalia de VP e algum outro mecanismo não relacionado aos fatores avaliados nas simulações tiveram papel disparador no ciclone do TIPO1, enquanto a interação da anomalia de VP com os fluxos de superfície atuou como intensificador. No TIPO2, o desenvolvimento ocorreu unicamente pela atuação da anomalia de VP, a qual também agiu como um intensificador juntamente com os fluxos de calor e umidade, bem como os processos de interação entre estes dois fatores.
Secondary cyclones are systems that are not well defined yet and they are difficult to predict, requiring further studies to identify the signals that trigger their development. In this study we carried out a climatology and numerical study of secondary cyclogenesis over the southwestern South Atlantic Ocean in order to obtain information about these systems and understand the dynamic processes involved in its development. The climatology for the period 1980-2010 shows that an average of 3.9 secondary systems per year develops in the southwestern South Atlantic Ocean. These systems occur with more and less frequency in the colder and warmer months, respectively. Two distinct types of secondary cyclones were found. TYPE1 forms eastward and over the warm front region of the primary cyclone. These systems develop due to warm advection at lower levels and relatively weak influence of potential vorticity (PV) anomalies at upper levels. TYPE2 develops westward/northwestward of the primary cyclone where strong cold advection predominates at lower levels. However, in this type, the lower troposphere is heated due to intense heat and moisture fluxes and at upper levels it is forced by PV anomalies. Numerical simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) indicate that the sensible and latent heat fluxes on surface act as intensification mechanisms for both TYPE1 and TYPE2 secondary cyclones and that the latent heat flux influences more on decreasing the pressure in these systems. The numerical experiments show that the cyclone TYPE2 does not develop in the absence of PV anomalies, while the TYPE1 does, but it is relatively weaker and delayed in time. Factors separation analysis indicates that the PV anomaly and some other mechanism unrelated to the factors evaluated in the simulations have a triggering role in the development of the secondary cyclone TYPE1, while the interaction of PV anomaly with surface fluxes acted to intensify the cyclone. The TYPE2 development occurred solely due to PV anomaly, which also acted to intensifying together with heat/moisture fluxes on surface as well as the interaction processes of these two factors.
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Maldonado, Tito. "Regional Precipitation Study in Central America, Using the WRF Model." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-182208.

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Using the regional climate model WRF, and the NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis Project data asboundary and initial conditions, regional precipitation was estimated by means of thedynamical downscaling technique for two selected periods, January 2000 and September2007. These months show very particular climatic characteristics of the precipitationregimen in Central America, like dry (wet) conditions in the Pacific (Caribbean) coast of theCentral American isthmus, in January, and wet (dry) conditions, respectively in each coast,during September. Four-nested-domains, each grids of resolution of 90 km (d01), 30 km(d02), 10 km (d03), and 3.3 km (d04), were configured over this region. The runs werereinitialized each 5 days with 6 hours of spin-up time for adjustment of the model. A total of8 experiments (4 per month) were tested in order to study: a) two important CumulusParameterization Schemes (CPS), Kain-Fritsch (KF) and Grell-Devenyi (GD); and b) thephysical interaction between nested domains (one- and two-way nesting), during eachsimulated month.January 2000 results showed that the modeled precipitation is in agreement withobservations, and also captured the mean climate features of rainfall concerning magnitude,and spatial distribution, like the particular precipitation contrast between the Pacific and theCaribbean coast.Outputs from September 2007 revealed significant differences when a visual comparison ismade to the spatial distribution of each coarse domain (d01, d02, and d03) with theirrespective domain in each experiment. However, the inner grids (d04) in all theexperiments, showed a similar spatial distribution and magnitude estimation, mainly inthose runs using one-way nesting configuration. Furthermore, the results for this mothdiffer substantially with observations, and the latter could be related with associateddeficiencies in the boundary condition that do not reproduce well the transition periodsfrom warm to cold El Niño episodes.Moreover, in all the experiments, the KF scheme calculated more precipitation than the GDscheme and it is associated to the ability of the GD scheme to reproduce spotty but intenserainfall, and apparently, this scheme is reluctant to activate, frequently yielding little or norain. However, when rainfall does develop, it is very intense.Also, the time series do not replicate specific precipitation events, thus, the 5-daysintegration period used in this study, is not enough to reproduce short-period precipitationevents.Finally, physical interaction issues between the nested domains are reflected indiscontinuities in the precipitation field, which have been associated to mass fieldadjustment in the CPS.
Nederbörden i Central Amerika har uppskattats med dynamisk nedskalning för två utvaldaperioder, januari 2000 och september 2007. Global återanalysdata från NCEP-NCARsåteranalysprojekt har använts som randdata och initialdata till den regionalaklimatmodellen WRF. De studerade månaderna uppvisar stora variationer inederbördsmönster, t ex lite (mycket) nederbörd under januari och mycket (lite) nederbördunder september för kustområdena längs Stilla havet (Karibiska havet). Fyra nästladedomäner över Central Amerika har använts med en upplösning på 90 km (d01), 30 km (d02),10 km (d03) och 3,3 km (d04). Simuleringarna initialiserades var 5:e dag och de första 6timmarna efter varje initialisering används för modellens anpassning till initialtillståndet.Totalt 8 experiment genomfördes (4 för varje månad) för att studera: (a) två olika sätt attparameterisera konvektion i Cumulusmoln (CPS), Kain-Fritsch (KF) och Grell-Devenyi (GD)och (b) den fysikaliska interaktionen mellan de nästlade domänerna (en- respektive tvåvägsnästlade scheman).För januari 2000 var det god överensstämmelse mellan modellerad och observeradnederbörd. Modellen beskriver väl såväl mängden nederbörd som den rumsligafördelningen, t ex den stora kontrasten mellan kustområdena längs Stilla havet och Karibiskahavet.För september 2007 uppvisar den modellerade nederbörden stora skillnader i de olikaexperimenten för de yttre domänerna (d01, d02, d03). För den inre domänen (d04) ärresultaten från de olika experimenten betydligt mer lika, särskilt för experimenten medenvägs nästlade scheman. Vidare skiljer sig den modellerade nederbörden väsentligt frånobserverad nederbörd under september 2007. Detta kan förklaras med felaktiga randdatapå grund av problemet i återanalys data att reproducera perioder med övergång från varmtill kall El Niño. I alla experiment gav KF mer nederbörd än GD, det kan förklaras med att GDbättre reproducerar kortvarig, intensiv nederbörd. Det finns en viss tröghet innannederbörden i GD aktiveras, vilket innebär större frekvens av lite eller ingen nederbörd. Närnederbörden väl utvecklas blir den dock intensiv. WRF-modellen klarar inte av att återgespecifika nederbördshändelser för de genomförda experimenten, vilket betyder att 5-dagarär för lång simuleringstid för att kunna reproducera specifika händelser. Slutligen,interaktion mellan de nästlade domänerna skapar diskontinuiteter i nederbördsmöns.
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12

Heath, Nicholas Kyle. "WRF nested large-eddy simulations of deep convection during SEAC4RS." Thesis, The Florida State University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10000631.

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Deep convection is an important component of atmospheric circulations that affects many aspects of weather and climate. Therefore, improved understanding and realistic simulations of deep convection are critical to both operational and climate forecasts. Large-eddy simulations (LESs) often are used with observations to enhance understanding of convective processes. This study develops and evaluates a nested-LES method using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Our goal is to evaluate the extent to which the WRF nested-LES approach is useful for studying deep convection during a real-world case. The method was applied on 2 September 2013, a day of continental convection having a robust set of ground and airborne data available for evaluation. A three domain mesoscale WRF simulation is run first. Then, the finest mesoscale output (1.35 km grid length) is used to separately drive nested-LES domains with grid lengths of 450 and 150 m. Results reveal that the nested-LES approach reasonably simulates a broad spectrum of observations, from reflectivity distributions to vertical velocity profiles, during the study period. However, reducing the grid spacing does not necessarily improve results for our case, with the 450 m simulation outperforming the 150 m version. We find that simulated updrafts in the 150 m simulation are too narrow to overcome the negative effects of entrainment, thereby generating convection that is weaker than observed. Increasing the sub-grid mixing length in the 150 m simulation leads to deeper, more realistic convection, but comes at the expense of delaying the onset of the convection. Overall, results show that both the 450 m and 150 m simulations are influenced considerably by the choice of sub-grid mixing length used in the LES turbulence closure. Finally, the simulations and observations are used to study the processes forcing strong midlevel cloud-edge downdrafts that were observed on 2 September. Results suggest that these downdrafts are forced by evaporative cooling due to mixing near cloud edge and by vertical perturbation pressure gradient forces acting to restore mass continuity around neighboring updrafts. We conclude that the WRF nested-LES approach provides an effective method for studying deep convection for our real-world case. The method can be used to provide insight into physical processes that are important to understanding observations. The WRF nested-LES approach could be adapted for other case studies in which high-resolution observations are available for validation.

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13

Zepka, Gisele dos Santos. "Previsão de descargas atmosféricas usando o modelo de mesoescala WRF." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 2011. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m19/2011/07.15.19.09.

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Identificar, com razoável antecedência e confiabilidade, condições favoráveis à ocorrência de descargas atmosféricas é essencial para a emissão de alertas, bem como antecipar a adoção de estratégias, que eliminem ou minimizem o impacto negativo deste fenômeno meteorológico. O objetivo deste trabalho é estabelecer uma metodologia para prever a ocorrência de raios a partir da combinação de variáveis meteorológicas obtidas de simulações numéricas de alta resolução espacial com o modelo de mesoescala Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF). Este estudo também vislumbra melhor identificar e compreender princípios físicos inerentes às descargas atmosféricas que ocorrem durante o verão na região Sudeste do Brasil. Primeiramente foram selecionados doze casos de tempestades e, para eles, realizada uma avaliação da destreza do WRF, comparando parâmetros de superfície com dados de estações observacionais da CETESB e do CPTEC. A seguir, seis variáveis do modelo (CAPE, índice de levantamento, índice K, temperatura potencial equivalente, velocidade vertical média e integrado da razão de mistura de gelo) participaram de um método proposto para buscar as parametrizações de convecção e microfísica que melhor representam as condições atmosféricas quando da ocorrência de raios. A análise dos resultados permitiu a seleção de Grell-Devenyi, como esquema cumulus, e Thompson, de microfísica, nas simulações finais com o WRF. Dois métodos capazes de inferir qualitativamente a ocorrência de raios foram sugeridos, o Método Linear e o Método Normalizado. Ambos têm por base cinco das seis variáveis mencionadas acima, às quais foram atribuídos índices classificatórios que correspondem a probabilidades de ocorrência de descargas. O Método Normalizado foi considerado o mais adequado para a previsão de raios, por conseguir representar satisfatoriamente as condições da atmosfera quando os raios ocorrem e, com isso, apontar as regiões mais propícias. Os resultados finais deste trabalho se mostram promissores e indicam que a metodologia proposta traz avanços significativos neste campo multidisciplinar do conhecimento.
Identify, with reasonable advance and reliability, favorable conditions for the lightning occurrence is essential for alerts as well as adoption of strategies which eliminate or minimize the negative impact of this phenomenon. The objective of this work is to propose a methodology to forecast the lightning occurrence using a combination of meteorological variables obtained from high resolution numerical simulations with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model. The study also envisages identifying and understanding the relevant physical principles related to lightning discharges which occur during the summer season in Southeastern Brazil. Twelve thunderstorms cases were selected and the evaluation of the WRF results was performed using surface meteorological stations data of CETESB and CPTEC. Six model variables (CAPE, Lifted Index, K-Index, equivalent potential temperature, average vertical velocity and integrated ice mixing ratio) have been taken as part in the proposed method to find the convective and microphysical parameterizations which best represent the atmospheric conditions on the lightning occurrence. From the analysis, Grell-Devenyi and Thompson respectively were the cumulus and microphysical schemes chosen to the simulations with the WRF model. Two methods to infer qualitatively the lightning occurrence have been suggested, the Linear Method and Normalized Method. Both are based on five of the six variables mentioned above, to which have been attributed classificatory indices corresponding to the probabilities of discharges occurrence. The Normalized Method was considered the most appropriate for the lightning forecasting, because it is able to represent satisfactorily the atmospheric conditions when lightning occurs and, therefore, to identify the most favorable regions. The results of the study are promising and indicate that the forecasting method provides significant advances in this multidisciplinary field of knowledge.
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14

Ilich, Eri Ratnawati. "Enhancements of the Water Resources Management Model, WRMM, through an improved communication with users." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62760.pdf.

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15

Hughes, Saline. "Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Performance in a Water Radial Arm Maze (WRAM) Task." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1455038071.

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16

Ramada, Rodilla José María 1961. "Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Work Role Functioning Questionnaire (WRFQ) to Spanish spoken in Spain =Traducción, adaptación cultural y validación del Work Role Functioning Questionnaire (WRFQ) al castellano hablado en España." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/288047.

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Antecedentes: La traducción directa cuestionarios puede conducir a errores debido a diferencias culturales y lingüísticas. La utilización en estudios científicos de cuestionarios desarrollados en otros idiomas, precisa además de su traducción una adaptación cultural y validación. El Work Role Functioning Questionnaire (WRFQ) sirve para medir las dificultades percibidas en el trabajo debido a problemas de salud. Objetivos: 1) Revisar la literatura sobre la traducción, adaptación cultural y validación (TACV) de cuestionarios, y sintetizar y hacer recomendaciones para facilitar este proceso, 2) traducir y adaptar el WRFQ al castellano y 3) examinar la fiabilidad, validez y sensibilidad al cambio del WRFQ para su uso en estudios evaluativos. Métodos: La TACV se llevó a cabo mediante un riguroso procedimiento por etapas. Se diseñó un estudio transversal con 455 participantes y uno longitudinal prospectivo con 102 participantes para evaluar la fiabilidad, validez sensibilidad al cambio. Se evaluaron la consistencia interna, la fiabilidad testretest, la validez aparente y de contenido. La validez estructural se exploró mediante análisis factoriales confirmatorios. La validez de constructo se evaluó por medio de hipótesis. La sensibilidad al cambio se examinó mediante enfoques basados en la distribución y validez de las puntuaciones. Resultados: La TACV del WRFQ fue satisfactoria. Para la escala total, el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach fue 0.98 y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase fue 0.94. La validez aparente y de contenido se consideró adecuada. La estructura con cinco factores reflejó adecuadamente las diferentes dimensiones del cuestionario. Se confirmaron 7 hipótesis para evaluar la validez de constructo. Además, 4 hipótesis fueron confirmadas y 1 fue rechazada para evaluar la sensibilidad al cambio del cuestionario del instrumento. Conclusiones: El WRFQ es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir el funcionamiento en el trabajo en relación con la salud. Se encontró evidencia de la sensibilidad al cambio del cuestionario.
Background: Direct translation of questionnaires may lead to misinterpretation due to cultural and language differences. When using questionnaires developed in other languages in scientific studies, besides the translation, is necessary a cultural adaptation and validation. The Work Role Functioning Questionnaire (WRFQ) is an instrument to measure perceived difficulties to perform the job due to health problems. Objectives: 1) Review the literature on translation, cultural adaptation and validation (TCAV) of questionnaires, and synthesize and make recommendations to facilitate this process, 2) translate and adapt the WRFQ to Spanish and 3) examine the reliability, validity and responsiveness of the WRFQ in a Spanish working population so that it could be used in evaluative studies. Methods: A rigorous stepwise procedure was followed to achieve the TCAV. A cross-sectional study with 455 participants was designed to evaluate reliability and validity. A longitudinal prospective study with 102 participants was carried out to examine responsiveness. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, face and content validity were assessed. Structural validity was examined by means of confirmatory factor analyses. Construct validity was evaluated by hypotheses testing. Responsiveness was examined with a combination of distribution and anchor-based approaches. Results: The TCAV of the WRFQ to Spanish was satisfactory. For the overall scale, Cronbach alpha was 0.98 and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.94. Face and content validity was considered adequate. The five factor structure reflected fair dimensionality of the construct. For construct validity, seven hypotheses were confirmed and for responsiveness four hypotheses were confirmed and one was rejected. Conclusions: The WRFQ-SpV is a reliable and valid instrument to measure health-related work functioning in Spanish-speaking populations. Evidence about the possible use of the WRFQ for evaluative purposes has been found
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17

Lou, Mei Meng. "Weather simulation in Macao using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1943035.

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18

Lourenço, Romman Arantes. "Análise da sensibilidade do modelo WRF a diferentes perfis de resolução vertical." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2017. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21b/2017/07.28.14.11.

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A região Sul do Brasil é impactada por eventos meteorológicos severos devido à influência de diferentes sistemas atmosféricos. A Previsão Numérica do Tempo (PNT) busca otimizar a previsão desses sistemas. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar diferentes distribuições dos níveis verticais da atmosfera no modelo WRF (Weather Research and Forcasting) no intuito de se determinar qual melhor representa a região em estudo. Foi utilizado o sistema de assimilação de dados (WRFDA-3DVAR), com assimilação de dados convencionais e dados de radar. Foram feitas simulações com maior resolução vertical na Camada Limite Planetária (CLP) e elevando a fronteira superior do modelo. Os casos escolhidos foram os dias 30 de outubro, 07 de novembro e 13 de dezembro de 2014, em virtude dos sistemas atmosféricos presentes nessas datas e da disponibilidade de dados observacionais em superfície e altitude e dos dados de radar. As saídas do WRF foram comparadas com dados meteorológicos reais obtidos das radiosondagens existentes na região em estudo. Também foram analisados os campos de precipitação simulados pelo modelo, utilizando os produtos estatísticos Fractional Skill Score (FSS) e Local Root Mean Square Error (LRMSE). As rodadas do WRF realizadas com maior definição em baixos níveis apresentaram resultados satisfatórios tanto na simulação do perfil atmosférico, quanto na previsão no posicionamento dos campos de precipitação. A assimilação de dados de radar mostrou uma melhoria na previsão da localização dos núcleos de precipitação intensa.
The southern region of Brazil is impacted by severe weather events due to the influence of different atmospheric systems. Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) seeks to optimize the prediction of these systems. In this sense, the present study had as objective of analyzing different distributions of the vertical levels of the atmosphere in the WRF model (Weather Research and Forecasting) in order to determine what better represents the region under study. The data assimilation system (WRFDA-3DVAR) was used, with assimilation of conventional data and radar data. Simulations with higher vertical resolution were made in the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) and increasing the upper boundary of the model. The selected cases were October 30, November 7 and December 13, 2014, because the atmospheric systems present on those dates and the availability of observational surface and altitude data and radar data. The outputs of the WRF were compared with real meteorological data obtained from atmospheric sounding in the study region. Were also analyzed the precipitation fields simulated by the model, using the statistical products Fractional Skill Score (FSS) and Local Root Mean Square Error (LRMSE). The outputs of the WRF performed with higher definition at low levels presented satisfactory results both in the simulation of the atmospheric profile and in the prediction in the positioning of precipitation fields. The assimilation of radar data showed an improvement in the prediction of the location of the nuclei of intense precipitation.
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19

Saavedra, Murrugarra Yenny Marisol. "Validación del modelo WRF en el Valle de Cajamarca, Región Cajamarca, Perú." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/139925.

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Magíster en Meteorología y Climatología
En el valle de Cajamarca, ubicado en la sierra norte del Perú, la utilización de modelos meteorológicos de mesoescala y la modelación atmosférica son escasos al igual que los estudios de caracterización climática. En la presente investigación se realizó la caracterización climática de las principales variables meteorológicas en el valle utilizando datos de la red de estaciones del SENAMHI. Además se modelaron las condiciones de mesoescala para los meses de marzo y agosto de 2010 y así medir el desempeño del modelo meteorológico de mesoescala WRF en la representación de temperatura, precipitación y vientos. Los resultados de la modelación reproducen de buena forma el ciclo diario de temperatura, la modesta variabilidad inter-diaria de las temperaturas máximas y la mayor variabilidad de las temperaturas mínimas. El modelo sobrestimó en magnitud a las temperaturas mínimas en las partes altas y en el fondo del valle, mientras que en la ladera fueron subestimadas. Reproduce de buena manera la circulación local durante el día, lo que no ocurre con los vientos nocturnos. El modelo logra captar la estacionalidad marcada de la precipitación con condiciones secas durante agosto y las lluviosas que ocurren en marzo, sobrestimando sus valores sobre todo en las partes altas del valle.
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20

Soares, Carina Alexandra Carvalho. "Validação de estimativas do recurso eólico obtidas com o modelo numérico WRF." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/7159.

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Mestrado em Meteorologia e Oceanografia Física
O presente trabalho propõe avaliar a qualidade das previsões dos dados de vento produzidos pelo modelo de previsão numérica WRF-ARW, em foco na avaliação do recurso eólico para aproveitamento energético. Os locais seleccionados para análise possuem características climáticas distintas, sendo estes localizados em Portugal, Polónia, Roménia e Cabo Verde. Foram efectuadas uma ou mais simulações para os locais em questão de forma a obter períodos de 6 ou 12 meses de dados simultâneos com estações anemométricas a operar nos domínios em questão. Tendo em conta que o objectivo era averiguar a qualidade das simulações para a avaliação do recurso eólico, este estudo baseia-se nas componentes horizontais do vento. A validação do vento previsto pelo WRF para avaliação de locais de futuros parques eólicos foi efectuada tomando em consideração parâmetros estatísticos como o erro médio quadrático (RMSE), erro sistemático (BIAS), o desvio padrão (STDE), o coeficiente de correlação (R2, a, b), e a semelhança entre as rosas-dos-ventos, rosas-dos-ventos de produção de energia e histograma da intensidade do vento. Os resultados foram satisfatórios para o tipo de avaliação pretendida, constatando que as fontes de desvios podem provir maioritariamente dos ficheiros de dados meteorológicos utilizados como condições inicias (Reanalysis 1 NCEP/NCAR) e dos dados de cobertura do solo (GTOPO 30) integrados pelo modelo.
The propose of this work is to evaluate the quality of wind data produced by the numeric forecasting model WRFARW. The chosen sites for this analyses show distinct climatic characteristics are located in Portugal, Poland, Romania and Cape Verde. One or more simulations for the above mentioned locations have been conducted to obtain results for periods of 6 or 12 months concurrent with the observations. The objective was to verify the quality of simulations for wind assessment the analyses was based on the horizontal component of the wind vector. The validation of the modeled wind took into account statistic measures like the RMSE, the systematic error BIAS, the standard deviation, the coefficient of correlation R2, a, b, the comparison of wind roses, wind roses of energy production and wind speed histogram. The results of this work are satisfying for the type of analyze which was pretended. The deviation sources can be mainly provided from initial conditions (Reanalysis 1 NCEP/NCAR) and soil cover (GTOPO30) integrated by numerical model.
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21

Fonseca, Dora Letícia Silva. "Acoplamento do WRF a um modelo de radiação solar de céu limpo." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/11964.

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Mestrado em Meteorologia e Oceanografia Física
A radiação solar, para além de ser responsável pelas condições meteorológicas e circulações oceânicas, adquire uma nova importância como fonte de energia renovável. Para tal, é necessário quantificar este recurso recorrendo a dados observados ou a dados simulados. Os modelos têm sido essenciais nessa medida, proporcionando dados de irradiância para locais onde existe ausência de medições. Os modelos meteorológicos numéricos de mesoescala, como o WRF, permitem uma previsão de dados de radiação, mas não com o detalhe espacial e temporal por vezes necessário. Uma alternativa consiste no acoplamento entre modelos meteorológicos de mesoscala e modelos locais de radiação. Com este trabalho pretende-se testar a sensibilidade a diferentes resoluções de malha e parametrizações do modelo WRF, com o objetivo de sugerir uma configuração padrão para alimentar um modelo de radiação solar de céu limpo de alta resolução, fazendo uso de técnicas de decomposição da radiação solar. Para otimização da configuração WRF são utilizados dados de radiação solar global, na horizontal, provenientes de estações localizadas na ilha do Corvo (Açores) e Madeira. Calcularam-se várias medidas estatísticas. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo decomposição da radiação solar com a melhor prestação é o modelo DIRINT. Dos esquemas de parametrização testados, os esquemas GWG e DEK, aparentam ser mais robustos. Entre estas combinações não é apresentada uma melhor prestação, variando em função do período em estudo e domínio. Contudo, para a ilha do Corvo, a combinação DEK apresenta um bom resultado para o mês de Outubro, no domínio D03 e pior para o mês de Julho. Para as estações da ilha da Madeira a melhor prestação é apresentada pelo mês de Março, na estação da Bica da Cana. Outra conclusão mostrada pelos resultados é que a estação localizada na zona rural e numa maior altitude apresenta melhores resultado. Observando-se que não há um conjunto de esquemas de parametrização e uma resolução de malha que seja o melhor para todas as situações.
The solar radiation, aside from being responsible for meteorological conditions and ocean circulations, has also acquired a newfound importance as a renewable energy source. As such, a quantification of this resource is necessary using either observed or simulated data. Models have thus become increasingly important, as they generate irradiance data for places where measurements are lacking. Mesoscale numerical weather prediction models, such as the WRF, can be used to predict radiation data, but not always with enough spatial and temporal detail. An alternative consists of coupling different mesoscale meteorological models with local radiation models. This study aims at testing WRF’s sensibility to different grid resolutions and parameterizations, with the goal of suggesting a standard configuration to feed a high resolution clear sky solar radiation model, through the use of solar radiation decomposition techniques. In order to optimize the WRF configuration, horizontal fields of global solar radiation data from measuring stations in the Corvo Island (in Azores) and Madeira were used. Several statistical measures were computed. The results showed that the solar radiation decomposition model with the best performance is the DIRINT model. From the tested schemes, the GWG and DEK schemes appear to be the most robust. Among these combinations, an overall best performance is not presented, as results vary according to the time period at study and the spatial domain. Nevertheless, for the Corvo Island, the DEK combination shows a good result for the month of October, for the D03 domain, but with worse results for the month of July. For the Madeira Island, the best performance is recorded for the month of March, at the Bica da Cana station. This study has also shown that the station located in the rural area and at a higher altitude has the best results. It was observed that there is no set of parameterization schemes or a grid resolution that is the best for every situation at study.
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22

Joustra, Caryssa. "A Framework for Determining Building Water Cycle Resilience Using a Dynamic Water Resilience Assessment Model (WRAM)." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5855.

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The aim of this project was to quantitatively measure the resilience of the building water cycle. In order to accomplish this goal, a framework was developed that outlines how building water resilience can be evaluated. The framework presented assumed that resilience describes the fulfillment of system functions; in this case, the system functions considered are those actualized by the building water system. A building water resilience assessment model (WRAM) was developed with the ability to simulate different building water cycles and resilience scenarios. Resilience is dependent on the type and magnitude of a disturbance. Therefore, unique disruption scenarios were developed to test the building water cycle resilience: (1) loss of municipal potable water and (2) loss of both municipal potable water and power. Under each scenario, the building water cycle was tested based on the type of building and the water management strategies utilized by the building. The WRAM requires organization of water demand and source connections, and an explicit prioritization framework was produced based on water source and demand preferences found in literature. The framework gives priority to treated wastewater, stormwater, rainwater, condensate, reclaimed water, and potable water, respectively. The baseline prioritization may be manipulated by restricting demand-source connections, and shifting priorities was shown to affect the potential for potable water offsets as a precursor to resilience. Real building water demand profiles were developed from data collected using smart meters at four building sites (multi-residential neighborhood, commercial building, elementary school, and community center). Water source profiles were developed using hourly climate data for the region. Detailed building water demand and supply profiles were developed for the multi-residential and elementary school building sites for resilience assessment using the WRAM. Each building water profile was adapted into 9 scenarios with each subjected to the two disruption schemes for 5 different disruption durations (1 hour, 6 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, and 168 hours) at 10 different randomized dates and time throughout the year. The result was 450 model runs for each building subjected to each disruption scheme (potable water loss or potable water and central power loss). The relationship between resilience and sustainability was examined based on sustainable building practices accepted by the U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC) Leadership in Environmental and Energy Design (LEED) green building rating system. Building WRAM outcomes include unique water demand and supply profiles used to describe resilience in terms of the level of service (LOS) of building water functions. Analysis of water profiles validated redundancy, diversity, capacity, alternative water, passivity, preparation, and adaptation potential indicators as gauges of the resilience of the building water cycle. Results showed that resilience correlates with alternative water building water management strategies, but high resilience values are still attainable using storage of non-renewable, non-sustainable sources. However, building water cycles utilizing alternative water maintained steadier resilience as disruption lengths increase due to the ability of sources to be replenished during disruption events. The strongest correlation with LOS was observed for the diversity, redundancy, alternative water, and capacity indicators when scenarios utilizing only potable water were excluded from analysis. For these scenarios, correlation values were 0.56 for diversity, 0.56 for redundancy, 0.60 for capacity, and 1.00 for alternative water for the multi-residential building subjected to potable water loss; and 0.33 for diversity, 0.24 for redundancy, 0.62 for capacity, and 1.00 for alternative water for the multi-residential building subjected to both potable water and central power disruption. For elementary school scenarios that did not utilize potable water storage, correlation values were 0.67 for diversity, 0.64 for redundancy, 0.06 for capacity, and 0.89 for alternative water when subjected to disruption of potable water; and 0.67 for diversity, 0.64 for redundancy, 0.06 for capacity, and 0.80 for alternative water when subjected to disruption of potable water and central power. Passivity correlation to LOS was between 0.77 and 1.00 for all scenarios, building types, and disruption schemes. Passivity correlation with LOS was lower for potable water disruption scenarios, but higher when building water cycles lost power in addition to potable water. The average of each indicator was also calculated for each scenario for each of the five disruption durations by grouping the individual values from each of the 10 randomized disruption start dates and times. The correlation between the average capacity indicator and LOS greatly increased with this method to a range of 0.41 to 0.78 for all buildings subjected to each disruption scheme. In addition, a positive correlation between the preparation indicator and LOS (and corresponding negative correlation between the adaptation potential indicator and LOS) emerged for scenarios that do not utilize potable water storage. For disruption of potable water, the preparation correlation value was 0.94 for the multi-residential building and 0.78 for the elementary school. For disruption of potable water and central power, the preparation correlation value was 0.32 for the multi-residential building and 0.79 for the elementary school.
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23

Wille, Jonathan D. "Analysis of the AMPS-Polar WRF Boundary Layer at the Alexander Tall Tower! site on the Ross Ice Shelf." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437500291.

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24

Jourdier, Bénédicte. "Study and implementation of mesoscale weather forecasting models in the wind industry." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-91322.

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As the wind industry is developing, it is asking for more reliable short-term wind forecasts to better manage the wind farms’ operations and electricity production. Developing new wind farms also requires correct assessments of the long-term wind potentials to decide whether to install a wind farm at a specific location. This thesis is studying a new generation of numerical weather forecasting models, named mesoscale models, to see how they could answer those needs. It is held at the company Maïa Eolis which operates several wind farms in France. A mesoscale model, the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), was chosen and used to generate high resolution forecasts based on lower resolution forecasts from NCEP’s Global Forecasting System. The stages for implementation of daily forecasts for the company’s wind farms were: explore and configure the model, automate the runs, develop post-processing tools and forecasts visualization software which was intended to be used by the management team. WRF was also used to downscale wind archives of NCEP’s Final Analysis and determine the possibility to use these in assessing wind potentials. Finally the precision of the model in both cases and for each wind farm was assessed by comparing attained data from the model with real power production.
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25

MARTINS, Rafael Castelo Guedes. "Estudo da sensibilidade do modelo WRF às parametrizações de microfísica de nuvens e à assimilação de dados observados." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2014. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1466.

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Um dos principais desafios atuais da modelagem numérica da atmosfera trata da previsão quantitativa da precipitação e do posicionamento das nuvens de chuva. Este trabalho tem com o principal objetivo avaliar o desempenho das arametrizações de microfísicas na modelagem regional com ênfase no papel da informação de grande escala e sua influência sobre as simulações, e no uso de dados observados de radiossondagens como forma de acrescentar informação à modelagem . Inicialmente, duas reanálises (NCEP2 e ERAI) foram estatisticamente comparadas com dados de PCDs do Estado do Ceará. Verificou - se qu e a ERAI apresentou maior semelhança com as observações, principalmente para as variáveis diretamente ligadas à convecção. Em seguida, a ERAI foi utilizada como forçamento de grande escala em simulações com o modelo WRF. Observou- se que o uso de microfísica detalhada não melhora necessariamente a previsão do modelo, caso não sejam utilizados dados observados no local de estudo. Por último, duas simulações de alta resolução foram realizadas. Uma forçada pela reanálise sem modificação e outra forçada pela reanálise modificada utilizando o método de análise objetiva do WRF, para incluir as séries temporais de radiossondagens coletadas durante campanha experimental do Projeto CHUVA, em Fortaleza- CE. As duas simulações foram comparadas com dados observados pelo radiômetro para o mesmo local e período das radiossondagens . Observou - se que a inclusão das observações de sondagens na modelagem possibilita melhor modelagem de um sistema convectivo ocorrido em abril de 2011, principalmente para as variáveis ligadas à convecção. Este trabalho aponta, utilizando análises comparativas e estatísticas, que a utilização de uma maior densidade de dados observacionais válidos no modelo pode melhorar de forma muito mais eficiente o resultado da modelagem, do que mesmo a utilização do downscaling dinâmico do dado de grande escala ou a utilização de esquemas de microfísica detalhada, que, em algumas situações, pode inclusive inserir mais erros nos sistema s modelados.
The quantitative prediction of precipitation and the positioning of the rain clouds is one of the main challenges of numerical modeling of the atmosphere in present days. This work aims to evaluate the performance of the microphysical parameterizations in regional modeling, with emphasis on the role of large- scale information and its influence on the simulations, and the use of observational data from radiosondes as a way to add information to modeling. Initially, two reanalysis (NCEP2 and ERAI) were statistically compared with data from PCDs from the Ceará State. It was found that the ERAI showed similarity to the observations, especially for variables directly linked to convection. Then, the ERAI is used as large scale forcing in simulations with the WRF model. It was observed that the use of detailed microphysics does not necessarily improve the model performance, if in situ data were not used. Finally, two high resolution simulations were performed. The first f orced by reanalysis without modification and other forced by reanalysis using the modified method of objective analysis of the WRF, to include the time series of radiosonde observations collected during the experimental campaign of the CHUVA Project in Fortaleza- CE. The two simulations were compared with data observed by the radiometer to the same place and period of the radiosonde. It was observed that the inclusion of radiosonde observations in to the model leads to a better simulation of a convective system that occurred in April 2011, mostly for the variables related to convection. Using comparative statistical analysis, t his work points that the use of a higher density of valid observational data in the model can improve much more efficiently the model results than the use of a dynamic downscal ing of large- scale data or the use of schemes with detailed microphysics, which in some circumstances may even introduce more errors into the modeled system s.
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26

Bender, Fabiani Denise. "Verificação da previsão do tempo em São Paulo com o modelo operacional WRF." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14133/tde-19122012-120128/.

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Este estudo tem como objetivo a verificação das previsões diárias, das temperaturas máxima e mínima e precipitação acumulada, realizadas pelo modelo operacional de previsão numérica do tempo WRF (Weather Research Forecasting) para o estado de São Paulo. As condições iniciais e de fronteira fornecidas pela análise e previsão das 00UTC do modelo Global Forecast System (GFS), são usados no processamento do WRF, para previsões de 72 horas, em duas grades aninhadas (espaçamentos horizontais de grade de 50 km, D1, e 16,6 km, D2). O período avaliado foi de abril de 2010 a março de 2011. As comparações diárias das temperaturas máxima e mínima foram realizadas entre os valores preditos e observados nas estações de superfície de Registro, São Paulo, Paranapanema, Campinas, Presidente Prudente e Votuporanga (dados da CIIAGRO); através do erro médio (EM) e raiz do erro médio quadrático (REQM), para os prognósticos das 36, 60 e 72 horas. A precipitação acumulada diária é avaliada com relação ao produto MERGE, pela aplicação da ferramenta MODE, na previsão das 36 horas, para um limiar de 0,3 mm, no domínio espacial abrangendo o Estado de São Paulo e vizinhanças. Primeiramente, fez-se uma análise, comparando os pares de grade dos campos previsto e observado, utilizando os índices estatísticos de verificação tradicional de probabilidade de acerto (PA); índice crítico de sucesso (ICS); viés (VIÉS); probabilidade de detecção (PD) e razão de falso alarme (RFA). Posteriormente, foram analisados os campos de precipitação com relação à razão de área (RA); distância dos centroides (DC); razões de percentil 50 (RP50) e 90 (RP90). Os resultados evidenciaram que as saídas numéricas do modelo WRF com D2 tiveram desempenho melhor comparado à grade de menor resolução (maior espaçamento de grade horizontal, D1), tanto no prognóstico diário das temperaturas (máxima e mínima) quanto da precipitação acumulada. A temperatura apresentou um padrão de amortecimento, com temperaturas diárias máxima subestimada e mínima superestimada. Com relação à precipitação, as saídas numéricas do modelo GFS e WRF com D2 mostraram desempenho semelhante, com o D2 apresentando índices ligeiramente melhores, enquanto que as saídas numéricas do modelo WRF com D1 exibiram pior desempenho. Verificou-se um padrão de superestimativa, tanto em termos de abrangência espacial quanto em intensidade, para o modelo GFS e WRF em ambos os domínios simulados, ao longo de todo o período analisado. O percentil 50 é, geralmente, maior que o observado; entretanto, o percentil 90 é mais próximo ao observado. Os resultados também indicam que o viés dos modelos varia ao longo do ano analisado. Os melhores índices tanto com relação à precipitação quanto à temperatura foram obtidos para a estação de verão, com o modelo WRF com D2 apresentando melhores prognósticos. Entretanto, os modelos apresentam os maiores erros no inverno e no outono. Estes erros foram decorrentes de subestimativas das temperaturas máximas e superestimativas de área e intensidade de precipitação.
Forecasts of daily maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall performed by the operational numerical weather prediction WRF (Weather Research Forecasting) model in the São Paulo are evaluated. Initial and boundary conditions provided by the 00UTC Global Forecast System (GFS) Model and WRF run for 72 hours, with two nested grids (with horizontal grid spacing of 50 km, D1, and 16.6 km, D2). The study was made for April 2010 to March 2011 period. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures comparisons were made, between predicted and observed data of the surface weather stations of Registro, São Paulo, Paranapanema, Campinas, Presidente Prudente and Votuporanga (CIIAGRO Data), through the mean error (ME) and root mean square error(RMSE), for the 36, 60 and 72 hours forecasts. The daily accumulated rainfall is evaluated using MODE with respect to the MERGE product, for the 36 hours forecast, with threshold of 0.3 mm over the spatial domain covering the State of São Paulo and neighborhoods. First, an analysis was made comparing grid pairs of predicted and observed fields, through the traditional statistical verification indexes: accuracy (PA), critical success index (ICS), bias (VIES), probability of detection (PD) and false alarm ratio (RFA). Subsequently, we analyzed the precipitation field with respect to area ratio (AR), distance from the centroids (DC), ratio of the 50th percentile (RP50) and ratio of the 90th percentile (RP90). The WRF, with D2 nested grid, had better performance compared to the grid of lower space resolution (higher horizontal grid spacing, D1) for both, daily temperatures (maximum and minimum) and the accumulated rainfall forecasts. The temperature forecast presented a damped pattern, with underestimated maximum and overestimated minimum values. Rainfall was overall overestimated spatially and in intensity for the three models throughout the analized period. The forecasted 50th percentile is generally higher than that observed, however, the 90th percentile is closer to observations. The results also indicate that the bias of the models varies annually. The best performances for both rainfall and temperature were obtained for the summer season, with the D2 showing slightly better results. However, the models had the biggest errors during the winter and autumn seasons. These errors were due to underestimation of maximum temperatures and overestimation in area and intensity of precipitation.
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27

Beck, Vinicius Carvalho, and Vinicius Carvalho Beck. "Assimilação 3DVAR no WRF e a Previsão do Tempo no Sul do Brasil." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2013. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2180.

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The procedure to combine mathematical models with noise data, in order to improve numerical weather forecasting by statistical methods, is an important and challenging meteorology research field, known as data assimilation. The 3DVAR approach, state of art in data assimilation technique, is applied in this study. The aim of present development is to evaluate the results of the data assimilation from INMET automatic stations and soundings in Southern Region of Brazil in the weather forecasts of the WRF model with data assimilation via 3DVAR method, analyzing in each processed case, if the forecasting reproduces the synoptic scenario observed, with better prediction then the WRF without data assimilation. The specific aim is to evaluate the assimilation procedure of two precipitation events occurred in the year 2012. This study is especially important, because the INMET automatic weather stations data are not transmitted by GTS. Therefore, these data were not assimilated by prediction systems generated by global models, such as GFS, which provides initial and boundary conditions for regional models, such as WRF. The results show that the WRF with data assimilation procedure, reproduces satisfactorily the true synoptic scenario observed in the two cases evaluated and produces better forecasts then WRF without data assimilation. The thermodynamic analysis showed that the WRF with data assimilation producing vertical profiles of air temperature and dew point temperature very close to the observed profiles, with small improvement in prediction as compared with the WRF without assimilation. Additional experiments indicate that data assimilated from other sources, in addition to the INMET automatic weather stations and soundings stations, as well as the increases of horizontal resolution in the integration of the WRF with inclusion of subset, provide significant improvements in weather forecasting fields.
O procedimento de combinar modelos matemáticos com dados imprecisos e que apresentam ruídos, para melhorar a previsão do tempo por método estatístico, constitui uma importante e desafiadora linha de pesquisa em meteorologia, conhecida como assimilação de dados. O método 3DVAR, que é uma das técnicas que representam o estado da arte em assimilação de dados, é aplicado neste estudo. O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar os resultados da assimilação dos dados observados das estações automáticas do INMET e de radiossondagens da Região Sul do Brasil na previsão do modelo WRF com assimilação 3DVAR, analisando em cada caso processado, se os prognósticos reproduzem o cenário sinótico observado e melhoram a previsão do WRF sem assimilação. O objetivo específico é avaliar o procedimento de assimilação em dois eventos de precipitação ocorridos no ano de 2012. O estudo é especialmente importante, visto que os dados das estações automáticas do INMET não são transmitidos no GTS; portanto, não são assimilados pelos sistemas de previsões geradas por modelos globais, como o GFS, que proporcionam as condições iniciais e de contorno de modelos regionais, como o WRF. Os resultados mostram que o WRF com assimilação de dados reproduziu satisfatoriamente o cenário sinótico observado nos dois casos analisados e produziu prognósticos melhores do que os do WRF sem assimilação. As análises termodinâmicas mostraram que o WRF com assimilação de dados produziu perfis verticais de temperatura do ar e temperatura do ponto de orvalho bem próximos dos perfis observados, com pequena melhora na previsão em relação ao WRF sem assimilação. Experimentos adicionais indicam que a assimilação de dados de outras fontes, além das estações automáticas do INMET e radiossondagens, bem como o aumento da resolução espacial na integração do WRF com a inclusão de um subdomínio, resultam em melhora significativa na previsão dos campos meteorológicos.
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28

Isaksson, Robin. "Numerical Simulation of Diurnal Planetary Boundary Layer Effects and Diurnal Mountain-Wind Effects." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295999.

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The Weather Research and Forecasting Model was used to study its accuracy and representation in modelling a study area within a complex wind system as well as the effects on the model when using different input data and physics schemes. The complex wind system consists of diurnal mesoscale effects from the nearby Pyrenees mountain range and diurnal effects from the planetary boundary layer. A total of six different simulations were performed. The model was able to represent the study area but the results could be improved as there were inaccuracies in wind speed and wind direction associated with the planetary boundary layer. The model was especially challenged at predicting the wind speed and wind direction in the layer from the top of the planetary boundary layer to few hundred meters above it. The comparisons based on planetary boundary layer height is however complicated by the fact that there are different definitions in effect. The choice of model physics schemes and input data led to some differences in the results and warrants consideration when conducting similar simulations.
Prognosmodellen WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model) användes för att undersöka hur väl den kunde representera ett område inom ett komplext vindsystem och även hur modellen påverkas av olika val vad gäller drivningsdata och fysikscheman. Det som utgör det komplexa vindsystemet är dygnsvarierande effekter från det atmosfäriska gränsskiktet och dygnsvarierande mesoskaliga effekter från den närliggande bergskedjan Pyrenéerna. Totalt genomfördes sex olika simuleringar. Prognosmodellen kunde representera området men med förbättringsbara resultat eftersom det fanns fel i vindhastighet och vindriktning relaterande till det atmosfäriska gränsskiktet. Modellen var speciellt utmanad i förutsägandet av vindhastighet och vindriktning i ett lager några hundra meter ovanför det atmosfäriska gränsskiktet. En tolkning baserad på atmosfärisk gränsskiktshöjd är dock svår eftersom det fanns flera definitioner var toppen på det atmosfäriska gränsskiktet låg. Val om prognosmodellens fysikscheman och drivningsdata orsakade en skillnad i resultat sinsemellan. Dessa val bör därför noggrannt uppmärksammas för simuleringar under liknande förutsättningar.
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29

Cuevas, Figueroa Gabriel. "Prediction of energy production from wind farms with case study of Baja California." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/prediction-of-energy-production-from-wind-farms-with-case-study-of-baja-california(53643b1d-2f3a-4c3f-9445-5cb43a886a0d).html.

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The influence of deployment of planned wind farms on the power output and energy yield of wind farms located in close proximity at downwind sites is investigated. The atmospheric model Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) has been employed to simulate wind resource and energy yield from wind farms in the Baja California region of Northern Mexico. Accuracy of predicted wind speed and wind turbine energy supply are evaluated against full-scale measurements from a met-mast and from each of five 2 MW turbines at the La Rumorosa wind-farm. For this wind farm location, wind speed distribution is predicted to within 1.4% and the energy supply from the farm predicted to within 5.25%. Accuracy depends on the boundary layer model and atmospheric dataset employed. Wind farms are modelled using the scheme developed by Fitch et al. (2012) in which a momentum sink and turbulent kinetic energy source are defined as a function of the turbine thrust coefficient and power output, each of which vary with wind speed as defined by the manufacturer. Planned farms of up to 72 MW installed capacity are defined in terms of turbine number, rated power and spacing at four sites such that each farm operates with a typical capacity factor. For a single farm of 2 MW turbines located 10 km upwind, wind speed at the case study wind-farm is reduced by 3.00% and power output reduced by up to 5.84%. These deficits increase if 5 MW turbines are deployed rather than 2 MW turbines due to the development of a longer far-wake. The net energy supply from several sites in the region is assessed.
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30

Zhao, Chen. "Impact of Initial Soil Moisture on the Accuracy of Runoff Simulation." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1586279717062136.

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31

Mateu, i. Santaeulària Mireia. "Subsynoptic characterization of tropopause fold structure with glogal data anlyses and mesoscale WRF simulations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/395199.

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In this work, a subsynoptic characterization of tropopause fold structures is derived from one-year of global, high resolution GFS (Global Forecasting System, 0.3 degrees) data analyses and 10 years of daily WRF (Weather Reasearch and Forecasting) mesoscale simulations at 30 km resolution initialized with the Japanese 25-year Re-Analysis (JRA-25, 1.125 degrees). The dynamical tropopause, defined as a constant potential vorticity surface (2 PVU), is an important meteorological concept that under adiabatic and frictionless conditions acts as a material barrier between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Deformations of this layer such as foldings have a relevant influence on midlatitude weather systems and are a major mechanism of extratropical stratosphere-troposphere exchange. In the vicinity of these stratospheric intrusions, large vertical and horizontal gradients of Potential Vorticity (PV) are found, so that high resolution data is required for a direct characterization of these structures. Based on a geometric definition of tropopause folds, a novel objective algorithm has been developed and applied over the 6-hour meteorological fields to unambiguously detect the presence of a folded dynamical tropopause. The methodology applied requires no assumptions on the dynamical origin of the folding, and it registers the main geometric features of each individual folded grid structure such as its horizontal dimensions, depth of penetration, thickness or the gap relative to the upper tropopause. The application of the fold detection algorithm has served to characterize the geographical distribution of folding features on a global basis using one year of GFS data, and on a regional basis using a more robust 10-year WRF climatology over Southwest Europe. The analysis corroborates the differences between subtropics and extratropics in tropopause fold characteristics and formation, and serves to identify the main synoptic upper-level scenarios that drive the intensification of these structures. The geographical distribution and annual variability of stratospheric intrusions detected with the GFS analyses are in line with existing climatologies, supporting the competence of the fold searching algorithm, but providing a more detailed portrait through the higher resolution of the GFS data. The 10-year WRF tropopause fold climatology shows a general good agreement with the one-year GFS observations, although WRF tropopause fold frequencies appear to be lower on average. This can be partly attributed to interannual variability, and partly to underestimation of the total folded area simulated by WRF relative to that observed by GFS, as revealed in individual tropopause fold case studies. Additionally, a product that uses a combination of geometric tropopause fold parameters has been generated (Stratosphere-Troposphere Transport Folding Index, STTFI) to estimate the regions of the globe where the largest amounts of stratospheric air are most likely to be irreversibly transferred into the troposphere due to deep tropopause fold intrusions. Despite its simplicity, the STTFI reproduces the most important features captured in existing Stratosphere-Troposphere Transport (SST) climatologies based on Lagrangian trajectory techniques. Finally, a detailed evaluation on the WRF model ability to simulate tropopause folds has been performed over an entire year (December 2007 - November 2008), with an eye at establishing the role of resolution enhancements at improving their simulation. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons between WRF results and both the initial JRA data and the GFS analyses have been performed over tropopause fold frequencies and individual tropopause fold events. The comparison demonstrates that the WRF forcing is in general able to forecast the main mesoscale features of the tropopause folds, significantly improving their representation with respect to the JRA coarse description of the initial state, particularly at midlatitudes. However, it has been observed that a poor definition of the initial conditions can be an important obstacle in tropopause fold performance, particularly under certain circumstances (e.g. rapidly traveling perturbations entering the domain) in some specific areas (e.g. close to the border of the simulation domain).
En aquesta tesi s'ha realitzat una anàlisi i una caracterització detallada sobre les estructures de plegament de la tropopausa (Tropopause Foldings en la literatura anglesa) utilitzant, per un costat, un any de dades globals de relativa alta resolució (0.3 graus) d'anàlisis del model GFS (Global Forescating System), i per l'altra, 10 anys de dades de simulacions numèriques diàries realitzades amb el model de mesoescala WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) amb una resolució aproximada d'uns 30 km i inicialitzades amb les dades JRA-25 (Japanese 25-year ReAnalysis) que tenen una resolució grollera d'1.125 graus. La tropopausa és una capa fina de l'atmosfera que separa la troposfera de l'estratosfera, dues capes molt diferents en la seva estructura tèrmica, condicions dinàmiques i composició química. A la troposfera, per exemple, la temperatura disminueix amb l'altitud, els moviments verticals i la barreja hi són relativament freqüents, i l'aire pot contenir grans quantitats de vapor d'aigua mentre que l'ozó n'és generalment escàs. En canvi, a l'estratosfera la temperatura augmenta amb l'altitud, els moviments són bàsicament horitzontals, i l'aire està estratificat per capes, pobres en vapor d'aigua i relativament riques en concentració d'ozó, provinent de la capa d'ozó que es troba precisament en els primers 25 km de l'estratosfera. Per tant, la tropopausa representa una zona de transició i canvis abruptes entre aquestes dues capes, cosa que fa que jugui un paper molt important en l'intercanvi de substàncies i que presenti una gran sensibilitat a possibles canvis atmosfèrics. Tenint en compte les característiques dinàmiques, es pot definir la tropopausa com una superfície de valor constant de vorticitat potencial, típicament la superfície de 2 PVU (unitats de vorticitat potencial, on 1 PVU = 10' m2 s-1 K kg-1). D'aquesta manera l'aire troposfèric queda definit per valors baixos de vorticitat potencial (PV < 2) i l'estratosfèric per valors alts (PV > 2). Sota condicions de conservació adiabàtiques i sense fricció, aquesta tropopausa dinàmica actua com a una barrera física entre les dues capes. Deformacions importants d'aquesta superfície, com per exemple els plegaments de tropopausa, poden tenir una gran influència en el desenvolupament de fenòmens meteorològics a la troposfera i poden ser un dels mecanismes més importants d'intercanvi i transport de substàncies entre la troposfera i l'estratosfera als extratròpics. Aquests plegaments de tropopausa o intrusions estratosfèriques es caracteritzen per la presència de forts gradients de vorticitat potencial, especialment a les zones properes que limiten amb els seus contorns. Per aquest motiu és de suposar que per a una bona detecció i caracterització d'aquestes estructures, és necessària una bona resolució horitzontal i vertical de les dades. S'ha creat un algoritme objectiu per a la detecció d'aquests plegaments basant-se només en una definició purament geomètrica d'aquestes estructures i, per tant, sense fer cap suposició d'entrada sobre el seu origen dinàmic. D'aquesta manera l'algoritme, aplicat sobre els camps tridimensionals de les principals variables meteorològiques, és capaç de detectar la presència d'una tropopausa dinàmica plegada, i d'enregistrar-ne les seves principals característiques geomètriques com són: les dimensions horitzontals, el gruix de la intrusió, la profunditat de penetració o l'amplitud de l'arc (distància vertical entre les dues tropopauses que defineixen la presència d'un plegament). L'algoritme s'ha aplicat primerament sobre un any (desembre 2007 - novembre 2008) de dades d'anàlisi globals del model GFS amb el que s'ha pogut fer una caracterització geogràfica completa de plegaments de tropopausa per a l'hemisferi nord i sud. Els resultats, per una banda, es corresponen molt bé amb les climatologies existents, el que corrobora el bon funcionament de Seguidament, l'algoritme també s'ha aplicat sobre els 10 anys de simulacions realitzades amb el model de mesoescala WRF i s'ha construït una climatologia de plegaments molt més robusta sobre una regió força extensa del sud-oest d'Europa, amb la Península Ibèrica al centre del domini. Aquesta climatologia mostra una bona concordança amb els resultats obtinguts durant un any d'estudi amb les dades GFS, tot i que les freqüències de plegaments observades són en general més petites. Aquesta disminució és deguda, per una banda, a la variabilitat interanual, i per l'altra, a una subestimació generalitzada de l'àrea total detectada en els diferents casos de plegaments de tropopausa simulats amb el model WRF respecte dels observats amb les dades GFS. Tant l'anàlisi global com la climatologia regional corroboren les diferències entre els subtròpics i els extratròpics en la formació i característiques dels plegaments de tropopausa, i serveixen per a identificar els principals escenaris sinòptics que governen la intensificació d'aquests fenòmens. També s'ha generat un producte que utilitza una combinació dels diferents paràmetres geomètrics dels plegaments de tropopausa per a estimar les regions on és més probable que grans quantitats d'aire estratosfèric siguin transferides irreversiblement a la troposfera degut als casos més intensos de plegaments de tropopausa (STTFI: Stratosphere-Troposphere Transport Folding Index). Tot i la simplicitat del producte, l'STTFI reprodueix molt bé els trets més importants observats a les climatologies existents de transport estratosfera-troposfera basades en tècniques més complicades de trajectòries lagrangianes. Finalment, s'ha efectuat una avaluació detallada sobre la capacitat del model WRF per a simular plegaments de tropopausa, i amb l'objectiu d'avaluar també la importància dels increments en la resolució de les dades a l'hora de millorar la representació dels plegaments de tropopausa. S'han realitzat comparacions durant un any sencer (desembre 2007 - novembre 2008), tant qualitatives com quantitatives, dels resultats del WRF amb, per una banda, les dades de baixa resolució JRA utilitzades com a inicialització de les simulacions, i per l'altra banda, amb les dades GFS que tenen una resolució semblant a la de les simulacions WRF. A part de comparar les freqüències de plegaments i les seves característiques estacionals, també s'ha analitzat un ampli ventall de diferents casos d'estudi individuals. Els resultats demostren que el model WRF és en general capaç de pronosticar els principals trets mesoescalars dels plegaments de tropopausa, millorant significativament la seva representació en comparació amb la descripció més grollera que ofereixen les dades d'inicialització JRA, especialment a les latituds mitjanes. Tot i aquesta millora significativa, s'ha observat que una definició pobra de les condicions inicials pot ser un obstacle important per a un complet desenvolupament de les intrusions estratosfèriques, especialment en algunes circumstàncies (p.e. pertorbacions ràpides entrant en el domini de simulació) i en algunes regions concretes (p.e. prop dels límits del domini).
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32

Silva, Adaiana Francisca Gomes da. "Avaliação do modelo WRF ao perfil do vento no Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2013. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m19/2013/02.07.16.21.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a capacidade de um modelo numérico regional de mesoescala (no caso, o modelo WRF) em representar o escoamento atmosférico da região do Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara (CLA), possibilitando seu uso para previsão do vento quando em ocasiões de lançamentos naquela base, fazendo também uma análise sazonal ao comportamento do modelo. A motivação deste estudo é o impacto direto e profundo que as características do vento podem ter na trajetória de um foguete em lançamento, podendo desviá-lo, causar imprevistos e até mesmo acidentes. Previsões do vento de 72 horas foram feitas a partir de condições iniciais fornecidas pelo \textit{Global Forecasting System} (GFS), do {National Centers for Environmental Prediction} (NCEP). As rodadas foram configuradas com três domínios aninhados e resoluções horizontais de 9, 3 e 1 km. Simulações foram iniciadas às 00 e às 12 UTC para o período de 16 a 26 de setembro de 2008, estação seca, e de 19 a 25 de março de 2010, estação chuvosa da região, períodos para os quais se dispõe de alta densidade de dados observados (radiossondagens). As saídas do modelo foram confrontadas contra observações através de três índices estatísticos: viés, erro quadrático médio e índice de concordância de Willmott (d), calculados a cada 6 horas. Foram realizados testes de sensibilidade nos quais foram variados e comparados diferentes parâmetros dinâmicos e físicos, sejam eles: tamanhos de domínios, número de níveis verticais, \textit{spin-up time} e parametrizações de Camada Limite Planetária. Os testes mostraram pouca sensibilidade do modelo com relação ao tamanho dos domínios e ao \textit{spin-up time}, com diferenças na ordem da segunda ou terceira casa decimal para d e da primeira ou segunda casa decimal para os erros. Mas, com relação ao número de níveis verticais, diferenças de até 1 m/s nos erros foram favoráveis à utilização de mais níveis verticais, no caso 42. 6 horas ficaram definidas como tempo de ajuste, descartadas. Nas parametrizações, as diferenças entre os índices dos quatro esquemas testados (YSU, ETA, ACM2 e MYNN2,5) também foram muito pequenas (primeira ou segunda casa decimal) e os mais adequados foram definidos a partir de uma avaliação teórica. Em função do índice de Willmott, o modelo se mostrou razoável para representar o perfil vertical do vento, dentro de suas limitações, não mostrando diferença em seu desempenho entre as estações seca ou chuvosa, com valores máximos na ordem de 0,90 e médios da ordem de 0,70. Não foi possível obter um intervalo de horas padrão de todas as simulações em que a qualidade de previsão fosse melhor ou pior.
This study aims to assess the ability of a regional mesoscale numerical model (in this case, the WRF model) to represent the atmospheric flow in the region of Alcantara Launching Center (CLA), allowing its use for predicting the wind on occasions of rocket launching, also doing an analysis to the seasonal behavior of the model. The motivation of this study is the direct and profound impact that the characteristics of wind can have on the trajectory of a rocket launch, as deflect it and even cause unforeseen accidents. 72 hours wind forecasts were made from initial conditions provided by the Global Forecasting System (GFS), of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The configuration of the runs was three grid nested with a horizontal resolution of 9, 3 and 1 km. Simulations were initiated at 00 and 12 UTC for the period from 16 to 26 September 2008, dry season, and from 19 to 25 March 2010, the rainy season in the region, periods for which we have high data density observed (radiosonde). The model outputs were compared against observations using three statistical indices: bias, mean squared error and Willmott agreement index, calculated every 6 hours. Sensitivity tests were made, in which were varied and compared different physical and dynamic parameters, they are: domain sizes, number of vertical levels, spin-up time and Planetary Boundary Layer parameterizations. Tests showed little sensitivity of the model with respect to the domain size and to the spin-up time, with differences on the order of the second or third decimal place for d and the first or the second decimal place for errors. But about the number of vertical levels, differences of up to 1 m/s on errors were in favor of using more vertical levels, in the case 42. 6 hours were defined as spin-up time, discarded. In the parameterizations, the differences between the indices of the four tested schemes (YSU, ETA, ACM2 and MYNN2.5) were also very small (first or second decimal place) and the most suitable were defined from a theoretical evaluation. According to the Willmott index, the model was reasonable to represent the vertical wind profile, within its limitations, showing no difference in performance between the dry or rainy seasons, with maximum values on the order of 0.90 and, on the average, on the order of 0.70. It wasn´t possible to obtain a time interval pattern of all simulations where quality prediction was better or worse.
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33

Pinto, Lucía Iracema Chipponelli. "Avaliação do modelo WRF para aplicação em previsão de recursos eólicos no nordeste brasileiro." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2017. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21b/2017/10.13.19.16.

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As energias renováveis são fundamentais para reduzir as emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) associadas ao consumo de combustíveis fósseis em níveis regionais e globais. Além disso, a possibilidade de expansão do aproveitamento de energia eólica para a geração de eletricidade no Brasil é uma realidade. O uso eficiente das fontes renováveis, como solar e eólica, está fortemente relacionado com as condições meteorológicas da região de interesse. Isso requer informações confiáveis sobre a disponibilidade e variabilidade do recurso energético para que estratégias políticas e sociais sejam aplicadas com maior precisão na instalação de novas usinas geradoras e também permitir o gerenciamento eficaz das já existentes. Os modelos meteorológicos de mesoescala são ferramentas que demandam investimentos relativamente baixos e vem apresentando resultados favoráveis. Porém, também possuem limitações intrinsecamente relacionadas à impossibilidade em reproduzir os processos físicos que ocorrem na atmosfera em escala inferior a resolução horizontal adotada para a modelagem. Este trabalho apresenta uma série de testes de sensibilidade realizados como modelo meteorológico de mesoescala WRF configurado com diferentes parametrizações físicas (camada limite, convecção, microfísica e radiação). O modelo WRF foi configurado com 3 domínios (grades) de resolução 5 x 5 km sobre a região em estudo. A localização destas grades foi determinada a partir da análise de agrupamento realizada previamente com dados de velocidade do vento observadosem121 estações meteorológicas automáticas operadas pelo INMET no Nordeste do Brasil (NEB) durante o período de 2008 a 2013. Os testes de sensibilidade configuraram um total de 12 experimentos, para os 3 primeiros dias do mês de maio de 2009. Os resultados mostraram que independente das parametrizações adotadas, há uma forte tendência a superestimação da intensidade dos ventos pelo modelo WRF. Algumas parametrizações mostraram-se mais adequadas para um domínio do que para outro, em função do NEB ser influenciado por diferentes sistemas meteorológicos. Também foram realizadas comparações entre previsões do modelo WRF para os meses de maio e novembro de 2009 e 2012 e as medidas de velocidade do vento para os diferentes domínios estabelecidos. Avaliou-se o desempenho das previsões de velocidade do vento com dados medidos em quatro torres anemométricas (80 e 100 m) para localidades onde já estão em funcionamento quatro parques eólicos no NEB. Onde, constatou-se que o modelo continua apresentando uma forte tendência para a superestimação nas previsões da intensidade dos ventos, com exceção da localidade no estado do Piauí. Os valores dos índices estatísticos (RMSE e Viés) das previsões da velocidade do vento para os níveis das torres continuam elevados. O estudo mostrou a dificuldade dos modelos numéricos de mesoescala, em específico o WRF, para prever a velocidade do vento, mas apesar disso quando configurado corretamente ele pode contribuir de forma importante na obtenção de informações confiáveis do vento e consequentemente ser uma informação disponibilizada com confiabilidade para o setor de energia eólica.
The renewable energy resources are key to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the consumption of fossil fuels at regional and global scales. The wind power generation has been increasing since 2002 and now achieves almost 7.5% in the Brazilian electricity matrix. One of the major obstacles for the renewable sources, such as solar radiation and wind, is strongly related to their dependence to the meteorological conditions. The reliable resource assessment is a requirement to overcome this barrier providing quality information to support political and social strategies and also to allow effective management energy resources. The mesoscale meteorological models are tools that demand relatively low financial investment and can provide wind data to the energy sector. However, these models have limitations intrinsically related to the inability to reproduce all the physical processes that occur in the atmosphere at a finer horizontal resolution than the resolution adopted for numerical modeling. This work describes the study aimed at evaluating the WRF mesoscale meteorological model performance when different configuration for physical parametrizations are using (boundary layer, convection, microphysics and solar radiation). Some parametrizations were more adequate for one domain than for another, as the NEB was influenced by different meteorological systems. The WRF model was configured with 5 x 5 km domains (grids) with spatial resolution over the Brazilian Northeastern region (NEB). The location of such grids was determined using the cluster analysis methodology performed with data of wind speed observed at 121 automatic meteorological stations operated by the INMET in NEB during the period of 2008 to 2013. Regardless of the numerical parameterizations adopted, results showed a strong overestimation of wind speed by the WRF model. Comparisons of wind velocity were carried out between WRF forecasts and wind measurements for the months of May and November 2009 and 2012 in the different established domains. A case study was developed to investigate the reliability of the wind velocity forecasts. Also, the wind forecasts were evaluated with wind data measured in four anemometric towers (80 and 100 m) for locations where four wind power plants in operation at the NEB. It was observed that the model presented a strong tendency to overestimate the forecasts of wind intensity, except for the locality in the Piauí state. The statistical deviations (RMSE and Bias) presented by wind forecasts were still high. The study pointed out the difficulty is to set the WRF mesoscale numerical model to predict the wind intensity, but, when properly configured, it can significantly contribute to reach reliable information of wind velocity and consequently be reliable and readily available information for the wind energy sector.
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34

Inouye, Rafael Toshio. "Impacto da assimilação de dados observacionais no prognóstico de tempo com o modelo WRF." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/37236.

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Orientador : Prof. Dr. Maurício Felga Gobbi
Co-orientador : Prof. Dr. Leonardo Calvetti
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Métodos Numéricos em Engenharia. Defesa: Curitiba, 23/10/2014
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Resumo: Fenômenos meteorológicos severos, tais como linhas de instabilidade e convecções com forçantes dinâmicas, causam muitos prejuízos socioeconômicos, por isso o conhecimento desses eventos são relevantes para prever desastres a tempo de minimizar seus impactos. Os modelos numéricos de previsão de tempo de mesoescala são inicializados a partir de condições iniciais e de contorno de um modelo global. Dados locais como dados de radar e de estações meteorológicas são inseridos nos modelos numéricos por meio de um complexo processo de assimilação de dados. O pacote Weather Research and Forecasting model Data Assimilation system (WRFDA) é capaz de assimilar diversas fontes de dados observacionais permitindo a utilização de informações locais para a simulação de eventos de difícil previsão. Quatro estudos de casos foram feitos a fim de avaliar duas metodologias de assimilação de dados locais com o uso do sistema WRFDA. Os prognósticos de tempo em mesoescala (fenômenos na ordem de centenas de quilômetros) foram obtidos com o modelo numérico WRF em resolução de 3km. A assimilação influenciou o modelo nas primeiras 3h de modelagem, melhorando a simulação de fenômenos convectivos quando o mesmo era detectado nas imagens de Radar. O baixo custo computacional torna sua implementação operacional viável. Palavras-chave: Assimilação, Assimilação de dados, RADAR, WRFDA, WRF, Previsão de curto prazo.
Abstract: Severe weather phenomena such as squall lines and deep convection with dynamic forcings causes many socioeconomic damages, so the knowledge of these events are relevant to predict disasters in time to minimize their impacts. Mesoscale atmospheric numerical models are initialized from initial and boundary conditions from a global model. Local data such as radar data and weather stations are assimilated in numerical models througha complex process of data assimilation. The Weather Research and Forecasting model Data Assimilation System (WRFDA) package is capable of assimilating diverse sources of observational data allowing the use of local information for the simulation of events that are difficult to forecast. Four case studies were performed to assess two methodologies of local data assimilation using the WRF system. Mesoscale forecasts (order of hundreds of kilometers) was performed with the WRF numerical model in high resolution (model grid less or equal to 3km). The first 3 hours of forecast were affected by the assimilation, improving the simulation of convective phenomena specially when it was detected by Radar. The low computational cost makes its implementation feasible. Palavras-chave: Assimilation, Data Assimilation, RADAR, WRFDA, WRF, Short Term Forecast.
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35

Yu, Man. "An assessment of urbanization impact in China by using WRF-Chem and configuration optimization." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1814.

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Urbanization is an inevitable process for every developing and developed country. In China this process accelerated after the reform and open-door policies initialed in 1980s. Urbanization can bring tremendous influences on air quality and in turn adverse health effects. Therefore it is of importance to access and evaluate urbanization process. In this Thesis, we focus on three major impacts in China: land-cover change (from nature land type to urban land type), anthropogenic heat emission (due to human activity), and pollutant emission increase (mainly from industry, power, transportation and residential). The model tool used in this paper is called WRF-Chem (the fully coupled Weather Research and Forecast Model with Chemistry Module). After designing and performing three different sensitivity runs, it turns out that all of these three impacts from urbanization tend to worsen air quality conditions in Beijing, especially for ozone and PM2.5 concentrations. The first impact from land-cover change in Chapter 2 increases temperature by 2.4 C; for Beijing and ozone by 20 ppb. Adding human heat release (the second impact) also increases surface temperature by 0.8 C; at daytime and 1.2 C; at nighttime (Chapter 4). Consequently, model outputs a more polluted scenario in Beijing, with 18 ppb more ozone during nocturnal time. When exploring the third impact from emission change, we found out that the government's mitigation regulations on emissions in Beijing has in effect. Around Beijing area, the emissions for CO and SO2 remains the same level from 2006 to 2010, while other cities inside North China Plain are experiencing rapid growths in anthropogenic emissions. Results show a slightly increase in surface temperature and ozone concentrations. Meanwhile, the concentration of particulate matters tends to increase near surface and decrease in the upper atmosphere. For future study, it is highly recommended to include these impacts into model configurations. Additional sensitivity runs were conducted to optimize forecast computing in China, concerning both spatial and vertical resolutions. This sensitivity studies represented 4 different grid resolutions and three different vertical meshes. Regards to the analysis with available observation data, a resolution of 9 km and 27 vertical layers is determined to be the best option for future efficient and accurate forecasts in China. For horizontal aspects, both 81-km and 27-km resolutions are not able to capture pollutant distributions and no significant discrepancy is found out between 9-km and 3-km case. In vertical resolution sensitivity runs, we use 9 layers, 27 layers, and 54 layers mesh with same top and bottom staggers. Analysis reveals totally different vertical profile between 9 layers and 27 layers cases and similar profile between 27 layers and 54 layers. Therefore, we recommend spatial settings with 9-km resolution and a vertical mesh with 27 layers. Finally, the updated 3-d model, involving three urbanization impacts and using recommended resolution settings is used to support a field campaign in summer 2013 for North China Plain. Some preliminary results show a confidence using our model, by capturing both meteorological and chemical trends in Beijing.
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Archer-Nicholls, Scott. "Evaluated developments in the WRF-Chem Model : comparison with observations and evaluation of impacts." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/evaluated-developments-in-the-wrfchem-model-comparison-with-observations-and-evaluation-of-impacts(dbc645e3-8651-4bf3-86b5-a13ed7dbad49).html.

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The Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) Model is an “online” regional scale prediction system designed to simulate many detailed meteorological, gas-phase chemical and aerosol processes, with full coupling between the different components. The impacts of aerosol particles are complex and spatially heterogeneous, their impacts varying greatly at the regional scale. Modelling the properties and impacts in a systematic manner requires the coupling between different chemical phases, meteorological and physical parameterisations a model such as WRF-Chem offers. This manuscript documents several developments, and their evaluation, that have been made to the WRF-chem model to improve its representation of detailed gas-phase chemical and aerosol processes. The first study gives an overview of developments made for modeling the North-West European region, including the addition of a new semi-explicit chemical mechanism, N2O5 heterogeneous chemistry and modifications to the sea-spray emissions routine to include fine-mode organic material. The broad impacts of these developments were assessed in the study, while a follow up paper (included in supplementary material) investigated more deeply the impacts of N2O5 heterogeneous chemistry. The second study discusses modifications to WRF-Chem and emission products to improve modelled representation of biomass burning aerosol particles over Brazil. Model results were compared with aircraft measurements and found to represent aerosol particle size distributions and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations reasonably well, but too much biomass burning aerosol were transported up to high altitudes (4-8 km) by the model. In the third study, nested simulations (at higher resolutions than those used in the second study) over Brazil were used to evaluate the impact of aerosol particles on the local radiative balance, by comparing model results from simulations with and with- out aerosol-radiative feedbacks. The instantaneous clear sky aerosol-radiation forcings were found to have a net cooling of -5.0 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere. Issues with resolving aerosol–cloud interactions, because of the convective parameterisation and differences in model setup across scales, made evaluating semi- and indirect effects impossible.
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Drigeard, Elise. "Microphysique glacée des systèmes convectifs observés dans le cadre de Megha-Tropiques en Afrique de l'Ouest : comparaison des mesures aéroportées avec des radars sol et un modèle numérique." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22531/document.

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La météorologie tropicale est un élément majeur pour le fonctionnement de l’atmosphère et pour le climat terrestre. Le satellite Megha-Tropiques regroupe des instruments de télédétection utilisant des algorithmes de restitution complexes. Cette thèse participe à la mise au point de stratégies de validation de ces algorithmes par l’acquisition d’une meilleure connaissance de la phase glacée des systèmes convectifs de méso-échelle (MCS) tropicaux, en s’appuyant sur la campagne de mesures réalisée à Niamey au Niger à l’été 2010. De nombreux MCS à fort contenu en glace (IWC, Ice Water Content) ont été documentés à la fois par une instrumentation aéroportée, et par des radars au sol. Les informations obtenues grâce aux sondes aéroportées, et l’utilisation d’une loi masse-diamètre permettent de calculer une valeur de réflectivité Zin-situ. Le développement d’une méthode de colocalisation des mesures réalisées par les radars sol sur la trajectoire de l’avion a abouti à la validation du calcul de Zin-situ. La relation entre la réflectivité et l’IWC n’a pas été clairement observée pour le radar-précipitation du MIT. De plus, l’IWC est mieux documenté avec un radar-nuage qu’avec un radar-précipitation car ce dernier est trop sensible aux cristaux de grande taille. Les mesures in-situ s’avèrent donc indispensables pour obtenir l’information microphysique utile à la validation des algorithmes de restitution satellites et elles ne peuvent pas être remplacées par des mesures de réflectivités effectuées depuis le sol. L’utilisation du modèle numérique WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) pourrait également permettre de connaître au mieux les MCS. Pour le cas d’étude analysé dans cette thèse, la modélisation a généré une ligne de grains mais n’a pas reproduit correctement toutes les caractéristiques du MCS réellement observé. Des différences dynamiques et microphysiques sont apparues. L’analyse du champ de réflectivité simulé grâce aux CFAD (Contoured Frequency by Altitude Diagrams) a montré une sous-estimation de la réflectivité par rapport aux observations. L’utilisation du schéma microphysique de Morrison, plus complexe que celui de Thompson initialement employé, n’a pas permis d’améliorer les résultats. Les performances du modèle WRF ne sont pas encore suffisantes pour aider à la validation des algorithmes de restitution satellites
Tropical meteorology is a major issue for atmospheric physics and earth’s climate. The Megha-Tropiques satellite combines several teledetection instruments which need complex restitution algorithms. This work contributes to the development of validation’s strategies for these algorithms. This requires a better knowledge of the tropical mesoscale convective systems’ (MCS) ice phase. In this thesis, we use data from the Niamey’s (Niger) campaign, which took place during summer 2010. Numerous MCS with high Ice Water Content (IWC) were analyzed with an airborne instrumentation and ground radars. Reflectivity Zin-situ is calculated using airborne microphysic probes’ information and a mass-diameter relationship. A spatial and temporal interpolation technique is developed to colocalize the aircraft position with ground radar measurements. This method leads to the validation of Zin-situ calculation. The relationship between reflectivity and IWC is not satisfactory for the MIT precipitation radar. Moreover, the cloud radar gives better informations about the IWC than the precipitation radar. Indeed, precipitation radars are too sensitive to large ice crystals. Therefore, in-situ measurements are essential to get microphysic information in order to validate restitution algorithms used by satellites. They can’t be replaced by ground based reflectivity measurements. The WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model was used in order to get a better knowledge of MCS. In this work, we analyzed one case study. For this case, WRF generates a typical squall line but it doesn’t correctly reproduce every observed characteristics. Several dynamical and microphysical differences appear between simulation and observations. The simulated reflectivity field is analyzed by CFAD (Contoured Frequency by Altitude Diagrams) and it shows a general underestimated reflectivity compared to the observations. The Thompson microphysic scheme is replaced by the more complex Morrison scheme, but this modification doesn’t improve the results of the simulation. Consequently, the WRF model isn’t yet efficient enough to help with the restitution algorithms’ validation
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38

Svensson, Martin. "An Investigation of the Relation between Sea Breeze Circulation and Diurnal Variation of Methane at a Swedish Lake." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-253626.

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Methane measurements over lake Tämnaren show a pronounced diurnal variation with high values at night and low values during daytime. The atmosphere over the lake and its surroundings is simulated with two different settings and resolutions of the WRF model during a period of eight days in May 2011 to investigate if a lake/land breeze circulation could be the cause of the observed methane variation. A night time land breeze can give rise to convergence over Tämnaren of the natural methane emissions from the lake which possibly could explain the diurnal variation. Analysis show that although Tämnaren is large enough to initiate a fully closed circulation these events are likely going to be rare because of the strong dependence of the background wind speed and cannot therefore be the cause of the pronounced diurnal variation. A fairly moderate wind speed will dominate over the thermodynamical forcing necessary to create a lake breeze. Even so, it is possible that a closed or nearly closed circulation could enhance the diurnal pattern with an increase of methane concentration at night and a decrease during the day. The reason for the high night time methane concentration is more likely due to the accumulation in a shallow internal boundary layer that develops over the lake combined with high night time methane flux caused by waterside convection.
Mätningar av metankoncentrationen över Tämnaren visar en tydlig dygnsvariation med höga värden på natten och låga under dagtid. Atmosfären över sjön med omgivning modelleras med två olika inställningar och upplösningar av WRF modellen under en åttadagarsperiod i Maj 2011 för att undersöka om en sjö- och landbriscirkulation kan vara orsaken till den observerade metanvariationen. På natten kan en landbris ge upphov till konvergens över Tämnaren av de naturliga metanutsläppen vilket skulle kunna vara en möjlig förklaring till dygnsvariationen. Vidare analys visar att Tämnaren är tillräckligt stor för att initiera en sluten cirkulation men dessa händelser är troligtvis sällsynta på grund av det starka inflytandet av bakgrundsvinden och kan därför inte vara orsaken till den uttalade metanvariationen. En relativt måttlig vind kommer dominera över den termodynamiska effekt som är drivande för skapandet av sjö- och landbris. Trots detta är det möjligt att en sluten eller nästan sluten cirkulation kan förstärka metanhaltens dygnsvariation med en ökning på natten och minskning under dagen. Orsaken till den observerade höga metankoncentrationen på natten är troligare en ackumulering i ett grunt internt ytskikt som bildas över Tämnaren kombinerat med höga nattliga metanflöden till följd av konvektion i sjön.
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39

Vela, Angel Liduvino Vara. "Avaliação do impacto da mudança dos fatores de emissão veicular na formação de ozônio troposférico na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14133/tde-26022019-100407/.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto da mudança dos fatores de emissão veicular na formação de ozônio troposférico na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), Brasil, comparando os anos de 2004 e 2011. Essa avaliação foi realizada por meio de modelagem numérica com o modelo de qualidade do ar Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), configurado sobre um domínio com 4 grades aninhadas: 27, 9, 3 e 1 km; e com o mecanismo químico considerado, o RADM2, acionado apenas nas grades de 3 e 1 km. Os inventários de emissão foram baseados em informações estimadas de número de veículos, fatores de emissão de compostos químicos e número médio de quilômetros percorridos por dia pelos distintos tipos de veículos considerados. Os períodos de estudo 06 a 09 de setembro de 2004 e 12 a 15 de novembro de 2011 foram selecionados, principalmente, por apresentarem episódios de altas concentrações de ozônio e pela existência de dados experimentais de determinação de fatores de emissão. Para avaliar a performance das simulações foram utilizados dados observados de temperatura, umidade relativa, vento, concentração de ozônio, óxidos de nitrogênio e monóxido de carbono das estações de qualidade do ar da rede de monitoramento da Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB). Os resultados mostraram que as configurações físicas e químicas estabelecidas no modelo conseguiram representar adequadamente os ciclos de formação do ozônio, no entanto, com defasagens e intensidades máximas menores, características relacionadas com o cálculo das distribuições espaço/temporal das emissões como também pelo transporte não só do ozônio, mas também de seus precursores desde regiões externas à RMSP. Por outro lado, dadas as características de emissão em 2004 e 2011, encontrou-se que a atmosfera da RMSP estava caracterizada por um regime COV-limitante naqueles anos, principalmente no ano 2004. Finalmente, o cenário de emissão para 2011 considerando os mesmos fatores de emissão de 2004 mostrou um grande impacto na formação do ozônio troposférico, considerando a grade de 1 km de espaçamento. Esse resultado foi 8 produto do estabelecimento de uma razão média COV/NOx mais eficiente em termos de formação de ozônio, apesar das emissões dos seus precursores ter diminuído em relação a 2004.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of vehicular emission factors change on tropospheric ozone formation in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP), Brazil for 2004 and 2011. Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model was used as the photochemical modeling tool. WRF-Chem was set up to run with four nested grid cells: 27, 9, 3 and 1 km. The Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM) version 2 was the chemical mechanism considered, turned it on barely in 3 and 1 km grid cells. The emission inventories were based on the estimated information of number of vehicles, emission factors and average driving kilometers for vehicle per day. The study periods September 06-09, 2004 and November 12-15, 2011 were chosen due to the high ozone concentrations observed, and the experimental data available for these periods. Observation of temperature, relative humidity, winds, and O3, CO and NOx concentrations from the air quality monitoring network of Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB) were used to evaluate WRF-Chem simulations performance. The results showed that the chemical and physics configurations in WRF-Chem represented adequately the ozone formation cycles; however, with mismatches and maximum concentrations lower than observations, characteristics related with the estimative of the spatial and temporal distributions of the emissions as well as by the transportation of ozone and its precursors from external regions to MASP. On the other hand, given the characteristics of emission in 2004 and 2011, we found that MASP was under a strong COV-limited regime, principally in 2004. Finally, the scenario considering the emission factor of 2004 valid for 2011 in MASP showed a great impact in tropospheric ozone formation with high concentrations calculated for 2011 considering 1 km grid cell (with the most realistic vehicular activity), as result of a more efficient COV/NOx ratio calculation in terms of ozone formation.
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40

Homann, Camila Tavares. "Avaliação dos efeitos urbanos sobre circulações de mesoescala em função da expansão territorial da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14133/tde-08012015-140709/.

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A Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) conta com mais de 20 milhões de habitantes em 7958 km², o que a caracteriza como uma megacidade. Este fato ocasiona o efeito de ilha de calor que pode resultar em interações complexas com circulações de mesoescala, tais como a brisa marítima, podendo influenciar nos padrões de circulação local e afetar diretamente o tempo e o clima da região. Dessa forma, através da modelagem numérica com o modelo de mesoescala WRF este trabalho se propôs a analisar e avaliar os possíveis efeitos da expansão da mancha urbana - passada e futura - na modificação destes padrões em duas estações do ano de 2007: inverno (18/08) e verão (07/03). Para isto introduziu-se diferentes manchas urbanas no modelo, supondo nenhuma urbanização, urbanização observada em 1952 e em 2007, bem como uma suposta urbanização prevista para o ano de 2030. O acoplamento de um modelo de dossel urbano junto ao WRF também foi avaliado, e os resultados mostraram que para o inverno a inclusão do mesmo se mostrou dispensável, enquanto para o verão as simulações em que o módulo esteve ativo se mostraram mais coerentes à realidade. Para as duas estações observou-se a influência da expansão da mancha urbana nos eventos de brisa marítima, sendo que quanto maior a área urbanizada maior o tempo de deslocamento da frente de brisa continente adentro, podendo a diferença chegar a 2 horas. Diferenças na temperatura também puderam ser vistas, principalmente à noite no período de inverno, de forma que algumas regiões chegaram a apresentar 6 °C a mais em 2007. Observou- se uma frente de umidade acompanhando a frente de brisa marítima e quanto maior a urbanização, menor a quantidade de umidade associada, chegando a uma redução de 22% durante o inverno e de 33% durante o verão. No inverno não foram observadas grandes diferenças na precipitação, enquanto que no verão foram encontradas diferenças significativas em praticamente todo o domínio de simulação, chegando a 50 mm em determinadas regiões (a mais ou a menos). Tais diferenças na precipitação não se mostraram lineares com a expansão da mancha urbana. Cortes verticais não evidenciaram circulações bem definidas associadas à ilha de calor, nem para o inverno nem para o verão, no entanto, claramente pôde-se observar a influência que a expansão urbana tem sobre os episódios de brisa marítima, em quaisquer das variáveis meteorológicas analisadas.
The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) has over 20 million inhabitants over a 7958 km² area, which characterizes a megacity. This fact causes the heat island effect that can result in complex interactions with mesoscale circulations such as the sea breeze and can influence the local circulation and directly affect the weather and climate of the region. Therefore, through numerical modeling of the atmosphere using the WRF mesoscale model this work analyses and evaluates the possible effects of urban expansion - past and future on the modification of these patterns in two days representatives of the winter and summer (18/08 and 07/03, respectively). For that purpose we introduced different types of urban areas in the model, assuming no urbanization, using the urbanization observed in 1952 and 2007 as well as a hypothetical urbanization numerically predicted for the year of 2030. The coupling of an urban canopy model (UCM) along with WRF was also evaluated and the results showed that the inclusion of UCM proved to be unnecessary during wintertime. However, in the summer, the simulations where the module was activated were more consistent with reality. For the two seasons we observed the influence of urban expansion in the events of sea breeze, and the higher the urbanized area more increased was the travel time of the sea breeze front inland, being the time difference as high as 2 hours. Differences in temperature were also observed, especially at night in the winter, so that some regions were as high as 6 °C hotter in 2007. A moisture front accompanying the sea breeze front and the higher the urbanization the lower the amount of moisture associated, reaching a reduction of 22% during winter and 33% during the summer. During the winter no major differences were observed in precipitation, while in the summer significant differences were found almost over all simulation domain, reaching 50 mm in certain regions (positive or negative). Such differences in precipitation were not linear with the expansion of urban area. Vertical sections did not show well-defined circulations associated with urban heat island, neither for the winter nor for summer, however, we can clearly observe the influence that urban area extension has on episodes of sea breeze in any of the weather variables.
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41

Calvetti, Leonardo. "Previsão hidrometeorológica probabilística na Bacia do Alto Iguaçu-PR com os modelos WRF e TopModel." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14133/tde-06012012-170541/.

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Previsões probabilísticas de precipitação foram obtidas a partir de um conjunto de simulações pelo modelo WRF e utilizadas como condição de contorno no modelo hidrológico TopModel para previsão hidrometeorológica na bacia do Rio Iguaçu, no estado do Paraná. Nas simulações de cheias, durante o período de elevação do volume de precipitação, o erro médio aritmético do conjunto de previsões foi menor que cada um dos membros utilizados nesse conjunto, indicando melhor destreza do conjunto médio em relação a qualquer previsão determinística. Na dissipação dos sistemas precipitantes, alguns membros obtiveram resultados melhores que o conjunto médio e, em geral, as previsões são confluentes. As melhores previsões de precipitação com o WRF foram obtidas com as combinações de microfísica Lin e convecção de Kain Fritsch, microfísica WSM 5 e convecção de Kain Fritsch e simulações defasadas em 6 horas. As simulações inicializadas em horários mais próximos da ocorrência do fenômeno não garantiram uma melhoria na distribuição de precipitação na bacia. A avaliação do sistema de previsão por conjuntos pelo índice de Brier (IB) e seus termos demonstrou níveis suficientes de confiabilidade e destreza para ser utilizada na maioria dos eventos de precipitação sobre a bacia do rio Iguaçu. Os valores do IB estiveram entre 0,15 e 0,3 com picos isolados. Os valores obtidos para o termo de incerteza estiveram entre 0,1 e 0,25 indicando bons resultados visto que o desejável é o mais próximo de zero. Nos eventos de chuva, o termo de confiabilidade apresentou valores próximos a 0,2 no período da manhã e valores entre 0,3 e 0,4 no período da tarde, com um acréscimo no final da integração. O índice de acerto foi de 60 % a 90 % durante o período de integração (48 horas) para o conjunto médio de previsões e entre 50 a 80% para a previsão determinística. Em todos os horários de simulação o erro de fase foi maior que o erro de amplitude, possivelmente devido aos atrasos da propagação dos sistemas precipitantes e aos efeitos de ajuste das condições físicas iniciais da atmosfera. Os erros de fase e amplitude foram menores na previsão probabilística em todo o período de integração. Assim como na previsão de precipitação, nas simulações de vazão o erro de fase foi maior que o erro de amplitude, indicando que o atraso nas previsões de variação da vazão ainda é o um desafio na previsão hidrometeorológica. Observou-se que o modelo hidrológico é bastante sensível a previsão de precipitação e, portanto, a melhoria das previsões de vazão é diretamente proporcional a diminuição dos erros nas previsões de precipitação.
Probabilistic forecast of precipitation from WRF model simulations was used as input in hydrological TopModel for streamlines forecast in Iguaçu Basin, Parana, southern Brazil. The arithmetic error of precipitation ensemble forecast was smaller than each individual member forecast error in the streamflow increase stage. It means the use of ensemble forecast was better than any deterministic forecast. But when the streamflow decreases, the results are confluent and some individual member forecast was better than ensemble. Simulations using Lin microphysical parameterization and Kain Fritsch, WSM 5 and Kain Fritsch and 6h lagged obtained the better results of precipitation over the basin. The use of runs with initial conditions near the precipitation time did not guarantee better results in the distribution of precipitation on the basin. The Brier Score (BS) of the ensemble system demonstrated that the system is very skillful with values between 0.15 and 0.3. Both uncertainty and reliability terms of BS, 0.1 0.25 and 0.2- 0.4, respectively, were encouraging for use hourly ensemble forecast of precipitation on the watershed. Ensemble forecast provide high values of hit scores (0.6 to 0.9) than deterministic forecast (0.5 to 0.8) at all period of integration. Due the delay in the forecasts of the precipitation systems, the phase error is predominant over amplitude during all time. Both errors were reduced using the ensemble forecasts. The phase errors in hydrological were greater than amplitude such as precipitation forecasts. Thus, for increase streamflow forecast it should reduced the errors in QPF forecasts.
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42

ZENG, HAOMING. "FPGA based smart NIR camera." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi och medier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-17613.

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Road conditions are a critical issue for road users as, if not given sufficient attention, they may threaten users’ lives. The environmental parameters, such as snowy, icy, dry and wet, are important in relation to the condition of roads. This is particularly true in relation to the northern regions and greatest concern should be in relation to snowy and icy situations. In this thesis, a system based on an InGaAs area scan sensor utilizes NIR technology to detect water or ice on the road so as to enable drivers to avoid slippery road conditions. The conditions caused by freezing water on road surface are particularly dangerous and are not easy to observe and it is hope that this project will boost traffic safety. The system is able to assist road maintenance personnel in forecasting and detecting slippery road conditions during winter road maintenance (WRM). The system, which is based on FPGA, has functionalities that display the captured images on an HDMI monitor and send the images to the software on a host PC via the UART protocol. An interface board, which carries the sensor and which connects to the FPGA board, is developed for NIR sensor. VHDL implementation and PC software design are the works included in the project. Besides, this device is exploited utilizing InGaAs image sensor. According to its features, it can be applied in other applications which will also be discussed. Finally, experiments are conducted in order to investigate the system’s operation with the variation of temperature.
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43

Hawblitzel, Daniel Patrick. "Observations, dynamics and predictability of the mesoscale convective vortex event of 10-13 June 2003." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3974.

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This study examines the dynamics and predictability of the mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) event of 10-13 June 2003 which occurred during the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment (BAMEX). The MCV formed from a preexisting upper-level disturbance over the southwest United States on 10 June and matured as it traveled northeastward. The BAMEX field campaign provided a relatively dense collection of upper air observations through dropsondes on 11 June during the mature stage of the vortex. While several previous studies have focused on analysis of the dynamics and thermodynamics of observed and simulated vortices, few have addressed the ability to predict MCVs using numerical models. This event is of particular interest to the study of MCV dynamics and predictability given the anomalously strong and long-lived nature of the circulation and the dense data set. The first part of this study explores the dynamics of this MCV through an in-depth analysis of data from the profiler network and BAMEX dropsonde observations, in addition to the conventional surface and sounding observations as well as radar and satellite images. Next, issues relating to model performance are addressed through anevaluation of two state-of-the-art mesoscale models with varying resolutions. It is determined that the ability of a forecast model to accurately predict this MCV event is directly related to its ability to simulate convection. It is also shown that the convective-resolving Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model with horizontal grid increments of 4 km displays superior performance in its simulation of this MCV event. Finally, an ensemble of 20 forecasts using mesoscale model MM5 with horizontal grid increments of 10 km are employed to evaluate probabilistically the dynamics and predictability of the MCV through the examination of the ensemble spread as well as the correlations between different forecast variables among ensemble members. It is shown that after MCV development, the ensemble mean performs poorly while individual ensemble members with good forecasts of convection at all stages of the MCV also forecast the midlevel vortex well. Furthermore, correlations among ensemble members generally support the findings in the observational analysis and in previous literature.
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44

Macedo, Luana Ribeiro. "O impacto do uso da técnica de assimilação de dados 3DVAR nos prognósticos do modelo WRF." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/111855.

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O uso da técnica de assimilação de dados meteorológicos é extremamente importante para a correção de imprecisões nos dados que compõem as condições iniciais e de fronteira dos modelos de previsão do tempo. Neste trabalho, faz-se uso da técnica de assimilação de dados 3DVAR contida no modelo de mesoescala WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting), o objetivo principal do trabalho é analisar o impacto da assimilação de dados meteorológicos de diversas fontes de dados (GTS – Sistema Global de Telecomunicações, estações automáticas, dados radar) no modelo WRF. Para analisar a consistência da assimilação de dados no WRF verificou-se a diferença entre a análise com e sem assimilação de dados. Confirmando a consistência da mesma, foram realizados os procedimentos necessários para gerar os prognósticos com assimilação de dados para cada caso individualmente. Os experimentos com assimilação de dados foram realizados para cada tipo de dado e em conjunto, possibilitando assim fazer uma análise do impacto que cada dado tem na previsão. Os resultados foram comparados entre si espacialmente utilizando dados do modelo global GFS (Global Forecast System) e satélite da Missão de Medida da Chuva Tropical (TRMM). A variável da precipitação acumulada foi comparada e validada espacialmente com os dados do TRMM, constatou-se para o caso do mês de janeiro uma superestimação dos valores acumulados para algumas regiões e para o caso do mês de abril uma subestimação, isso se deve ao fato da frequência temporal dos dados do satélite TRMM, pois provavelmente elas não foram compatíveis com o horário das precipitações. Quando comparado com o volume de chuva pontual com os dados da estação automática a maioria dos processamentos mostrou-se eficaz. Também no estudo de caso ocorrido no mês de janeiro a inserção de dados assimilados possibilitou uma melhora na intensidade e localização da célula convectiva. As variáveis da temperatura e do vento foram comparadas espacialmente com as análises do modelo GFS. A variável da temperatura ora apresentou valores superiores, ora inferiores ao modelo GFS, mesmo assim os resultados foram satisfatórios, uma vez que, foi possível simular temperaturas superiores antes da passagem do sistema e inferiores após a passagem do mesmo. Para o campo de vento houve uma pequena discrepância em todas as simulações em relação a magnitude, porém a direção do vento foi plotada de forma coerente, simulando até o ciclone presente no caso do mês de abril. Para o perfil vertical da temperatura e temperatura do ponto de orvalho o impacto da assimilação de dados foi pequeno, porém ambas as simulações representaram de forma coesa os perfis quando comparados com o perfil observado. Em suma, o estudo comprova que, embora se tenha algumas incoerências assimilação 3DVAR contribui de modo significativo nas previsões do tempo do modelo WRF.
The use of meteorological data assimilation technique is extremely important for the correction of the imprecisions of observational data for the initial and boundary conditions of weather forecasting models. In the present work it is used the 3DVAR data assimilation technique of the mesoscale model WRF system (Weather Research and Forecasting) aiming the analysis of the impact of the assimilation of meteorological data from several data sources (GTS - Global Telecommunication System, automatic surface stations network and radar) in the WRF model. To analysis the consistency of the data in the WRF assimilation it has been gathered the difference between analysis, with and without data assimilation. Confirming its consistency the procedures required, to generate predictions with data assimilation for each individual case were performed. The data assimilation experiments were performed for each data type as well as including all of them allowing, therefore, the analysis of the impact of each over the forecast. The results were compared and validated using data from the spatially global forecasting model GFS (Global Forecast System), satellite and the mission of the Tropical Rain Measurement (TRMM) data. The cumulative rainfall variable was compared spatially with data from TRMM, where it has been observed, in the case of January, an overestimation of the accumulated values for some regions and an underestimation for the case of April. These have been occurred because of temporal frequency of the TRMM satellite data - which probably because were not compatible with the precipitation time occurrence. Comparison between the accumulated precipitation with data from automatic station presented mostly effective results. Also, in the case study of the January with assimilated data, produced an improvement in the intensity as well as in the location of the convective cell. The wind and temperature variables were compared with the spatially GFS’s analysis. The higher temperature variable values presented alternated, from higher and lower values compared to the GFS results. The results were nevertheless unsatisfactory, because the simulated temperatures presented prior to passing the frontal system and after passing it. For the wind field there was a small discrepancy in all simulations regarding the magnitude, but the wind direction was plotted consistently simulating up to the present in the case of April cyclone. For the vertical profiles of temperature and dew point temperature the impact of data assimilation was small, but both simulations made represented good profiles, compared with the observed values. In summary, the study shows that, although there were some inconsistencies, compared with the observations, the 3DVAR assimilation contributes significantly to WRF model forecasts.
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45

VELASQUEZ, J. F. M. "Avaliação das parametrizações físicas do modelo WRF para a camada limite atmosférica para a região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/9447.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal avaliar o desempenho das diferentes parametrizações físicas da Camada Limite Atmosférica (CLA) disponíveis no modelo meteorológico Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) 3.6.1., com o fim de identificar qual delas representa melhor as condições meteorológicas da Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória (RMGV) em dois meses pertences aos dois períodos estacionais mais representativos da região, inverno e verão. Para lograr dito objetivo, foram realizadas 34 simulações, onde 17 ocorreram no período de inverno (07/2010) e 17 para o período de verão (02/2010), com as quais foram avaliadas todas as parametrizações da CLA, excetuando a QNSE (Quasinormal Scale Elimination) e as MYNN (MellorYamada Nakanishi Niino) nível 2.5 e 3, com suas respectivas parametrizações da Camada Limite Superficial (CLS) disponíveis no modelo. Nestas simulações foram utilizados dois domínios aninhados onde o domínio maior tem uma resolução espacial de 5 km, formando um domínio de 5 x 5 km com 49 x 49 células que cobre todo o estado do Espírito Santo, parte do Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e Bahia e o domínio menor tem uma resolução espacial de 1 km, formando um domínio de 1 x 1 km com 120 x 120 células que compreende toda a RMGV. Ambos domínios contam com uma estrutura vertical representada por 21 camadas verticais e encontram-se centrados nas coordenadas 20,25°S e 40,29°W. Foram comparados, utilizando uma série de parâmetros estatísticos, os dados simulados pelo modelo WRF obtidos nas diferentes modelagens com as variáveis meteorológicas de temperatura superficial (2 m), velocidade e direção do vento (10 m) com os dados reais medidos pelas estações pertences a Rede Automática de Monitoramento da Qualidade do Ar (RAMQAr) e o aeroporto da RMGV. Os resultados mostraram que a parametrização que melhor representou os valores das variáveis meteorológicas anteriormente mencionadas para o período de verão foi a parametrização utilizada na modelagem M_1 que corresponde aos esquemas YSU para a CLA e a MM5 melhorado para a CLS, sendo a estação Carapina a que apresenta valores simulados mais pertos aos valores reais observados. Por outro lado, para o período de inverno, a parametrização que melhor representou os valores das variáveis meteorológicas mencionadas foi a parametrização utilizada na modelagem M_12 que corresponde aos esquemas UW para a CLA e a MM5 para a CLS, sendo Cariacica e aeroporto as estações que apresentaram uma acurácia maior entre os dados simulados e os dados reais medidos. Os resultados apresentados por ambas parametrizações mostram que os melhores resultados se apresentam para a velocidade do vento, seguida da temperatura superficial e a direção do vento. Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade de testar as outras parametrizações físicas disponíveis no modelo com o fim de melhorar os resultados das predições das variáveis meteorológicas para a RMGV e assim posteriormente ter melhores resultados no momento de utilizar estes dados em modelos de dispersão.
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46

Dingwell, Adam. "Dispersion modelling of volcanic emissions." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-303959.

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Gases and particles released by volcanoes pose a serious hazard to humans and society. Emissions can be transported over long distances before being reduced to harmless concentrations. Knowing which areas are, or will be, exposed to volcanic emissions is an important part inreducing the impact on human health and society. In this thesis, the dispersion of volcanic emissions is studied using a set of atmospheric models. The work includes contribution to the development of the Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model FLEXPART-WRF. Three case studies have been performed, one studying potential ash emissions from potential future eruptions on Iceland, a second covering SO2 emissions from Mt. Nyiragongo in D.R. Congo, and a third studying the SO2 emission rate of the Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) in 2014–2015. The first study covers volcanic ash hazard for air traffic over Europe. Three years of meteorological data are used to repeatedly simulate dispersion from different eruption scenarios. The simulations are used to study the probability of hazardous concentrations in ash in European airspace. The ash hazard shows a seasonal variation with a higher probability of efficient eastward transport in winter, while summer eruptions pose a more persistent hazard. In the second study, regional gas exposure around Mt. Nyiragongo is modelled using flux measurements to improve the description of the emission source. Gases are generally transported to the north-west in June–August and to the south-west in December–January. A diurnal variation due to land breeze around lake Kivu contributes to high concentrations of SO2 along the northern shore during the night. Potentially hazardous concentrations are occasionally reached in populated areas in the region, but mainly during the nights. The third study uses inverse dispersion modelling to determine the height and emission rates based on traverse measurements of the plume at 80–240 km from the source. The calculated source term yields better agreement with satellite observations compared to commonly used column sources. The work in this thesis presents improvements in dispersion modelling of volcanic emissions through improved models, more accurate representation of the source terms, and through incorporating new types of measurements into the modelling systems.
Gas- och partikelutsläpp från vulkaner utgör en fara för människor och för vårt samhälle. Utsläppen kan transporteras över långa avstånd innan de reduceras till oskadliga halter. Att känna till vilka områden som utsätts för, eller kommer utsättas för, utsläppen är ett viktigt verktyg föratt minska påverkan på folkhälsa och samhälle. I avhandlingen studeras spridningen av utsläpp från vulkanutbrott med hjälp av en uppsättning numeriska atmosfärsmodeller. Den Lagrangiska Partikelspridningsmodellen FLEXPART-WRF har förbättrats och applicerats för spridningsmodellering av vulkanutbrott. Tre studier har utförts, en fokuserar på vulkanaska från potentiella framtida utbrott på Island, den andra studerar SO2-ustläpp från vulkanen Nyiragongo i Demokratiska Republiken Kongo, och den tredje studerar SO2-ustläpp från utbrottet i Holuhraun (Island) 2014–2015. Den första studien uppskattar sannolikheten för att vulkanaska från framtida vulkanutbrott på Island ska överskrida de gränsvärden som tillämpas för flygtrafik. Tre år av meteorologisk data används för att simulera spridningen från olika utbrottsscenarier. Sannolikheten för skadliga halter aska varierar med årstid, med en högre sannolikhet för effektiv transport österut under vintermånaderna, sommarutbrott är istället mer benägna att orsaka långvariga problem överspecifika områden. In den andra studien undersöks spridningen av SO2 från Nyiragongo över en ettårsperiod. Flödesmätningar av plymen används för att förbättra källtermen i modellen. Gaserna transporteras i regel mot nordväst i juni–augusti och mot sydväst i december–februari En dygnsvariation, kopplad till mesoskaliga processer runt Kivusjön, bidrar till förhöjda halter av SO2 nattetid längs Kivusjöns norra kust. Potentiellt skadliga halter av SO2 uppnås av och till i befolkade områden men huvudsakligen nattetid. Den tredje studien utnyttjar inversmodellering för att avgöra plymhöjd och gasutsläpp baserat på traversmätningar av plymen runt 80–240 km från utsläppskällan. Den beräknade källtermen resulterar i bättre överensstämmelse mellan modell- och satellitdata jämfört med enklare källtermer. Arbetet i den här avhandlingen presenterar flertalet förbättringar för spridningsmodellering av vulkanutbrott genom bättre modeller, nogrannare beskrivning av källtermer, och genom nya metoder för tillämpning av olika typer av mätdata.
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47

Gramcianinov, Carolina Barnez. "Changes in South Atlantic Cyclones due Climate Change." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14133/tde-03122018-151737/.

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Cyclones distribution and intensities impact directly on human activities, mainly due to their associated intense precipitation and winds. The main aim of this thesis is to understand changes in the cyclones originated in the South Atlantic focusing on their genesis and intensifying mechanisms. Cyclones are identified and tracked based on the relative vorticity field at 850 hPa computed from the winds. The characteristics of the cyclones are obtained by diagnostic variables sampled within a radial distance from each cyclone center and to produce a spatial distribution of the cyclone properties at the time of genesis. Also, cyclone centered composites are used to analyze the cyclone structure and the evolution of cyclones during their genesis. The climatology of cyclones was done using NCEP-CFSR and shows four main cyclogenesis regions in the South Atlantic Ocean: on the Southern Brazilian coast (SE-BR, 30°S), over the continent near the La Plata river discharge region (LA PLATA, 35°S), on the southeastern coast of Argentina (ARG, 40°S-55°S) and on the Southeastern Atlantic (SE-SAO, centered at 55°S and 10°W). To access changes in cyclone development, we used the CMIP5 HadGEM2-ES historical experiment (1980-2005) and RCP8.5 future projection (2074-2099). The HadGEM2-ES can represent the main South Atlantic characteristics of cyclones according to NCEP-CFSR climatology. However, there is an underestimation in cyclone frequency in the equatorward side of the storm track, particularly in the LA PLATA region. The HadGEM2-ES RCP8.5 future projection shows a general decrease of approximately 10% of cyclogenesis in the South Atlantic domain, which is mainly related to the poleward shift of the storm track. However, LA PLATA region presents a slight increase in its cyclogenetic activity (6.1 and 3.6%), in the summer and winter, respectively). The increase in genesis at 30°S over the continent is associated with the strengthening of the upper-level jet and the increase of warm and moisture advections at the same location. The enhance in the moisture transport from the tropics is also related to the intensification of the cyclone in the domain, mainly northward of 35°S. Finally, a downscaling using WRF was performed in an attempt to improve the climate model resolution. However the downscaling produces less and weaker cyclones in the NCEP-CFSR and HadGEM2-ES runs. The only region that presented an improvement was LA PLATA, due to the better representation of local features related to orography and moisture processes. The downscaled HadGEM2-ES RCP8.5 also shows an increase in cyclogenesis in the LA PLATA region and other locations. The HadGEM2-ES RCP8.5 projection and its downscaling shows that the cyclogenesis in some locations of South America is increasing, mainly due to the increase in the low-level moisture content and the strengthening of the equatorward flank of the upper-level jet. The cyclones in this locations will be slightly intense (between 20°S and 30°S) and will affect a narrow area close to the South American coast.
A distribuição e intensidade dos ciclones afeta diretamente as atividades humanas devido a precipitação e fortes ventos associados a esses sistemas. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é entender as mudanças nos ciclones gerados no Atlântico Sul devido às mudanças climáticas, focando em seus mecanismos geradores e intensificadores. Os ciclones foram identificados e rastreados utilizando a vorticidade relativa em 850hPa, calculada a partir do campo de ventos horizontal. Também foram usadas composições centradas para a análise da estrutura e evolução dos ciclones durante seu desenvolvimento. A climatologia de ciclones feita com o NCEP-CFSR mostra quatro regiões ciclogenéticas principais no Oceano Atlântico Sul: na costa sul do Brasil (SE-BR, 30°S), sobre o continente próximo da desembocadura do Rio da Prata (LA PLATA, 35°S), na costa sudeste da Argentina (ARG, 40°S-55°S) e no Sudeste do Atlântico (SE-SAO, centrada em 55°S, 10°W). Para analisar as mudanças no desenvolvimento dos ciclones, nós utilizamos os experimentos histórico (1980-2005) e RCP8.5 (2074-2099) do HadGEM2-ES (CMIP5). O HadGEM2-ES é capaz de reapresentar as principais características dos ciclones do Atlântico Sul, quando comparado à climatologia. No entanto, existe uma subestimativa do número de ciclones no lado equatorial da região de máxima atividade ciclônica, principalmente na região LA PLATA. A projeção futura HadGEM2-ES no cenário RCP8.5 mostra uma redução de aproximadamente 10% na ciclogêneses no domínio do Atlântico Sul, principalmente associada ao deslocamento em direção ao polo da região de máxima atividade ciclônica. Porém, a região LA PLATA apresenta um pequeno aumento em sua atividade ciclogenética (6.1 e 3.6%), no verão e inverno, respectivamente). O aumento na ciclogênese em 30°S está associada ao fortalecimento do jato de altos níveis e ao aumento da advecção quente e de umidade nessa localidade. O aumento do transporte de umidade dos trópicos está associado também à intensificação dos ciclones observada na projeção futura, principalmente ao norte de 35°S. Por fim, uma regionalização com o modelo WRF foi usada para melhorar a resolução do modelo climático. Porém, as simulações regionais subestimaram os ciclones em número e intensidade. A única região que em as regionalizações apresentaram melhor desempenho foi a LA PLATA, devido a uma melhor representação de feições locais associadas a orografia e processos úmidos. A regionalização do cenário futuro RCP8.5 também apresentou aumento da ciclogênese do LA PLATA, mas para o inverno. Tanto a projeção RCP8.5 do HadGEM2-ES quanto sua regionalização mostram que a ciclogênese em algumas regiões da América do Sul está aumentando, principalmente devido ao aumento de umidade em baixos níveis da atmosfera e fortalecimento do lado ramo equatorial do jato de altos níveis. Os ciclones nessas localidades serão intensos (entre 20°S e 30°S) e tendem a afetar uma região mais próxima à costa.
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48

Alshawaf, Fadwa [Verfasser], and S. [Akademischer Betreuer] Hinz. "Constructing water vapor maps by fusing InSAR, GNSS and WRF data / Fadwa Alshawaf. Betreuer: S. Hinz." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1048384888/34.

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49

Iotti, Marcello. "Urban boundary layer modeling with WRF: assessment of different urban parameterizations over the city of Bologna." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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Urbanization affects all the components of the Earth system, clearly including the atmosphere. It is therefore important the understanding of cities-related processes and their representation in modeling terms. Many different spatial scales pertain urban modeling: processes linked to a single building or to an urban district are well represented with microscale methods, but the city as a whole has influences traceable at the mesoscale, a domain traditionally linked to numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. It is evident the discontinuity of these approaches and the advantage that one would have in connecting them, so that buildings-atmosphere interactions are properly considered in mesoscale atmospheric simulations. Within the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) community various urban parameterizations, with different degree of sophistication, have been developed. In recent years they have found notable applications, but literature focuses mainly on large cities. The purpose of this work is a comparative evaluation of these parameterizations, applied to a medium-sized city such as Bologna. Their accuracy was evaluated using temperature, wind speed and wind direction data recorded by a set of measurement stations. Finally the spatial structure of 2 m-air temperature and 10 m-wind fields was examined, highlighting the different behavior of urban parameterizations on the city area of Bologna.
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50

Chaves, Camylla Maria Narciso de Melo. "Utilização do modelo numérico WRF para fins de geração eolioelétrica: estudo de caso para Maracanaú, Ceará." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/13022.

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CHAVES, C. M. N. M. Utilização do modelo numérico WRF para fins de geração eolioelétrica: estudo de caso para Maracanaú, Ceará. 2013. 57 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Elétrica) - Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2013.
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This paper analyzes the mesoscale model WRF (Weather Research And Forecast) to verify its reliability in use as a research tool in areas with potential for eolioeletric generation. The area chosen for study was a farm located in Maracanaú in the state of Ceará. On the farm was installed an anemometer tower of 80 meters high with three anemometers, 1 windsock, 1 temperature sensor and a pyranometer, all sensors connected to a datalogger. The data collected in this tower were used for comparison with the data obtained through simulations in WRF. In the simulations the model was evaluated for two different climatic conditions in the region, the rainy and the dry seasons. The periods chosen to perform the simulations are: March/2012 (representing the rainy season) and November/2011 (representing the dry season). Was performed five sensitivity tests, which were exchanged in the parameterizations of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL), Surface Layer (CS) and Ground Surface Model (GSM). The simulation results were evaluated according to the Pearson's correlation method, that one has parameter values from -1 to 1 which presents an index of correlations ranging from bad (-1) to great (1). The simulation with the best performance in the dry and rainy periods presented values for correlations of 0.76 and 0.58, respectively, considered good and fair to the Pearson's parameters. The model was able to satisfactorily represent the local wind behavior for the dry season of the year, and more research is needed in the area to analyze how the model behaves in the representation of the rainy season. Thus, this model provides satisfactory results to be used as a tool for evaluate areas with potential for eolioeletric generation, more research is needed to fit better
O presente trabalho analisa o modelo de mesoescala WRF (Weather Research and Forecast) para verificar a sua confiabilidade na utilização como ferramenta de investigação de áreas com potencial para geração eolioelétrica. A região escolhida para estudo foi uma fazenda localizada no município de Maracanaú, no estado do Ceará. Na fazenda foi instalada uma torre anemométrica de 80 metros de altura com 3 anemômetros, 1 biruta, 1 sensor de temperatura e um piranômetro, todos os sensores conectados a um datalogger. Os dados coletados nesta torre foram utilizados para comparação com os dados obtidos através das simulações no WRF. Nas simulações o modelo foi avaliado para duas situações climatológicas distintas na região, o período chuvoso e o seco. Os períodos escolhidos para realizar as simulações são: março/2012 (representando o período chuvoso) e novembro/2011 (representando o período seco). Foram realizados cinco testes de sensibilidade, nos quais foram permutadas as parametrizações da Camada Limite Planetária (CLP), Camada de Superfície (CS) e o Modelo de Solo Superfície (MSS). Os resultados das simulações foram avaliados segundo o método de correlação de Pearson, método este que possui parâmetros de valores de -1 a 1 onde apresenta um indicativo de correlações que vão de péssimas (-1) a ótimas (1). A simulação com o melhor desempenho no período seco e chuvoso apresentaram valores de correlações de 0,76 e 0,58, consideradas forte e moderada, para os parâmetros de Pearson, respectivamente. O modelo conseguiu representar de forma satisfatória o regime de vento local para a estação seca do ano, sendo necessárias mais pesquisas na área para analisar como o modelo se comporta na representação do período chuvoso. Assim este modelo apresenta resultados satisfatórios para ser utilizado como ferramenta para avaliação de regiões com potencial em geração eolioelétrica, sendo necessárias mais pesquisas para ajustá-lo melhor
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