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Journal articles on the topic 'Writhing test'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 April 2022

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1

Schweizer, A., R. Brom, and H. Scherrer. "Combined automated writhing/motility test for testing analgesics." Agents and Actions 23, no. 1-2 (February 1988): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01967176.

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2

Pranaya, G., P. Venkata Smitha, N. Srinivasa Reddy, R. Vinay, Ch Murali Mohan, and Akondi Butchi Raju. "Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflamatory Activity of Ventilago calyculata." International Journal of Life Sciences 9, no. 1 (February 7, 2015): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i1.11925.

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Ventilago calyculata was traditionally used to treat sprains and pain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of bark of Ventilago calyculata (MVC). For evaluating analgesic activity, Hot plate method, Tail-flick method, Formalin test and Writhing methods were used. For evaluating anti-inflammatory activity Carrageenan induced paw edema and Xylene induced ear edema methods were used. Administration of MVC (100 and 200mg/kg) significantly reduced the total number of writhings in Acetic acid induced writhing method. In Hot plate and Tail-Flick methods there was a significant increase in baseline. There was a significant reduction in ear edema in Xylene induced ear edema method. The results suggest that the methanolic extract of bark of Ventilago calyculata might have analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i1.11925 International Journal of Life Sciences Vol.9(1) 2015 43-47
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3

Delisma, Cici, Sri Peni Fitrianingsih, and Suwendar Suwendar. "UJI AKTIVITAS ANALGETIKA EKSTRAK n-HEKSANA DAUN AFRIKA (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) TERHADAP MENCIT SWISS WEBSTER JANTAN." Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Farmasyifa 1, no. 1 (October 10, 2017): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/jiff.v1i1.3109.

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ABSTRAKNyeri merupakan persepsi sensorik mengganggu yang dapat ditangani dengan analgetika. Daun afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) secara tradisional digunakan untuk mengobati nyeri seperti sakit gigi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan aktivitas analgetika ekstrak n-heksana daun afrika dengan 2 metode pengujian dan menentukan dosis efektifnya. Metode Tail Flick Test untuk menguji aktivitas analgetika sentral dan metode Writhing Test untuk menguji aktivitas analgetika perifer. Mencit dibagi ke dalam 5 kelompok. Kelompok kontrol yang diberi CMC Na, kelompok uji yang diberi ekstrak n-heksana daun afrika dosis 100, 200 dan 400 mg/kg BB serta kelompok pembanding yang diberi tramadol (metode Tail Flick Test) dan aspirin (metode Writhing Test). Analisis data dilakukan dengan ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan LSD pada taraf kepercayaan 95% (p ≤ 0,05). Pada metode Tail Flick Test mencit diinduksi nyeri dengan panas suhu 50±2oC dan parameter yang diamati adalah total waktu yang dibutuhkan mencit untuk menjentikkan ekor. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak dengan dosis 400 mg/kg BB secara signifikan memperpanjang waktu mencit menjentikkan ekor dibandingkan terhadap kontrol (p=0,006), tetapi aktivitasnya tidak sebanding dengan tramadol dosis 6,5 mg/kg BB (p=0,000). Pada metode Writhing Test mencit diinduksi nyeri dengan asam asetat 0,6%(v/v) dan parameter yang diamati adalah total geliat mencit selama pengamatan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak dengan dosis 100, 200 dan 400 mg/kg BB secara signifikan menurunkan total geliat mencit dibandingkan terhadap kontrol (p=0,000), dengan nilai persen efektivitas sebesar 32,01%, 51,60% dan 82,41% yang lebih lemah dibandingkan aspirin dosis 65 mg/kg BB dengan persen efektivitas 100%.Kata kunci: Daun afrika, Vernonia amygdalina Delile, analgetika, Tail Flick Test, Writhing Test. ABSTRACTPain is a disturbing sensory perception that can be treated with analgesics. Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) has traditionally noun to treat pain such as toothache. This study aims to evaluate the analgesic activity of n-hexane extract of bitter leaf with 2 testing methods and determine the effective dose. The first method to test central analgesic activity is Tail Flick Test method and the second method is Writhing Test method to test peripheral analgesic activity. The test was done on mice were divided into 5 groups. The control group that was administered to CMC Na, the test group was administered n-hexane extract of bitter leaf dose 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW and the comparable group was administered tramadol (for Tail Flick Test method) and aspirin (for Writhing Test method). Data were analyzed by ANOVA test, followed by LSD test at 95% confidence level (p ≤ 0,05). In the Tail Flick Test method, the mice were induced by pain by heat at 50 ± 2℃ and the observed parameters were the total time required of the mice to flick the tail. The results showed that the extract at dose 400 mg/kg BW significantly prolonged the mice's flicking time compared to the control (p=0,006), but the activity was not comparable with tramadol dose of 6,5 mg/kg BW (p=0,000). In the Writhing Test method, the mice were induced by pain by acetic acid 0,6%(v/v) and the observed parameters were the total writhing of mice. The results showed that extracts with doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW significantly decrease the total writhing of mice compared to control (p=0,000), with the effectivity percentage of 32,01%, 51,60% and 82,41% which are weaker than 65 mg/kg BW dose aspirin effectivity percentage 100%.Keywords: Bitter leaf, Vernonia amygdalina Delile, analgesics, Tail Flick Test, Writhing Test.
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4

Rahman, Md Mizanur, Noorzahan Begum, Mahadi Abdur Rouf, and Shahriar Masood. "Synergistic Antinociceptive, Anti-inflammatory Interaction between Vitamin B12 and Ketorolac in Long Evans Rats." European Journal of Clinical Medicine 2, no. 3 (July 9, 2021): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/clinicmed.2021.2.3.94.

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In certain painful disorders, B12 vitamins have been documented to be clinically useful alone or paired with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, it has not been identified to equate these effects with related effects of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) and their combination. To test and compare the effects of vitamin B12 on pain with those of the combination of vitamin B12 with KT in rat models. This experimental research was performed at the Department of Physiology, BSMMU. The control (A, A1 with 5 ml/kg normal saline) and experimental (B1, B1a with 15 mg/kg B12; B2, B2a with 10 mg/kg KT; B3, B3a with B12+KT) groups of 5 rats in each group were divided into 40 (forty) long Evans rats (215±35 gm) of either sex. Both medications and vitamins were administered intraperitoneally in a single dose just one hour prior to the writhing and paw edema test caused by formalin. The statistical study was carried out by ANOVA, followed by the post-hoc Bonferroni test. In the interpretation of outcomes, p≤0.05 was regarded as significant. B12 lowered only the writhing count and KT lowered both writhing appearance latency time and writhing count significantly (p≤0.001) in the writhing test. However, the combination of B12 and KT significantly (p≤0.001) lowered both the study variables in the writhing test. In addition, KT lowered edema volume significantly (p≤0.01) in the paw edema test. The combination of B12 and KT, on the other hand, substantially (p≤0.001) decreased the amount of edema in the paw edema test. It can be concluded that vitamin B12 has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, and that the combination of B12 with KT is more effective than when administered individually.
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5

Dias, Êuder Reis, Thays de Lima Matos Freire Dias, Magna Suzana Alexandre-Moreira, and Alexsandro Branco. "Antinociceptive activity of Tibouchina pereirae, an endemic plant from the Brazilian semiarid region." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 71, no. 7-8 (July 1, 2016): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2015-0155.

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Abstract The anti-nociceptive activity of an extract of Tibouchina pereirae Aubl (AETP) was investigated using two models of chemically induced pain, viz. the acetic acid-induced writhing and the formalin test, respectively, with dipyrone and indomethacin as reference drugs, respectively. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, AETP application (100 mg/kg) caused a significant reduction of writhing produced by acetic acid. In the formalin test, AETP reduced the formalin effects significantly only in the late phase. These findings thus indicate the involvement of AETP only in peripheral antinociceptive mechanisms. In addition, AETP exhibited good antioxidant activity (EC50 approx. 15 μg/mL) in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay.
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6

Hoque, Md Enamul, Md Akbar Hossain, and Md Sohel Rana. "Evaluation of Analgesic, Antidiarrheal and Anti-hyperglycemic Activities of Dactyloctenium australe (Poaceae)." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v22i1.40079.

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Dactyloctenium australe belongs to the family of Poaceae. It is also called gramineae or true grasses. Poaceae is the fifth largest family of flowering plants. The current study was conducted on methanol extract of the aerial parts of D. australe (MEDA) to evaluate its in vivo analgesic activity by acetic acidinduced writhing method in mice. The plant extract was also evaluated for antidiarrheal and antihyperglycemic activities using castor oil-induced diarrhea and oral glucose tolerance test, respectively. In acetic acid-induced writhing test, the extract showed 52.18 % and 62.40 % inhibition of writhing at the doses of 200-400mg/kg body weight, respectively while standard aspirin at the dose of 50 mg/kg bw showed 58.12 % writhing inhibition. In anti-hyperglycemic test, the extract revealed its activity in a dose dependent manner. In antidiarrheal activity test, the extract exhibited 48.54 % and 72.92 % inhibition of defecation at the doses of 250-500mg/kg bw, respectively whereas the standard loperamide (3 mg/kg bw) displayed 70.24 % inhibition of defecation. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(1): 85-91, 2019
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7

Yan, Chen, Dai Ti-jun, Li Xin, Cao Gao, Jiang Shen, Tao Hong, and Meng Zhi-xiu. "5-HT1A Receptors Mediate Analgesia Induced by Emulsified Sevoflurane in Thermal Nociception but Have Little Effect on Chemical Nociception." Pharmacology 100, no. 1-2 (2017): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000464330.

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Objective: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between the analgesic effect of sevoflurane and 5-serotonin receptor 1A (5-HT1A R) in the spinal cords of mice. Methods: Analgesic mouse models were established by intraperitoneal injection of emulsified sevoflurane, and the influence of p-MPPF (a specific antagonist of 5-HT1A Rs) intrathecal injection on the changes in tail-flick latency in tail-withdrawal test, pain threshold in hot-plate test (HPPT), and writhing times in acetic acid-induced writhing test were recorded. Results: Intraperitoneal injection of emulsified sevoflurane alone produced an analgesic effect (p < 0.05). p-MPPF (2, 4, and 8 μg) alone had no impact on tail-flick latency, HPPT, and writhing times in mice (p > 0.05). The 3 doses of p-MPPF reduced the tail-flick latency or HPPT. p-MPPF 8 μg can increase the writhing times (p < 0.05) in analgesic mice with sevoflurane, while p-MPPF 2 and 4 μg did not affect the writhing times. Conclusion: 5-HT1A Rs in the spinal cord may be an important target for the analgesic effect of sevoflurane on the thermal nociception, but it has little relation to the anti-chemical chemical nociceptive effect of sevoflurane.
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8

Shakar Reddy, N. Chandra, and K. Pratap Reddy. "Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Selenium and Alpha-tocopherol in Mouse Models of Pain Induced with Fluoride Exposure." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 1415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2244.

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Fluoride is an ineluctable environmental pollutant and its chronic exposure causes nociception and inflammation. Alpha-tocopherol and Selenium (Se) are widely available compounds that are safe if taken in moderation and exert a wide range of antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. This study examined the protective activity of dietary supplements, alpha-tocopherol (2 mg/kg BW) and Selenium (05 µg/kg BW), by using thermal (Hot plate test, Tail-flick test), chemical (writhing test, formalin test) and neuropathic (allodynia test) tests in fluoride (20mg/kg BW) induced pain models. In addition, anti-inflammatory activity was also assessed with paw oedema assay. The obtained data suggest that hyperalgesia in fluoride exposure group was significantly (p<0.05) exhibited in hot plate, tail flick, writhing response, formalin and allodynia tests. Moreover, inflammation in fluoride exposure group was also significantly (p<0.05) increased in paw oedema tests in comparison with the control group. The combined administration of Se and alpha-tocopherol significantly (p<0.05) increased response latency in hot plate and tail flick tests, reduced writhing responses in the writhing test, increased withdrawal duration in allodynia test, inhibited formalin induced pain response in both phases but it was more pronounced in the second phase and attenuated formalin induced paw oedema in comparison with independent treatment of Se and alpha-tocopherol against NaF suggesting their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. These findings conclude the synergistic effects of selenium and alpha-tocopherol against fluoride induced nociception and inflammation.
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Jiang, Xiao Kun. "Extraction and Analgesic Effects of Polysaccharides from Achyranthes bidentata Blume." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 1600–1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.1600.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimal extraction conditions of polysaccharides fromAchyranthes bidentataBlume (ABs) and evaluate its analgesic effects. Extraction conditions of ABs were optimized by the orthogonal experiment design, and analgesic effects of ABs were assessed by the acetic acid writhing reflex test. The results show that the optimal conditions ABs: extraction temperature is 90°C, extraction time is 3.5 h. and ratio of water to raw is 40:1 ml/g. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of ABs was 5.48%. Furthermore, ABs decreased number of writhing reflex and increased writhing reflex incubation period in mice, which indicated that ABs had analgesic effects. Acute toxicity test have already proved that the ABs did not show any toxic reactions.
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10

Ahmed, Zubair, and Shobha Kamble. "Antinociceptive Action of the Seeds of Carica Papaya Linn Extracted in Aqueous Medium in Mice." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 11, no. 1 (March 25, 2018): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1363.

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To study the antinociceptive action of the seeds of carica papaya linn extracted in aqueous medium (CPE) in mice. The Carica Papaya aqueous seed extract was evaluated for its antinociceptive effect in mice by producing writhing using acetic acid. One hour after administration of mice with the test, control and the standard drugs the mice were given 0.2 ml of acetic acid (3%) solution intraperitoneally to produce writhing. The number of constrictions of abdominal muscles induced along with extending and jerking of the hind limb were counted from 5 to 15 minutes. The response of the mice treated with the carica papaya aqueous seed extract and that of the standard drug treated groups were compared with those of the mice in the control group. Percentage inhibition of the writhing movements in mice was considered as an index of analgesic effect. The Carica Papaya aqueous seed extract reduced the number of writhing in test group 5 (CPE 400 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) in comparison to the control group. Percentage inhibition in test group 5 (60.8%) was comparable to the percentage inhibition in the standard drug (diclofenac) group (70.3%). The Carica Papaya aqueous seed extract showed significant antinociceptive effect in mice.
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11

Vijay Bahadur Maurya, Vishnu Prasad Yadav, and Vinay Kumar. "Evaluation of the analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of Populus deltoides leaves in mice." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (September 30, 2020): 5942–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3252.

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The ethanolic leaves extract of Populus deltoides was tested for the presence of various phytoconstituents and designed to evaluate the analgesic activity in mice. The peripheral analgesic activity of ethanolic leaves extract of P.deltoides (250 and 500 mg/kg) was studied by using acetic acid stimulated writhing test and central analgesic activity of P.deltoides was studied by using hotplate process. The ethanolic leaves extract of P.deltoides professed the existence of a variety of chemical constituents like alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenes and steroids. Leaves extract of P.deltoides appreciably decreased the writhing actions in acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice and amplified the respond time in hotplate test. These results suggest that the extract may have NSAIDs like activity through the peripheral mechanism and central analgesic activities via opioid receptors. From our study, we endowed that leaves extract of P.deltoides has feasible to analgesic activity. This study reveals that it can be used in the management of pain and provide a scientific basis for its traditional use.
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I. K. Khalil, Sh M. Al-khazrji ,. and. "Analgesic effect of the aqueous extract of Artimisia herba alba Arial part." Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences 9, no. 3 (December 30, 2010): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.29079/vol9iss3art117.

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The present study was aimed to investigate the analgesic effects of the aqueous extract of Artemisia herba alba Arial part in rats and mice ( AEAHA ). The AEAHA (400- 700 mg/kg; p.o.) was evaluated for its analgesic activity by employing acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test and tail immersion tests i.e. in hot and cold water. AEAHA (400- 700 mg/kg; p.o.) showed significant (P<0.01) reduction in the number of writhing induced by acetic acid,increased reaction time in hot plate test and elevated pain threshold in hot and cold water tests. AEAHA exhibited the dose-dependent analgesic effects
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13

Maniyar, Yasmeen A., and Dasari Sriraj. "Peripheral and central analgesic activity evaluation of ethanolic extract of Vitex Negundo flowers in experimental animals." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 11 (October 25, 2017): 2701. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20174791.

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Background: Vitex negundo Linn (Family: Verbenaceae), locally known as ‘Nirgundi’ an important medicinal plant is a woody, aromatic shrub growing to a small tree. It commonly bears tri- or penta-foliate leaves on quadrangular branches, which give rise to bluish-purple coloured flowers in branched tomentose cymes. It has been claimed to possess analgesic activity apart from many medicinal properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate both the peripheral and central analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of Vitex negundo flowers (EEVNF) in experimental animals.Methods: Acute toxicity test was done following the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines. EEVNF (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg body weight [b.w.] p.o) was evaluated for peripheral analgesic activity by the acetic acid (0.7%) induced writhing test and central analgesic activity by the tail flick method respectively using aspirin (100mg/kg b.w. and 300mg/kg b.w.) as the standard drug.Results: EEVNF significantly decreased the number of writhing in writhing test at all the doses (p<0.001) and increased the reaction time in tail-flick method (p<0.001) at all the doses when compared to control. EEVNF in the dosage of 400mg/kg b.w. produced analgesic effects which was comparable with that of the standard drug aspirin at dose 100mg/kg b.w in writhing test and produced greater analgesic activity than that of standard drug aspirin at dose 300mg/kg b.w in tail flick method.Conclusions: EEVNF has significant peripheral and central analgesic activity.
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Islamiati, Utami, Hanifah Khairun Nisa, Hilkatul Ilmi, Lidya Tumewu, Myrna Adianti, Tutik Sri Wahyuni, Aty Widyawaruyanti, and Achmad Fuad Hafid. "Free Radical Scavenging and Analgesic Activities of 70% Ethanol Extract of Luvunga sarmentosa (BI.) Kurz from Central Kalimantan." Borneo Journal of Pharmacy 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v5i1.2983.

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Luvunga sarmentosa, commonly known as saluang belum, is widely used in Kalimantan to relieve pains, rheumatism, boost the immune system, and fever. The research on the free radical scavenging and analgesic effect of the L. sarmentosa stem extract has not been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the free radical scavenging and analgesic activity of the ethanol extract of L. sarmentosa. The L. sarmentosa stem was extracted using 70% ethanol and tested for free radical scavenging using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and analgesic activity, acetic acid-induced writhing test, and hot plate test in an animal model. The results showed that the 70% ethanol extract of the L. sarmentosa had an anti-free radical scavenging and analgesic activity. The extract has weak free radical scavenging with an IC50 value of 293.45 µg/mL. Analgesic activity using the writhing test indicated that the extract significantly reduced the writhes count after oral administration in a dose-dependent manner compared to the negative control. Extract at a dose of 550 mg/kg BW can reduce the writhing test by 67.60% compared to others. In contrast, the diclofenac sodium reduced the number of writhes by 74.74%. While in a hot plate, the extract at a dose of 550 mg/kg BW produced a maximum possible analgesia (MPA) of 17.64%, lower than the MPA of diclofenac sodium (51.01%). Analgesic activity of the extract has higher inhibition on the writhing test than on the hot plate. The extract could be responsible for the peripheral mechanism by inhibiting the prostaglandin biosynthesis.
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Gawade, ShivajiP. "Acetic acid induced painful endogenous infliction in writhing test on mice." Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics 3, no. 4 (2012): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-500x.103699.

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16

Saha, Moni Rani, Sheikh Zahir Raihan, and Akm Shahidur Rahman. "Antinociceptive activity of methanolic extract of the leaves of Feronia limonia Linn." Bangladesh Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 26, no. 1-2 (August 11, 2014): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpp.v26i1-2.19962.

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The antinociceptive activity of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Feronia limonia Linn. (Family Rutaceae) was investigated using acetic acid-induced writhing model and tail flick test in swiss albino mice. The extract produced about 26.01% ( p< 0.01), 39.88% ( p< 0.01) and 57.07% (p< 0.01) writhing inhibition at the dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight respectively, which was comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium where the inhibition was about 63.58% (p< 0.01) at the dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight. All doses of extracts significantly (p<0.05) increased latency of flick tail in tail immersion method. The methanolic extract showed dose dependent antinociceptive activity in both type of test in swiss albino mice. Phytochemical investigations of the leaves extract indicate the presence of tannins, saponins, steroids, alkaloids and flavonoids. The preliminary study of the methanolic extract showed antinociceptive activity in both writhing and tail flick test in mice. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpp.v26i1-2.19962 Bangladesh J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 26(1&2) : 21-24
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Satyam, Shakta Mani, Laxminarayana Kurady Bairy, and Vasudha Devi. "CORRELATION OF GENDER AND LEPTIN WITH ANALGESIC EFFECT OF TRAMADOL IN RATS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 6 (June 7, 2018): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i6.26678.

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Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the correlation of gender and serum leptin level with analgesic modulation of tramadol in Wistar rats.Methods: A total of 48 Wistar rats (body weight 100–150 g), 24 each male and female Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups (n=6/group) (Group I - Control- 0.9% NaCl; 1 ml/kg/day i.p. and Group II - Tramadol 10 mg/kg/day i.p.) for each nociception model - plantar test and acetic acid induced writhing test. The treatment duration was of 5 days. Paw withdrawal latency (PWL) was assessed using plantar test and writhing movements were observed following administration of 0.8% acetic acid; 10 ml/kg i.p.Results: PWL was significantly decreased (p<0.001) and both number of writhing movements and serum leptin concentrations were significantly increased (p<0.001) in female control group compared to male control group. In tramadol treated female rats, PWL was significantly decreased (p=0.005) and both number of writhing movements and serum leptin concentrations were significantly increased (p<0.001) in comparison with the tramadol treated male rats. PWL was negatively correlated with serum leptin concentration (Pearson correlation coefficient= −0.826, two-tailed significance= 0.000), and writhing movements were positively correlated with serum leptin concentration (Pearson correlation coefficient= 0.505, two-tailed significance= 0.012).Conclusions: The present study revealed that female rats have more serum leptin concentration than male rats which could be one of the possible reasons for having more pain sensitivity to noxious stimuli in female rats compared to male rats. Tramadol treatment at the dose of 10 mg/kg for 5 days has decreased serum leptin level in rats which might be one of the additional mechanisms of tramadol to reduce pain.
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18

Miranda, Hugo F., Viviana Noriega, Fernando Sierralta, Paula Poblete, Nicolas Aranda, and Juan Carlos Prieto. "Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Tonic, Phasic and Inflammatory Mouse Models." Drug Research 69, no. 10 (June 28, 2019): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0956-673.

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AbstractThe principal mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is the inhibition of ciclooxigenases. In this study was evaluated if NSAIDs could induce antinociceptive differences according to the type of murine pain model. Male mice were injected intraperitoneally with meloxicam, diclofenac, piroxicam, metamizol, ibuprofen, naproxen and paracetamol in the writhing, tail flick and formalin orofacial tests and dose-response were analyzed to obtain the ED50 of each drugs. Administration of NSAIDs produced in a dose-dependent antinociception with different potency in the tests. The relative potency of NSAIDs among the tests shows a value of 5.53 in the orofacial formalin test in phase I and 6.34 in phase II between meloxicam and paracetamol; of 7.60 in the writhing test between meloxicam and paracetamol and of 8.46 in the tail flick test between ibuprofen and paracetamol. If the comparison is made for each NSAID in the different tests, the minimum value was 0.01 for between writhing and phase II of the orofacial formalin. Meanwhile, the highest power ratio was 11.71 for diclofenac between writhing and tail flick tests. In conclusion, the results suggests that intraperitoneal NSAIDs administration induce antinociceptive activity depending on the type of pain. The results support that NSAIDs administration, induce a wide variety of antinociceptive effect, depending on the type of pain. This suggest the participation of different mechanisms of action that can be added to the simple inhibition of COXs controlled by NSAIDs.
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Anggitasari, Wima. "Test for Analgesic Effects of Clove Leaf Oil (Syzygium aromaticum) on Balb / C strain male mice." Jurnal Kesehatan dr. Soebandi 6, no. 2 (October 24, 2018): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36858/jkds.v6i2.120.

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Clove leaf (Syzygium aromaticum) is one of plant that is widely used as an alternative medicine community, one of the benefit of clove leaf is analgesic. Clove leaf oil is the part of clove leaf. The aim of the research to proved clove leaf oil has the analgesic activity. The data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test, continuated by Mean-Whitney test with trust level 95%. This research was conducted with writhing reflex method with animal test of male mice Balb/C by 20 mice divided into 4 group.Group I as a control was treated with CMC Na 0,5% suspension, group II and III were treated with doses of 100 mg/kgBB and 200 mg/kgBB clove leaf oil, group IV was treated with aspirin. Number of streches (writhing reflex) was observed. The data were analyzed with KruskalWallis test, continuated by Mean-Whitney test with trust level 95%. This research of number of streches (writhing reflex) result significant difference between group I with group II, III and IV (p<0,005). Group II compare with III not significant difference (p>0,05). Group II compare with IV and group II compare with IV showed significant difference (p<0,05). The conclution of this research showed that clove leaf oil doses 100 mg/kgBB and 200 mg/kgBB has snalgesic activity
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Tita, Beatrice, Hanin Abdel-Haq, Annabella Vitalone, Gabriela Mazzanti, and Luciano Saso. "Analgesic properties of Epilobium angustifolium, evaluated by the hot plate test and the writhing test." Il Farmaco 56, no. 5-7 (July 2001): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-827x(01)01046-1.

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Benedito, Rubens Batista, Mateus Feitosa Alves, Wendel Batista Pereira, Paula de Arruda Torres, Jéssica Pereira Costa, Adriana da Rocha Tomé, Rita de Cássia da Silveira e Sá, et al. "Perillyl Alcohol: Antinociceptive Effects and Histopathological Analysis in Rodent Brains." Natural Product Communications 12, no. 9 (September 2017): 1934578X1701200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1701200902.

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Perillyl alcohol (PA) is a natural compound found in essential oils. In this study, the antinociceptive activity of PA was evaluated using acetic acid and formalin tests. The involvement of the opioid system in its mechanism of action was investigated. Potential histological changes in the hippocampus and striatum were also assessed. In the acetic acid induced writhing tests, the mice pretreated with PA exhibited significant reductions in writhing. PA inhibited formalin injected paw licking response, and naloxone partially reversed the antinociceptive activity of perillyl alcohol during the writhing test. And as for the histopathological evaluation, PA did not cause significant tissue changes. This study suggests that PA possesses antinociceptive effects without significant hippocampus or striatum neurotoxicity, and that its activity involves opioid.
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Nogueira, Lenise de Morais, Monalisa Ribeiro da Silva, Simone Maria dos Santos, Julianna Ferreira Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Igor Cavalcanti Ferraz, Thaíse Torres de Albuquerque, Carlos Renato França de Carvalho Mota, et al. "Antinociceptive Effect of the Essential Oil Obtained from the Leaves ofCroton cordiifoliusBaill. (Euphorbiaceae) in Mice." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/620865.

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Croton cordiifoliusBaill. is a shrub known as “quebra-faca” and is used to treat inflammation, pain, wounds, and gastrointestinal disturbances in the semiarid region in the northeast of Brazil. In an ethnobotanical survey in the state of Pernambuco, “quebra-faca” use was cited in 33% of the interviews. Thus, we decided to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of the essential oil fromC. cordiifolius(CcEO). Chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed 1,8-cineole (25.09%) andα-phellandrene (15.43%) as major constituents. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using murine models of chemically induced pain (writhing induced by acetic acid, formalin, capsaicin, and glutamate tests). Opioid and central nervous systems (CNS) involvement were also investigated. Regarding antinociceptive activity, CcEO (50 and 100 mg/kg) reduced the number of writhing responses induced by acetic acid and decreased the licking times in both phases of the formalin test. CcEO also was evaluated in capsaicin- and glutamate-induced nociception. While no effect was observed in the capsaicin test, CcEO (100 mg/kg) was effective in the glutamate test. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, did not affect the antinociceptive activity of CcEO in writhing test. In conclusion, the antinociceptive effect of CcEO could be explained, at least in part, by inhibition of the glutamatergic system.
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Filho, Valdir Cechinel, Karina L. da Silva, Márcia M. de Souza, Ana E. Oliveira, Rosendo A. Yunes, Cláudio L. Guimarães, Luiz G. Verdi, Edesio L. Simionatto, and Franco Delle Monache. "I3-naringenin-II8-4′-OMe-eriodictyol: a New Potential Analgesie Agent Isolated from Rheedia gardneriana Leaves." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 55, no. 9-10 (October 1, 2000): 820–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2000-9-1024.

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Abstract This paper describes the isolation, identification and analgesic activity of a new biflavonoid from Rheedia gardneriana leaves, which correspond to I3-naringenin-II8-4ʼ-OMe-eriodictyol (GB-2a-II-4ʼ-OMe) (1), with a methoxyl group in position 4 of ring-II. Its structure was determined by spectroscopic data and confirmed by an alkaline hydrolysis. Its analgesic effect was evaluated in a writhing test and a formalin test in mice. It was found that this compound exhibits potent and dose-related analgesic action in both experimental models, with ID50 ’s values of 4.5 μmol/kg against the writhing test and 8.2 and 6.8 μmol/kg against the first and second phase of the formalin test, respectively. It was several times more potent than some well-known analgesic drugs used as reference.
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Ngoc, Le Thi Nhat, Le Thanh Xuan, Nguyen Van Phuc, Tran Quang Minh, Vu Viet Hang, Pham Thi Van Anh, and Dau Thuy Duong. "Analgesic activity of Phong Thap Dan tablets in animal models." Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Y học 148, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52852/tcncyh.v148i12.785.

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Phong thap dan tablets are intended to treat low back pain. This study was carried out to evaluate theanalgesic effects of Phong thap dan tablets in experimental animals. The analgesic effects were evaluated inthree animal models: hot plate, mechanical stimulation and acetic acid-induced writhing test. Mice were dividedinto 4 groups given oral water, control drug (codein phosphate in hot plate and mechanical stimulation tests oraspirin in writhing test), Phong thap dan at 2.88 tablets (1.44 g) or 8.64 tablets (4.32 g)/kg b.w/day, respectively.Our results showed that Phong thap dan tablets at both doses increased the reaction time to thermal stimulation,increased the paw withdrawal latency and the force required to elicit a paw withdrawal and decreased thenumber of acetic acid-induced writhing movements in mice. There was no statistically significant differencebetween 2 doses of Phong thap dan tablets in three animal models. We conclude that Phong thap dan tabletsat the doses of 2.88 tablets and 8.64 tablets/kg b.w/day showed significant analgesic effect in animal models.
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Mota, Vanine Gomes, Fabíola Lélis de Carvalho, Liana Clébia Soares Lima de Morais, Jnanabrata Bhattacharyya, Reinaldo Nóbrega de Almeida, and Jacicarlos Lima de Alencar. "Antinociceptive Activity of the Chloroform Fraction ofDioclea virgata(Rich.) Amshoff (Fabaceae) in Mice." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/342816.

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Acute treatment with the chloroform fraction ofDioclea virgata(Rich.) Amshoff (CFDv) in mice produced decreased ambulation and sedation in the behavioral pharmacological screening. Doses of 125 and 250 mg/kg CFDv decreased latency of sleep onset in the test of sleeping time potentiation. In the open field, animals treated with CFDv reduced ambulation and rearing (250 mg/kg), as well as defecation (125; 250 mg/kg). Regarding the antinociceptive activity, CFDv (125, 250, 500 mg/kg) increased latency to first writhing and decreased the number of writhings induced by acetic acid. In the formalin test, CFDv (250 mg/kg) decreased paw licking time in the first and second phases indicating antinociceptive activity that can be mediated both peripherally and at the central level. CFDv did not affect motor coordination until 120 minutes after treatment. CFDv shows psychopharmacological effects suggestive of CNS-depressant drugs with promising antinociceptive activity.
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Korzeniewska-Rybicka, I., and A. Plaznik. "THE CENTRAL ORIGIN OF ANTIDEPRESSANT-INDUCED ANALGESIA IN THE RAT WRITHING TEST." Behavioural Pharmacology 9, no. 1 (August 1998): S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199812001-00108.

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Korzeniewska-Rybicka, I., and A. Plaznik. "THE CENTRAL ORIGIN OF ANTIDEPRESSANT-INDUCED ANALGESIA IN THE RAT WRITHING TEST." Behavioural Pharmacology 9, no. 1 (August 1998): S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199808000-00108.

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Korzeniewska-Rybicka, I., and A. Plaznik. "THE CENTRAL ORIGIN OF ANTIDEPRESSANT-INDUCED ANALGESIA IN THE RAT WRITHING TEST." Behavioural Pharmacology 9, Supplement (August 1998): S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199808001-00108.

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K., Krishnakanth, Abhilash B. G., Neeraja K., Hari Jagannadha Rao G., and Chakrapani Cheekavolu. "Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extracts of leaf and fruit pulp of Aegle marmelos in albino rats." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 7 (June 23, 2017): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20172634.

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Background: To study the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extracts of leaf (LE) and fruit pulp (FE) of Aegle marmelos in comparison with the standard drugs pentazocine and diclofenac in albino rats. 56 healthy wistar albino rats of either sex were randomly divided into 14 groups of 4 each (n=4), weighing about 150-200grams were selected for the study. All drugs i.e. 1ml of 1% Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), pentazocine 10mg/kg (intraperitoneal), diclofenac 10 mg/kg and LE and FE at doses of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg in 1% CMC (vehicle) were administered per oral one hour before the experiment.Methods: Analgesic activity was assessed by Eddy’s hot plate method (latency time) and acetic acid induced writhing (number of writhings) method. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by carrageenan induced hind paw edema method using digital plethysmometer.Results: Test drugs at doses LE 200mg/kg and FE 200mg/kg have shown significant increase in mean latency time in Eddy’s hot plate (P <0.001) and decrease in the average number of writhing movements (P <0.01). LE 200 and FE 200 doses did not show significant anti-inflammatory activity in Carrageenan induced paw edema model (P >0.05).Conclusions: Leaf extract (LE) and fruit extract (FE) at doses 200mg/kg have shown significant analgesic action and no anti-inflammatory action.
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Saify, Zafar Saeed, Khalid Mohammed Khan, Syed Moazzam Haider, Syed Tasadaque Ali Shah, Muhammad Saeed, Mohammed Saleh Shekhani, and Wolfgang Voelter. "Syntheses and Evaluation of the Analgesic Activity of Some 4-Acetyl- 4-phenylpiperidine and 4-Hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidine Derivatives." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 54, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 1327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1999-1017.

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Synthesis and analgesic activity of 4-phenylpiperidine derivatives is a topic of high actuality. A s part of a programme towards obtaining new potential analgesics, ten derivatives of 4- acetyl-4-phenylpiperidine and ten derivatives of 4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidine were synthesised and characterized through spectroscopic techniques. All derivatives along with the parent compounds were evaluated for analgesic activity in the acetic acid-induced writhing assay and tail-flick test in mice. All derivatives of 4-acetyl-4-phenylpiperidine except one com pound exhibited more or less protection against mice writhing, whereas all the compounds proved to be inactive in the tail-flick test at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight.
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David, Abhinav, Raj Kumar Goel, Prashant Patel, and Priyadarshani Paul. "A comparative study for antinociceptive potential of vitamin D3 with diclofenac in animal models." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 3 (February 24, 2017): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20170822.

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Background: Calcitriol is one of the active forms of vitamin D. It not only acts on calcium metabolism but might have a role in treating various disorders also through vitamin D receptors that are present in many tissues besides intestine and bone. This study was conducted to compare antinociceptive activity of Calcitriol with Diclofenac and Morphine in animal models.Methods: In this study, healthy Swiss albino mice were taken after permission from IAEC. Mice were divided into six groups as one control- treated with normal saline, two standards - treated with diclofenac and treated with morphine while three tests - treated with Calcitriol in dose of 15µg /kg/mice, 30µg/kg/mice and 60µg/kg/mice respectively. Comparison of antinociception was done using Tail pinch and writhing method.Results: Tail pinch and Writhing methods were used for comparison of antinociceptive activity. In tail pinch model, Calcitriol showed some analgesia at 30 and 60μg/Kg doses, which was more than control but not comparable with the standard Morphine. In writhing method, test doses of Calcitriol (15 and 30μg/Kg) failed to show analgesic efficacy in inflammatory pain but test dose of 60μg/Kg showed some analgesic activity which was not comparable with standard Diclofenac.Conclusions: Antinociception was exhibited at higher doses of Calcitriol by tail pinch method while in writhing method analgesic activity was shown with only 60 μg/Kg dose of Calcitriol. The results obtained from this study needs to be further evaluated by planning extensive animal experimentation.
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Subedi, Nirmal Kumar, S. M. Abdur Rahman, and Mohammad Ahsanul Akbar. "Analgesic and Antipyretic Activities of Methanol Extract and Its Fraction from the Root ofSchoenoplectus grossus." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3820704.

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The study aims to evaluate analgesic and antipyretic activities of the methanol extract and its different fractions from root ofSchoenoplectus grossususing acetic acid induced writhing and radiant heat tail flick method of pain models in mice and yeast induced pyrexia in rats at the doses of 400 and 200 mg/kg. In acetic acid writhing test, the methanol extract, petroleum ether, and carbon tetrachloride fractions produced significant (P<0.001andP<0.05) inhibition of writhing responses in dose dependent manner. The methanol extract at 400 and 200 mg/kg being more protective with 54% and 45.45% of inhibition compared to diclofenac sodium of 56% followed by petroleum ether fractions of 49.69% and 39.39% at the same doses. The extracts did not produce any significant antinociceptive activity in tail flick test except standard morphine. When studied on yeast induced pyrexia, methanol and petroleum ether fractions significantly lowered the rectal temperature time dependently in a manner similar to standard drug paracetamol and distinctly more significant (P<0.001) after second hour. These findings suggest that the root extracts ofS. grossuspossess significant peripherally acting analgesic potential and antipyretic property. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins.
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Szkatuła, Dominika, Edward Krzyżak, Szczepan Mogilski, Jacek Sapa, Barbara Filipek, and Piotr Świątek. "Bioresearch of New 1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine-1,3(2H)-diones." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 12, 2020): 5883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245883.

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The subject of the work was the synthesis of new derivatives of1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine-1,3(2H)-dione with potential analgesic and sedative activity. Eight compounds werereceived. The analgesic activity of the new compounds was confirmed in the “hot plate” test and in the “writhing” test. All tested imides 8–15 were more active in the “writhing” test than aspirin, and two of them, 9 and 11, were similar to morphine. In addition, all of the new imides inhibited the locomotor activity in mice to a statistically significant extent, and two of them also prolonged the duration of thiopental sleep.On the basis of the results obtained for the previously synthesized imides and the results presented in this paper, an attempt was madeto determine the relationship between thechemical structure of imides and their analgesic and sedativeproperties.
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Satyam, Shakta Mani, Laxminarayana Kurady Bairy, and Vasudha Devi. "INFLUENCE OF GENDER AND OBESITY ON ANALGESIC MODULATION OF TRAMADOL IN RATS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i8.26624.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of gender and obesity on analgesic modulation of tramadol in Wistar rats.Methods: This study was carried out in two sets of experiments. In Set I experiment - 48 rats (body weight ≤150 g), 24 each male and female rats were randomly divided into two groups (n=6/group) (Group I - Control; 0.9% NaCl; 1 ml/kg/day i.p. and Group II - Tramadol 10 mg/kg/day i.p.) for each nociception model - plantar test and acetic acid-induced writhing test. The treatment duration was of 5 days. On the last day of treatment (i.e., on the 5th day), paw withdrawal latency (PWL) was assessed using plantar test, and writhing movements were observed following administration of 0.8% acetic acid; 10 ml/kg i.p. Set II experiment was repeated like Set I experiment among rest 48 high-fat diet-fed rats (body weight ≥300 g).Results: For both males and females, PWL was significantly decreased (p<0.05) in obese control groups compared to lean control groups. A number of writhing movements were significantly increased (p<0.01 for males and p<0.001 for females) in obese control groups compared to lean control groups. In tramadol-treated obese rats, PWL was significantly decreased (p<0.01 for males and p<0.05 for females), and number of writhing movements were significantly increased (p<0.01 for both males and females) in comparison with the tramadol-treated lean rats.Conclusion: The present study revealed that obese female rats experience more pain sensation to noxious stimuli compared to lean male rats and also the analgesic effect of tramadol is more pronounced in lean male rats compared to obese female rats.
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Ullah, Riaz, Mansour S. Alsaid, Ali S. Alqahtani, Abdelaaty A. Shahat, Almoqbil A. Naser, Hafiz Majid Mahmood, Syed Rizwan Ahamad, Abdullah A. Al-Mishari, and Shabir Ahmad. "Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction." Open Chemistry 17, no. 1 (November 13, 2019): 1034–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0113.

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AbstractThe medicinal plant Haloxylon salicornicum is utilized for therapeutic purposes. We previously reported the antioxidant potential of hexane fraction and methanol extracts of the same species. However, since these solvents could be clinically toxic, the current findings investigated the pharmacological effects of the water fraction. The pain relieving, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic potential of H. salicornicum water extract (HEW) were studied at two concentrations (250 and 500 mg/kg) in rodents. The carrageenan stimulated rat paw edema assay was exercised to assess anti inflammatory potential in rats; yeast-stimulated hyperthermia was utilized to test antipyretic activity in mice; analgesic properties were assessed based on acetic acid-induced writhing, tail flicking, and hot-plate test; and antioxidant potential was examined with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. We found that 500 mg/kg HEW inhibited edema by 44.03%. Yeast-induced hyperthermia in mice was reduced by 250 and 500 mg/kg HEW after 30, 60, and 120 min with significant level of (P < 0.001) compared to rectal temperature of yeast administered group. The high dose of HEW (500 mg/kg) improved the reaction time of mice in the hot-plate test from 6.66 ± 0.33 to 11.33 ± 0.49 s after 120 min. In the acetic acid-stimulated writhing test, 250 and 500 mg/kg HEW decreased writhing by 32.71% and 51.40%, respectively, after 20 min. HEW also showed antioxidant effects. These results demonstrate that HEW is bioactive and has therapeutic potential for treating a variety of ailments.
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Papia, Sabikunnahar, Muhammed Mahfuzur Rahman, Md Mustafezur Rahman, Mohaiminul Adib, and Mohammad Firoz Khan. "In vitro Membrane Stabilizing and In vivo Analgesic Activities of Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 19, no. 2 (August 12, 2016): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v19i2.29278.

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Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq. is an indigenous plant of Bangladesh. Traditional healers use this plant to treat various diseases. The crude methanol extract of whole plant of B. glomerulifera and its Kupchan fractions were screened for in vitro membrane stabilizing and only the crude extract at doses of 200- and 400- mg/kg body weight were screened for analgesic activity in mice model in order to establish the medicinal values of this plant. The membrane stabilizing activity of the extractives was evaluated by the ability of test materials to inhibit hypotonic solution- and heat-induced haemolysis of human erythrocytes. Moreover, the analgesic activity of methanol extract was evaluated by acetic acid induced writhing method and tail immersion method in mice. In hypotonic solution- and heat-induced conditions, the crude methanol extract showed inhibition of haemolysis by 64.80±0.34% and 21.63±0.76%, respectively as compared to 77.74±0.67% and 40.41±0.69% demonstrated by the standard, acetyl salicylic acid. On the other hand, the analgesic activity was determined for its peripheral and central pharmacological responses using acetic acid-induced writhing test and tail immersion method at doses of 200- and 400- mg/kg body weight. The extract reduced the acetic acid-induced writhings significantly (p < 0.05) in a dose dependent manner with the highest activity observed at 400 mg/kg (46.0%) body weight when compared to that of Diclofenac sodium (64.0%), as the standard drug. A significant increase (p < 0.01) of latency period was also found in tail immersion method. Therefore, the present study established that the methanol extract of B. glomerulifera possesses moderate membrane stabilizing and significant analgesic activities.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 19(2): 185-189, 2016
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Bresciani, Louisiane F. V., Jacks P. Priebe, Rosendo Augusto Yunes, Jacir Dal Magro, Franco Delle Monache, Fátima de Campos, Márcia Maria de Souza, and Valdir Cechinel-Filho. "Pharmacological and Phytochemical Evaluation of Adiantum cuneatum Growing in Brazil." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 58, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2003): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2003-3-409.

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This work describes the phytochemical analysis and analgesic activity of a non polar fraction obtained from Adiantum cuneatum grown in Brazil. The results showed that the hexane fraction as well as two pure compounds, identified as filicene (1) and filicenal (2), given intraperitoneally, exhibited potent analgesic activity when evaluated in two models of pain in mice, writhing test and formalin-induced pain. Compound 1 presented a calculated ID50 value of 19.5 μmol/kg body weight, when evaluated in writhing test, being about 7-fold more active than some reference drugs, like as acetyl salicylic acid and acetaminophen. It also inhibited both phases (neurogenic and inflammatory) of the formalin test at 10 mg/kg (24 μmol/kg). The chemical composition of the plant grown in Brazil is similar to that grown in other countries. The results confirm and justify the popular use of this plant for the treatment of dolorous processes.
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Panday, Dipesh Raj, and Gajendra Prasad Rauniar. "Effect of root-extracts of Ficus benghalensis (Banyan) in pain in animal models." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 07, no. 02 (April 2016): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.178660.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: According to the WHO, 70–80% population in developing countries still relies on nonconventional medicine mainly of herbal origin. Even in developed countries, use of herbal medicine is growing each year. Pain is an unpleasant feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. Traditionally, different plant parts of Ficus benghalensis are claimed to have several analgesic properties. Few scientific evidences support these uses. Interestingly, still others contradict these uses. It was shocking to find very scarce scientific studies trying to solve the mystery. Materials and Methods: It was a quantitative experimental study in Swiss albino mice of either sex. Sample size was calculated using free sample size calculating software G*Power version 3.1.9.2. Hot-plate test and tail-flick test were central antinociceptive paradigms. Writhing test was peripheral model for pain. Test drugs were aqueous root extracts of F. benghalensis at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg mouse weight prepared by Soxhlet method. Suitable negative and positive controls were used. The experimental results were represented as mean ±standard deviation statistical level of significance was set at P < 0.05. For calculation, parametric test - one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or nonparametric test - Mann–Whitney U-test was appropriately used. Results: Hot-plate reaction time at 100 mg/kg (13.64 ±1.30 s) and 200 mg/kg (10.32 ±2.23 s) were nonsignificant (P = 0.425 and P = 0.498, respectively) compared to negative control (11.87 ±1.92 s). One-way ANOVA revealed nonsignificant (P = 0.178) between-group comparison in mean tail-flick reaction time. Test drug at 200 mg/kg produced statistically significant more writhing (36.00 ±14.85 in 10 min) than negative control, normal saline (11.83 ±12.43 in 10 min) or the positive control, Indomethacin (3.50 ±5.21 in 10 min), P value being 0.031 and 0.003, respectively. Conclusion: Aqueous root extracts of F. benghalensis at 200 mg/kg produces statistically significant writhing.
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Muraki, Takamura, Nobuko Oike, and Teruko Nomoto. "Decreased sensitivity of the beige mouse in the writhing test to some opioids." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 52 (1990): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)55611-6.

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Bajuber, Qonita, Danti Nur Indiastuti, and Edward Kusuma. "Efek Analgesik Ekstrak Etanol Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. pada Mencit dengan Metode Writhing Test." Jurnal Medik Veteriner 3, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jmv.vol3.iss1.2020.45-50.

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Penelitian bertujuan untuk menguji efek analgesik ekstrak etanol Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. pada mencit yang diinduksi dengan asam asetat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperiment posttest only control design, menggunakan metode writhing test. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 25 mencit terbagi dalam tiga kelompok perlakuan ekstrak Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.; P1, P2, dan P3, dengan masing-masing dosis 100 mg/kgBB, 200 mg/kgBB, 400 mg/kgBB, kelompok kontrol negatif aquades (K-), serta kelompok kontrol positif aspirin (K+). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (P1) dan (P2) signifikan menurunkan jumlah geliat pada mencit dibandingkan (K-) (p < 0,05), dengan persentase penurunan jumlah geliat sebesar 49,53% dan 57,01%, sedangkan (P3) tidak menunjukkan aktivitas analgesik. Ekstrak Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. dosis 100 mg/kgBB dan 200 mg/kgBB tidak memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap (K+) untuk mengurangi rasa nyeri.
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Soukupová, M., T. Doležal, and M. Kršiak. "The synergistic interaction between rilmenidine and paracetamol in the writhing test in mice." Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 379, no. 6 (February 11, 2009): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00210-009-0402-3.

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42

Wong, Jennifer, Yi-Fen Chiang, Yin-Hwa Shih, Chun-Hui Chiu, Hsin-Yuan Chen, Tzong-Ming Shieh, Kai-Lee Wang, Tsui-Chin Huang, Yong-Han Hong, and Shih-Min Hsia. "Salvia sclarea L. Essential Oil Extract and Its Antioxidative Phytochemical Sclareol Inhibit Oxytocin-Induced Uterine Hypercontraction Dysmenorrhea Model by Inhibiting the Ca2+–MLCK–MLC20 Signaling Cascade: An Ex Vivo and In Vivo Study." Antioxidants 9, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9100991.

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Salvia sclarea essential oil is used as an aromatic therapy for dysmenorrhea. Sclareol—one of the natural products isolated from S. sclarea—displays anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities; however, researchers have not yet evaluated the mechanism related to the pain-relieving effect of sclareol. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the potential effect of sclareol in ex vivo and in vivo dysmenorrhea models, as well as its possible mechanism. In the ex vivo study of uterine tissue from Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, the uterine contraction amplitude was observed and recorded. In the in vivo study, we measured the uterine contraction pressure of SD rats and performed writhing tests on mice. The uterine tissues from the writhing test subjects were collected and analyzed by Western blot. The results demonstrated that sclareol inhibited prostaglandin (PG) F2α-, oxytocin-, acetylcholine-, carbachol-, KCl-, and Bay K 8644-induced uterine contraction and possessed an analgesic effect in the writhing test. Sclareol affects the Ca2+ level and regulates oxytocin receptor (OTR), myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p-p38, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and phospho-myosin light chain 20 (p-MLC20) protein expression. Integrating these results, we suggest that sclareol is a potential alternative supplement for dysmenorrhea.
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43

Hossain, Mohammad Shahadat, A. S. M. Ali Reza, Md Masudur Rahaman, Mst Samima Nasrin, Mohammed Rasib Uddin Rahat, Md Rabiul Islam, Md Josim Uddin, and Md Atiar Rahman. "Evaluation of morning glory (Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb) leaves for antioxidant, antinociceptive, anticoagulant and cytotoxic activities." Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology 29, no. 3 (June 27, 2018): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0042.

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Abstract Background: The present study was planned to investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant, antinociceptive, anticoagulant and cytotoxic activities of the Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb leaf methanol extract (MExJT) in the laboratory using both in vitro and in vivo methods. Methods: Phytochemical values, namely, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect and FeCl3 reducing power effects, were studied by established methods. In vivo antinociceptive activity was performed by acidic acid-induced writhing test and formalin-induced pain test on Swiss albino mice at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. The clot lysis and brine shrimp lethality bioassay in vitro were used to evaluate the thrombolytic and cytotoxic activities of the plant extract, respectively. Results: Phytochemical screening illustrates the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, gums and carbohydrates, steroids, alkaloids and reducing sugars in the extract. The results showed the total phenolic content (146.33 g gallic acid equivalents/100 g extract) and total flavonoid content (133.33 g quercetin/100 g). Significant (p<0.05) IC50 values compared to respective standards were recorded in DPPH radical scavenging (289.5 μg/mL) and FeCl3 reduction (245.2 μg/mL). The antinociceptive effect was evaluated in the acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin-induced pain models in Swiss albino mice with doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. Significant (p<0.05) inhibition (72.87±2.73%) of writhing response compared to diclofenac sodium was achieved by 500 mg/kg body weight. The extract also significantly inhibited the licking response in both the early phase (51.59±1.57%, p<0.05) and the late phase (64.82±1.87%, p<0.05) in the formalin-induced writhing test. MExJT also showed (38.10±1.79%) clot lytic activity in the thrombolytic test and cytotoxicity with an LC50 value of 31.70 μg/mL in the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Conclusions: The plant is a potential source of antioxidants and might have one or more secondary metabolite(s) with central and peripheral analgesic activity. The results also demonstrate that MExJT has moderate thrombolytic and lower cytotoxic properties that may warrant further exploration.
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44

Agarwal, Ruchika, and Saurabh Kansal. "Antinociceptive evaluation of conventional anticonvulsant with conventional analgesics on pain model of albino rats and mice." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 3 (February 22, 2018): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20180427.

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Background: Pain is one of the most common presentations of any disorder and needs immediate and appropriate attention of the treating physician. As pain syndrome involves a variety of etiopathogenesis and temporal domains, management of pain as such requires consideration of many factors that may dictate appropriate therapeutic management. Carabmazepine is an established drug for trigeminal neuralgia while Gabapentin has been tried in postoperative pain but its effectiveness per se and when compared to conventional analgesics needs to be evaluated.Methods: The present study was planned to study the analgesic effects of Gabapentin in various pain models like writhing and formalin test and to compare it with conventional analgesics like Diclofenac sodium and Tramadol in various acute pain models.Results: This study has been carried out in department of Pharmacology, HIMS, Dehradun, for evaluation of Gabapentin for its antinociceptive effect in rats and mice. In the writhing test, a reduction in number of writhes, though insignificant, was found in the Gabapentin pre-treatment group. However, in the first phase of Formalin test which is characterized by licking and biting, Gabapentin produced no significant effect in comparison to control values. In the second phase of leg raising (LR), all three drugs, i.e. Gabapentin and the two positive controls i.e. diclofenac and tramadol produced significant decrease (p< 0.05) in episodes when compared to the control group.Conclusions: Hence the result conclude that Gabapentin could be an effective analgesic drug in visceral and chronic pain in humans but not in acute pain as first phase of formalin test is model of acute and second phase denote chronic pain while writhing test is a model of visceral pain.
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45

Beskhmelnitsyna, Evgeniya A., Mikhail V. Pokrovskii, Aleksandr A. Dolzhikov, Tat’yana V. Avtina, Nina I. Zhernakova, and Anna A. Peresypkina. "STUDY OF THE ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF A NEW NON-OPIOID ANALGESIC BASED ON A SELECTIVE INHIBITOR OF TRPA1 ION CHANNELS." Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin 26, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25207/1608-6228-2019-26-1-77-87.

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The aim is to study the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of an innovative molecule under the ZC02-0012 laboratory code belonging to the group of selective blockers of the TRPA1 ion channel.Materials and methods. The study of the ZC02-0012 analgesic activity was carried out by the hot plate and acetic acid writhing tests. The hot plate test was performed on white laboratory mice. ZC02-0012 substance was administered in doses of 1, 3 and 9 mg/kg. Ketorol at a dose of 3.48 mg/kg was chosen as the reference drug. To study the analgesic effects in the hot plate test, intact white laboratory mice were placed on a preheated at 55°C plate to determine the base level of pain sensitivity. Then the test substances were administered to the animals divided into groups, and the hot plate test was repeated after 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. To study the analgesic effects in the test of acetic acid writhing, white laboratory rats were injected with the ZC02-0012 substance at doses of 0.46, 1.38, and 4.15 mg/kg. Ketorol at a dose of 1.6 mg/kg was chosen as the reference drug. 30 minutes after intramuscular injection and 60 minutes after intragastric administration, the intraperitoneal administration of a 0.75% solution of acetic acid was carried out at the rate of 1 ml per 100 g of animal weight. Counting the number of writhings started 15 minutes after the injection of acetic acid and continued for 30 minutes. The anti-inflammatory effects of the ZC02-0012 substance were studied using a model of acute exudative inflammation in response to the subplantar introduction of 0.02 ml of 2% formaldehyde aqueous solution into the right hind paw of the mouse. 4 hours after the phlogistic introduction, the mass of the edematous paw was evaluated. ZC02-0012 substance at doses of 1, 3 and 9 mg/kg and the Diclofenac reference drug at a dose of 13.91 mg/kg were administered intragastrically or intramuscularly 45 minutes before the introduction of phlogistic. The presence and severity of anti-inflammatory activity was judged by the inhibitory effect, expressed in percentage.Results. The analgesic activity of ZC02-0012 is found to exceed that for Ketorol in both the intramuscular and intragastric ways of administration according to the results of hot plate tests in doses of 3 and 9 mg/kg and acetic acid writhing in doses of 1.38 and 4.15 mg/kg, while the anti-inflammatory activity of ZC02-0012 at doses of 3 and 9 mg/kg is shown to be comparable to that of Diclofenac. Conclusion. The innovative molecule under the ZC02-0012 laboratory code is established to exhibit a pronounced analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity, thus being prospective for further research.Conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest.
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46

Amabeoku, George J., and Joseph Kabatende. "Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Leaf Methanol Extract ofCotyledon orbiculataL. (Crassulaceae)." Advances in Pharmacological Sciences 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/862625.

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Leaf methanol extract ofC. orbiculataL. was investigated for antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities using acetic acid writhing and hot-plate tests and carrageenan-induced oedema test in mice and rats, respectively.C. orbiculata(100–400 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing and significantly delayed the reaction time of mice to the hot-plate-induced thermal stimulation. Paracetamol (300 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly delayed the reaction time of mice to the thermal stimulation produced with hot plate. Leaf methanol extract ofC. orbiculata(50–400 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly attenuated the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, p.o.) also significantly attenuated the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema. The LD50value obtained for the plant species was greater than 4000 mg/kg (p.o.). The data obtained indicate thatC. orbiculatahas antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, justifying the folklore use of the plant species by traditional medicine practitioners in the treatment of painful and inflammatory conditions. The relatively high LD50obtained shows thatC. orbiculatamay be safe in or nontoxic to mice.
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47

Borges, Rodrigo, Marcus Vinícius Mariano Nascimento, Adryano Augustto Valladão de Carvalho, Marize Campos Valadares, José Realino de Paula, Elson Alves Costa, and Luiz Carlos da Cunha. "Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Ethanolic Extract fromSynadenium umbellatumPax. (Euphorbiaceae) Leaves and Its Fractions." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/715650.

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Synadenium umbellatumPax., popularly known in Brazil as “cola-nota,” “avelós,” “cancerola,” and “milagrosa”, is a plant species used in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation, pain, and several diseases. This study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract fromSynadenium umbellatumPax. leaves (EES) and its hexane (HF), chloroform (CF), and methanol/water (MF) fractions using the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test, formalin-induced paw licking test, tail flick test, croton oil-induced ear edema test, and carrageenan-induced peritonitis test. EES and MF reduced the number of acetic acid-induced abdominal writhes, while CF and HF did not. EES effect on acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing was reversed with a pretreatment with naloxone. EES reduced licking time in both phases of the formalin-induced paw licking test, but did not prolong the latency in the tail flick test. These results show that EES presented antinociceptive activity, probably involving the opioid system, anti-inflammatory activity in the croton oil-induced ear edema test, and leukocyte migration into the intraperitoneal cavity. MF also presented anti-inflammatory activity in the croton oil-induced ear edema test. In conclusion, EES and MF have antinociceptive activity involving the opioid system and anti-inflammatory activity.
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48

Choi, Seong-Soo, Eun-Jung Han, Tae-Hee Lee, Ki-Jung Han, Han-Kyu Lee, and Hong-Won Suh. "Antinociceptive Profiles of Platycodin D in the Mouse." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 32, no. 02 (January 2004): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x04001916.

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Platycodin D (PD), one of several triterpene saponins, was isolated from roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. We previously reported that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of PD showed an antinociceptive effect as measured by the tail-flick assay. However, its exact role in the regulation of antinociception in the various types of pain models has not yet been characterized. Thus, we attempted to find antinociceptive profiles of PD in various pain models. PD administered intraperitoneally (i.p.), i.c.v. or intrathecally (i.t.) showed antinociceptive effects in dose-dependent manners as measured by the tail-flick, writhing and formalin tests. In the tail-flick test, PD at the low doses reached the peak after 15 minutes and returned to the control level after 60 minutes. However, higher doses of PD showed a strong antinociception at least for 1 hour. PD administered i.t. showed stronger antinociception than that induced by i.c.v. administration PD in both tail-flick and writhing tests. In the formalin test, PD administered i.p., i.c.v. or i.t. showed antinociceptive effects during both the first (direct nociceptive stimulation) and second (late inflammatory) phases. Pretreatment with naltrexone i.p., i.c.v. or i.t. did not affect PD-induced inhibition of the tail-flick response. Our results suggest that PD shows a strong antinociceptive effect on the tail-flick, writhing and formalin tests, acting on central nervous system. However, PD-induced antinociception may not be mediated by the opioid receptors.
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Zendehdel, M., Z. Torabi, and S. Hassanpour. "Antinociceptive mechanisms of Bunium persicum essential oil in the mouse writhing test: role of opioidergic and histaminergic systems." Veterinární Medicína 60, No. 2 (July 15, 2016): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7988-vetmed.

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50

Yasmen, Nelufar, Md Abdullah Aziz, Afsana Tajmim, Mst Irin Akter, Amit Kumar Hazra, and S. M. Mushiur Rahman. "Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Diethyl Ether and n-Hexane Extract of Polyalthia suberosa Leaves." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5617234.

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In folk medicine, Polyalthia suberosa is used as abortifacient, laxative, febrifuge analgesic, filler of tooth cavities, and anti-HIV drug and for rheumatism and various skin infections. The present study was directed to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of diethyl ether and n-hexane extracts of Polyalthia suberosa leaves (PSDE and PSNH). A variety of tests including formalin-induced paw licking test, acetic acid induced writhing test, and tail immersion test were used to assess the analgesic activity. In addition, xylene-induced ear edema test was used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of PSDE and PSNH. PSDE and PSNH at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses expressed analgesic as well as anti-inflammatory activities in mice. In formalin-induced paw licking test, acetic acid induced writhing test, and xylene-induced ear edema test, the extracts exhibited significant inhibition (P⁎<0.05 versus control) of pain and inflammation. Alternatively, in tail immersion test, PSDE 400 mg/kg showed significant (P⁎<0.05 versus control) latency at 30 min but another tested sample had no significant latency. From this study, it could be shown that Polyalthia suberosa leaves may contain analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents which support its use in traditional medicine.
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