Academic literature on the topic 'Writhing test'
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Journal articles on the topic "Writhing test"
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Schweizer, A., R. Brom, and H. Scherrer. "Combined automated writhing/motility test for testing analgesics." Agents and Actions 23, no. 1-2 (February 1988): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01967176.
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Pranaya, G., P. Venkata Smitha, N. Srinivasa Reddy, R. Vinay, Ch Murali Mohan, and Akondi Butchi Raju. "Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflamatory Activity of Ventilago calyculata." International Journal of Life Sciences 9, no. 1 (February 7, 2015): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i1.11925.
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Ventilago calyculata was traditionally used to treat sprains and pain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of bark of Ventilago calyculata (MVC). For evaluating analgesic activity, Hot plate method, Tail-flick method, Formalin test and Writhing methods were used. For evaluating anti-inflammatory activity Carrageenan induced paw edema and Xylene induced ear edema methods were used. Administration of MVC (100 and 200mg/kg) significantly reduced the total number of writhings in Acetic acid induced writhing method. In Hot plate and Tail-Flick methods there was a significant increase in baseline. There was a significant reduction in ear edema in Xylene induced ear edema method. The results suggest that the methanolic extract of bark of Ventilago calyculata might have analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i1.11925 International Journal of Life Sciences Vol.9(1) 2015 43-47
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Delisma, Cici, Sri Peni Fitrianingsih, and Suwendar Suwendar. "UJI AKTIVITAS ANALGETIKA EKSTRAK n-HEKSANA DAUN AFRIKA (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) TERHADAP MENCIT SWISS WEBSTER JANTAN." Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Farmasyifa 1, no. 1 (October 10, 2017): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/jiff.v1i1.3109.
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ABSTRAKNyeri merupakan persepsi sensorik mengganggu yang dapat ditangani dengan analgetika. Daun afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) secara tradisional digunakan untuk mengobati nyeri seperti sakit gigi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan aktivitas analgetika ekstrak n-heksana daun afrika dengan 2 metode pengujian dan menentukan dosis efektifnya. Metode Tail Flick Test untuk menguji aktivitas analgetika sentral dan metode Writhing Test untuk menguji aktivitas analgetika perifer. Mencit dibagi ke dalam 5 kelompok. Kelompok kontrol yang diberi CMC Na, kelompok uji yang diberi ekstrak n-heksana daun afrika dosis 100, 200 dan 400 mg/kg BB serta kelompok pembanding yang diberi tramadol (metode Tail Flick Test) dan aspirin (metode Writhing Test). Analisis data dilakukan dengan ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan LSD pada taraf kepercayaan 95% (p ≤ 0,05). Pada metode Tail Flick Test mencit diinduksi nyeri dengan panas suhu 50±2oC dan parameter yang diamati adalah total waktu yang dibutuhkan mencit untuk menjentikkan ekor. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak dengan dosis 400 mg/kg BB secara signifikan memperpanjang waktu mencit menjentikkan ekor dibandingkan terhadap kontrol (p=0,006), tetapi aktivitasnya tidak sebanding dengan tramadol dosis 6,5 mg/kg BB (p=0,000). Pada metode Writhing Test mencit diinduksi nyeri dengan asam asetat 0,6%(v/v) dan parameter yang diamati adalah total geliat mencit selama pengamatan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak dengan dosis 100, 200 dan 400 mg/kg BB secara signifikan menurunkan total geliat mencit dibandingkan terhadap kontrol (p=0,000), dengan nilai persen efektivitas sebesar 32,01%, 51,60% dan 82,41% yang lebih lemah dibandingkan aspirin dosis 65 mg/kg BB dengan persen efektivitas 100%.Kata kunci: Daun afrika, Vernonia amygdalina Delile, analgetika, Tail Flick Test, Writhing Test. ABSTRACTPain is a disturbing sensory perception that can be treated with analgesics. Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) has traditionally noun to treat pain such as toothache. This study aims to evaluate the analgesic activity of n-hexane extract of bitter leaf with 2 testing methods and determine the effective dose. The first method to test central analgesic activity is Tail Flick Test method and the second method is Writhing Test method to test peripheral analgesic activity. The test was done on mice were divided into 5 groups. The control group that was administered to CMC Na, the test group was administered n-hexane extract of bitter leaf dose 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW and the comparable group was administered tramadol (for Tail Flick Test method) and aspirin (for Writhing Test method). Data were analyzed by ANOVA test, followed by LSD test at 95% confidence level (p ≤ 0,05). In the Tail Flick Test method, the mice were induced by pain by heat at 50 ± 2℃ and the observed parameters were the total time required of the mice to flick the tail. The results showed that the extract at dose 400 mg/kg BW significantly prolonged the mice's flicking time compared to the control (p=0,006), but the activity was not comparable with tramadol dose of 6,5 mg/kg BW (p=0,000). In the Writhing Test method, the mice were induced by pain by acetic acid 0,6%(v/v) and the observed parameters were the total writhing of mice. The results showed that extracts with doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW significantly decrease the total writhing of mice compared to control (p=0,000), with the effectivity percentage of 32,01%, 51,60% and 82,41% which are weaker than 65 mg/kg BW dose aspirin effectivity percentage 100%.Keywords: Bitter leaf, Vernonia amygdalina Delile, analgesics, Tail Flick Test, Writhing Test.
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Rahman, Md Mizanur, Noorzahan Begum, Mahadi Abdur Rouf, and Shahriar Masood. "Synergistic Antinociceptive, Anti-inflammatory Interaction between Vitamin B12 and Ketorolac in Long Evans Rats." European Journal of Clinical Medicine 2, no. 3 (July 9, 2021): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/clinicmed.2021.2.3.94.
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In certain painful disorders, B12 vitamins have been documented to be clinically useful alone or paired with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, it has not been identified to equate these effects with related effects of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) and their combination. To test and compare the effects of vitamin B12 on pain with those of the combination of vitamin B12 with KT in rat models. This experimental research was performed at the Department of Physiology, BSMMU. The control (A, A1 with 5 ml/kg normal saline) and experimental (B1, B1a with 15 mg/kg B12; B2, B2a with 10 mg/kg KT; B3, B3a with B12+KT) groups of 5 rats in each group were divided into 40 (forty) long Evans rats (215±35 gm) of either sex. Both medications and vitamins were administered intraperitoneally in a single dose just one hour prior to the writhing and paw edema test caused by formalin. The statistical study was carried out by ANOVA, followed by the post-hoc Bonferroni test. In the interpretation of outcomes, p≤0.05 was regarded as significant. B12 lowered only the writhing count and KT lowered both writhing appearance latency time and writhing count significantly (p≤0.001) in the writhing test. However, the combination of B12 and KT significantly (p≤0.001) lowered both the study variables in the writhing test. In addition, KT lowered edema volume significantly (p≤0.01) in the paw edema test. The combination of B12 and KT, on the other hand, substantially (p≤0.001) decreased the amount of edema in the paw edema test. It can be concluded that vitamin B12 has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, and that the combination of B12 with KT is more effective than when administered individually.
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Dias, Êuder Reis, Thays de Lima Matos Freire Dias, Magna Suzana Alexandre-Moreira, and Alexsandro Branco. "Antinociceptive activity of Tibouchina pereirae, an endemic plant from the Brazilian semiarid region." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 71, no. 7-8 (July 1, 2016): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2015-0155.
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Abstract The anti-nociceptive activity of an extract of Tibouchina pereirae Aubl (AETP) was investigated using two models of chemically induced pain, viz. the acetic acid-induced writhing and the formalin test, respectively, with dipyrone and indomethacin as reference drugs, respectively. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, AETP application (100 mg/kg) caused a significant reduction of writhing produced by acetic acid. In the formalin test, AETP reduced the formalin effects significantly only in the late phase. These findings thus indicate the involvement of AETP only in peripheral antinociceptive mechanisms. In addition, AETP exhibited good antioxidant activity (EC50 approx. 15 μg/mL) in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay.
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Hoque, Md Enamul, Md Akbar Hossain, and Md Sohel Rana. "Evaluation of Analgesic, Antidiarrheal and Anti-hyperglycemic Activities of Dactyloctenium australe (Poaceae)." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v22i1.40079.
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Dactyloctenium australe belongs to the family of Poaceae. It is also called gramineae or true grasses. Poaceae is the fifth largest family of flowering plants. The current study was conducted on methanol extract of the aerial parts of D. australe (MEDA) to evaluate its in vivo analgesic activity by acetic acidinduced writhing method in mice. The plant extract was also evaluated for antidiarrheal and antihyperglycemic activities using castor oil-induced diarrhea and oral glucose tolerance test, respectively. In acetic acid-induced writhing test, the extract showed 52.18 % and 62.40 % inhibition of writhing at the doses of 200-400mg/kg body weight, respectively while standard aspirin at the dose of 50 mg/kg bw showed 58.12 % writhing inhibition. In anti-hyperglycemic test, the extract revealed its activity in a dose dependent manner. In antidiarrheal activity test, the extract exhibited 48.54 % and 72.92 % inhibition of defecation at the doses of 250-500mg/kg bw, respectively whereas the standard loperamide (3 mg/kg bw) displayed 70.24 % inhibition of defecation.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(1): 85-91, 2019
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Yan, Chen, Dai Ti-jun, Li Xin, Cao Gao, Jiang Shen, Tao Hong, and Meng Zhi-xiu. "5-HT1A Receptors Mediate Analgesia Induced by Emulsified Sevoflurane in Thermal Nociception but Have Little Effect on Chemical Nociception." Pharmacology 100, no. 1-2 (2017): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000464330.
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Objective: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between the analgesic effect of sevoflurane and 5-serotonin receptor 1A (5-HT1A R) in the spinal cords of mice. Methods: Analgesic mouse models were established by intraperitoneal injection of emulsified sevoflurane, and the influence of p-MPPF (a specific antagonist of 5-HT1A Rs) intrathecal injection on the changes in tail-flick latency in tail-withdrawal test, pain threshold in hot-plate test (HPPT), and writhing times in acetic acid-induced writhing test were recorded. Results: Intraperitoneal injection of emulsified sevoflurane alone produced an analgesic effect (p < 0.05). p-MPPF (2, 4, and 8 μg) alone had no impact on tail-flick latency, HPPT, and writhing times in mice (p > 0.05). The 3 doses of p-MPPF reduced the tail-flick latency or HPPT. p-MPPF 8 μg can increase the writhing times (p < 0.05) in analgesic mice with sevoflurane, while p-MPPF 2 and 4 μg did not affect the writhing times. Conclusion: 5-HT1A Rs in the spinal cord may be an important target for the analgesic effect of sevoflurane on the thermal nociception, but it has little relation to the anti-chemical chemical nociceptive effect of sevoflurane.
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Shakar Reddy, N. Chandra, and K. Pratap Reddy. "Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Selenium and Alpha-tocopherol in Mouse Models of Pain Induced with Fluoride Exposure." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 1415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2244.
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Fluoride is an ineluctable environmental pollutant and its chronic exposure causes nociception and inflammation. Alpha-tocopherol and Selenium (Se) are widely available compounds that are safe if taken in moderation and exert a wide range of antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. This study examined the protective activity of dietary supplements, alpha-tocopherol (2 mg/kg BW) and Selenium (05 µg/kg BW), by using thermal (Hot plate test, Tail-flick test), chemical (writhing test, formalin test) and neuropathic (allodynia test) tests in fluoride (20mg/kg BW) induced pain models. In addition, anti-inflammatory activity was also assessed with paw oedema assay. The obtained data suggest that hyperalgesia in fluoride exposure group was significantly (p<0.05) exhibited in hot plate, tail flick, writhing response, formalin and allodynia tests. Moreover, inflammation in fluoride exposure group was also significantly (p<0.05) increased in paw oedema tests in comparison with the control group. The combined administration of Se and alpha-tocopherol significantly (p<0.05) increased response latency in hot plate and tail flick tests, reduced writhing responses in the writhing test, increased withdrawal duration in allodynia test, inhibited formalin induced pain response in both phases but it was more pronounced in the second phase and attenuated formalin induced paw oedema in comparison with independent treatment of Se and alpha-tocopherol against NaF suggesting their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. These findings conclude the synergistic effects of selenium and alpha-tocopherol against fluoride induced nociception and inflammation.
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Jiang, Xiao Kun. "Extraction and Analgesic Effects of Polysaccharides from Achyranthes bidentata Blume." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 1600–1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.1600.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimal extraction conditions of polysaccharides fromAchyranthes bidentataBlume (ABs) and evaluate its analgesic effects. Extraction conditions of ABs were optimized by the orthogonal experiment design, and analgesic effects of ABs were assessed by the acetic acid writhing reflex test. The results show that the optimal conditions ABs: extraction temperature is 90°C, extraction time is 3.5 h. and ratio of water to raw is 40:1 ml/g. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of ABs was 5.48%. Furthermore, ABs decreased number of writhing reflex and increased writhing reflex incubation period in mice, which indicated that ABs had analgesic effects. Acute toxicity test have already proved that the ABs did not show any toxic reactions.
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Ahmed, Zubair, and Shobha Kamble. "Antinociceptive Action of the Seeds of Carica Papaya Linn Extracted in Aqueous Medium in Mice." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 11, no. 1 (March 25, 2018): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1363.
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To study the antinociceptive action of the seeds of carica papaya linn extracted in aqueous medium (CPE) in mice. The Carica Papaya aqueous seed extract was evaluated for its antinociceptive effect in mice by producing writhing using acetic acid. One hour after administration of mice with the test, control and the standard drugs the mice were given 0.2 ml of acetic acid (3%) solution intraperitoneally to produce writhing. The number of constrictions of abdominal muscles induced along with extending and jerking of the hind limb were counted from 5 to 15 minutes. The response of the mice treated with the carica papaya aqueous seed extract and that of the standard drug treated groups were compared with those of the mice in the control group. Percentage inhibition of the writhing movements in mice was considered as an index of analgesic effect. The Carica Papaya aqueous seed extract reduced the number of writhing in test group 5 (CPE 400 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) in comparison to the control group. Percentage inhibition in test group 5 (60.8%) was comparable to the percentage inhibition in the standard drug (diclofenac) group (70.3%). The Carica Papaya aqueous seed extract showed significant antinociceptive effect in mice.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Writhing test"
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Rodrigues, Nuno. "Recherche et évaluation d'antalgiques originaux : les activateurs des canaux potassiques TREK-1." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF22181.
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Les antalgiques utilisés aujourd’hui sont des produits anciens et plusieurs d’entre eux datent du 19ème siècle. La morphine demeure l’antalgique de référence pour les douleurs dites par excès de nociception, mais elle est à l’origine d’effets indésirables gênants et graves. Il a été démontré que l’effet antalgique de la morphine passait par l’activation des canaux potassiques TREK-1. Les travaux de recherche ont donc comme objectif la recherche d’antalgiques originaux activateurs de TREK-1. Nous avons synthétisé des activateurs de TREK-1 décrits dans la littérature puis nous avons évalué leur activité antalgique in vivo (writhing test) ce qui nous a permis d’identifier le CDC comme molécule « lead ». Nous avons ensuite synthétisé 43 analogues du CDC que nous avons évalué pour leur effet antalgique ainsi que leur capacité à activer les canaux TREK-1 (électrophysiologie). Ces molécules ont été préparées en 3 à 12 étapes avec des rendements de 3 à 72 % en utilisant des réactions telles que : aldolisation, oléfination de Watsworth et Horner, Peterson, estérification …Des résultats très prometteurs ont émergé de cette étude de relation structure-activité avec 8 molécules qui se démarquent avec un très bon effet antalgique (>50% inhibition de la douleur) ainsi qu’une bonne activation des canaux TREK-1 (R>2). Enfin nous avons analysé les résultats de cette étude par modélisation moléculaire (QSAR) ce qui nous a permis d’identifier les caractéristiques structurales essentielles de ces moléculesAnalgesics used today are old products and several of them date from the 19th century. Morphine remains the analgesics of reference for pains called by excess of nociception, but it is at the origin of awkward and serious side effects. It was shown that the analgesic effect of morphine passed by the activation of potassium channels TREK-1. The objective of this work is thus to develop original analgesics, activators of TREK-1. We synthesized activators of TREK-1 described in the literature and we evaluated their analgesic activity in vivo (writhing test) which enabled us to identify CDC as a lead molecule. We then synthesized 43 analogues of CDC which we evaluated for their analgesic effect and their ability to activate TREK-1 channels (electrophysiology). These molecules were prepared in 3 to 12 steps with yields ranging from 3 to 72 % by using reactions such as : aldol reaction, Watsworth and Horner’s olefination, Peterson’s olefination, esterification … Very promising results emerged from this structure-activity relationship study with 8 molecules which display a very good analgesic effect (>50% inhibition of pain) as well as a good activation of TREK-1 channels (R> 2). Finally we analyzed the results of this study by molecular modeling (QSAR) which enabled us to identify the essential structural characteristics of these molecules
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Vivier, Delphine. "Vers de nouveaux antalgiques : optimisation de molécules activatrices des canaux potassiques TREK-1." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22518/document.
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La morphine demeure l'antalgique de référence pour le traitement de la douleur (nociception), mais elle est également responsable d‘effets secondaires importants. Des études ont montré que les animaux privés de canaux potassiques TREK-1 (TWIK-related K+channels) étaient plus sensibles à la douleur. Plus récemment, il a été démontré que le canal potassique TREK-1 joue un rôle crucial dans l'analgésie induite par la morphine chez les souris, alors qu'il n'est pas impliqué dans les effets secondaires (constipation, dépression respiratoire et dépendance). Ces résultats suggèrent que les canaux TREK-1 constituent des cibles d‘intérêt pour la conception de nouveaux antalgiques sans effets indésirables liés aux opioïdes. Des études antérieures au sein de notre laboratoire ont permis l'identification de quatre structures chefs de file, activatrices des canaux TREK-1, présentant une activité antalgique in vivo. La structure 3D du canal TREK-1 n‘étant pas élucidée au moment de nos travaux, nous avons décidé d'effectuer une optimisation basée sur une étude de relation structure-activité (RSA). Trente-six analogues ont été synthétisés par condensation de Knoevenagel et évalués pour leur effet antalgique (test de l‘acide acétique, test de la plaque chaude) et leur capacité à activer le canal TREK-1 (électrophysiologie). La capacité des substituants du noyau aromatique à établir des interactions de type liaison hydrogène ainsi que le volume de ces substituants ont une influence déterminante sur l'activité. Des résultats prometteurs ont émergé de cette étude RSA: 5 molécules présentent une très bonne activité antalgique (> 50% d'inhibition de la douleur, test de la plaque chaude) ainsi que d'une bonne activation de TREK-1 canaux (R ≥ 2 à 10 μM ou R ≥ 4 au-dessus de 20 μM)Morphine remains the analgesic of reference for the treatment of pain (nociception), but it is also responsible for serious adverse effects. Research studies have shown that animals deprived of potassium channels TREK-1 (TWIK-related K+ channels) were over-sensitive to pain. More recently, it has been demonstrated that the TREK-1 potassium channel is a crucial contributor of morphine-induced analgesia in mice, while it is not involved in morphine-induced constipation, respiratory depression and dependence. These results suggest that the TREK-1 channels constitute targets of interest for the design of novel analgesics without opioid-like adverse effects. Previous studies within our consortium led to the identification of four lead structures as TREK-1 activators exhibiting analgesic activity in vivo.Since the 3D structure of TREK-1 was not available at the time, we decided to perform hit optimization by conventional structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Thirty six analogs were synthesized via Knoevenagel condensation and evaluated for their analgesic effect (writhing test, hot plate assay) and their ability to activate TREK-1 channel (electrophysiology). It turned out that the possibility to form hydrogen bonding interaction (aryl moiety) and the volume of substituents of the amide or ester has a crucial influence on activity. Promising results emerged from this SAR study: 5 molecules display a very good analgesic activity (> 50% inhibition of pain, hot plate assay) as well as a good activation of TREK-1 channels (R ≥ 2 at 10μM or R ≥ 4 above 20μM)
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Ruan, Hong. "The antinociceptive effects of HN and related peptides in the mouse writhing and tailflick tests, the possible role of central D2 receptor." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0002/MQ46606.pdf.
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Ruan, Hong. "The antinociceptive effects of histogranin and related peptides in the mouse writhing and tailflick tests: The possible role of central D2 receptor." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/8608.
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Histogranin (HN) is an adrenal medullary peptide that was shown to display N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist activities. Recent data indicated that [Ser1]HN, a stable synthetic analogue of HN, administrated intrathecally (i.t.) can produce significant analgesic effects in rat models of tonic and chronic pain. The aims of the present study were to determine what type(s) of pain HN and related peptides are able to alleviate and which receptor type(s) is(are) involved in such activity. HN and related peptides (intracerebroventricularly: i.c.v.) displayed significant analgesic activity in both the the mouse writhing (visceral type of pain) and tailflick (acute reflex type of pain) assays. The presence of NaCl (10 mM) induced the conversion of the high affinity site into the low affinity site, resulting with an overall Ki of 6.54 +/- 1.2 muM. The relative potencies of HN and related peptides in inhibiting [3H]raclopride binding correlated well with their potencies in inducing analgesic effects in the mouse writhing test (r = 0.86). Our results indicate that HN and related peptides can produce analgesia in thermal and chemical pain assays by a mechanism that involves the participation of the dopamine D2 receptor. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Lindholm, Malin. "Samspelet mellan skrift och bild i matematikläroböcker." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-69675.
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Många av dagens matematikläroböcker är multimodala som innebär att de innehåller fler kommunikationsformer som exempelvis skrift och bild. Denna studies bidrag var att konstruera verktyget MAV (Multimodalt Analysverktyg) som undersöker och identifierar multimodal text. Studien utgår från en sociosemiotisk teori och dess frågeställningar handlade om att undersöka hur skrift och bild förhåller sig till varandra, vad bilden har för funktion och hur den relaterar till skriften utifrån användning av MAV. Metoden som användes för att konstruera verktyget var att skapa kategorier utifrån begrepp från sociosemiotiken och applicera dem i två kodningsscheman. Kategorierna i det första kodningsschemat var: inramning, avstånd/närhet, överlappning och visuellt rim. Det andra kodningsschemat hade kategorierna: dekorativ, förankringsrelation och avbytesrelation. Resultatet visade att MAV kunde användas som verktyg i läroböckerna. Det visade också att skrift och bild ofta förhåller sig till varandra genom närhet och att de till mestadels skapar en förankringsrelation som innebär att de bidrar med ett likvärdigt matematiskt innehåll. En slutsats är att denna relation kan vara gynnsam för elevernas lärande eftersom innehållet kan vara abstrakt och att både skrift och bild behöver förmedla samma information. Det diskuterades även om vad den dekorativa bilden kan skapa för effekter i elevens lärande.Many of today's mathematics textbooks are multimodal, which means that they contain more forms of communication such as writing and image. This study's contribution was to construct the MAV (Multimodal Analysis Tool) tool that investigates and identifies multimodal text. The study is based on a sociosemiotic theory and its issues were about investigating how the image and image relate to each other, what the image is for function and how it relates to the writing based on the use of MAV. The method used to construct the tool was to create categories based on concepts from socio-chemistry and apply them into two coding schemes. The categories in the first coding scheme were: framing, distance / proximity, overlap and visual rim. The second coding scheme had the categories: decorative, anchor relation, and interchange relation. The result showed that MAV could be used as a tool in the textbooks. It also showed that writing and image often relate to each other by close proximity and that they mostly create an anchoring relationship which means they contribute with an equivalent mathematical content. One conclusion is that this relationship can be beneficial to the students' learning because the content can be abstract and that both the writing and the image need to convey the same information. It was also discussed what the decorative image could create for effects in the student's learning.
Conference papers on the topic "Writhing test"
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"The Effects of Estradiol on Acetic Acid Induced Pain in Writhing Test in Female Mice." In International Conference on Earth, Environment and Life sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c1214119.
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